PQT Chapter 2 - Atomic Structure - Part 1

Materials and Heat Treatment
Course:
VẬT LIỆU HỌC VÀ XỬ LÝ

MATERIALS AND HEAT TREATMENT
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Instructor: Pham Quang Trung, Ph.D.
1
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and
Interatomic Bonding
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter you should be able to do the following:

1. Name the two atomic models cited, and note the differences between them.
2. Describe the important quantum-mechanical principle that relates to electron

energies.
3. (a) Schematically plot attractive, repulsive, and net energies versus

interatomic separation for two atoms or ions.
(b) Note on this plot the equilibrium separation and the bonding energy.
4. (a) Briefly describe ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals
bonds.
(b) Note which materials exhibit each of these bonding types.
2
Overview of Chapter 2
• Review of Atomic Structure
Electrons, protons, neutrons, quantum mechanics of atoms, electron states, the periodic
Table
• Atomic Bonding in Solids

Bonding energies and forces
• Primary Interatomic Bonding

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
• Secondary Bonding
Three types of dipole-dipole bonds
• Molecules and molecular solids
Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining

materials properties 3
Review of Atomic Structure
The bonding mechanisms between atoms are closely related to the structure
of the atoms themselves.
Atoms = nucleus (protons and neutrons) + electrons

Charges:
Electrons and protons have negative and positive charges of the same
magnitude, 1.6 × 10-19 Coulombs.
Neutrons are electrically neutral.
Masses:
Protons and Neutrons have the same mass, 1.67 × 10-27 kg.
Mass of an electron is much smaller, 9.11 × 10-31 kg and can be neglected in
calculation of atomic mass.
The atomic mass (A) = mass of protons (Z) + mass of neutrons (N)
# protons gives chemical identification of the element
# protons = atomic number (Z)
# neutrons defines isotope number
4
Atomic mass units. Atomic weight.
The atomic mass unit (amu) is often used to express atomic weight. 1 amu is
defined as 1/12 of the atomic mass of the most common isotope of carbon atom
that has 6 protons (Z=6) and six neutrons (N=6).
Mproton ≈ Mneutron = 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 1 amu.
The atomic mass of the 12C atom is 12 amu.
The atomic weight of an element = weighted average of the atomic masses of

the atoms naturally occurring isotopes. Atomic weight of carbon is 12.011 amu.
The atomic weight is often specified in mass per mole.
A mole is the amount of matter that has a mass in grams equal to the atomic
mass in amu of the atoms (A mole of carbon has a mass of 12 grams).
The number of atoms in a mole is called the Avogadro number, Nav = 6.023 ×
1023.
1 amu/atom = 1 gram/mol
5
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1
Average Atomic Weight Computation for Cerium

Cerium has four naturally occurring isotopes: 0.185% of 136Ce, with an
atomic weight of 135.907 amu; 0.251% of 138Ce, with an atomic weight
of 137.906 amu; 88.450% of 140Ce, with an atomic weight of 139.905
amu; and 11.114% of 142Ce, with an atomic weight of 141.909 amu.
Calculate the average atomic weight of Ce ?
6
Solution
7
Electrons in Atoms: Bohr Atomic Model
Bohr atomic model, electrons are assumed
to revolve around the atomic nucleus in
discrete orbitals, and the position of any
particular electron is more or less well
defined in terms of its orbital.
Figure Schematic representation of the Bohr atom.

The energies of electrons are quantized—that is, electrons are permitted to
have only specific values of energy. An electron may change energy, but in
doing so, it must make a quantum jump either to an allowed higher energy
(with the absorption of energy) or to a lower energy (with the emission of
energy). Often, it is convenient to think of these allowed electron energies as
being associated with energy levels or states.
8
Electrons in Atoms: Wave mechanical model
+ This Bohr model was eventually found to have some
significant limitations because of its inability to explain
several phenomena involving electrons.
+ A resolution was reached with a wave-
mechanical model.
+ An electron is no longer treated as a particle
moving in a discrete orbital; rather, the
position is considered to be the probability of
an electron’s being at various locations
around the nucleus.
+ In other words, the position is described by
a probability distribution or electron cloud.
Figure 2.3 Comparison of the (a) Bohr and (b) wave mechanical atom models
9
in terms of electron distribution.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Question 1: Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes: 92.23% of 28Si, with
an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu; 4.68% of 29Si, with an atomic weight of
28.9765 amu; and 3.09% of 30Si, with an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu. On the
basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28.0854
amu.
Question 2: Zinc has five naturally occurring isotopes: 48.63% of 64Zn, with an
atomic weight of 63.929 amu; 27.90% of 66Zn, with an atomic weight of 65.926
amu; 4.10% of 67Zn, with an atomic weight of 66.927 amu; 18.75% of 68Zn,
with an atomic weight of 67.925 amu; and 0.62% of 70Zn, with an atomic
weight of 69.925 amu. Calculate the average atomic weight of Zn.
Question 3: Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes: 113In, with an

atomic weight of 112.904 amu; and 115In, with an atomic weight of 114.904
amu. If the average atomic weight for In is 114.818 amu, calculate the fraction-
of-occurrences of these two isotopes.
10
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Question 4 (a) How many grams are there in one amu of a material?
(b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this
basis, how many atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance?
Question 5 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated

with the Bohr model of the atom.
(b) Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wave-
mechanical atomic model.
11
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
12

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Materials and Heat Treatment

VẬT LIỆU HỌC VÀ XỬ LÝ

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Pham Quang Trung, Ph.D.

After studying this chapter you should be able to do the following:

2. Describe the important quantum-mechanical principle that relates to electron

3. (a) Schematically plot attractive, repulsive, and net energies versus

• Atomic Bonding in Solids

• Primary Interatomic Bonding

• Molecules and molecular solids

Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining

Atoms = nucleus (protons and neutrons) + electrons

The atomic weight of an element = weighted average of the atomic masses of

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1

Average Atomic Weight Computation for Cerium

Figure Schematic representation of the Bohr atom.

Question 3: Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes: 113In, with an

Question 5 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated

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