1. Describe the bones of the upper limb.

 Answer: The upper limb consists of four major bones:

o Clavicle (collarbone): A long bone connecting the arm to the body.
o Scapula (shoulder blade): A triangular bone located on the posterior side of
the rib cage.
o Humerus: The bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the
elbow.
o Radius and Ulna: The two bones of the forearm, with the radius being on the
lateral side and the ulna on the medial side when the palm is facing up.

2. What is the structure and function of the rotator cuff muscles?

 Answer: The rotator cuff consists of four muscles:

o Supraspinatus
o Infraspinatus
o Teres minor
o Subscapularis
 These muscles stabilize the shoulder joint by securing the head of the humerus in the
glenoid cavity, allowing for a wide range of shoulder movements.

3. Describe the axillary artery and its branches.

 Answer: The axillary artery is the continuation of the subclavian artery after it passes
the first rib. It has three parts:
1. First part (proximal to pectoralis minor):
 Superior thoracic artery
2. Second part (behind pectoralis minor):
 Thoracoacromial artery
 Lateral thoracic artery
3. Third part (distal to pectoralis minor):
 Subscapular artery
 Anterior circumflex humeral artery
 Posterior circumflex humeral artery
 These branches supply the shoulder, chest, and upper limb.

4. What is the importance of the brachial plexus?

 Answer: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating from the cervical and
thoracic spinal nerves (C5-T1). It supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper
limb, including the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It gives rise to five major
branches:
o Musculocutaneous nerve
o Axillary nerve
o Radial nerve
o Median nerve
o Ulnar nerve

5. What are the anatomical boundaries of the cubital fossa?

  Answer: The cubital fossa is a triangular area located in front of the elbow:
o Superior boundary: Line connecting the epicondyles of the humerus.
o Medial boundary: Pronator teres muscle.
o Lateral boundary: Brachioradialis muscle.
o Floor: Brachialis and supinator muscles.
o Roof: Skin and fascia.

6. What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

 Answer: The contents of the cubital fossa are:

o Brachial artery
o Median nerve
o Radial nerve (dividing into deep and superficial branches)
o Tendon of biceps brachii

7. Describe the main movements of the shoulder joint.

 Answer: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) allows the following movements:
o Flexion (raising the arm forward)
o Extension (moving the arm backward)
o Abduction (raising the arm away from the body)
o Adduction (bringing the arm back toward the body)
o Medial rotation (rotating the arm inward)
o Lateral rotation (rotating the arm outward)
o Circumduction (circular motion)

8. What are the components of the carpal tunnel?

 Answer: The carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist, formed by the carpal bones
and the transverse carpal ligament. It contains:
o Median nerve
o Tendons of flexor muscles: Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum
profundus, flexor pollicis longus.

9. What is the function of the deltoid muscle?

 Answer: The deltoid muscle is responsible for the abduction of the arm at the
shoulder. It also assists in flexion, extension, medial rotation, and lateral rotation of
the shoulder, depending on which part of the muscle is activated.

10. Describe the arterial supply of the upper limb.

 Answer: The upper limb receives blood from the following arteries:
o Subclavian artery → Axillary artery → Brachial artery
o The brachial artery gives off branches like the profunda brachii artery (deep
artery of the arm) and divides into the radial and ulnar arteries in the
forearm.
o The radial and ulnar arteries supply the hand via their respective branches,
forming the superficial and deep palmar arches.
11. What is the anatomical snuffbox and its significance?

 Answer: The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular depression on the lateral side of the
wrist. It is bounded by:
o Laterally: Tendon of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
o Medially: Tendon of extensor pollicis longus.
o Floor: Scaphoid and trapezium bones.
 The snuffbox is clinically significant because the scaphoid bone is commonly
fractured here, and it is an area where the radial artery can be palpated.

12. What are the common causes of upper limb nerve injury?

 Answer: Common causes of upper limb nerve injury include:

o Trauma (e.g., fractures, dislocations)
o Compression (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome)
o Stretch injuries (e.g., during birth, or from violent movements)
o Chronic pressure (e.g., on the ulnar nerve at the elbow)

13. Explain the function of the supinator muscle.

 Answer: The supinator muscle is located in the forearm and is responsible for the
supination of the forearm, which is the motion of turning the palm upward or forward
(as in holding a bowl of soup).

I cannot create a PDF directly, but I can certainly provide a list of short questions and
answers related to the anatomy of the upper limb that would be useful for your MBBS 1st
year studies. You can then copy this into a Word document or PDF format if needed.

Here’s a set of concise questions and answers on upper limb anatomy:

Anatomy of Upper Limb - MBBS 1st Year Short Questions with Answers

1. Describe the bones of the upper limb.

Answer: The upper limb consists of 30 bones:

 Clavicle (1): Connects the arm to the body.

 Scapula (1): The shoulder blade, articulates with the clavicle and humerus.
 Humerus (1): The bone of the upper arm.
 Radius (1): Lateral bone of the forearm, located on the thumb side.
 Ulna (1): Medial bone of the forearm, located on the little finger side.
 Carpals (8): Wrist bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate, hamate).
 Metacarpals (5): The bones of the palm.
 Phalanges (14): Bones of the fingers (3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb).
2. What are the joints of the upper limb?

Answer: Major joints include:

 Sternoclavicular joint: Between the sternum and clavicle.

 Acromioclavicular joint: Between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.
 Glenohumeral joint: Ball and socket joint between the scapula and humerus.
 Elbow joint: Hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna.
 Wrist joint: Between the radius and the carpal bones.
 Interphalangeal joints: Between the phalanges in the fingers.

3. What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer: The rotator cuff consists of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor,
and subscapularis). These muscles stabilize the glenohumeral joint, help in the rotation and
movement of the arm, and prevent dislocation of the shoulder.

4. Describe the brachial plexus.

Answer: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves originating from the C5 to T1 spinal
roots. It gives rise to nerves that supply motor and sensory functions to the upper limb. It is
divided into five parts:

 Roots (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

 Trunks (Upper, Middle, Lower)
 Divisions (Anterior, Posterior)
 Cords (Lateral, Medial, Posterior)
 Branches (e.g., Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Radial, Axillary nerves)

5. What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer: The muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm include:

 Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

 Brachialis: Main flexor of the elbow.
 Coracobrachialis: Flexes and adducts the arm at the shoulder.

6. What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

Answer: The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle, which is
responsible for extension of the elbow joint.

7. Explain the structure and function of the carpal tunnel.

Answer: The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist, formed by the carpal bones
and the flexor retinaculum. It contains the median nerve, flexor tendons of the fingers, and
the flexor pollicis longus tendon. It allows these structures to pass from the forearm into the
hand. Compression of the median nerve in this tunnel leads to carpal tunnel syndrome.

8. What is the anatomical significance of the cubital fossa?

Answer: The cubital fossa is the triangular region on the anterior side of the elbow. It is an
important landmark and contains:

 Biceps tendon
 Brachial artery (which bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries)
 Median nerve

9. Describe the blood supply to the upper limb.

Answer: The main arterial supply is the subclavian artery, which becomes the brachial
artery at the level of the first rib. The brachial artery divides into the radial and ulnar
arteries at the elbow. These arteries further divide into smaller branches to supply the
forearm, hand, and fingers.

10. What is the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb?

Answer: Lymph from the upper limb drains into the axillary lymph nodes, which are
located in the armpit. The axillary nodes are the primary lymphatic drainage site for the arm,
and from there, lymph drains into the subclavian lymphatic trunk.

11. What is the function of the flexor retinaculum?

Answer: The flexor retinaculum is a fibrous band that crosses the front of the wrist, forming
the roof of the carpal tunnel. It helps to hold the tendons of the flexor muscles in place and
prevents them from bowstringing during wrist and finger movements.
12. What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Answer: The intrinsic muscles of the hand include:

 Thenar muscles: (Abductor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Flexor pollicis brevis)
 Hypothenar muscles: (Abductor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi, Flexor digiti
minimi)
 Lumbricals: Flex the MCP joints and extend the IP joints.
 Interossei: Dorsal interossei abduct the fingers; Palmar interossei adduct the fingers.

13. What is the role of the ulnar nerve in the hand?

Answer: The ulnar nerve supplies most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, including the
hypothenar muscles, interossei, and most of the lumbricals. It also innervates the medial side
of the palm and fingers. Damage to the ulnar nerve can result in weakness in these muscles
and "claw hand."

14. What is the anatomical position of the upper limb?

Answer: In the anatomical position, the body stands erect with the arms at the sides, the
palms facing forward, and the fingers extended. The thumbs point outward (laterally).