INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

Professionals can help diagnose and treat patients more effectively by detection mental health
issues early. In this article, we discuss the current status of AI in the mental health field and its
potential applications in healthcare. Machine learning techniques can help address the basic
mental health issues that people face, such as anxiety and depression. They can also detect
patterns and provide helpful suggestions for addressing the problems. The attribute data has
been reduced using Feature Selection algorithms. Various machine learning algorithms have
been compared in terms of accuracy over the full set of attributes and a select set of attributes.
Although various algorithms have been studied, further work is still needed to reduce the
aperture between AI and mental health analysis. It might have happened so many times that
you or someone yours need doctors help immediately, but they are not available due to some
reason. The Depression Prediction system is an end user support project. Here we propose a
system that allows users to get instant guidance on their Depression issues through an
intelligent health care system online. The system is fed with various symptoms and the
disease/illness associated with those systems. The system allows user to share their symptoms
and issues. It then processes user’s symptoms to check for various illnesses that could be
associated with it. Here we use some intelligent data mining techniques to guess the most
accurate prediction that could be associated with patient’s symptoms. In doctor module when
doctor login to the system doctor can view his patient details and the report of that patient.
Doctor can view details about the patient. Doctor can view his personal detail. Based on the
symptom the data mining algorithm works. This system will provide proper guidance when
the user specifies the symptoms of depression. - The majority of people deal with depression
on a daily basis, which is a prevalent and serious mental illness. Depression has an impact on
a person's physical, psychological, and mental health in addition to their emotional state. In
contrast to other illnesses, depression cannot be diagnosed through laboratory testing, goes
unnoticed due to a lack of knowledge and awareness, and can deteriorate to the point of suicide.
Physicians are currently using self-reported questionnaires and in person interactions as part of
their diagnostic process for identifying depression. A psychiatric evaluation of social
interactions and human behaviour is required for the diagnosis of depression. The patient's
audio and video recordings show how people with depression behave differently than average
people do. The user and the admin are the two different user categories that can interact with
the application. The user has two choices: the PHQ-9 exam or an evaluation that consists of
three components-a questionnaire, a video, and an audio detection, each weighted at 33% and
used to determine the user’s level of depression. The findings are also used to suggest treatment
alternatives. In order to combat the condition sooner, computer vision and machine learning
have been employed to diagnose depression sample of 142 participants, including 71
individuals with depression and 71 healthy controls. The algorithm achieved an accuracy of
80% in detecting depression. Another approach is to use ML to analyze neuroimaging data.
Research has shown that people with depression have structural and functional changes in
specific brain regions. ML algorithms can analyze neuroimaging data and predict the likelihood
of depression. For example, a study by Fu et al. (2018) used ML algorithms to analyze
structural and functional neuroimaging data in a sample of 68 participants, including 34
individuals with depression and 34 healthy controls. The algorithm achieved an accuracy of
86% in detecting depression. Other studies have explored the use of ML algorithms to analyze
electronic health records (EHRs) and identify patterns that may indicate depression. For
example, a study by Chen et al. (2017) used ML algorithms to analyze EHR data from 8,205
patients and identified specific clinical features, such as sleep disturbance and antidepressant
medication use, that were associated with depression. Nowadays so many people do not have
time to take an appointment of a doctor in their daily life schedule and also help that people
those who are not showing their stress but they are stressed. So, we can make a program there
is a Questionnaire to ask questions one by one of a person. On the basis of answers of that
person those who want to check the stress level. We are using Machine Learning (Ml) for
measuring the human depression using python, HTML, CSS, php Our program will give
suggestions of that person if they need to meet the psychologist or not. Here we are trying to
giving a self-assessment of Human stress in their daily life. The conclusion of this research
paper to help patients suffering from this disease.
1.1 MOTIVATION

Depression, a prevalent and serious mental health issue, affects approximately 3.8% of the
global population. Despite the existence of effective treatments, over 75% of individuals in
low- and middle-income countries remain untreated, partly due to the challenge in accurately
diagnosing depression in its early stages. This paper introduces a novel method for detecting
depression based on multi-modal feature fusion utilizing cross-attention. Diverging from
previous practices of simply concatenating multimodal features, this approach leverages cross-
attention for feature integration, significantly improving the accuracy in depression detection
and enabling a more comprehensive and precise analysis of user emotions and behaviours.
Furthermore, a Multi-Modal Feature Fusion Network based on Cross-Attention (MFFNC) is
constructed, demonstrating exceptional performance in the task of depression identification.
The experimental results indicate that our method achieves an accuracy of 0.9495 on the test
dataset, marking a substantial improvement over existing approaches. Moreover, it outlines a
promising methodology for other social media platforms and tasks involving multi-modal
processing. Timely identification and intervention for individuals with depression are crucial
for saving lives, highlighting the immense potential of technology in facilitating early
intervention for mental health issues. Machine learning algorithms have shown potential in
aiding the detection of depression by analyzing various sources of data, including speech,
neuroimaging, and electronic health records. The use of ML algorithms in depression detection
can potentially lead to earlier diagnosis, targeted interventions, and improved outcomes for
individuals with depression. However, there are also limitations and ethical considerations to
consider, such as the need for large amounts of quality data and potential biases in the
algorithm. Further research is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of ML algorithms in
depression detection and ensure their responsible use in clinical practice. Overall, the
integration of machine learning in mental health holds promise for improving the accuracy and
efficiency of diagnosis, treatment, and research. The objectives of this paper regarding the
depression detection system are: firstly, to delve into the underlying methodologies employed
in the development of depression detection systems, shedding light on small details of data
collection, feature extraction, model architectures and training techniques; and secondly, to
underscore the practical implications of depression detection in real-world settings. Through
comprehensive studies, performance evaluations, and empirical analyses, this paper
endeavours to showcase the efficacy of depression detection systems and their potential impact
on clinical practice and public health initiatives. By shedding light on the advancements and
challenges in depression detection systems, this paper aims to foster collaboration, innovation,
and further research in this rapidly evolving field. Ultimately, it seeks to contribute to the
development of more robust and reliable depression detection systems, thereby improving
outcomes for individuals affected by depression and promoting mental well-being on a global
scale. Moreover, this work aims to address current challenges in depression detection and
propose future directions for advancing the field’s understanding of mental health monitoring
and intervention. By serving as a comprehensive resource for researchers, clinicians, and
stakeholders, this study endeavours to foster collaboration and innovation in the development
of more effective and reliable depression detection systems, ultimately contributing to
improved mental health outcomes and well-being for individuals worldwide. This paper talks
about Machine learning as a process which learns from experience and possesses the best result
when the same issue or event occurs in the future. It considers different parameters like user
emotions. Depression is right now the main reason for mental ill health. It is a major cause of
suicidal cases and leads to significant impairment in daily life. Machine Learning algorithms
can help detection and can generate possible solutions to face depression. Researchers have
discovered the uses of machine learning different algorithms for depression prediction by
forming the patterns of a questionary’s dataset and another dataset.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of developing depression detection systems utilizing Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) is to create architectures optimized
for the task of accurately identifying depressive symptoms from various data sources. By
delving into methodologies for data preprocessing, feature extraction, and model training, the
research endeavors to enhance the accuracy and robustness of CNN and RNN-based depression
detection systems. Empirical evaluations conducted on real-world datasets and clinical
scenarios will validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Furthermore, this research
seeks to explain the potential applications of CNN and RNN-based depression detection
technology across diverse domains, including healthcare, mental health support services, and
public health initiatives. By showcasing the versatility and utility of depression detection
systems, the aim is to facilitate their integration into practical settings and enhance their
accessibility and usability. Moreover, this work aims to address current challenges in
depression detection and propose future directions for advancing the field’s understanding of
mental health monitoring and intervention. By serving as a comprehensive resource for
researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders, this study endeavours to foster collaboration and
innovation in the development of more effective and reliable depression detection systems,
ultimately contributing to improved mental health outcomes and well-being for individuals
worldwide. The formulation of the problem for depression detection using machine learning
involves defining the problem statement, identifying the target population, and specifying the
input and output of the system. Here is a general formulation of the problem for depression
detection using machine learning. The problem statement for depression detection using
machine learning is to develop a system that can accurately identify individuals who are at risk
of depression based on a set of features extracted from patient data. Although there are many
E-Mental Health Apps that can benefit patients, providers, and society, there are still questions
and concerns. For example, how does E-mental health treatment compare to traditional
treatment in terms of effectiveness? What are the privacy issues around implementation? How
do outcomes compare with other methods? Some apps transmit patients’ identifying
information–raising a huge red flag, because this could lead to information being accessed by
unintended parties. Also, with hundreds of apps available to download, it is hard to know which
apps are beneficial and which apps are ineffective. The cost of accessing therapy through the
app can cause issues for some patients, depending on their financial and insurance situation.
The target population for the system is individuals who are at risk of depression, including
those with a history of depression, individuals with chronic illnesses, and individuals
experiencing significant life stressors. The input for the system includes a set of features
extracted from patient data, which may include demographic information, medical history,
lifestyle factors, and psychosocial factors. The input may also include data from mental health
assessments, such as questionnaires or interviews. The output of the system is a prediction of
whether the individual is at risk of depression based on the input features. The output may be
a binary classification (e.g., depressed/not depressed) or a continuous score that indicates the
likelihood of depression. The formulation of the problem for depression detection using
machine learning is an important step in the system design process. It helps to clarify the goals
of the project, identify the target population, and specify the input and output of the system.
This formulation can then be used to guide the selection of machine learning algorithms, feature
extraction techniques, and evaluation metrics. Depression detection is essential for various
domains, including healthcare, public health, and social welfare. However, existing detection
methods encounter challenges in accurately identifying depressive symptoms from diverse data
sources. Traditional approaches often rely on manual assessment and structured questionnaires,
which may overlook subtle nuances and individual variations in depressive symptoms.
Moreover, the subjective nature of self-reporting and the stigma associated with mental health
can impede accurate diagnosis and intervention. This research project aims to develop
innovative machine learning-based approaches, such as deep learning and sentiment analysis,
to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of depression detection. By leveraging large-scale
datasets and advanced algorithms, this project seeks to overcome the limitations of traditional
methods and provide scalable, accessible, and non-intrusive tools for identifying individuals at
risk of depression.
1.3 CHALLENGES OF THE PROJECT

Building upon prior work, in this paper, we aim to accomplish depression detection through
user modeling with improved performance over previous efforts. To this end, we construct a
new deep neural network classification model, the Multi-Modal Feature Fusion Model Using
Cross-Attention. Departing from past practices, our approach utilizes Cross-Attention for
multimodal feature integration instead of simply concatenating multiple features. Experimental
proofs that our method effectively boosts the accuracy in detecting depression. We employ the
Cross-Attention mechanism for fusing multimodal features, deviating from the common
practice in prior works that typically resort to straightforward concatenation of multimodal
attributes. The cross-attention strategy effectively captures and integrates these complementary
pieces of information, enabling the model to conduct a more comprehensive and precise
analysis of user emotions and behaviours. By calculating attention weights between features
across different modalities, it highlights the most pertinent information from each modality.
This capability of capturing associations is instrumental in enhancing the model’s
understanding and interpretation of relationships between distinct multimodal features. We
have constructed a deep neural network classification network, multimodal feature fusion
network based on cross-attention (MFFNC), specifically designed for depression detection,
capable of handling multimodal feature inputs. This model demonstrates exceptional
performance in the task of depression identification. Our experiments have shown that
compared to other prevalent classification models, ours achieves the highest level of accuracy
and exhibits the greatest robustness. It is important to compare the performance of multiple
different machine learning algorithms consistently and it will discover to create a test harness
to compare multiple different machine learning algorithms in Python with scikit-learn. It can
use this test harness as a template on your own machine learning problems and add more and
different algorithms to compare. Each model will have different performance characteristics.
Using resampling methods like cross validation, you can get an estimate for how accurate each
model may be on unseen data. It needs to be able to use these estimates to choose one or two
best models from the suite of models that you have created. When have a new dataset, it is a
good idea to visualize the data using different techniques in order to look at the data from
different perspectives. The same idea applies to model selection. You should use a number of
different ways of looking at the estimated accuracy of your machine learning algorithms in
order to choose the one or two to finalize. A way to do this is to use different visualization
methods to show the average accuracy, variance and other properties of the distribution of
model accuracies. Depression is a leading cause of mental illness, and it has been linked to an
increased risk of premature death. Furthermore, it is a major contributor to suicidal thoughts
and causes significant impairment in daily life. Every year, one in every 15 adults suffers from
depression, affecting 300 million people worldwide. Several previous empirical studies have
shown that certain linguistic characteristics can be analyzed and correlated to likely depression
symptoms, as well as help predict self-destructive behaviour. This Depression Detection
System detects the type of depression (anxiety, PTSD, or bipolar) and recommends nearby
clinics to consult a psychiatrist.
1.4 PROJECT OUTLINE

In this application, depression is a complex and serious mental health issue that affects a
significant number of people worldwide. While it cannot be diagnosed through laboratory tests,
innovative solutions are being developed to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the
diagnostic process. The use of audio and video recordings, along with self-reported
questionnaires, can provide a more comprehensive assessment of a patient's mental state. The
development of an application that uses computer vision and machine learning to identify
depression has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat this condition. By
detecting depression early on, patients can receive the appropriate treatment and support,
improving their chances of recovery and reducing the risk of suicide. The findings of this
research offer hope for those struggling with depression and highlight the importance of
continued efforts to improve mental health diagnosis and treatment.

SYMPTOMS & PATTERNS:

During a depressive episode, a person experiences a depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable,
empty). They may feel a loss of pleasure or interest in activities. A depressive episode is
different from regular mood fluctuations. They last most of the day, nearly every day, for at
least two weeks. Other symptoms are also present, which may include:

A. Poor Concentration:

Depression typically causes impaired concentration, which makes it harder to focus, make
decisions, and retain memory. Although this cognitive impairment might affect daily
functioning, it can be treated with the right therapy or medicine, leading to an improvement in
overall mental clarity and functioning in depressed people.

B. Feelings of Excessive Guilt or Low Self-Worth :

People who are affected by depression often experience emotional discomfort because of their
excessive guilt and low self-worth.

C. Hopelessness About The Future:

When depressed, it can be hard to see bright futures or opportunities, which often leads to a
deep sense of hopelessness about the future.
D. Thoughts About Dying or Suicide:

People who are depressed may have terrible thoughts about ending their lives or committing
suicide, which is an indication of the severe emotional pain and suffering they may be
experiencing.

E. Disrupted Sleep:

Depression frequently causes sleep habits to be disrupted, which can result in excessive
sleeping or insomnia, which can exacerbate the illness and negatively impact overall health.

F. Changes In Appetite or Weight:

Variations in appetite and weight are often associated with depression, which can lead to
overeating or appetite loss and negatively impact an individual's physical and mental health.

G. Feeling Very Tired or Low in Energy:

Even everyday tasks might seem extremely tough and demanding while dealing with
depression, which often results in excessive weariness and low energy. Depression can lead to
problems in the community, at home, at work, and in school, among other areas of life.
Depressive episodes can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity and
quantity of symptoms, as well as how they affect the person's ability to function. Different
patterns of depressive episodes exist, such as:

The three types of depression are single episode, which refers to an individual's first and only
episode; recurrent, which refers to an individual who has experienced at least two episodes of
depression; and bipolar, which alternates between manic episodes and depressive episodes.
Manic symptoms include euphoria or irritability, increased activity or energy, and other
symptoms like increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, increased self-esteem, decreased need
for sleep, distractibility, and impulsive reckless behaviour.

FACTORS CAUSING DEPRESSION:

A complex interplay of social, psychological, and biological variables causes depression.

Depression is more prone to occur in people who have experienced catastrophic circumstances,
such as unemployment or bereavement. Depression can exacerbate an individual's current
situation and the depression itself by increasing stress and dysfunction.
Depression and physical health are related to and have an impact on one another. Depression
is impacted by numerous factors that are known to raise the risk of conditions like diabetes,
cancer, heart disease, and respiratory ailments (such inactivity or risky alcohol use).People with
a variety of illnesses may also develop depression due to the difficulties in managing their
condition.

The following is a list of some of the Basic Factors:

1. Brain chemistry:

Depression may result from abnormalities in the amounts of certain brain chemicals. Brain
chemistry abnormalities, specifically dopamine and serotonin imbalances, are linked to
depression and have an impact on mood regulation and emotional health.

2. Genetics:

You may be more prone to depression if you have a depressed ancestor. Heredity has an impact
on the risk of depression. A family history of depression may raise vulnerability because of
inherited genetic factors and predispositions.

3. Trauma:

Experienced as a young child: Certain experiences influence how your body responds to stress
and terror. Early childhood abuse or neglect can cause emotional and psychological damage
that increases an adult's risk of developing depression.

4. Medical issues:

You may be more susceptible if you have certain conditions, such as attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic illness, sleeplessness, or chronic discomfort. There
are various medical conditions that can impact depression. Pain, long-term medical conditions,
and alterations in brain chemistry can all contribute to or exacerbate depressive symptoms.

5. Drug use:

Your risk may be impacted by past drug or alcohol abuse. Excessive drug use can alter
neurotransmitters in the brain, creating a chemical imbalance that raises the risk of depression.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The system for depression detection using ML is a software application that utilizes machine
learning algorithms to analyze various sources of data to aid in the detection of depression. The
system will take advantage of the ability of ML to analyze large amounts of data and identify
patterns that may not be evident to humans. The proposed system will consist of the following
components:

A. Data Collection

The system will collect data from various sources, including speech recordings, neuroimaging
data, and electronic health records. The data collected will be used to train and validate the ML
algorithm.

B. Machine Learning Algorithms

The system will use various ML algorithms to analyze the collected data and identify patterns
that are indicative of depression. For example, the system may use natural language processing
algorithms to analyze speech patterns or image processing algorithms to analyze neuroimaging
data.

C. User Interface

The system will have a user interface that will allow users to input data and receive results. The
interface will be user-friendly and intuitive to use.

D. Output

The output of the system will be a prediction of the likelihood of depression. The prediction
will be accompanied by a confidence score that indicates the reliability of the prediction.

E. Integration with Clinical Practice

The system will be designed to integrate with clinical practice and aid in the diagnosis and
treatment of depression. Mental health professionals can use the system to aid in the diagnosis
of depression and provide targeted interventions.

F. Privacy and Security

The system will prioritize the privacy and security of the data collected. The data collected will
be anonymized, and access to the data will be restricted to authorized personnel.
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data, and apply
knowledge and actionable insights from data across a broad range of application domains. Data
science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and
knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data. Data science
can be defined as a blend of mathematics, business acumen, tools, algorithms and machine
learning techniques, all of which helps in finding out the hidden insights or patterns from raw
data which can be of major use in the formation of big business decisions.

This article offers a comprehensive methodological framework for processing and analysing
the heterogeneous data in order to better understand the relationship between depression and
quality of life-related characteristics. It does this by utilising machine learning techniques. The
experimental study is thus primarily split into two halves. A procedure for data consolidation
is provided in the first section. Data relationships are established, and the Secure Hash
Algorithm concept is used to uniquely identify each relationship in the data. Finding and
indexing the actual elements in the data is done by hashing. In the second section, a model that
combined supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods was presented. The study
hypothesis was formulated and validated with the aid of the consolidation approach. In order
to further verify the effectiveness of the posterior probability multi-class Support Vector
Machine, the classification problems were extracted from the clustered data and the self-
organizing map yielded an 08 cluster solution. The reliable and effective classification methods
Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilised in a variety of real-world
applications. The parameters mostly determine the effectiveness and performance of SVM and
Random Forest. Random forest and SVM have superior recognition rates when compared to
other classification techniques. Although support vector machines (SVMs) were initially
designed as binary classifiers, different adaptations, such as those for handling multiclass
classification, have been proposed. In these modifications, the optimisation issue is subjected
to extra parameters and restrictions to control the division of the various classes. Multi-class
problems are typically divided into many problems involving two classes using the standard
techniques for applying SVMs to multi-class classification problems. Because of their
exceptional learning efficiency, random forests and SVM have emerged as a hotbed of machine
learning research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Title : Machine Learning-based Approach for Depression

Author: Hatoon AlSagri , Mourad Ykhlef

Year: 2020

Social media channels, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, have altered our world
forever. People are now increasingly connected than ever and reveal a sort of digital persona.
Although social media certainly has several remarkable features, the demerits are undeniable
as well. Recent studies have indicated a correlation between high usage of social media sites
and increased depression. The present study aims to exploit machine learning techniques for
detecting a probable depressed Twitter user based on both, his/her network behavior and
tweets. For this purpose, we trained and tested classifiers to distinguish whether a user is
depressed or not using features extracted from his/her activities in the network and tweets. The
results showed that the more features are used, the higher are the accuracy and F-measure
scores in detecting depressed users. This method is a data-driven, predictive approach for early
detection of depression or other mental illnesses. This study’s main contribution is the
exploration part of the features and its impact on detecting the depression level. This paper
defines a binary classification problem as identifying whether a person is depressed, based on
his tweets and Twitter profile activity. Different machine learning algorithms are exploited and
different feature datasets are explored. Many preprocessing steps are performed, including data
preparation and aligning, data labeling, and feature extraction and selection. The SVM model
has achieved optimal accuracy metric combinations; it converts an extremely nonlinear
classification problem into a linearly separable problem. Although the DT model is
comprehensive and follows understandable steps, it can fail if exposed to brand new data.
3.2 Title : Predicting the Utilization of Mental Health Treatment with Various

Machine Learning Algorithms

Author: MEERA SHARMA, SONOK MAHAPATRA, ADEETHYIA

SHANKAR

Year : 2020

In 2017, about 792 million people (more than 10% of the global population) lived their lives
with a mental disorder [24]– 78 million of which committed suicide because of it. In these
unprecedented times of COVID-19, mental health challenges have been even further
exacerbated as home environments have been proven to be major sources of the creation and
worsening of poor mental health. Additionally, proper diagnosis and treatment for people with
mental health disorders remains underdeveloped in modern-day’s society due to the widely
ever present public stigma attached to caring about mental health. Recently there have been
attempts in the data science world to predict if a person is suicidal (and other diagnostic
approaches) yet all face major setbacks. To begin, big data has many ethical issues related to
privacy and reusability without permission—especially in regards to using feeds from social
media. Additionally, people diagnosed with specific mental health conditions may not actually
seek treatment, so data may be incorrect. In this research, we address both of these problems
by using anonymous datasets to predict the answer to a different question—whether or not
people are seeking mental health treatment. We also use a large variety of machine learning
and deep learning classifiers and predictive models to predict with a high accuracy rate through
statistical analysis. From our research, we were able to conclude that machine learning can be
used to predict likelihood of individuals seeking treatment with a high degree of accuracy
(76.3% - 82.5%) by utilizing a self-reported questionnaire. Similarly, through a simple
questionnaire that asks enough questions relevant to mental health, machine learning should
also be able to determine if the person requires treatment. Despite stigma surrounding mental
illness, individuals would be able to utilize machine learning to determine the correct course
of action for their mental illness. As a result, these individuals would be more productive,
reducing social and economic costs at the tech workplace.
3.3 Title : Prediction of Mental Disorder for employees in IT Industry

Author: Sandhya P, Mahek Kantesaria

Year : 2019

Mental health is nowadays a topic which is most frequently discussed when it comes to research
but least frequently discussed when it comes to the personal life. The wellbeing of a person is
the measure of mental health. The increasing use of technology will lead to a lifestyle of less
physical work. Also, the constant pressure on an employee in any industry will make more
vulnerable to mental disorder. These vulnerabilities consist of peer pressure, anxiety attack,
depression, and many more. Here we have taken the dataset of the questionnaires which were
asked to an IT industry employee. Based on their answers the result is derived. Here output
will be that the person needs an attention or not. Different machine learning techniques are
used to get the results. This prediction also tells us that it is very important for an IT employee
to get the regular mental health check up to tract their health. The employers should have a
medical service provided in their company and they should also give benefits for the affected
employees. There are many suggestions that employers and employees could keep in mind.
Employers need to keep track of number of their employees having mental disorder. Employers
should allow flexible work environment with flexible work scheduling and break timings. They
should allow employees to work from home or have flexible place of work.
3.4 Title : Prediction of Mental Health Problems Among Children Using
Machine Learning Techniques

Author: Ms. Sumathi M.R, Dr. B. Poorna

Year : 2016

Early diagnosis of mental health problems helps the professionals to treat it at an earlier stage
and improves the patients’ quality of life. So, there is an urgent need to treat basic mental health
problems that prevail among children which may lead to complicated problems, if not treated
at an early stage. Machine learning Techniques are currently well suited for analyzing medical
data and diagnosing the problem. This research has identified eight machine learning
techniques and has compared their performances on different measures of accuracy in
diagnosing five basic mental health problems. A data set consisting of sixty cases is collected
for training and testing the performance of the techniques. Twenty-five attributes have been
identified as important for diagnosing the problem from the documents. The attributes have
been reduced by applying Feature Selection algorithms over the full attribute data set. The
accuracy over the full attribute set and selected attribute set on various machine learning
techniques have been compared. It is evident from the results that the three classifiers viz.,
Multilayer Perceptron, Multiclass Classifier and LAD Tree produced more accurate results and
there is only a slight difference between their performances over full attribute set and selected
attribute set Nowadays, a number of expert systems are utilized in medical domain to predict
diseases accurately at an early stage so that treatment can be made effectively and efficiently.
Also, expert systems are developed in the mental health domain to predict the mental health
problem at an earlier stage. As a number of machine learning techniques are available to
construct expert systems, it is necessary to compare them and identify the best that suits the
domain of interest. The research has compared eight machine learning techniques (classifiers)
on classifying the dataset to different mental health problems. It is evident from the results that
the three classifiers viz., Multilayer Perceptron, Multiclass Classifier and LAD Tree produce
more accurate results than the others. The data set is very minimal and in future, the research
may be applied for a large data set to obtain more accuracy. The classifiers need to be trained
prior to the implementation of any technique in real prediction.
3.5 Title : Artificial Intelligence for Mental Health and Mental Illnesses: an
Overview

Author: Sarah Graham & Colin Depp & Ellen E. Lee & Camille Nebeker & Xin
Tu Ho-Cheol Kim & Dilip V. Jeste

Year : 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology holds both great promise to transform mental healthcare
and potential pitfalls. This article provides an overview of AI and current applications in
healthcare, a review of recent original research on AI specific to mental health, and a discussion
of how AI can supplement clinical practice while considering its current limitations, areas
needing additional research, and ethical implications regarding AI technology. Recent Findings
We reviewed 28 studies of AI and mental health that used electronic health records (EHRs),
mood rating scales, brain imaging data, novel monitoring systems (e.g., smartphone, video),
and social media platforms to predict, classify, or subgroup mental health illnesses including
depression, schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, and suicide ideation and attempts.
Collectively, these studies revealed high accuracies and provided excellent examples of AI’s
potential in mental healthcare, but most should be considered early proof-of-concept works
demonstrating the potential of using machine learning (ML) algorithms to address mental
health questions, and which types of algorithms yield the best performance. Summary As AI
techniques continue to be refined and improved, it will be possible to help mental health
practitioners re-define mental illnesses more objectively than currently done in the DSM-5,
identify these illnesses at an earlier or prodromal stage when interventions may be more
effective, and personalize treatments based on an individual’s unique characteristics. However,
caution is necessary in order to avoid over interpreting preliminary results, and more work is
required to bridge the gap between AI in mental health research and clinical care.
3.6 Title : Predicting Depression Level using Social Media Sites

Author: Shivani Kale, Pravin Borate, M. K. Nivangune

Year : 2019

Depression is the leading cause of many health issues and suicide attempts. There are plentiful
reasons which cause depression, but it can be cured through early consultation of a
psychologist. As it is observed that many of the patients do not consult the doctor at early stage
they suffer from severe stage of depression. The other problem that can occur in such situations
is the False Positive answers by the patients. These problems can be solved at a specific rate
using the social media to get the depression rate. Social media is in trend for this generation.
People usually tend to share their emotions and feelings using such mediums. These posts can
be used to analyze the mental state of people. In this project we have used Natural Language
Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) terminologies to solve such problems. The
predicting model is created using four different classifiers namely Support Vector Machine
(SVM), Naive Bayes, KNN classifier and Logistic Regression. Natural Language Processing
is used for pre-processing of data. It is carried out using Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK).
Using NLTK the data is tokenized and is labelled either one of these: ‘negative’, ‘positive’ or
‘neutral’. The front end is developed using Django 2. It is secure, fast, flexible and most popular
but also the most expensive among all of the python frameworks [6]. Other than analyzing the
depression using twitter the website provides add on features like registration of doctors,
patients and self-analysis through questionnaire. After getting the twitter id from front end, the
data is processed at the backend using python. The posts are scrapped and saved in a CSV file.
Latest 100 posts of the user are scrapped the number of posts can be increased according to the
requirements and to increase the accuracy of the output. The data is then processed and
classified using the four classifiers. The result of the classifier is then compared and the one
having highest accuracy rate is displayed as the final result. The data is divided in two parts
while classification 80% of the data is given to the training phase and 20% is used for testing
purpose. The accuracy of the classification is depending on the training data hence it is
important to consider the edge cases of all the classes and not only the obvious ones.
3.7 Title : Depression detection using ML

Author: Nikhil Chauhan, Swati, Divya Rani

Year : 2023

Millions of people worldwide are impacted by a prevalent mental health disorder known as
depression, which the World Health Organization identifies as the primary cause of disability
globally. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve the outcome of depression
treatment. However, depression is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and there is a need
for more accurate and efficient methods for depression detection. Machine learning (ML)
algorithms have shown promise in various medical applications, including mental health, and
can potentially aid in depression detection. This paper discusses the use of ML in depression
detection and its potential impact on improving the accuracy and efficiency of depression
diagnosis. we are focusing on depression detection by using Machine learning we are
developing the program of depression detection in this program we are going to ask the
different questions related to mental health of the user and then calculate the responses of the
user and after completing the questionnaire this program suggested you according to your
answers which user need to meet the psychiatrist or not. We develop this program for who
wants to check they are depressed or not. We are focusing those audiences those who want to
know about our mental health. The persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities,
and changes in appetite and sleep patterns are some of the key symptoms that define depression
as a mental health disorder. The effects of depression can be profound, significantly impacting
a person's health, relationships, and daily life. Mental health professionals rely primarily on
self-reported symptoms and clinical evaluation to diagnose depression. Nonetheless, the
diagnostic process is challenging as symptoms can overlap with other mental health disorders
like anxiety and bipolar disorder, and self-reporting is subjective in nature. Artificial
intelligence encompasses various techniques and applications, and machine learning stands out
as a notable subset. It involves training algorithms to detect patterns in data and make
predictions based on that learning. These algorithms are capable of scrutinizing extensive
datasets to identify patterns that may be difficult for humans to discern. With the advancement
of machine learning, healthcare has seen the potential to leverage this technology in various
areas, such as aiding in diagnosis, treatment, and research.
3.8 Title : Depression Detection System

Author: V. Jyothi (Assistant Professor), Khyati S Desai, T Nihal Reddy, V

Lakshmi Sruthi

Year : 2023

The majority of people deal with depression on a daily basis, which is a prevalent and serious
mental illness. Depression has an impact on a person's physical, psychological, and mental
health in addition to their emotional state. In contrast to other illnesses, depression cannot be
diagnosed through laboratory testing, goes unnoticed due to a lack of knowledge and
awareness, and can deteriorate to the point of suicide. Physicians are currently using self-
reported questionnaires and in person interactions as part of their diagnostic process for
identifying depression. A psychiatric evaluation of social interactions and human behaviour is
required for the diagnosis of depression. The patient's audio and video recordings show how
people with depression behave differently than average people do. The user and the admin are
the two different user categories that can interact with the application. The user has two choices:
the PHQ-9 exam or an evaluation that consists of three components-a questionnaire, a video,
and an audio detection, each weighted at 33% and used to determine the user’s level of
depression. The findings are also used to suggest treatment alternatives. In order to combat the
condition sooner, computer vision and machine learning have been employed to diagnose
depression. The application has two user categories: user and admin. Users can take the PHQ-
9 test to evaluate their mental health or choose a more comprehensive assessment with a
questionnaire, video, and audio detection. Based on the results, the system can suggest
treatment options for the user's level of depression. Admins have access to all assessment
reports to track user progress over time. This system aims to improve mental health care quality
and provide personalized support for those living with depression.
3.9 Title : Constants across societies in the face and feeling.

Author : P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen,

Year : 1971

Explored the subject of whether any outward appearances of feeling are widespread. Ongoing
investigations indicating that individuals from educated societies connected a similar feeling
ideas with a similar facial practices couldn't exhibit that probably some outward appearances
of feeling are all inclusive; the way of life contrasted had all been uncovered with a portion of
a similar broad communications introductions of outward appearance, and these may have
shown the individuals in each culture to perceive the remarkable outward appearances of
different societies. To show that individuals from a preliterate culture who had negligible
introduction to proficient societies would connect a similar feeling ideas with indistinguishable
facial practices from do individuals from Western and Eastern educated societies, information
were accumulated in New Guinea by recounting to 342 Ss a story, demonstrating them a lot of
3 faces, and requesting that they select the face which indicated the feeling proper to the story.
Ss were individuals from the Fore phonetic social gathering, which up until 12 yr. prior was a
confined, Neolithic, material culture. Results give proof on the side of the theory.

3.10 Title : Outward appearances of feeling are not socially all inclusive

Author : R. E. Jack, O. G. Garrod, H. Yu, R. Caldara, P. G. Schyns

Year : 2012

Since Darwin's original works, the all-inclusiveness of outward appearances of feeling has
stayed one of the longest standing discussions in the organic and sociologies. Quickly
expressed, the comprehensiveness speculation guarantees that all people impart six
fundamental inward enthusiastic states (glad, shock, dread, disturb, outrage, and tragic)
utilizing a similar facial developments by uprightness of their organic and transformative
starting points [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11:843–850]. Here, we disprove this
expected all-inclusiveness. Utilizing a one of a kind PC designs stage that consolidates
generative syntaxes [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual discernment,
we got to the imagination of 30 Western and Eastern culture people and remade their
psychological portrayals of the six fundamental outward appearances of feeling. Multifaceted
examinations of the psychological portrayals challenge all-inclusiveness on two separate
checks. To begin with, while Westerners speak to every one of the six fundamental feelings
with an unmistakable arrangement of facial developments normal to the gathering, Easterners
don't. By discrediting the longstanding all-inclusiveness speculation, our information feature
the ground-breaking impact of culture on molding essential practices once considered naturally
designed. Therefore, our information open an extraordinary nature–sustain banter across
expansive fields from transformative brain science and social neuroscience to long range
interpersonal communication by means of advanced symbols.