SQL Paper 2 Notes

Computer Science Paper 2: SQL: Structured Query Language *** Miss Nafeeza COAN
SQL: Structured Query Language
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
What Can SQL do?

 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
NCOAN 59253887 Di pl oma Infor mation Systems / Bsc (H ons) Busi ness
Infor mati cs / Post Gr aduate C erti fi cate C omputer Sci ence/ Post Graduate
C er ti fi cate C omputer Educati on / MSc Pr oject Manag ement
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Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a
name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data.
Below is a selection from the "Customers" table
The above table consists of 7 Fields.
Primary Key: Customer ID
What is a Primary Key? It is a unique record identifier.
The above table consists of 5 Records.
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SQL Script … SQL Language
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table
SELECT * FROM Customers;
The SQL SELECT Statement
SELECT Column Example

The following SQL statement selects the "CustomerName" and "City" columns
from the "Customers" table. Output both columns only.
SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;
The following SQL statement selects all the customers from the country
"Mexico", in the "Customers" table
SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Mexico';
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The SQL AND & OR Operators
AND Operator Example

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the country "Germany"
AND the city "Berlin", in the "Customers" table

WHERE Country='Germany'
AND City='Berlin';
OUTPUT:
5
OR Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the city "Berlin" OR in
the Country "Mexico", in the "Customers" table

WHERE City='Berlin'
OR Country ='Mexico';
OUTPUT
Combining AND & OR
You can also combine AND and OR (use parenthesis to form complex
expressions).
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the country "Germany"
AND the city must be equal to "Berlin" OR "München", in the "Customers" table
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WHERE Country='Germany'
AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
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The SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort
the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table,
sorted by the "Country" column

ORDER BY Country;
ORDER BY DESC Example

sorted DESCENDING by the "Country" column

ORDER BY Country DESC;
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ORDER BY Several Columns Example

sorted by the "Country" and the "CustomerName" column:

ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;
*Sorting will be done in ascending order. (default

sort)
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ORDER BY Several Columns Example 2

sorted ascending by the "Country" and descending by the "CustomerName"
column:

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;
ASC: Ascending order

DESC: Descending order
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SUM
Table Name: product
If you want to sum values stored in one column, use SUM() with that column’s name as the
argument. Look at the example below:
SELECT SUM(quantity) AS sum_quantity

FROM product;
In this query, we use SUM() alone in the SELECT statement. The SUM() function adds all
values from the quantity column and returns the total as the result of the function. The name of
the new result column (i.e. the alias) is sum_quantity.
Here’s the result (output):
sum_quantity
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As you see, the sum of values in the quantity column in the table product is 7. If one of the rows
has a NULL in this column, SUM() omits this row from the calculation. Note that there is only
one row in the result: all the individual rows were “collapsed” by SUM() – their details are not
available in the result.
COUNT
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criterion.
Table Name: customers
Enter the following SELECT statement that uses the COUNT function:
Try It
SELECT COUNT(customer_id)
FROM customers;
COUNT(customer_id)
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Example 2: COUNT
Table Name: employees
Try It
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 50000;
OUTPUT
total
In this example, we will return the number of employees who have a salary above $50,000.
We've aliased the COUNT(*) as total to make our query results more readable. Now, total will
display as the column heading when the result set is returned.
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SQL Paper 2 Notes

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SQL Paper 2 Notes

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Computer Science Paper 2: SQL: Structured Query Language *** Miss Nafeeza COAN

SQL: Structured Query Language

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What Can SQL do?

Below is a selection from the "Customers" table

The above table consists of 7 Fields.

Primary Key: Customer ID

What is a Primary Key? It is a unique record identifier.

The above table consists of 5 Records.

SQL Script … SQL Language

SELECT * FROM Customers;

The SQL SELECT Statement

SELECT Column Example

SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;

SELECT * FROM Customers

The SQL AND & OR Operators

AND Operator Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

Combining AND & OR

SELECT * FROM Customers

The SQL ORDER BY Keyword

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY DESC Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Several Columns Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

*Sorting will be done in ascending order. (default

ORDER BY Several Columns Example 2

SELECT * FROM Customers

ASC: Ascending order

Table Name: product

SELECT SUM(quantity) AS sum_quantity

Here’s the result (output):

Table Name: customers

Table Name: employees

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