F O4 TBQ XFko ME0 TB QE9 XL
F O4 TBQ XFko ME0 TB QE9 XL
F O4 TBQ XFko ME0 TB QE9 XL
A scalar quantity has magnitude only. A vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction.
Scalar quantities can be added, Vectors cannot be added, subtracted or
subtracted, multiplied and divided just like multiplied following simple arithmetic rules.
ordinary numbers, i.e., scalars are Arithmetic division of vectors is not possible
subjected to simple arithmetic operations. at all.
Example: Mass, volume, time, distance, Example: Displacement, velocity,
speed, work, temperature, etc. acceleration, force, etc.
Position Vector
The position vector of a point in a coordinate system is the straight line that joins the
origin and the point.
The magnitude of a vector is the length of the straight line. Its direction is along the
angle θ from the positive x-axis.
Displacement Vector
Displacement vector is the straight line joining the initial and the final position.
Equality of Vectors
Two vectors are said to be equal only if they have the same magnitude
and the same direction.
Negative vector
Negative vector is a vector whose magnitude is equal to that of a given vector, but
whose direction is opposite to that of the given vector.
Zero vector
Zero vector is a vector whose magnitude is zero and have an arbitrary direction.
Resultant vector
The resultant vector of two or more vectors is a vector which produces the same effect
as produced by the individual vectors together.
• The given vectors have to be arranged head to tail, keeping their directions
unchanged.
Polygon law of vector
• If a parallelogram OQSP is drawn with these two vectors as its sides, then the diagonal
• The length of the diagonal is the magnitude of the resultant vector and its direction is
along the diagonal OS.
However, ON = OP + PN = A+ B cosθ
SN = B sinθ
Similarly,
PM = A sinα= B sinβ
Equation (i) gives the magnitude of the resultant and equation (v) and (vi) its directions.
Equation (i) is known as the law of cosines and equation (iv) as the law of sines.
Solution
Here, A = 10 N, B = 15 N
θ = 120°; R =?; α= ?
⇒ R= 13.2 N
⇒
Resolution of Vectors
Unit Vector
• A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points towards a particular direction.
• The components of a vector are found by projecting the vector on the axes of a
rectangular coordinate system. The coordinate system can be considered according to
our convenience.
From right-angled triangle ORP, ax = a cos θ and ay = a sin θ
Therefore, if the components of a vector are known, then its magnitude and direction
can be determined by using the following equations.
and
Resolution of vectors explained by teacher:
If, α, β, and γ are the angles which makes with X, Y and Z axes respectively, then
And,
Scalar Product
Similarly,
OR
Similarly,
• Scalar product of a vector with itself gives the square of its magnitude, i.e.,
Let
Vector Product
• The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is defined as the product
of the magnitude of the vectors and sine of the smaller angle between them.
• The cross product of two vectors is a vector, which is at right angles to both
Example:
Here, is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of and and is in the direction in
which a right-handed screw will move, when rotated from to .
Also,
Similarly,
and
• The cross product of two vectors does not obey commutative law.
Let
Let be the position vector of the particle at time 0 and be the position vector of
the particle at time t.
Let
From the given figure, it is evident that OD represents the relative velocity of rain
with respect to the man.
Note
If the man wants to protect himself from rain, then he should hold an umbrella at an
Example − A boy is riding a bicycle with a speed of 10 ms−1 from East to West
direction. Rain falls vertically with a speed of 30 ms−1. What is the direction in which he
should hold his umbrella?
Solution
bicycle
Projectile Motion
• The motion of a projectile may be thought of as the result of horizontal and vertical
components.
• Equation of the path of a projectile − Suppose at any time t, the object is at point R
(x, y).
For motion along the horizontal direction, the acceleration ax is zero. The position of the
object at any time t is given by,
⇒ x = ut cos θ
For motion along the vertical direction, the acceleration ay is −g.
The position of the object at any time t along the vertical direction is given by,
Here,
• Time of flight −
It is the total time for which the object is in flight and is denoted by T.
At the highest point H, the vertical component of velocity becomes zero. For vertical
motion of the object (from 0 to H),
∴
• Maximum height − It is the maximum height reached by the projectile and is denoted
by h.
That is,
• Horizontal Range − It is the distance covered by the object between its point of
projection and the point of hitting the ground and is denoted by R.
∴
⇒
⇒ 2θ = 90°
⇒ θ = 45°
• Angle of projection - It is the angle made by the velocity of projection with the
horizontal.
The figure shows the trajectories of the projectile at different angles of projection.
Uniform Circular Motion
• Angular displacement (θ) - It is the angle traced out by the radius vector at the centre
of a circular path in a given time.
Let:
ω = Uniform angular velocity of the point object moving along PQ
v = Linear speed
POQ = Δθ
It means that the object describes arc PQ of length Δl in time interval Δt.
• Direction of - Velocity at any point in circular motion is directed along the tangent to
the circle at that point in the direction of motion.
We know:
v = rω
Acceleration acting on the object undergoing uniform circular motion is called centripetal
acceleration.
Consider a particle of mass m moving with a constant speed v and uniform angular
velocity ω.
Let at any time, the particle be at point P, where , and at time t + Δt, the particle
be at point Q, where and POQ = Δθ.
Also,
Let and be the velocity vectors of the particle at locations P and Q, respectively.
Because the particle is moving with a uniform speed v, the length of the tangents is
equal, i.e, .
To find the change in velocity in time intervals t and t + Δt, take an external point .
Now, draw and representing velocity vectors and , respectively.
Clearly,
∠A'P'B'= Δθ
radius .
• Centripetal Force
It is a force that acts on a particle performing circular motion along the radius of a circle;
it is directed towards the centre of the circle. It is a necessary force for maintaining
circular motion.
Because centripetal force acts at right angles to the tangential velocity of a particle,
there is no displacement in the direction of force. Hence, no work is done by centripetal
force.
According to Newton's second law of motion,
Force = Mass × Acceleration
Here,
2. When an object tied at the end of a string is whirled in a horizontal circle, the
necessary centripetal force for maintaining circular motion is provided by the tension in
the string.
3. For electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom, the centripetal force is
provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged nucleus
and the negatively charged electron.
4. The Moon revolves around the Earth due to necessary centripetal force provided by
the gravitational force of attraction between the Moon and Earth.
• Centrifugal Force
Newton's laws of motion are valid only in the inertial frame of reference, i.e., non-
accelerated frame of reference. In order to make Newton's laws of motion valid in the
non-inertial frame of reference, we have to imagine a force called a pseudo force that is
not real but appears so due to acceleration of frame of reference.
Such a pseudo force imagined in circular motion in order to make Newton's laws of
motion valid is called centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force is a pseudo force in uniform circular motion. It acts along the radius
and is directed away from the centre of the circle.
Here,
3. The bulging of the Earth at the equator and the flattening of the Earth at the poles are
due to centrifugal force acting upon it.
5. Centrifuge is a device used for separating heavy and light particles; it works on the
principle of centrifugal force.