LEC1

COMP
302 Digital Design and Computer Architecture
LEC Binary numbers and logic

1 circuits
Textbook chapter 1 & 2
Fall 2024 Dr. Amr Hefny Cairo University

TEXTBOOKS AND REFERENCE
Textbook:
❑ Sarah L. Harris, David Harris, “Digital Design and Computer
Architecture: ARM Edition 1st Edition”, ISBN-13: 978-0128000564
References:
❑ M. Morris Mano and Michael Ciletti, “Digital Design” Global Edition,
ISBN 978-1292231167
❑ Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals”, ISBN 978-0131946095
2
Abstraction
programs
Hiding details when they
aren’t important
device drivers
instructions
registers
focus of this course

datapaths
controllers
adders
memories
AND gates
NOT gates
amplifiers
filters
transistors
diodes
electrons
Digital Design and Computer Architecture: ARM® Edition © 2015 Chapter 6 <3>
Digital Discipline: Binary Values
• Two discrete values:
• 1’s and 0’s
• 1, TRUE, HIGH
• 0, FALSE, LOW
• 1 and 0: voltage levels, rotating gears, fluid levels,
etc.
• Digital circuits use voltage levels to represent 1
and 0
• Bit: Binary digit
Number Systems
• Decimal numbers
1000's column
10's column
1's column
100's column
537410 = 5 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 4 × 100

five three seven four
thousands hundreds tens ones
• Binary numbers
8's column
2's column
1's column
4's column
11012 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 1310
one one no one
eight four two one
Powers of Two
• 20 = • 28 =
• 21 = • 29 =
• 22 = • 210 =
• 23 = • 211 =
• 24 = • 212 =
• 25 = • 213 =
• 26 = • 214 =
• 27 = • 215 =
Powers of Two
• 20 = 1 • 28 = 256
• 21 = 2 • 29 = 512
• 22 = 4 • 210 = 1024 Handy to
• 23 = 8 • 211 = 2048 memorize
• 24 = 16 • 212 = 4096 up to 29
• 25 = 32 • 213 = 8192
• 26 = 64 • 214 = 16384
• 27 = 128 • 215 = 32768
Number Conversion
• Binary to decimal conversion:
– Convert 100112 to decimal
• Decimal to binary conversion:

– Convert 4710 to binary
Number Conversion
• Binary to decimal conversion:
– Convert 100112 to decimal
– 16×1 + 8×0 + 4×0 + 2×1 + 1×1 = 1910
• Decimal to binary conversion:

– Convert 4710 to binary
– 32×1 + 16×0 + 8×1 + 4×1 + 2×1 + 1×1 = 1011112
Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Two methods:
o Method 1: Find the largest power of 2 that fits,
subtract and repeat
o Method 2: Repeatedly divide by 2, remainder goes in
next most significant bit
Method 1: Find the largest power of 2 that fits, subtract and repeat
5310
Method 2: Repeatedly divide by 2, remainder goes in next most significant bit

5310
Method 1: Find the largest power of 2 that fits, subtract and repeat
5310 32×1
53-32 = 21 16×1
21-16 = 5 4×1
5-4 = 1 1×1
= 1101012
Method 2: Repeatedly divide by 2, remainder goes in next most significant bit
5310 = 53/2 = 26 R1
26/2 = 13 R0
13/2 = 6 R1
6/2 = 3 R0
3/2 = 1 R1
1/2 = 0 R1 = 1101012
Another example: Convert 7510 to binary.
7510= 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 10010112
7510= 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 10010112
or
75/2 = 37 R1
37/2 = 18 R1
18/2 = 9 R0
9/2 = 4 R1
4/2 = 2 R0
2/2 = 1 R0
1/2 = 0 R1
Binary Values and Range
• N-digit decimal number
• How many values?
• Range?
• Example: 3-digit decimal number:
• N-bit binary number

• How many values?
• Range:
• Example: 3-digit binary number:
Binary Values and Range
• N-digit decimal number
• How many values? 10N
• Range? [0, 10N - 1]
• Example: 3-digit decimal number:
• 103 = 1000 possible values
• Range: [0, 999]
• N-bit binary number

• How many values? 2N
• Range: [0, 2N - 1]
• Example: 3-digit binary number:
• 23 = 8 possible values
• Range: [0, 7] = [0002 to 1112]
Hexadecimal Numbers
Hex Digit Decimal Equivalent Binary Equivalent
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15
Hexadecimal Numbers
Hex Digit Decimal Equivalent Binary Equivalent
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
A 10 1010
B 11 1011
C 12 1100
D 13 1101
E 14 1110
F 15 1111
Hexadecimal Numbers
• Base 16
• Shorthand for binary
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
• Hexadecimal to binary conversion:
– Convert 4AF16 (also written 0x4AF) to binary
• Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:

– Convert 0x4AF to decimal
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
• Hexadecimal to binary conversion:
– Convert 4AF16 (also written 0x4AF) to binary
– 0100 1010 11112
• Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:

– Convert 4AF16 to decimal
– 162×4 + 161×10 + 160×15 = 119910
Bits, Bytes, Nibbles…
• Bits 10010110
most least
significant significant
bit bit
byte
• Bytes & Nibbles
10010110
nibble
• Bytes CEBF9AD7
most least
significant significant
byte byte
Large Powers of Two
• 210 = 1 kilo ≈ 1000 (1024)
• 220 = 1 mega ≈ 1 million (1,048,576)
• 230 = 1 giga ≈ 1 billion (1,073,741,824)
Estimating Powers of Two
• What is the value of 224?
• How many values can a 32-bit variable

represent?
Estimating Powers of Two
• What is the value of 224?
24 × 220 ≈ 16 million
• How many values can a 32-bit variable

represent?
22 × 230 ≈ 4 billion
Addition
• Decimal
3734
+ 5168
• Binary
1011
+ 0011
Addition
• Decimal 11 carries
3734
+ 5168
8902
• Binary 11 carries
1011
+ 0011
1110
Binary Addition Examples
• Add the following 4-
bit binary numbers 1001
+ 0101
• Add the following 4-

+ 0110
• Add the following 4- 1
+ 0101
1110

+ 0110
10001
+ 0101
1110

+ 0110
10001
Overflow!
Overflow
• Digital systems operate on a fixed number of
bits
• Overflow: when result is too big to fit in the
available number of bits
• See previous example of 11 + 6
Signed Binary Numbers
• Sign/Magnitude Numbers
• Two’s Complement Numbers
Sign/Magnitude Numbers
• 1 sign bit, N-1 magnitude bits
• Sign bit is the most significant (left-most) bit
– Positive number: sign bit = 0
– Negative number: sign bit = 1
• Example, 4-bit sign/mag representations of ± 6:

+6 =
-6=
• Range of an N-bit sign/magnitude number:

+6 = 0110
- 6 = 1110

[-(2N-1-1), 2N-1-1]

+6 = 0110
- 6 = 1110

[-(2N-1-1), 2N-1-1]
Problems:
• Addition doesn’t work, for example -6 + 6:
1110
+ 0110
10100 (wrong!)
• Two representations of 0 (± 0):

1000
0000
Two’s Complement Numbers
• Don’t have same problems as sign/magnitude
numbers:
– Addition works
– Single representation for 0
• msb has value of -2N-1
• Most positive 4-bit number:

• Most negative 4-bit number:
• The most significant bit still indicates the sign (1
= negative, 0 = positive)
• Range of an N-bit two’s complement number:
• msb has value of -2N-1
• Most positive 4-bit number: 0111

• Most negative 4-bit number: 1000
• The most significant bit still indicates the sign (1
= negative, 0 = positive)
• Range of an N-bit two’s complement number:
[-(2N-1), 2N-1-1]
“Taking the Two’s Complement”
• “Taking the Two’s complement” flips the
sign of a two’s complement number
• Method:
1. Invert the bits
2. Add 1
• Example: Flip the sign of 310 = 00112
“Taking the Two’s Complement”
• “Taking the Two’s complement” flips the
sign of a two’s complement number
• Method:
1. Invert the bits
2. Add 1
• Example: Flip the sign of 310 = 00112
1. 1100
2. + 1
1101 = -310
Two’s Complement Examples
• Take the two’s complement of 610 = 01102
• What is the decimal value of the two’s

complement number 10012?
Two’s Complement Examples
• Take the two’s complement of 610 = 01102
1. 1001
2. + 1
10102 = -610
• What is the decimal value of the two’s

complement number 10012?
1. 0110
2. + 1
01112 = 710, so 10012 = -710
Two’s Complement Addition
• Add 6 + (-6) using two’s complement numbers
0110
+ 1010
• Add -2 + 3 using two’s complement numbers
1110
+ 0011
Two’s Complement Addition
• Add 6 + (-6) using two’s complement numbers
111
0110
+ 1010
10000
• Add -2 + 3 using two’s complement numbers
111
1110
+ 0011
10001
Increasing Bit Width
Extend number from N to M bits (M > N) :
– Sign-extension
– Zero-extension
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier
Sign-Extension
• Sign bit copied to msb’s
• Number value is same
• Example 1:
– 4-bit representation of 3 = 0011
– 8-bit sign-extended value: 00000011
• Example 2:
– 4-bit representation of -5 = 1011
– 8-bit sign-extended value: 11111011
Zero-Extension
• Zeros copied to msb’s
• Value changes for negative numbers
• Example 1:
– 4-bit value = 0011 = 310
– 8-bit zero-extended value: 00000011 = 310
• Example 2:
– 4-bit value = 1011 = -510
– 8-bit zero-extended value: 00001011 = 1110
Number System Comparison
Number System Range
Unsigned [0, 2N-1]
Sign/Magnitude [-(2N-1-1), 2N-1-1]
Two’s Complement [-2N-1, 2N-1-1]
For example, 4-bit representation:

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Unsigned 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 Two's Complement
0000
1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001
1000
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 Sign/Magnitude

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COMP

302 Digital Design and Computer Architecture

LEC Binary numbers and logic

Fall 2024 Dr. Amr Hefny Cairo University

❑ Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals”, ISBN 978-0131946095

focus of this course

537410 = 5 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 4 × 100

• Decimal to binary conversion:

• Decimal to binary conversion:

Method 2: Repeatedly divide by 2, remainder goes in next most significant bit

• N-bit binary number

• N-bit binary number

• Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:

• Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:

• 230 = 1 giga ≈ 1 billion (1,073,741,824)

• How many values can a 32-bit variable

• How many values can a 32-bit variable

• Add the following 4-

• Add the following 4- 111

• Add the following 4- 111

• Example, 4-bit sign/mag representations of ± 6:

• Range of an N-bit sign/magnitude number:

• Example, 4-bit sign/mag representations of ± 6:

• Range of an N-bit sign/magnitude number:

• Example, 4-bit sign/mag representations of ± 6:

• Range of an N-bit sign/magnitude number:

• Two representations of 0 (± 0):

• Most positive 4-bit number:

• Most positive 4-bit number: 0111

• What is the decimal value of the two’s

• What is the decimal value of the two’s

• Add -2 + 3 using two’s complement numbers

For example, 4-bit representation:

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