Al-Misbah, Vol. 2 No.

4(2022),11-20
https://almisbah.info/

ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE VIEW OF

MAULANA ASHRAF ALI THANVI:
A LITERATURE REVIEW
* Alam Zeb Khattak
** Rashid Mustafa
ABSTRACT
Islamic Psychology is the emerging branch of traditional psychology. It is totally
the contributions of prophetic teachings, acts, directions and work of the eminent
Muslim scholars including Al-Kindi, AlFarabi, IbnSina, Imam Ghazali and Ashraf
Ali Thanvi etc. The Holy prophet (PBUH) is the founder of Muslim psychology. He
teached the divine codes revealed by Allah to him time to time. The aim of this
paper is to review and collect viewpoints of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi regarding
psychology and psychotherapy from Islamic perspective. To collect data for this
paper different data bases were searched for research articles on Thanvi’s
teachings and books of ashraf Ali Thanvi were also studied to gather information
related to psychology and psychotherapy. The gathered information was divided
into different heading of theory of personality, theory of mental disorders, theory
of personality, group therapy, meditation and treating the Nafs, etc.

Keywords: Islamic Psychology, meditation, Muslim scholar, Ashraf Ali Thanvi.

INTRODUCTION
Islamic Psychology “the subfield of traditional Psychology works almost on all domains
of psychology in the context of Islamic teachings, history and values, while Islam is an Arabic
word means obedience or surrender. Islam is a religion means complete submission and
obedience to Allah. Islamic Psychology is another name of “Ilm Ul Nafs” in Islamic literature.
Roots of Islamic Psychology can be traced back to the life of Muhammad (PBUH). The holy
prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the father of modern Islamic psychology, always teach us about
Tauheed (oneness of God) and Equality of all human beings. He completely accomplished
complexes of superiority and inferiority. He said During the Farewell Pilgrimage (Khutbah
Hajjatul Wida) openly in this regard

“‘Indeed, your blood, your wealth, your honor is sacred to each other, just as this
day of yours is sacred in this city of yours. Indeed, no one commits a crime except
against himself. Indeed, none commits a crime for which his son is accountable,
nor does a child commit a crime for which his father is held accountable. Indeed
Ash-Shaitan has lost hope of ever being worshipped in this city of yours, but he
will have compliance in what deeds of yours you consider insignificant, which he
will be content with.”1

The holy prophet gave the solution of all problems; there was no concept of prejudice or
discrimination in group and out group. Muhammad (PBUH) paid attention to inner self.
According to Divine’s instructions we must have to control our inner self, then there is a reward
for us otherwise there is punishment for wrong doing. Disciplining and controlling the soul
means that you have good command and control over all your body parts like hands, feet and
eyes etc. These are the Divine instructions to control these all and use them positively not in
the activities of sin or immorality. Quran says

*
Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. Of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad.
**
M.Phil. Scholar, Dept. of Education & Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat.

ISSN-Online: 2790-8828
ISSN-Print: 2790-881X
 (Dec-2022) Vol. 2 No. 4

“But unto him who shall have stood in fear of his Sustainer’s Presence, and held
back his inner self from base desires, paradise will truly be the goal!”2

He also stressed on exercise to be relaxed from depression and other disorders. We can
trace many quotations from the teaching of the Holy Prophet for the treatment of psychological
disorders. A simple quotation from the Holy prophet for the treatment of depression is “Look at
those below you in worldly matters and those above you in religious matters” 3 healthy life,
spirituality, soul purity, thoughts clarity, intensions correction and character buildings are the
Sunnah of the Holly Prophet (PBUH). Quran Says

“Obey God, obey the Prophet (s) and obey those charged with authority over
you”4

Today psychologists and all mental health professionals are agreed that psychological
disorders and human crisis have some spiritual or religious etiology and their solution need
religious and spiritual values. The Muslim psychologists and intellectuals can play a role to
device theories, methods and effective psychotherapy techniques for psychological disorders
from the Islamic point of view. The aim of this will be to bring human towards nature.5

Contributions of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi

Mulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi was also called as Hakim-ul-ummat and Mujaddid-e-Millat.
Thanvi was a renowned Muslim scholar, theologian, Sufi mystic and reformer of the nation in
the Twentieth Century. He was from Uttar Pradesh India, but his influential contribution makes
him Ḥakīm alUmmah or the wise man of the nation. Maulana (the master) was not basically
trained psychologist but his work on human personality and behavior was from Islamic
perspectives. His followers posited him an exemplary author and spiritual jurist. Thanvi has
written so many books on different areas but they all are for the reformation of humanity.
Some of his important books are translated into different languages. The most important books
of thanvi which were studied and searched for psychology and psychotherapy related materials
are, Tarbiyyat-ul-salik, Heavenly Ornaments: A classic manual of Islamic sacred law, The life and
teaching of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Ashraf Alswanih: A biography, Answer to modernism,
Shariah and tariqah, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi ka Tariq e Islah, Takabar or iska Ilaj, Advices of
Hazrat Thanvi, The road to Allah and Remedies from the holy Quran.

Concept of Normality and Abnormality in Mental Health

Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi approach to normality is normative. Physical aspects are
considered next to religious and spirituals aspects. Thanvi attention was towards mental health
not towards mental illness. This approach is also prevalent in modern psychology. The branch
of Positive Psychology works on this approach. Thanvi explained the same approach according
to religious and spiritual point of view. According to him environment had great effect on the
development of personality.6, 7 The child is born innocent, but the society where they are living
effects their personality and mental health. Innate capabilities and environmental factors both
play a significant role in the development of someone personality. Relationship between God
and the creatures and relationship among all human beings is the base of normality and
abnormality. If the connection between God and human is strong (living life according to Divine
codes) there will be less chances to proceed towards abnormality (less mentally effected), if the
connection is week (works against Divine codes) there will more chances regarding abnormality
(more mentally effected).

Normality is associated with ethics while abnormality is associated contrary to ethics.

Thanvi explained that Unity of self and self-trust is the sign of strong mentality and individuals
with strong mentality will also contemplate and acts positively. Thinking and acting positively
will lead the individuals towards God and it will also make the connection stronger. According

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to him psychological disorders due to organic etiology needs medications, while disorders due
to functional etiology needs treatment through techniques of psychotherapy.8 Ignorance, pride,
jealousy, lust and hypocrisy are the examples of mental disorders from Islamic perspective. The
teaching of Thanvi is interesting for psychologists because Thanvi and psychologists both are
involved in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. He also argues about
two forces in every human being like destructive and constructive forces and how they are
utilizing these forces.9 According to him these forces are mostly learned some from their
parents and some from the other members of the society including peers etc. All human beings
have the ability to learn, relearn and unlearn both negative and positive attitudes and
behaviors, which are necessary for personality shaping. Broadly we can comment that Thanvi
also worked the role of parents in shaping personality.10

Theory of Personality
According to Thanvi personality is the unit of the whole individual characteristics. An
individual is the combination of Ruh, Qalb, Nafs and the body. Ruh is the place in fitrah where
God’s imprint resides and it is also pure and invariable. Ruh creates vibration in the body like an
electric shock and it is also something physical residing in the heart. There are some innate
characteristics in the individuals; some of them are common while some are specific to this
individual. These innate human characteristics are collectively called Ars. Spirituality tries to
combine both the internal and external factors of personality. Al-Ghazali also explained this
concept that there are four aspects of an individual personality. They are Nafs, Ruh, Qalb and
Aql. Aql in other words is intellect through which an individual tries to understand the material
world. He stressed mostly on Qalb. An individual behavior, past and future is influenced
through these four. 11, 12 Quran refers three aspects of self; Nafs, Qalb and Aql, but Qalb is
considered the central aspect.

Allah Says in the Holy Quran

“The believers are only those who when Allah is mentioned, feel a fear in their
hearts” 13

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said

“Truly in the body there is a morsel of flesh which, if it is sound, all the body is
sound and which, if it is diseased, all of it is diseased. Truly it is the heart” 14

According to Thanvi Nafs is considered the Self while heart is the central component of
human personality. Heart is the source of knowledge while Ruh and Nafs vary only in their
characteristics. Therefore, we say that Ruh is present in every individual before birth, while Nafs
is a force in the human beings which desire something. It may be constructive or destructive. It
works on pleasure principals like concept of id by Freud. Like Quran and earlier Muslim scholars
Thanvi also reported three stages of Nafs, they are Nafs Ammara, Nafs Lawwamma and Nafs
Mumaina. All the mentioned terms are virtually the same but their context is different. Qalb
(heart) have direct association with God, angles, Satan and other human beings in the society.
Prophet said

“Wealth is in the heart and poverty is in the heart. Whoever is wealthy in his
heart will not be harmed no matter what happens in the world. Whoever is
impoverished in his heart will not be satisfied no matter how much he has in
the world. Verily, he will only be harmed by the greed of his own soul” 15

From Islamic perspective Qalb is central and ever changing while the physical heart
pumps blood to all parts of the body. Some of the researchers used the word soul alternate
with Qalb, while soul is in the form of a force.16 Personality traits have roots from Quran.

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Personality components like Id, Ego and Superego have resemblance with Nafs-al-ammara,
Nafs-al-lawamah and Nafs-al-mutmainah. While Ghazali explained Nafs in two meanings like
the 1st is anger and appetite of a person while the 2nd is soul or self of an individual and then
the self (Nafs) is divided into Ammara, Lawamah and Mutmainah.

ALLAH

Ruh

Nafs Mutmainah

Tazkiya Nafs Qalb Nafs Lawwama

Nafs Amara
Nafs

Shaytan

Thanvi Model of Personality

These terms are used and have a wide range of meanings. In a balanced and healthy
individual consciousness is central to Qalb, it opens to Ruh, it controls and directs Aql. The Qalb
together with Aql directs Nafs.17 Internally all the humans have both constructive and
destructive forces. Both the forces are pulling an individual towards him. God has created us in
a state of balance known is hemostasis. It is now depended upon certain factors like parental
training, type of society where an individual living and the overall environment. Parents,
especially mother can play a significant role in the development of child personality, but in case
of wrong trainings by the parents or teachers can make the child prone to mental disorders.
According to Thanvi every human being comes to the world innocent (free of sin), but it is up to
them, that to what extent they can save themselves from involving activities of sin. Sin and
related activities will shadow their intellect to identify, in turn these practices will pulls them
towards Satan and their bond with God will become gradually weaken and weaken and it last
will be broken. Their Qalb will become totally under the influence of evil and sin. Adultery,
complacency, theft and embattlement etc are some acts which pulling an individual towards
Satan.18, 19

Theory of Mental Disorders

According to Thanvi when there is detachment of an individual from Fitrah, nature and
from humanity there will be more chances to catch mental disorders. Attachment to God work
as a base for mental health. Detachment from God accomplishes distinction between good and
bad. There are different stages of attachment to God. Mental disorders are sometimes
connected with functional disorders including, jealousy, platitudinous, niggardliness, suspicious
and mistrustful etc. Thanvi divided mental disorders into organic and functional type. Organic
disorders are treated through medications while functional disorders need psychotherapeutic
interventions.20

Causes of Mental Disorders

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 ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE VIEW OF MAULANA ASHRAF ALI THANVI………REVIEW

According to Thanvi the main cause of mental disorders is the detachment and escape
from God and humanity. When there is a detachment from God there will be more chances of
mental disorders because the individual will think irrelevantly, if the cognition is disturbed there
will be more chances for some abnormal symptoms. There are also stages of mental disorders.
Thanvi said the human being is under the influence of two powers, constructive and
destructive. The constructive power guides an individual towards nature while destructive
power works beyond the nature. Therefore, balance between theses power is necessary.21

According to him an individual must be aware from these powers. Otherwise, the
imbalance will lead to mental disturbances. During psychotherapy sessions there will be
concern on the solution of this conflict. Imbalance between these powers is due to conflict
between actions and intensions. He stressed on the significance of environmental factors.22
Challenges and difficulties in life are necessary and it also pulls the people to feel grief, but they
don’t know that this state of grief is temporary and sometimes it is test from God side.
Persistent state of grief sometimes leads to depression. Grief is opposite to happiness. In Quran
Allah told Muhammad (PBUH) not to feel grief over disbelievers

“And do not be grieved (o Muhammad) by those whose hasten into disbelief.

Indeed, they will never harm Allah at all…”23

Therapeutic Methods
Currently in the Western or mainstream psychology they are now accepting the role of
religion and spirituality. Much importance is giving to religious and spiritual topics concerned
with mental illness and their intervention. The Western Psychologist are also agreed that
religious and spiritual psychotherapeutic practices can play a positive role the treatment and
solution of psychological issues. Some researchers named them a “theistic approach of
psychotherapy”. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the common technique used by most of the
Muslim psychologists in the form spiritually integrated cognitive behavior therapy. The main
focus of this technique is to change the detrimental and problematic beliefs into more
supportive and positive beliefs. But here the most important thing is the client assessment.24 If
the therapist came to know about cause of the issue, then it became easy to be treated. If the
therapist understand that cause of this illness is religious or spiritual results from detachment
from Allah almighty. Then the therapist will be able to work out on the ways how to refine the
effected soul and how to re-attach the client to God. Foundations of religious and spiritual
interventions will revolve around the client spiritual development; this focus will enhance the
chances of therapeutic effectiveness.25

Reading Therapy
Reading therapy is basically a type of individual therapy. In this type of therapy, the
clients were instructed to write down all their presenting complaints and problems. Strong
rapport between client and therapist is required for this technique. Exchange of letters was
done for rapport development, but it is also obvious that sometimes the client needs direct
guidelines. This technique is like free association of Sigmund Freud. After writing or listing the
client complaints, they will be checked, if there is ambiguity or something questionable, the
client was questioned to clarify. Then the client’s complaints were assisted to plane treatment.
The clients were provided some reading material including books of different Muslim scholars
according to their complaints25. They were also directed to learn some verses from the Holly
Quran. Strong believe on God is required to get full benefits from this therapy. The overall
purpose of the reading therapy was the purification of the effected and shadowed soul.26

Reading therapy is also closely associated to a contemporary technique known is

Bibliotherapy. When the client is unable to describe their state of mind or body, like what is
happening in his mind or body. The ambiguous or unclear state of mind and body. In cases like

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this the therapists are directing the clients and provides some relevant literature to clarify their
state of mind or body. Aim of the given literature was the provision of information, support and
guidelines. This concept is not limited to Thanvi approach or Islamic Psychology but it is also
prevalent in different therapies like different behavioral therapies. Facilitation of clients and
attainment of therapeutic goals are the common concepts of reading therapy. Some of the
researchers reported this technique as spiritual bibliotherapy, which is the reading of sacred
text for the purification of soul. The therapist will not only provide and read the material but
will also explain and interpret in details to get the required goal.27,28 Another research reported
significant association was reported between the individuals participating in bibliotherapy
sessions conducting by Sufis for self-achieving. In contemporary psychotherapies reading
literature is used is an adjunct fragment of the therapeutic intervention. Reading of stories or
narrations are common in the treatment of drug addiction treatment.29

Maulana Asharaf Ali Thanvi view revolve around patient will and the effort they are
interested in the cure of illness or disease. The counselor will only assist whenever the client
need help in understanding etiology of the disease, intervention, precautions or complications,
but the most important thing is the patient trust upon their counselor and abilities of
counselor. In current scenario the researchers are using bibliotherapy to treat panic conditions,
anxiety problems, depression, weight loss, academic issues and know about understanding
individual differences,30,31 helping students to learn, grief reaction, separation disorders, child
abuse and rehabilitation of individuals.32 According to33 bibliotherapy is an effective and
efficient tool in devising and to reinforce therapeutic intervention. Bibliotherapy can be utilized
in psychoeducation and basic health services.34

Communication Therapy
Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi worked for the purification of human self through his
communication therapy. He removed pain of people and filled their heart with satisfaction.
According to him changes in the heart and changes in the mind can change the whole human
being. Through his therapy he tried to establish close association with God. Pleasure of Allah is
that to spent life according to God’s will. Perfect life is that if it is spent according to Sunnah
and Shariah. Due to materialistic desires the people left right path which further proceed to
psychological disorders. This is the main cause of psychological disorders. Through therapy we
may boost our self-esteem of client and it leads to catharsis. The Islamic therapy turns around
the Divine codes revealed by Allah to Muhammad (PBUH) and these codes have diminished the
concept of superiority and inferiority complexes. These are the codes of justice and equality for
all human beings. Invited of the Holy Prophet to come under a single entity of Islam has
abolished all prejudices, discriminations, ingroup and outgroup conflicts.

Thanvi in his communication therapy focused on self-actualization and self-analysis.

According to him sermons of Muslim scholar works like some best spiritual therapeutic
techniques of group therapy. He used to sermonize some important topics which the clients
want to listen and they expect their solution in it. This therapy needs a close association and
need certain time from the client to spent with the therapist. The therapists are using and
Quranic parables and stories of earlier messengers and Muslim scholar in front of group of
individuals. Communication therapy works on the principles of group therapy. Quranic parables
contain instructions and leading qualities. These parables have changed life of the people
earlier and we may adapt these parables in our condition today.35 Individuals working as
spiritual therapist need to have more proper mental and physical functions, necessary for
positive thinking. Individuals with strong spirituality are said to live strong and productive life.
Overall spirituality and religion have appositive association with psychological health and
wellbeing.36

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 ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE VIEW OF MAULANA ASHRAF ALI THANVI………REVIEW

Inconsistent beliefs and unpleasant feelings lead to psychological problems. This

therapy encourages the client to follow the pious teaching and adopt healthy life style. The
therapist is the assets and trust of the client.37 Researchers reported that reading Quran in
Arabic (original) or other languages have profound effect on individuals in relieving of
psychological issues. Reading and meaning of Quran can be considered as a therapeutic
technique. Listening of different parts of Quran like Yaseen, Rehman etc works like a strong
therapeutic intervention technique.38

Meditation
Meditation is a Sufi word used alternatively for Muraqiba. Muraqiba means to take of or
to keep an eye or to help deepen the understanding of sacred life forces. Currently it is
practiced for relaxation or stress reduction. It is practiced from thousands of years. It works like
mind-body complementary medication. Meditation is for the production of deep mind
relaxation. The Holy Prophet regularly practiced meditation. Before prophethood he regularly
visited Mount Hira to practice meditation and to get balanced emotional and intellectual state.
Quran says

“The patient, the true, the obedient, those who spend (in the way of Allah), and
those who seek forgiveness before dawn”39

Due to meditation, the Holy Prophet was able to get balance between spiritualty and
logic necessary for supreme convincing power. There are a lot of acts, sayings and quotations of
the Prophet which we can use as therapy for different psychological and physical disorders.

“They are the repenters, the worshipers, the praisers, the meditators, the
bowing and prostrating, the advocators of righteousness and forbidders
of evil, and the keepers of GOD's laws. Give good news to such
believers” 40

Meditation needs your full attention to eliminate stressful thoughts which is creating
issues in the mind. Meditation is practiced in a specific place where no disturbance occurs. It
will give you a sense of relaxation and quietness, which is necessary for both emotional and
physical well-being.

“During the night, you shall meditate for extra credit, that your Lord may
raise you to an honorable rank. And say, "My Lord, admit me an
honorable admittance, and let me depart an honorable departure, and
grant me from You a powerful support” 41
It also produces coping to fight against stressful thoughts and feelings. Meditation will
keep you centered with internal peace and harmony. According to Thanvi there are five stages
of Muraqiba. They are Yajis, Khatir, Hadees e Nafs, Hum and Azam. Lack of mindfulness to
present is the barrier in progress.42

Individual and Group Therapy

Reconnection to Allah is possible through group therapy. Researchers reported that
group therapy is an effective way of management for psychological disorders like ASD, PTSD,
Anxiety and Depression. Thanvi focuses on the establishment of therapeutic alliance.
Therapeutic relationship between therapist and client was the initial step of Thanvi therapy.
According to him the therapist and client have a close spiritual relationship; because the client
knows the only person can help to get rid of the problem is the therapist. The therapist must be
skillful to know and deal the client issues. The therapy should be empathetic and less directive.
Behavior change toward right direction makes the client strong and confident. This strength
and confidence make the client able to understand and resolve their issues efficiently. Most of

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the time in the khanqah the client was dealt in groups but they were also free to discuss issues
individually. The clients were engaged in different activities like listening of speeches and
exercises in groups. From his books it is identified that there was no specific number of
sessions. It was fixed after assessment and recovery from first session.43

The procedure and techniques of therapy used by the Holy Prophet and great Muslim
scholars are also currently prevalent in modern day therapies. Technique of group therapy is
utilized in common societal issues like drug addiction treatment, students’ academic and
common classrooms issues. Through group therapy we can enhance sense of hope and self-
esteem and self-confidence among group members. Therapy of all types need consistent
sessions to get the maximum results. In this regard Prophet says

“The most beloved deeds to Allah are those that are the most consistent, even they are
few” 44

As an active member of individual or group therapy the clients are required to resent
and involve their self in all the activities and obey the directions of the therapist. The clients
must care about starting and termination timing of the session. All the names and information
of all the clients in the group will be confidential for both therapist and clients. They will not
share this information with irrelevant persons out of the group members.

Treating the Nafs

God is the basis of cleansing human soul. It is the almighty Allah to grant purification. All
the human beings have an expectation and make efforts towards purifying their Nafs. Quran
says

“Truly God alters not what is in a people until they alter what is in themselves”45

The Nafs presents different ideas and thoughts to the person. It tries to distract them
from good deeds to evil deeds. The person should suppress his Nafs to follow the right path of
Deen. While treating the Nafs a person should set aside for a short time in the morning and
night before going to bed. A person should sit alone and try to free the heart from all thoughts.
Quran Says

“It is God who purifies whomsoever He will, and they shall not be wronged so
much as the thread of a date stone”46

Guide your Nafs like “O Nafs! You are like a merchant in this world. Your capital is your
life and its profit is that world, it should attain salvation in the hereafter. If you attained the
goal your wealth, your business will be considered profitable. If you have not attained the goal
(salvation) you have lost great. The time is very precious. It can’t return in the life”. O Nafs be
grateful to Allah that his granted you another day in life. Make taubah from all your sins and
never commit them again. You will spend that entire day in remembrance and obedience of
Allah. Guide your Nafs and reform yourself to follow straight path towards Allah on daily
basis.47

Conclusion

Islam the most growing religion of the world. Islamic codes are those principles of Allah
revealed through the Holly Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). These codes are practiced with full
enthusiasm from the date of revelation to till date by all Muslims without any discrimination.
Islam is the religion of oneness of God and equality. Acts of the Holy prophet are also weight
like sacred codes and it is necessary for Muslims to obey these acts. From the mentioned
literature it is concluded that the Muslim psychologists must be aware from the methods of
spiritual healing used by the Holy Prophet or great Muslim scholars. The contemporary Muslim
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 ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE VIEW OF MAULANA ASHRAF ALI THANVI………REVIEW

psychologist must try to take help from the techniques of early Muslim scholars. These
techniques have universal efficiency by obtaining strong association between the contaminated
soul and God. They are also suggested to take interest in traditional psychotherapy methods
and adopt them according to their own culture and religion.

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