Models, Processes, Barriers, and Functions Lesson 1A For today…
Elements of Communication Communication Communication Models
Barriers to Types of Speech Communication Effective Contexts Functions Communication Let’s reflect! 1. Why do people communicate? 2. What might happen to the world if communication does not exist? 3. Why do miscommunications and misunderstandings happen? Communication It is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between individuals or groups through a common system of symbols, signs, behavior, or language. Our need for self- expression leads us to communicate not only our thoughts but also our feelings. It can be done verbally or nonverbally. Elements of Communication 1. Speaker – the source of information or message; the person who initiates the communication 2. Message – the information, ideas, thoughts, or any content sent by the speaker in words or actions 3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, and other forms that the speaker understands 4. Channel – the medium or the means (verbal, nonverbal, personal, or non- personal) in which the message is conveyed Types of Channels Verbal Communication - involves the use of words, either spoken or written. 1. Spoken verbal communication - face-to-face conversations, phone calls, video chats, and any other form of dialogue where words are spoken. 2. Written verbal communication - text-based communication, such as emails, text messages, letters, and reports. Types of Channels Nonverbal Communication - occurs without the use of words. It includes a range of behaviors and symbols that convey meaning. 1. Body language - gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact. 2. Paralanguage - vocal elements like tone, pitch, and volume 3. Proxemics - the use of personal space 4. Haptics - communication through touch 5. Visual Symbols - symbols, signs, and even emojis that can communicate feelings or ideas without words Types of Channels
Personal Communication - occurs directly
between individuals, often with a high degree of personal engagement and interaction.
1. Face-to-face conversations, phone calls, video chats
Types of Channels Non-personal Communication - occurs without direct personal interaction. The communication is often more formal and less interactive.
1. Mass media - television, radio, newspapers, and the
internet 2. Advertisements 3. Public announcements 5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message by the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message;
someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or
information provided by the receiver 8. Context – the environment or situation where the communication takes place
9. Barrier / interference – any factor that
disrupt or interfere the flow of communication Sample Flow of Communication Starring the beautiful Daphne and the friendzoned Rico. Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend. Sender Receiver Context
She thinks of how to tell him using their
Encoding native language. Channel She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.” Message Rico hears what Daphne says. Decoding He tries to analyze what she means based on the content of their relationship, and he is heartbroken. Feedback He frowns and does not say something, because he is in pain. Barrier Output 1 1. Create your own FLOW of communication. 2. Make sure to include all nine elements of communication. 3. Label them accordingly. 4. The output will be placed on a whole sheet of bond paper, typewritten and printed. 5. It will be submitted at the next meeting. Models of Communication 1. Shannon-Weaver Model 2. Transaction Model 3. Schramm Model Shannon-Weaver Model • Known as the mother of all communication models • It is a mathematical communication model developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949. • It depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of only five elements: source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. LINEAR
NO FEEDBACK Transaction Model ✓ A two-way process which includes feedback as one element. Both parties are simultaneously senders and receivers. ✓ It views communication as ongoing and dynamic; hence, more interactive. ✓ A barrier, such as noise, may interfere in the flow of communication. Speaker’s Receiver’s Mind Mind Schramm’s Model of Communication ❑ Schramm’s Model (1954) introduces the idea that communication is a circular process and emphasizes the importance of the field of experience of both the sender and receiver. ❑ Field of Experience - The background, culture, or experiences that influence how both parties encode and decode the message. Output 2 1. Create your own MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. 2. Make sure to include all nine elements of communication. 3. Label them accordingly. 4. The output will be placed on a whole sheet of bond paper, typewritten and printed. 5. It will be submitted at the next meeting. JTB’s Model of Communication
MESSAGE
CHANNEL DECODING
SPEAKER RECEIVER
ENCODING FEEDBACK
CONTEXT: BUSINESS MEETING Barriers to Communication Barriers to Communication
Psychological Physical
Linguistic and Mechanical cultural 1. Psychological barriers – thoughts and emotions that hamper the message from being correctly interpreted Examples: • Emotional distress – anger, fear, sadness, stress, anxiety • Insecurity and low self-esteem – they may hesitate to express their opinions or feelings as they fear rejection or criticism • Selective perception – based on personal biases or beliefs • Information overload 2. Physical barriers – tangible obstacles that impede the transmission of information and hinder effective communication • Noise – excessive background noise (machinery, construction, traffic) • Distance – physical separation (in large conference rooms or over long distances) • Physical barriers – walls, cubicles, other structures • Poor lighting • Physical disabilities – visual and auditory impairments • Time zones 3. Linguistic and cultural barriers – words may mean another in different cultures
Ang daming langgam sa lamesa!
(There are plenty of ants on the table!) Daghan langgam nga nagpahulay sa atop. (There are plenty of birds resting on the roof.) 4. Mechanical barriers arise from issues related to the technical aspects of communication systems and devices. • Faulty equipment • Network and connectivity issues • Data transmission errors • Power outages • Software and compatibility issues • Hardware limitations • Battery life • Obsolete technology Types of Speech Contexts
1. Interpersonal Communication 2. Intrapersonal Communication Intrapersonal Communication ✓ It refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts as both the sender and the receiver of the message. ✓ “The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p. 16). Intrapersonal Communication ✓ You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other class talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing. ✓ You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for submitting your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so. Intrapersonal Communication Other examples: 1. Decision-making 2. Goal setting, visualization 3. Self-reflection, self-motivation, self- evaluation 4. Problem solving 5. Emotional regulation, personal journaling Interpersonal Communication
✓ This refers to communication between
and among people and establishes personal relationships between and among them. Types of Interpersonal Communication (1) Dyad communication – between two people (2) Small group – at least three but no more than 12 (3) Public – an actual group (4) Mass Communication – takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, billboards, books, internet, and other types of media Functions of Communication 1. Control – functions to control behavior. 2. Social interaction – allows individuals to interact with others. 3. Motivation – motivates or encourages people to live better. 4. Emotional expression – facilitates people’s expressions of their feelings and emotions. 5. Information dissemination – functions to spread information. Identify the function of communication in each situation. 1. At a neighborhood barbecue, Tina and Alex, who’ve never met before, engage in small talk about their favorite Netflix shows, trying to find common ground.
2. Coach Davis rallies the basketball team
during halftime, looking directly at Jordan, the star player, and says, “You've got this, Jordan! Lead us to victory!” 3. Jake, bubbling with excitement, FaceTimes his mom the moment he gets accepted into his dream college, barely able to contain his joy.
4. Lily breaks down in tears and tells her
best friend Sophie how overwhelmed she feels with school, confessing that she’s scared she’ll fail her exams. 5. Mia and Carlos catch up over coffee, swapping stories about their summer vacations and laughing about an awkward encounter at a local music festival. 6. Mr. Anderson, the owner of a small café, explains to Tom, the new barista, the exact process for making their signature latte, reminding him to follow the steps carefully. 7. Mr. Thompson, a history teacher, explains the causes of World War II to his class, carefully breaking down each point as Emily, his star student, takes notes for the upcoming quiz. 8. Ms. Reyes, a strict but caring teacher, firmly tells Ryan and Jenna to sit down and focus on their group work instead of chatting about the latest video game. 9. Samantha, a local news reporter, reads from the teleprompter, giving the 6 o'clock update about the city’s latest COVID-19 guidelines to keep the community informed. 10. Sarah, a project manager, sends Chris an encouraging email after he successfully pitched a new idea, reminding him, “Keep up the great work—you’re on fire!” Prepare for a quiz next meeting.
