CHAPTER 5

1. The _________ involves a network of pipes and pumps that transport

dirty water to treatment facilities. There, advanced methods are used
to clean it before it is released back into nature or reused.
Understanding how wastewater collection and treatment work is
important for keeping our water safe and supporting a healthier planet.
2. This includes sewage from households, which typically contains organic
matter, nutrients, and pathogens.
3. Generated from industrial processes, this type can contain a wide
range of pollutants depending on the industry, including heavy metals,
chemicals, and organic compounds.
4. Runoff from rain or snowmelt that can carry pollutants from surfaces
into water bodies.
5. Includes runoff from agricultural fields that may contain fertilizers,
pesticides, and sediments.
6. The term ______ here refers only to domestic wastewater, which comes
from homes. The amount of this wastewater can change depending on
the season, day of the week, and time of day.
7. _____is when groundwater seeps into sanitary sewers. Since sewers are
often located below the groundwater level, any cracks or leaks in the
pipes can let water in.
8. is when rainwater accidentally enters sanitary sewers. One common
way this happens is through manhole covers with holes that are placed
in low areas, allowing stormwater to flow inside
9. Devices used to collect wastewater samples for testing and analysis.
10. Openings providing access to underground wastewater pipelines
for maintenance and inspection.
11. Facilities that move wastewater from lower to higher elevations
when gravity flow isn't sufficient.
12. Conduits that transport wastewater from residential, commercial,
or industrial sites to treatment facilities.
13. transport both wastewater and stormwater through the same
pipes, but during heavy rainfall, they can overflow, releasing untreated
sewage into natural water bodies and posing environmental and public
health risks.
14. have two separate pipes, one for sewage and one for rainwater.
This setup helps prevent untreated sewage from overflowing during
heavy rain, but it can be more expensive to build and maintain. It also
means that rainwater, flows untreated into rivers and lakes.
15. is the process of removing contaminants from used water
through physical, chemical, and biological methods, making it safe for
release into the environment or reuse.
16. It can vary in color, odor, and temperature.
17. refer to pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), nutrients, and toxic substances.
18. It involves microorganisms and pathogens like bacteria, viruses,
and protozoa, which can pose health risks if untreated.
19. is a simple on-site sanitation system where human waste is
deposited into a pit.
20. works by turning human waste into compost. Instead of flushing
with water, the waste goes into a chamber where microorganisms
break it down
21. A tank separates solids and liquids, and the liquid is treated by
filtering through a drain (tile) field.
22. is a flushable toilet connected to a plumbing system, where
human waste is disposed through a drain using water. It typically
includes a bowl and a tank for flushing.
23. Wastewater is placed in a holding tank and solids settle to the
bottom where they are collected and lighter substances like fats and
oils are scraped off the top.
24. Its where waste is broken down by aerobic bacteria incorporated
into the wastewater treatment system.
25. It is designed to filter out nutrients and waste particles that
might damage sensitive ecosystems; wastewater is passed through
additional filtering lagoons or tanks to remove extra nutrients.
26. Many treatment processes, especially for wastewater, require a
significant amount of energy. This includes pumping water, aeration,
and chemical treatments, which contribute to high operational costs
and environmental impact.
27. Sludge is a byproduct of water and wastewater treatment.
Disposing of it can be costly and environmentally challenging, as it
may contain harmful substances and requires proper treatment to
prevent pollution.
28. often rely on chemicals for disinfection, coagulation, and
removing contaminants. Overuse or improper disposal of these
chemicals can lead to environmental pollution and health risks.
29. Wastewater can harbor harmful microorganisms, including
bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Ensuring these pathogens are
effectively removed or neutralized is crucial to public health and safety.
30. Water treatment plants, especially those handling sewage, often
produce unpleasant odors. Effective odor control measures are
essential for maintaining a good relationship with nearby communities
and reducing environmental impact.
31. : Reduces pollution of waterways, helping to maintain
biodiversity and ecosystem health.
32. : Minimizes health risks associated with untreated sewage,
reducing the spread of waterborne diseases.
33. : Promotes the recovery of resources (energy and nutrients) from
waste, contributing to a circular economy.
34. : Ensures compliance with environmental regulations and
standards, safeguarding public interests.
CHAPTER 3

35. Of all the freshwater resources, _____ in the water natural

resources is perhaps the most abundant.
36. • The water in lakes, reservoirs and rivers.
37. The ____ is a useful starting point for the study of water.
38. is the change of state in a substance from a liquid to a gas.
39. is the evaporation of water from plants through stomata.
40. is the process whereby water vapor is changed into a liquid
state.
41. results when tiny condensation particles, through collision and
coalescence, grow too large for the rising air to support, and thus fall
to the Earth.
42. occurs when there is excessive precipitation and the ground is
saturated of runoff.
43. • Water covers more than _____ of the Earth's surface, less than
____ of that resource is available as fresh water
44. This system has no dead-ends, as all of the individual pipes are
interconnected.
45. the branches are cross-connected to the supply mains and each
other. It is suitable for towns and cities with well-planned roads and
streets.
46. Each zone has an elevated distribution reservoir in the middle
from which supply lines run in a radial pattern towards the distribution
district periphery.
47. are the best choice for cities and towns without definite road
patterns.
48. : The sources of drinking water can come from groundwater,
lakes, reservoirs, rivers, canals, rainwater, and saltwater.
49. An ___collects the water from the source and feeds it to the
transmission line.
50. is a lifting device commonly required to lift water from a source
which is operated with the help of energy.
51. : For storing treated water.
52. It is used to collect water from more than one source.
53. : raw water contains various types of impurities to remove those
impurities which is harmful to human and other living beings health
water treatment is done.
54. : For the conveyance of water from the source to the treatment
plant, different types of conduct are used like open channels,
aqueducts, pipelines, etc.
55. : After the treatment of water, it is distributed to the targeted
community for domestic, industrial, commercial, and public uses by the
means of a pipe network
56. : small tank constructed in a rural gravity water supply
specifically built to break the hydrostatic pressure
57. : In rural areas, consumers collect water from public stand posts
to meet their house demand.
58. leading to leaks and inefficiencies
59. Aging pipes and cross- connections pose contamination risks
60. Maintaining consistent pressure throughout the distribution
network
61. are used in water to neutralize the charges on the particles.
62. integral powder is an effective coagulant in the removal of
cyanobacteria and turbidity from surface waters for high-turbidity
waters
63. very efficient in removing contaminants by DAF (Dissolved Air
Flotation), not only suspended solids but also soluble COD and silica.
64. is good at removing DOC(Dissolved Organic Carbon), although it
required a greater coagulant concentration and was the least
successful at color removal.
65. It is an electrochemical method that employs electric current to
remove suspended, emulsified,or dissolved contaminants from water.
66. is a traditional treatment method that uses coagulants (typically
aluminum or iron salts) to destabilize colloids and encourage floc
formation.
67. are put into the water to bind together the tiny particles that
have been neutralized by the coagulants.
68. • are water-soluble synthetic linear polymers composed of
acrylamide or a mixture of acrylamide and acrylic acid.
69. It is a low-cost, non- toxic, and friendly water purification method
for recovering metal ions.
70. can effectively reduce turbidity and suspended matter in water
treatment, offering a natural alternative to chemical flocculants,
though it may increase organic content.
71. •Uses reciprocating vertical paddle action to achieve the wide
range of velocities required to enhance flocculation performance.
72. offer efficient floc formation with all mechanical components
located above the waterline for easy maintenance and longer
equipment life.
73. It is a procedure for removing solids that float and settle in water
74. : Contaminated wastewater enters the system.
75. : A coagulant (e.g., aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride) is added,
neutralizing particle charges and destabilizing them.
76. : Water is mixed quickly to distribute the coagulant and form
small clumps (micro-flocs).
77. A flocculant is added to bind micro-flocs into larger clumps
(macro-flocs).
78. : Gentle mixing allows the macro-flocs to grow heavier for easier
settling.
79. Larger flocs settle to the bottom of the tank, forming sludge.
80. : Sludge is gathered for disposal or further treatment.
81. : Clarified water exits the tank for further treatment or discharge.
82. : Collected sludge is thickened, dewatered, and treated for safe
disposal or reuse.
83. is a process that removes impurities, contaminants, and
suspended particles from water by passing it through a filter medium.
84. Name the 3 types of filtration
85. • System used primarily in municipal water treatment plants to
remove suspended particles, impurities, and microorganisms from
water.
86. Name 4 types of rapid sand filter.
87. Name 4 types of mechanisms of solids removal in a filter.
88. Is the final stage to ensure that any remaining pathogens or
microorganisms are effectively inactivated or killed before the water is
distributed or released.
89. Chlorine is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, and some protozoa.
90. Name 2 types of chlorine used

CHAPTER 2

91. Changing the process that create pollution

92. Using coal and oil with lower sulfur content reduces the release
of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), a significant air pollutant, thereby cutting down
industrial emissions.
93. Laws such as the 1990 Clean Air Act in the United States require
the use of cleaner, oxygenated fuels in cars.
94. Modify processes, raw materials, or equipment to prevent
pollution at the source.
95. Use methods or devices to reduce pollution after it is produced.
96. Redirects exhaust gases back into the engine for re- burning,
reducing car emissions.
97. Redesigning ventilation systems in industrial facilities helps
capture and treat escaping pollutants more effectively.
98. Mixing the hot gases with cooler air to decrease the temperature.
99. Spraying a liquid (usually water) directly onto the hot gases to
cool them quickly.
100. This uses cooling coils (pipes with a cooling fluid insidei to lower
the temperature of the gases.
101. Spraying a liquid (usually water) directly onto the hot gases to
cool them quickly.
102. This uses cooling coils (pipes with a cooling fluid insidei to lower
the temperature of the gases.
103. : Capture solid or liquid particles such as dust, smoke, or
droplets.
104. : Remove harmful gases or vapors from the air.
105. used to control air pollution by removing dust and other particles
106. Capture dust and tiny particles from the air, working like a
vacuum cleaner.
107. It remove pollutants, especially larger particles, from dirty air.
108. It remove fine particles from dirty air in industries like power
plants and smelters, especially when wet scrubbers are unsuitable.
109. : Capture tiny particles from pre-cleaned gas using micropores or
glass frit.
110. : Use multiple HEPA filters in series.
111. : Dissolve gaseous pollutants in a liquid solution.
112. : Enhanced wet scrubbers with packed towers for improved
pollutant absorption.
113. Removes organic compounds using adsorbents like activated
charcoal
114. : Oxidizes organic pollutants into CO, and water.
115. Uses a catalyst to oxidize pollutants at lower temperatures,
increasing energy efficiency.om
116. • Methods to reduce pollution from vehicles and machinery that
travel or operate on the move, such as cars, trucks, and ships.
117. Strategies and policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions to limit global temperature rise and mitigate climate change
effects.
118. • Legal principles under which individuals or groups can seek
remedies for harm caused by air pollution through tort or property law.
119. • Laws enacted by legislatures, like the Clean Air Acts, that set
regulations and standards to control air pollution and protect the
environment.
120. protects people from pollution-related health problems,
premature death, improves the health and productivity of the countries
work force.
121. - vehicles propelled by gasoline, diesel engine or any means
other than human or animal power.
122. No motor vehicle registration will be issued unless such vehicles
passes the emission testing requirement in accordance with this Act. •
Any vehicle suspected of violation of emission standards through visual
signs like smoke belching shall be subjected to an emission test.
123. The DENR shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status
Report which shall include the extent of pollution, analysis and
evaluation of air pollution.
124. - Cause of these are emissions of vehicles and greenhouse gases.
Anything that releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the
atmosphere.
125. Violation of the law would result in a fine of not more than
P100,000. In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order the suspension of
development, construction of the stationary sources until the proper
environmental safeguards are put into place.

CHAPTER 1
126. is the study of the atmosphere and weather patterns.
127. helps us understand how pollutants are dispersed in the air.
128. : Lowest layer of the atmosphere
129. : Uneven heating at equator and poles
130. : Warm air rises, cool air sinks
131. flows from HIGH pressure to LOW pressure
132. Also known as cyclones. Air rises, leads to better dispersion of
pollutants. better air Quality
133. • also known as anticyclones. Air sinks, traps pollutants near the
surface, leading to poor air quality.
134. are also dispersed horizontally across the Earth's surface, and
this process is largely influenced by the Earth's rotation and solar
energy. The sun's energy heats the Earth's surface, which radiates heat
back into the atmosphere. This heating is most intense near the
equator and least intense near the poles.
135. refers to the movement of pollutants in the atmosphere in the
vertical direction. The extent of vertical dispersion depends on various
factors, including the type of source, atmospheric conditions, and
emission height.
136. refers to the process by which pollutants spread and mix in the
atmosphere after being released from a source. It describes how
pollutants, whether they are gases, particles, or liquids, are
transported and distributed through the air due to various atmospheric
and environmental factors.
137. is the process by which contaminants move through the air and a
plume spreads over a large area, thus reducing the concentration of
the pollutants it contains.
138. a widely used mathematical approach for predicting the
dispersion of pollutants released into the atmosphere from a point
source, such as a smokestack or industrial chimney.
139. : Rain can wash out pollutants from the atmosphere. As raindrops
fall, they capture and remove airborne particles and gases (e.g., sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides) from the air.
140. : This occurs when pollutants are absorbed by raindrops or
snowflakes as they fall, leading to their removal from the atmosphere.
141. : Pollutants can adhere directly to surfaces (e.g., buildings,
vegetation) without precipitation. This includes gases like ozone or
particulate matter settling on surfaces.
142. : Involves the removal of pollutants through precipitation (rain,
snow, sleet) as mentioned above.
143. • Larger particles, such as dust and soot, gradually settle to the
ground under the influence of gravity. This process is effective for
particles larger than about a millimeter in diameter but less effective
for smaller particles.
144. To monitor compliance with air quality standards and issue public
advisories.
145. : anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed and
wind pressure.
146. is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a
certain environment.
147. Used in power plants, manufacturing, and refineries to clean
exhaust emissions before they are released into the air.
148. Use: Commonly used in industries that produce combustion
gases, like power plants and factories.
149. is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is.
150. means clean air, which is better for our health, while poor air
quality can cause health problems like asthma and other respiratory
issues.
151. : Devices that measure specific pollutants like particulate matter
(PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (03). These can be portable or
installed in fixed locations.
152. : Many countries have monitoring stations that collect air quality
data and report it to the public. This data is often used to calculate the
Air Quality Index (AQI).
153. : Satellites can measure air quality over large areas, providing
data on pollutants and overall air conditions.
154. : Some apps use data from local monitoring stations to give real-
time air quality information based on your location.
155. These devices are available for home use and provide real- time
readings of PM levels. They're often inexpensive and easy to set up.
156. : Many cities and regions publish daily air quality reports that
include PM levels. You can find these online or through local news
outlets.
157. If the air looks hazy, smoky, or dusty, it's likely that PM levels are
elevated.
158. : These portable devices can measure various gases, including
carbon monoxide, methane, and oxygen. They're often used in homes,
workplaces, and recreational areas.
159. : Available for specific gases, these strips change color when
exposed to the gas. They're easy to use and can provide a quick
indication of gas presence
160. For gases that are soluble in water, a bubble test can be used.
The gas is bubbled through a solution that changes color or produces a
precipitate when the gas is present.
161. are like a standard recipe for measuring air pollution. They're a
set of rules and procedures that everyone follows to get the same
results. This is important because it helps us compare data from
different places and over time, and it ensures that we're accurately
measuring how clean or polluted our air is.
162. of air can be collected using various methods, such as plastic or
aluminum- coated bags or evacuated containers. However,
 contamination is a common issue due to incomplete evacuation and
the solubility of many air pollutants in water.
163. is a technique used to collect and analyze emissions from
industrial chimneys or stacks. It's essential for determining the
concentration of various pollutants, such as particulate matter, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
164. are both terms used to describe visible particulate matter in the
air.

CHAPTER 4

165. The release of substances into bodies of water that makes water
unsafe for human use and disrupts aquatic ecosystems.
166. any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants
are discharged.
167. pollution is the opposite of point-source pollution, with pollutants
released in a wide area.
168. convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
169. rely on producers or other consumers for energy.
170. break down dead organic matter.
171. The process by which microorganisms break down organic
matter
172. occurs in the presence of oxygen.
173. occurs in the absence of oxygen.
174. refers to lower oxygen levels in water, harming aquatic life and
disrupting ecosystems.
175. refers to accumulation of soil and debris in streams, which
smothers habitats and affects water quality.
176. refers to decrease in species variety due to pollution.
177. refers to nutrient overload in lakes leads to excessive plant
growth and oxygen depletion.
178. refers to rapid growth of toxic algae that can produce toxins
harmful to aquatic life and humans.
179. refers to severely low oxygen levels in lake waters, endangering
aquatic organisms.
180. refers to presence of harmful pollutants in groundwater,
compromising water quality and safety.
181. refers to over- extraction of groundwater resources.
182. in coastal areas refers to infiltration of seawater into freshwater
aquifers, reducing water quality and availability.
183. refers to introduction of harmful substances into ocean waters,
adversely affecting marine life.
184. refers to long-term shifts in ocean temperature and chemistry,
disrupting marine habitats and species distributions.
185. refers to decrease in ocean pH due to increased carbon dioxide
absorption.’
186. is the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water
that make it suitable for various uses.
187. refers to a sample taken at only one sampling point.
188. refers to multiple grab samples collected over a period of time.
189. is obtained by taking each sample so that the volume of the
sample is proportional to the flow at that time.
190. is used to adjust and validate the accuracy of water quality
measurement instruments.
191. are added during testing to react with specific water quality
parameters.
192. are used to collect and preserve water samples for accurate
testing and analysis.
193. is a measurement of water clarity.
194. An instrument that measures the intensity of scattered light.
195. Used to calibrate turbidimeters.
196. used to measure the absorbance of light by a sample at specific
wavelengths.
197. is a method used to determine the concentration of a substance.
198. is reference point for measuring odor.
199. is method of sensory evaluation that involves a group of people.
200. is a measure of hydrogen (H+) ion concentration, which is, in
turn, a measure of acidity.
201. pH is measured using
202. is the ability of water to resist pH changes.
203. : Can absorb acids or bases without significant pH shifts.
204. : Susceptible to pH changes from minor acid or base additions.
205. is a crucial measurement of water quality. It is usually measured
either with an oxygen probe or by iodometric titration.
206. = maximum amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water at
0°C
207. involves a series of chemical reactions that ultimately produce a
color change
208. refers to the rate of oxygen use.
209. Measures organic matter in water by determining oxygen
consumed by microorganisms during a 5-day incubation period at
20°C.
210. The total oxygen demand, including both carbonaceous and
nitrogenous components.
211. is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize all
organic and inorganic substances in a water sample.
212. : Potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid, silver catalyst.
213. : Organic matter in water is oxidized by potassium dichromate.
The remaining dichromate is titrated to determine the amount of
organic matter present.
214. involves burning the organic matter in a sample to produce
carbon dioxide (CO2).
215. involves oxidizing the organic matter in a sample using a strong
oxidizing agent.
216. is measure of the total amount of carbon in organic compounds
in pure water and aqueous systems.
217. support the growth of algae and aquatic plants, providing food
and habitat for aquatic organisms.
218. determines the concentration of substances by analyzing light
intensity and is used to quantify nitrogen and phosphorus in water.
219. detects elements in liquid or solid samples by measuring how
they absorb specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
220. refer to suspended and dissolved particles, including organic and
inorganic materials, that affect water clarity and quality.
221. All material remaining after water evaporation.
222. Particles retained on a 2.0-µm filter.
223. Dissolved material passing through
224. lies in the concept of indicator organisms that indicate the
possible presence of other pathogens.
225. • Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Also called '
226. are measured by collecting water samples, filtering them,
incubating the filters on selective media, and counting the resulting
bacterial colonies.
227. • Contaminated water can cause diseases. Regular monitoring
ensures safe drinking water.
228. • Measuring water quality protects aquatic ecosystems and
biodiversity.
229. • Good water quality supports agriculture, tourism, and
manufacturing.
230. - Contaminated water can harm aquatic organisms, leading to a
decline in biodiversity.
231. - Pollution can degrade water habitats, making them unsuitable
for many species.
232. - Pollutants can seep into the soil, affecting plant growth and
potentially contaminating groundwater.
233. - Consuming contaminated water can spread diseases like
cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
234. - Long-term exposure to contaminated water can cause chronic
health issues, including kidney problems and cancer.
235. FULL PANGALAN NG PISTENG YAWA NA HAYUP NA CANCER NA
PISTE NA BAYHANA.