TESOL2
TESOL2
TESOL2
Methodology
Describing Language
To learn and teach any language both a student and the teacher need to know how it works. If the students and the teacher are not on the same page, learning cannot occur. Hence the need to describe what is being taught in the same terms. This session will provide you with a quick reference of language terminology that you can use with your classes.
Nouns
A NOUN is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract ideas. Not only are nouns the first words that we learn as small children but they are also essential building blocks in the second language acquisition. It is important to divide them further into:
Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns
a noun that describes a possession a noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing; they always start with a capital a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense a noun which names anything that you can perceive through touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell a noun which names anything which you cannot be perceived through the five physical senses a noun with both a singular and a plural form that we can count a noun which does not have a plural form and we usually cannot count it a noun that counts either the individual members of the group or the group as a whole
This is Johns car. He does not want to fly to Vancouver on Friday this June.
Verbs
VERBS are often defined as words that show action or a state of being. Because every sentence must have a verb, verbs are essential for understanding the meaning of a sentence. Verbs are classified into the following categories: Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Modal Verbs are verbs that carry the main meaning are verbs that help specific grammar structure are verbs that express modality; such verbs express possibility, requests, suggestions, prohibition, etc. are verbs that consist of a verb and one or two prepositions; they are sometimes called two-word verbs and can be transitive - require an object or intransitive - do not require an object are verbs that describe that one party pushed another party to do something are verbs that do not form a John has a car. I have already eaten. He must have been late. I should study tonight. I may go with him. He could have passed. I am fed up with it. He picked it up. She put it on. He looked up. Vs. He looked it up. He made me do it. You had better go there. It belongs to me now.
Phrasal Verbs
Pronouns
PRONOUNS are words that usually take the place of a noun or a noun phrase. Here are the basic types of pronouns: Type first person second person third person first person second person third person Subject I you he she it we you they Object me you him her it us you them Possessive mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Singular
Plural
Do not confuse possessive pronouns with possessive adjectives! Possessive adjectives my your his her its our your their Possessive pronouns mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
Adjectives
ADJECTIVES are called modifiers because they give more information about nouns. They can be placed before and after nouns. Adjectives can be changed to show a degree. These kinds of adjectives are comparative and superlative. Examples of comparative adjectives are bigger, easier and more interesting and examples of superlative adjectives are the biggest, the easiest and the most interesting.
More than one adjective before a noun has to be placed in a specific order.
The Continuous/Progressive Tenses Past Continuous S + was/were + Verb-ing I was studying when he called. The Perfect Tenses Past Present S + had + past participle I had dusted before I vacuumed. Present Perfect S + have (has) + Past Participle I have eaten already. Future Perfect S + will + perfect participle I will have finished it by five. Present Continuous S + am/is/are + Verb-ing I am studying now. Future Continuous S + will be + Verb-ing I will be studying tonight.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses Past Perfect Continuous S + had + been + Verb-ing Present Perf. Continuous S + have (has) + been + Verbing Future Perf. Continuous S + will have + been + Verbing
By the end of this week I will have been working for ten years .
The verb tenses have specific tense markers that help students to identify which tense is appropriate. These markers, sometimes called key words, are not a rule but rather a guideline. Tenses Simple yesterday, ago, last (year, date, etc.) the day before yesterday always, usually, seldom, occasionally, sometimes, every (day, month, etc.) tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future Continuous while, from, from - to, between (one and two) Perfect before, after, never, ever, yet, already, for, since, twice (3 times, etc.), lately, recently, till/until, so far never, ever, yet, already, for, since, twice (3 times, etc.), lately, recently, till/until, so far by, by the end (of), by then, by that time, by the 20th
Past
Present
now, right now, at the moment, presently, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in future
Future
There are also specific rules about combining the tenses. Here some basic rules on the Sequence of the Tenses:
Presen t
Past Present Past Present
I think that it will snow. I thought that it would snow. I see that he has left. I saw that he had left. I eat so well that I am healthy.
I ate so much that I was fat. I have done all that I need. I had done all that I needed. He says he is going to go. He said he was going to go.
Past
Present Past Pres. Cont. Past Cont.
Sentence Structure
Here are some examples of the sentence structure: S= subject O=object
S + Verb S + Verb + Object S + Verb + Complement S + Verb +Indirect O + Direct O S + Verb + Object + Complement
John drives. John drives a van. John is an electrician. John gave her flowers. John left the class open.
Exercise:
Based on the above table, give your own example for each sentence structure in the table below.
S + Verb S + Verb + Object S + Verb + Complement S + Verb +Indirect O + Direct O S + Verb + Object + Complement
Conditionals
Conditional 1 - Real /Future Non-conditional sentence Can it happen? When is this happening? Conditional It may rain this afternoon Yes it is a real conditional future If it rains this afternoon, future I will take an umbrella. so I will take a coat.
I take an umbrella.
No I can only imagine it. This is an unreal conditional. Present If I had money, Its a present imagination. I would buy a car. so I cannot buy a car
No I can only imagine it. This is an unreal conditional. Present If I were* a millionaire Its a present imagination. I would buy a plane. so I will not buy a plane
No I cannot change the past I can only imagine the change. This is an unreal conditional. Past Its a past imagination I wouldnt have stayed in bed. so I stayed in bed
If it had not rained this morning Conditional but it rained this morning
Exercise:
Now, it's time to take a short exam.