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    Proofs

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    dougmadas

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    Proofs

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    Proofs

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    dougmadas

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    of 4

    Some proofs

    Here are the proofs (of theorems) that you need to understand for the Assess-
    ment Opportunity A1. These proofs can be found in the textbook (the page
    numbers are given). You must check why each proof is valid: compare each
    proof with the corresponding proof in the textbook. If the two proofs are not
    the same, understand why both proofs work, then you can choose the one you
    prefer.

    Triangle inequality (p.A8)


    Theorem: For any real numbers a and b we have

    |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|

    Proof. We have
    −|a| ≤ a ≤ |a|
    and similarly
    −|b| ≤ b ≤ |b|.
    Adding the two, we have

    −|a| − |b| ≤ a + b ≤ |a| + |b|,

    or
    −(|a| + |b|) ≤ a + b ≤ |a| + |b|,
    which is equivalent to
    |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|.

    Differentiability implies continuity (p.119)


    Theorem: If a function f is differentiable at a then f is continuous at a.

    Proof.
    Assume f is differentiable at a so

    f (x) − f (a)
    lim = f 0 (a)
    x→a x−a

    1
    exists. Therefore,

    f (x) − f (a)
    lim f (x) = lim (x − a) + f (a)
    x→a x→a x−a
    f (x) − f (a)
    = f (a) + lim × lim (x − a)
    x→a x−a x→a
    0
    = f (a) + f (a).0
    = f (a).

    Hence f is continuous at a.

    Product rule for derivative (p.131)


    Theorem: If f and g are differentiable at a then f g is also differentiable at a
    with
    (f g)0 (a) = f 0 (a)g(a) + g 0 (a)f (a).

    Proof. By definition

    f (x)g(x) − f (a)g(a)
    (f g)0 (a) = lim .
    x→a x−a

    f (x)g(x) − f (a)g(a) f (x)g(x)−g(x)f (a) + g(x)f (a) − f (a)g(a)


    lim = lim
    x→a x−a x→a x−a
       
    g(x) f (x) − f (a) + f (a) g(x) − g(a)
    = lim
    x→a x−a
     
    f (x) − f (a) g(x) − g(a)
    = lim g(x) + f (a)
    x→a x−a x−a

    = g(a)f 0 (a) + f (a)g 0 (a).

    Note that
    lim g(x) = g(a)
    x→a

    since g is continuous at a (g is even differentiable at a).

    2
    Fermat’s theorem (p.200-201)
    Theorem: If f (c) is a local max. or local min. and f 0 (c) exists then

    f 0 (c) = 0.

    Proof. Assume first that f (c) is a local max. Then, by definition, if x is


    sufficiently close to c then

    f (x) ≤ f (c) ⇒ f (x) − f (c) ≤ 0.

    Hence,
    f (x) − f (c)
    f 0 (c) = lim+ ≤ 0.
    x→c x−c
    (this is true since f is differentiable at c). Similarly, we have

    f (x) − f (c)
    f 0 (c) = lim− ≥ 0.
    x→c x−c
    Combining the two
    0 ≤ f 0 (c) ≤ 0
    so we must have f 0 (c) = 0.

    If f (c) is a local min. of f , then g(c) = −f (c) is a local max. of the function
    g(x) = −f (x). Applying the above result for the function g, we have

    g 0 (c) = −f 0 (c) = 0

    which implies f 0 (c) = 0.

    Rolle’s Thm and The MVT (p.208-210)


    Theorem 1:(Rolle’s theorem p.208-209) Given a function f such that the
    following conditions are satisfied:
    • f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b],
    • f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b),
    • f (a) = f (b),
    then there is c in (a, b) such that

    f 0 (c) = 0.

    Proof (of Rolle’s) Consider three cases


    • Case 1 The function f is constant on [a, b]. Then f 0 (x) = 0 for all x in
    (a, b). So we are done.

    3
    • Case 2 The function f is not constant and there is a number x in (a, b)
    such that
    f (x) > f (a) (= f (b)).
    Then, by the Extreme Value Theorem, there is a number c in (a, b) such
    that f (c) is the absolute maximum of f . So c must be a critical point of
    f . Since f 0 (c) exists, it must be 0.
    • Case 3 The function f is not constant and there is a number x in (a, b)
    such that
    f (x) < f (a) (= f (b)).
    Then, by the Extreme Value Theorem, there is a number c in (a, b) such
    that f (c) is the absolute minimum of f . So c must be a critical point of
    f . Since f 0 (c) exists, it must be 0.

    Theorem 2:(The Mean Value Theorem p.209-210) Given a function f


    such that the following conditions are satisfied:
    • f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b],
    • f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b),
    then there is c in (a, b) such that
    f (b) − f (a)
    f 0 (c) = .
    b−a
    Proof (of MVT) Let
     
    f (b) − f (a)
    h(x) = f (x) − (x − a) + f (a)
    b−a
    Note here that
    f (b) − f (a)
    y= (x − a) + f (a)
    b−a
    is the equation of the line passing through the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)). So
    it is not surprising that we have

    h(a) = h(b) = 0.

    Since h is continuous on [a, b], and differentiable on (a, b); by Rolle’s theorem,
    there is c in (a, b) such that
    h0 (c) = 0.
    But
    f (b) − f (a)
    h0 (c) = f 0 (c) − ,
    b−a
    hence
    f (b) − f (a)
    f 0 (c) = .
    b−a

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