Prac 1

Introduction

Aim - To understand

Geropsychology or alternatively the psychology of aging or psychological gerontology,

(Biren and Schroots, 2000-2001) addresses psychological research related to human aging.
Geriatric Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the mental health and
well-being of older adults. It includes the biological, psychological, and social aspects of
aging. It encompasses the study and treatment of psychological issues that commonly affect
older adults, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, dementia, and cognitive decline.
As our global population continues to age at an unprecedented rate, with profound
implications for individuals, families, and societies worldwide, the significance of geriatric
psychology becomes increasingly apparent. Unlike other stages of the lifespan, late adulthood
presents a unique constellation of challenges and opportunities, shaped by the interplay of
biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.
The beginnings of geriatric psychology can be found in the early 20th century, with figures
like Erik Erikson and G. Stanley Hall leading the exploration of psychological aspects related
to aging. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, especially, highlighted the various
life stages and the specific challenges faced during late adulthood. Moreover, the formal
establishment of geriatric psychiatry as a specialized field in the mid-20th century
underscored the importance of addressing mental health issues in older individuals through
dedicated care approaches.

Geriatric psychology began to emerge as a distinct field in the latter half of the 20th century,
spurred by the aging population and the recognition of the unique mental health needs of
older adults. Francis Galton's seminal work on cognitive aging and intelligence provided
early insights into the psychological changes associated with aging. Moreover, the
post-World War II era witnessed increased research funding and institutional support for
geriatric psychology, paving the way for significant advancements in understanding and
addressing age-related issues. While psychiatrists have been caring for older adults for
decades, the specialty is fairly new.

The domain of geriatric psychology presents considerable promise within the contemporary
landscape. Looking forward, this field stands at the precipice of further expansion and
advancement. With the ongoing global demographic shift towards an aging population, there
exists a pressing imperative for expanded research endeavors, enriched educational
initiatives, and augmented accessibility to mental health services tailored for older
individuals. Additionally, the evolution of technology provides auspicious pathways for
delivering remote interventions, monitoring cognitive health, and nurturing social
interconnectedness among the elderly demographic. By embracing these opportunities and
addressing persistent challenges, geriatric psychology is positioned to continue its substantive
impact on enhancing the mental and emotional well-being of older adults, thereby fostering a
culture of healthy aging on a global scale.
Geriatric psychology prioritizes strategies for promoting health and preventing mental health
issues in older adults, emphasizing physical activity, nutrition, cognitive engagement, and
social interaction to sustain cognitive abilities and emotional health. Educating and reaching
out to seniors heightens awareness of aging-related mental health concerns, offering
resources for timely intervention and assistance. Caregiver support initiatives furnish
education, training, and relief services to ease caregiver strain and foster their well-being.
Moreover, psychoeducational programs and support networks offer emotional reinforcement
and coping mechanisms for caregivers confronting the demands of their roles.

Aging is a lifelong process that encompasses growth and development in infancy, maturation
in teenage and young adult years, and senescence after age 30. According to J. K. Barren
(1959), “Aging refers to the regular changes that occur in mature genetically representative
organisms living under representative environmental conditions as they advance in
chronological age.” Aging is experienced as an inevitable and life long process. As we age,
our bodies undergo noticeable changes, including declining bodily functions. This natural
process involves a decline in vision, hearing, skin elasticity, hair color, and the functioning of
internal organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. While cells undergo changes with
aging, it's essential to differentiate between normal aging and disease related loss of function.

Aging manifests through various dimensions, encompassing biological, psychological, social,

and chronological aspects. Chronological aging denotes the mere passage of years, where
individuals accrue more years lived. However, it often diverges from biological,
psychological, and social aging markers. This disjunction is evident when individuals appear
younger or exhibit behaviors incongruent with their chronological age. Biological aging, or
physical aging, encompasses the gradual cellular decline over time, leading to decreased
organ and tissue efficiency, diminished repair mechanisms, and compromised immune
function. Conversely, individuals who prioritize physical fitness and healthcare maintenance
may exhibit a biologically younger phenotype. Psychological aging pertains to alterations in
cognitive faculties, memory, intelligence, personality traits, and coping mechanisms.

Theories of aging encompass a wide range of perspectives that seek to explain the biological,
psychological, and social processes underlying the aging process. Biological Theories: These
focus on physiological changes that occur as individuals age, such as the wear and tear
theory, which suggests that the body deteriorates over time due to accumulated damage from
stress and environmental factors. Psychosocial Theories: These consider the influence of
psychological and social factors on aging. The disengagement theory posits that as
individuals age, they naturally withdraw from social roles and interactions. In contrast, the
activity theory suggests that maintaining social engagement and activity leads to successful
aging. Developmental Theories: These focus on age-related changes in cognitive, emotional,
and social development across the lifespan. Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes that
individuals go through a series of psychosocial stages, with successful resolution leading to
positive development. Similarly, Havighurst's developmental tasks theory outlines specific
tasks that individuals must accomplish at different life stages to achieve optimal
development.

As individuals age, they undergo a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and

social-cultural changes that can significantly impact their overall well-being. Biologically,
aging entails a gradual decline in bodily functions, including diminished sensory perception,
decreased muscle mass and bone density, and a slower metabolism. These changes often
contribute to common health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and cognitive
decline. Moreover, the psychological aspects of aging involve challenges such as coping with
loss and grief, adapting to changes in physical appearance and capabilities, and confronting
existential concerns related to mortality and purpose. Socially and culturally, older adults may
face issues such as social isolation, ageism, and shifting family dynamics, which can
exacerbate feelings of loneliness and disconnection from society.

Addressing the multifaceted challenges of aging requires a holistic approach that considers
the interplay of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Healthcare interventions
aimed at promoting healthy aging may include regular physical activity to maintain strength
and flexibility, cognitive exercises to preserve mental acuity, and preventive screenings to
detect age-related illnesses early. Psychologically, therapy and support groups can provide
older adults with coping strategies to manage life transitions and cultivate resilience. Socially,
fostering inclusive communities and combating ageist attitudes can help mitigate the negative
impacts of social isolation and promote intergenerational understanding and support. By
addressing the diverse needs of older adults across these domains, society can strive to ensure
a more dignified and fulfilling aging experience for individuals as they navigate the later
stages of life.
Uses merit demerit of geriatric psy

Uses/Merits:

1. Specialized Care: Geriatric psychiatry provides specialized care tailored to the unique
needs of elderly patients. This includes understanding age-related changes in
cognition, mood, and behavior.
2. Diagnostic Accuracy: Geriatric psychiatrists are trained to differentiate between
symptoms of mental disorders and those caused by medical conditions or medications
commonly prescribed to older adults. This leads to more accurate diagnoses and
appropriate treatments.
3. Holistic Approach: Professionals in geriatric psychiatry often adopt a holistic
approach, considering not only psychiatric symptoms but also physical health, social
support, and environmental factors impacting the elderly person's well-being.
4. Improved Quality of Life: Effective management of mental health issues in older
adults can significantly improve their quality of life, enhancing their ability to
function independently and maintain meaningful relationships.
 5. Caregiver Support: Geriatric psychiatry services often extend support to caregivers,
offering guidance on managing challenging behaviors, coping with caregiver stress,
and accessing community resources.

Demerits/Challenges:

1. Stigma and Denial: Older adults may be more reluctant to seek mental health
treatment due to stigma or denial of mental health issues, which can delay diagnosis
and intervention.
2. Limited Access to Care: There may be a shortage of geriatric psychiatrists in certain
regions, leading to limited access to specialized care for elderly individuals, especially
in rural or underserved areas.
3. Complex Health Conditions: Older adults often have multiple medical conditions and
take several medications, which can complicate psychiatric treatment due to potential
drug interactions and overlapping symptoms.
4. Communication Barriers: Age-related sensory impairments, such as hearing loss or
vision problems, can pose challenges in communication between elderly patients and
healthcare providers, affecting accurate assessment and treatment planning.
5. Treatment Adherence: Cognitive decline or memory impairments associated with
aging can impact treatment adherence, making it challenging for older adults to
follow medication regimens or participate in therapy consistently.

Qualitative data analysis stands as a pivotal juncture within the research continuum, pivotal
for deciphering the nuanced, contextually rich datasets generated through qualitative
inquiries. This intricate process entails exhaustive endeavors, encompassing the meticulous
scrutiny, evaluation, categorization, and interpretation of data to discern prevailing patterns,
thematic elements, and latent significances. The efficacy of a qualitative researcher is often
gauged by their adeptness in conducting comprehensive analyses and integrating findings, a
process inherently characterized by inductive reasoning and innovative synthesis, thus
culminating in the elucidation of insights and the cultivation of novel understandings from
qualitative data.

Qualitative research spans a gamut of methodological approaches and frameworks tailored to

the specific research inquiries at hand. These methodologies encompass diverse paradigms,
including case studies for contextual comprehension, historical analyses for retrospective
exploration, grounded theory for unveiling procedural dynamics and outcomes, ethnography
for delving into cultural phenomena, content analysis for scrutinizing textual or media-based
content, phenomenology for elucidating lived experiences, action research for facilitating
transformative processes, hermeneutics for interpreting textual artifacts, and discourse
analysis for dissecting linguistic and discursive patterns. Each of these methodologies serves
distinct functions and proffers unique avenues for scholarly exploration, furnishing
researchers with a versatile array of tools and techniques to delve into intricate phenomena
with depth and nuance.

Narrative analysis, a qualitative research methodology centered on elucidating lived

experiences through storytelling, encompasses a diverse array of methodological approaches.
Case studies entail an in-depth examination of individual narratives to elucidate distinctive
thematic elements, while historical research reconstructs narratives through scrutiny of
archival materials. Grounded theory methodology discerns recurring patterns and categories
within narratives to formulate theoretical frameworks regarding lived experiences, while
ethnographic inquiry involves immersion in cultural contexts to explore collective narratives.
Phenomenological investigation seeks to grasp the fundamental essence of experiences via
narrative analysis, whereas action research employs narratives to inform initiatives aimed at
effecting social change. Hermeneutic inquiry entails the interpretation of textual narratives to
unveil underlying meanings, and discourse analysis scrutinizes language within narratives to
reveal societal constructs. Each approach offers distinct insights into the intricate nuances of
human experience through the lens of narrative exploration. M dm steps…. and uses of n a

Steps of Narrative Analysis:

1. Data Collection:
- Gather raw data in the form of narratives, which can include interviews,
written accounts, or other sources.
- Sequence the narratives to understand the chronological order of events or
experiences.
- Retell individual experiences to capture the unique perspectives and insights
of each participant.

- Adhere to field tenets or guidelines to ensure ethical and methodological rigor

in data collection.

2. Narration:
- Examine the narratives as they are presented by participants, focusing on the
content, structure, and context.

- Analyze the ways in which participants construct and convey their experiences
through storytelling.

3. Restorying:
- Revisit the narratives to consider the context or settings in which they were created.
- Reflect on the narratives from alternative perspectives or interpretations,
incorporating insights gained from the analysis process.

- Collaborate with participants to refine or reinterpret their narratives, ensuring

accuracy and authenticity in the retelling of their experiences.
4. Identifying Themes:
- Analyze narrative structures to identify recurring patterns, themes, or motifs.
- Look for commonalities and differences across narratives to gain deeper insights into
the underlying meanings and messages.

- Consider the broader context and cultural influences that may shape the narratives.

5. Coding, analysis and documentation

merit

DESIGN

In order to understand the issues and problems faced by older people in our society, we have
purposely selected two older individuals (male and female) of age 76 and age 83 respectively.
The general and specific problems were studied of the individuals in their society and in their
culture by the method of narrative analysis- observation method and by asking few questions
related to the problems. For this rapport formation was established with each of the older
persons simultaneously. After the last session, all the narrations were noted down and coding
was done. Mental status was examined of each participant and then certain questions related
to that were asked to them. There were 2 sessions each of about 1 hour. Hindi and English
were used as the medium in asking the day to day problems faced by the participants in the
physical mode. Taken on a daily basis, in the naturalistic environment in a park near their
home.

Data collection

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
PARTICIPANT - 1:

Name - Ramswaroop
Age- 83 years
Socioeconomic status- middle class
Demographic status- Urban
Gender- male

PARTICIPANT - 2:
Name- Saroj
Age- 76 years
Socioeconomic status- middle class
Demographic status- Urban
Gender- female
Participant 1 :
Appearance/Behavior: Typical signs of aging observed, including slow movement and
adequate grooming.

Attitude/Mood: Displays a mixed attitude with moments of resilience, alongside a generally

subdued mood.

Speech/Thoughts: Exhibits slower speech, yet maintains coherent thought content.

Insight/Learning: Displays good insight into limitations associated with aging and expresses a
willingness to adapt and learn.

history……/..

Participant 2 :
Appearance/Behavior: Typical signs of aging observed, including slow movement and
adequate grooming.
Attitude/Mood: Displays a mixed attitude with moments of resilience, alongside a generally
subdued mood.

Speech/Thoughts: Exhibits normal speech

Insight/Learning: Displays a decent amount of insight into limitations associated with aging
but does not express a willingness to adapt and learn that quickly.

DATA COLLECTION :

Participant 1 : remove interviewer (how and why you can ask

Session 1 (25 minutes)

Interviewer - Good morning Uncle my name is Rupal, I hope you are doing well

Respondent - Good morning beta, Thank you for asking, I am goofd, How are you?

Interviewer - I am doing good, Thank you!

Interviewer - Uncle, It's truly an honor to speak with you today. So to start off with, could
you share a bit about yourself and your family and some memorable experiences from your
past?
Respondent - : My name is Ramswarrop, I am 83 years old, I live here with my wife, 2 sons,
their wives and my grandchildren. I come from a long line of hardworking individuals. My
ancestors were farmers in a small village, and they instilled in us the values of resilience and
perseverance. Growing up, I remember spending countless hours in the fields, working
alongside my father and grandfather. Those were simpler times, filled with laughter and
camaraderie.

Interviewer: Ohh wow that sounds great. Can you tell me about any significant challenges
you've faced over the years?

Respondent: Oh, there have been quite a few challenges along the way, my dear. One of the
most difficult times was during a severe drought many years ago. Our crops failed, and we
struggled to make ends meet. But we pulled together as a family, supporting each other
through the tough times. It taught me the importance of resilience and community.I have also
faced a little bit of health challenges such as diabetes, knee problem and hair loss which
happened genetically.

Interviewer: That must have been a trying time indeed. It sounds like you've overcome some
significant obstacles with a great deal of resilience and support. How has your family
supported you through the various ups and downs of life?

Respondent : I can say without a doubt that my family has been my rock through every twist
and turn life has thrown my way. During that severe drought years ago, when our crops failed
and times were tough, it was my family who stood by my side, offering support and strength
when I needed it most. We leaned on each other, sharing the burden and finding peace.

And when it comes to health challenges like diabetes, knee problems, and genetic hair loss,
my family has been there every step of the way. Whether it's accompanying me to doctor's
appointments, helping me manage my medication, or simply offering a comforting presence,
their support has been unwavering.

Interviewer: It's evident that your family plays a significant role in your life, Uncle. How do
you cope with the physical changes and health issues that come with aging?

Respondent: Ah, aging is a natural part of life, my dear. I've noticed slower movement and
some difficulty with speech, but I try not to dwell on the negatives. Instead, I focus on staying
active and engaged, enjoying the simple pleasures of life.

Interviewer: That's a wonderful perspective to have.. Have you encountered any specific
challenges/ obstacles in your everyday life due to health issues?

Respondent: Well, there have been a few health scares along the way, my dear. But each time,
I've been blessed with a supportive family and excellent medical care. They've helped me
overcome those hurdles with strength and resilience. But yes sometimes it becomes difficult
since it limits me from certain activities.

Respondent - Chalo beta it’s time for me to eat something so that mai dawai le saku.

Interviewer -Hanji uncle, take care bye

Respondent - Bye beta, you too!

Session 2 : (20 minutes)

Interviewer - Hello Uncle, how are you?

Respondent - Hello beta, aao aao. I am fine, how are you?

Interviewer - All good. Uncle, since we talked about your physical health yesterday can I ask
you how you manage your physical issues?

Respondent - Okay so since I know I am in my old age so I take care and pay full attention to
medicine and regular check ups that have been scheduled also, I wish to get out and sit or
walk my body just limits my body sometimes but rest sab theek hai.

Interviewer - I do understand, but you take care of your medicines and appointments are
appreciable. Uncle, have you faced any difficulties till now in accessing medical services
when needed?

Respondent : Umm nahi.. As such I haven’t faced any issues but there is a friend of mine who
has encountered a few challenges in accessing medical services when needed. Sometimes it's
been due to long wait times at clinics or hospitals, other times it's been because of difficulties
in scheduling appointments.

Interviewer: Your resilience is truly inspiring, Uncle. How do you maintain your mental and
emotional well-being amidst life's challenges?

Respondent: I find peace in little things, beta . Whether it's spending time with my
grandchildren or enjoying a quiet moment in nature, I try to cherish each day and find joy in
the present moment. And of course, the love and support of my family are like a balm for the
soul.

Interviewer: It's clear that your family brings you immense happiness, Uncle Looking ahead,
what are your hopes and aspirations for the future?
Respondent: My greatest hope is to continue cherishing each moment with my loved ones,
my dear. Whatever the future may hold, I know that as long as I have the love of my family,
I'll be able to face it with courage and grace.

Interviewer: Thank you so much for sharing your experiences and wisdom with me, Uncle.
It's been a privilege to hear your story and learn something from it and is there anything else
you would like to share about your experiences

Respondent: The pleasure is mine, dear. Thank you for taking the time to listen and I am glad
I could make you learn/understand about old age. What I can say is as we age prioritizing
health becomes crucial. Regular check-ups, staying active, and a balanced diet are vital. It's
also important to stay informed about age-related health conditions and address concerns
promptly. Having a supportive network of friends, family, and healthcare professionals is
invaluable.

Interviewer - That sounds wonderful! It was lovely talking to you Uncle

Respondent - Thank you beta

Participant 2 :

Session 1 ( Session time - 20 minutes)

Interviewer: HelloAunty , I hope you're doing well today. I'm here to delve into your life
story and experiences. How are you feeling?

Respondent: Spending time with my grandchildren truly fills me with immense joy. Their
laughter is contagious, and every moment with them is precious to me.

Interviewer: Could you paint a more vivid picture of your childhood memories for us?

Respondent: Certainly. Growing up in the village was a deeply enriching experience. My

siblings and I, along with our parents, worked tirelessly on the farm, tending to our crops and
animals. It was a life filled with simplicity and connection to nature. When I reflect on those
times, I can still feel the earth beneath my feet and the warmth of the sun on my face.

Interviewer: You've mentioned your parents were hardworking and kind. Could you share any
anecdotes or specific qualities about them?

Respondent: Absolutely. My father was the epitome of dedication and resilience. Despite the
challenges of farm life, he approached each day with unwavering determination. My mother,
on the other hand, exuded warmth and compassion. She not only managed the household with
grace but also created a nurturing environment where love and support thrived.
Interviewer: Reflecting on your marriage, what were some of the most memorable moments
you shared with your husband?

Respondent: Ah, there were many. From the simple joys of sharing meals together to the
profound moments of overcoming hardships hand in hand, every moment spent with my
husband was precious and abhi bhi bhi hai! We found peace and strength in each other's
presence, and our love grew deeper with each passing year.

Interviewer: Despite the joys, every marriage has its challenges. Can you elaborate on any
obstacles you faced and how you overcame them?

Respondent: Certainly. While our marriage was filled with love, it wasn't devoid of
challenges. Financial struggles, disagreements, and the pressures of raising a family tested
our bond. However, through open communication, compromise, and unwavering support for
each other, we navigated through those rough patches and emerged stronger than ever.

Interviewer: It's fascinating to hear about your journey. How do you spend your days now,
especially considering your health issues?

Respondent: Well, my days have taken on a more leisurely pace now. I indulge in activities
that bring me joy, such as watching TV dramas and spending quality time with my loved
ones. Despite dealing with health issues like diabetes and hypertension, I make sure to
prioritize self-care and follow my doctor's recommendations diligently but kabhi kabhi
chhoot bhii aaegi.

Interviewer: Your resilience is truly admirable. How do you perceive contentment in your
life, especially in your later years?

Respondent: Contentment, to me, lies in finding peace and fulfillment in life's simple
pleasures. Whether it's sharing a meal with family, basking in the warmth of the sun, or
reminiscing about cherished memories, I find contentment in the beauty of everyday
moments.

Interviewer: Lastly, what wisdom would you impart to the younger generation based on your
rich life experiences?

Respondent: Umm.. thodi thakawat lag rhai hai but my advice to the younger generation
would be to cherish the bonds of family, to approach life with resilience and gratitude, and to
always hold onto the values of love, kindness, and compassion. Life is a journey filled with
ups and downs, but it's how we navigate through them that defines our legacy.

Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your insights and stories with us. Is there anything you
need assistance with at this moment?
Respondent: Thank you for your kind words. At the moment,I feel tired but I'm okay. Also
beta aapse baat kakre acha lagega, chalo mai chalti hu.

Interviewer - Hanji aunty. Thank you, please take care of yourself anf not miss the checking
dates.

Coding :

Participant 1 (P1):

Biological Problems:
● Aging-related health issues such as diabetes, knee problems, and genetic hair
loss.
● Physical limitations affecting mobility and speech.
Solution:
● Regular medical check-ups and adherence to prescribed medications.
● Engaging in physical activities suitable for older adults to maintain mobility
and overall health.
Psychological Problems:
● Emotional challenges associated with aging, such as feelings of frustration due
to physical limitations.
● Coping with changes in physical appearance and abilities.
Solution:
● Cultivating resilience through positive coping strategies and focusing on the
present moment.
● Seeking support from family, friends, or mental health professionals for
emotional well-being.
Social Problems:
● Potential difficulties in accessing medical services for older adults, as
indicated by the challenges faced by others.
Solution:
● Advocating for improved healthcare accessibility and resources for older
adults.
● Encouraging community support networks and initiatives to assist elderly
individuals in accessing medical care.

Participant 2 (P2):

Biological Problems:
● Chronic health conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
● Physical limitations impacting daily activities and mobility.
Solution:
● Adhering to prescribed medical treatments and lifestyle modifications to
manage chronic health conditions effectively.
 ● Incorporating physical activity tailored to individual abilities to promote
overall health and mobility.
Psychological Problems:
● Emotional responses to health challenges and aging, such as feelings of fatigue
or frustration.
● Coping with changes in lifestyle and daily routines due to health limitations.
Solution:
● Practicing self-care strategies to manage stress and maintain emotional
well-being.
● Seeking social support from family, friends, or support groups to cope with
emotional challenges.
Social Problems:
● Limited social interactions or opportunities for engagement due to health
constraints.
● Potential barriers to accessing healthcare services or community resources.
Solution:
● Utilizing technology to stay connected with loved ones and engage in virtual
social activities.
● Advocating for community initiatives to improve accessibility and availability
of healthcare services for older adults.
Restorying :
Ramswaroop is a 83 year old individual who was born and brought up in a middle class
family. He completed his schooling but due to some family conditions he had to leave the rest
of the education. But they have had a business of farming and that is what he has been doing.
Later he got married, they have 2 sons who have children as well. He has seen a lot of
difficulties related to his financial state but now his life is filled with fun, joyful moments and
love. Evenafter facing all the problems and a few genetic illnesses such as diabetes, knee
pain, hair loss which somehow impacts their day to day functioning but overall he has been
calm and resilient and full of love and compassion satisfied with life and happy and grateful
for having a family and there love and support

ANALYSIS :

Participant 1 (P1) exemplifies the resilience often associated with older adults facing
age-related health challenges. The individual articulates a clear understanding of the physical
limitations imposed by aging, including conditions like diabetes, knee problems, and genetic
hair loss. These health issues not only impact mobility and speech but also evoke emotional
responses such as frustration and adaptation to changes in appearance. However, P1's
narrative reveals a robust coping mechanism rooted in family support and positive reframing
of circumstances. The acknowledgment of potential barriers to accessing medical services
reflects an awareness of systemic challenges in healthcare accessibility for older adults. As a
psychologist, it's crucial to recognize P1's adaptive coping strategies while addressing the
need for comprehensive support systems to navigate the complexities of aging and health
management realistically.

Participant 2 (P2) provides a poignant portrayal of the multifaceted experiences associated

with chronic health conditions in later life. P2's discussion of diabetes and hypertension
underscores the physical limitations and lifestyle adjustments necessitated by these
conditions. Moreover, P2's emotional responses, including fatigue and frustration, offer
insight into the psychological impact of managing chronic illnesses. Despite these challenges,
P2 exhibits resilience through self-care practices and seeking social support from loved ones.
However, P2's acknowledgment of limited social interactions due to health constraints
highlights the broader societal issue of social isolation among the elderly. As a psychologist,
it's important to validate P2's experiences while advocating for holistic interventions that
address both the physical and psychosocial aspects of aging and chronic illness management.
Based on the conversation with the participant, we can analyse her experiences through the
lens of Erikson's psychosocial theory. Erikson's theory posits that individuals go through
various stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a specific conflict or
challenge that needs to be resolved for healthy development. The participant's experiences
can be linked to several stages of Erikson's theory:

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation: The participant's journey reflects a struggle with intimacy
versus isolation. Despite facing challenges and isolation, she eventually finds support from
her husband and rebuilds her life, thus achieving intimacy in her relationships.

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair: The participant's reflections on her life experiences, including
hardships and successes, indicate her grappling with integrity versus despair. Despite the
difficulties she faced, she seems to have found a sense of integrity and acceptance of her life
circumstances.

Maslow's hierarchy suggests that individuals strive to fulfil basic needs before progressing to
higher levels of psychological development. Self-actualization represents the fulfilment of
one's potential and the desire to become the most that one can be. The participant's journey
reflects elements of self-actualization:
a. Basic Needs: The participant's early struggles revolve around fulfilling basic needs such
as safety, belongingness, and esteem. She faced challenges related to financial instability,
lack of familial support, and societal pressure.
b. Self-Actualization: Despite the hardships, the participant exhibits resilience and
determination to create a better life for herself and her children. Her focus on her children's
education and well-being reflects a desire for personal growth and fulfilment beyond
survival.
Disengagement Theory posits that as people age, they naturally withdraw from society, roles,
and activities, leading to a mutual separation between the individual and society. In the
participant's narrative:
a. Withdrawal from Societal Roles: The participant reflects elements of disengagement as she
describes a gradual withdrawal from external social engagements. She mentions spending
most of her time at home, limited interactions with neighbors, and feeling disconnected from
her previous social circles.
b. Focus on Internal Priorities: As per Disengagement Theory, older adults may shift their
focus inward, prioritizing personal reflections and experiences. The participant's emphasis on
family, personal growth, and spiritual practices aligns with this aspect of disengagement.
Levinson's theory suggests that individuals go through distinct periods of transition and
development throughout their lives, marked by shifts in roles, relationships, and self
perception. In the participant's narratives:
a. Transition and Adaptation: The participant's journey reflects significant transitions, such as
early marriage, motherhood, financial struggles, and eventual stability. These transitions
correspond to Levinson's concept of adapting to new life stages and renegotiating one's
identity and relationships.
Midlife Re-evaluation: While the conversation primarily focuses on the participant's later
years, her experiences indicate a midlife re-evaluation, characterized by redefining priorities,
reassessing relationships, and finding meaning beyond societal expectation
In summary, both participants exemplify the complex interplay of biological, psychological,
and social factors inherent in the aging process. As a psychologist, it's imperative to approach
their experiences with empathy, recognizing their strengths while advocating for
comprehensive support systems that address the diverse needs of older adults facing health
challenges.
PRACTICAL - 2

Aim - To understand and sensitise with the welfare and policy issues faced by elderly in
India.

The term "elderly" refers to individuals who have reached an advanced stage of life, typically
characterized by old age. As people age, they may experience various physical, cognitive,
and emotional changes, which can impact their overall well-being and quality of life.
Addressing the needs of the elderly population is of paramount importance to ensure they
receive adequate support, care, and respect in society.

In many cultures, the elderly are revered for their wisdom, experience, and contributions to
their families and communities. However, aging also brings challenges such as declining
health, loss of independence, and social isolation. Therefore, it is essential to develop
comprehensive strategies for elderly welfare and care that involve the collective efforts of
families, communities, states, and nations.

● Role of Family:
● Primary Caregivers: Family members often assume the role of primary
caregivers for elderly relatives, providing assistance with daily activities such
as bathing, dressing, and meal preparation. This caregiving role can be
demanding, requiring patience, empathy, and practical skills to address the
unique needs of aging individuals.
● Emotional Support: Beyond physical care, families offer emotional support to
elderly members, fostering a sense of belonging, love, and companionship.
Regular visits, phone calls, and quality time spent together help combat
feelings of loneliness and isolation that can accompany old age.
● Advocacy and Decision-Making: Families advocate for the rights and
preferences of their elderly loved ones, ensuring they have a voice in decisions
regarding their healthcare, living arrangements, and end-of-life wishes. This
advocacy may involve liaising with healthcare professionals, legal advisors,
and social service agencies to uphold the elder's autonomy and dignity.
● Role of Community:
● Age-Friendly Infrastructure: Communities can enhance the quality of life for
elderly residents by implementing age-friendly infrastructure, such as
accessible public transportation, pedestrian-friendly streets, and
well-maintained parks equipped with seating areas and walking paths. These
features promote mobility, social interaction, and physical activity among
older adults.
● Social Programs and Activities: Community centers, senior clubs, and
religious organizations offer a range of social programs and activities tailored
to the interests and abilities of older adults. These may include exercise
classes, art workshops, educational seminars, and volunteer opportunities,
fostering social connections and a sense of purpose.
 ● Support Networks: Community-based support networks, such as neighborhood
watch groups, senior volunteer networks, and caregiver support groups,
provide practical assistance and emotional support to elderly individuals and
their families. These networks promote solidarity, reciprocity, and mutual aid
within the community.
● Role of the State:
● Healthcare Services: Governments are responsible for ensuring access to
affordable and high-quality healthcare services for the elderly population. This
may involve subsidizing medical expenses, expanding coverage for geriatric
care, and investing in preventive health initiatives to promote healthy aging
and disease prevention.
● Social Security and Pension Schemes: The state administers social security
and pension schemes to provide financial support to elderly individuals who
may no longer be in the workforce. These schemes help alleviate financial
insecurity and poverty among the elderly, ensuring they can meet their basic
needs and maintain a decent standard of living.
● Legal Protections: Governments enact legislation and regulations to protect
the rights and well-being of the elderly, including laws against elder abuse,
neglect, and exploitation. Legal frameworks may also address issues such as
age discrimination, housing rights, and access to justice for older adults.
● Role of the Nation:
● Healthcare Reform: National governments develop policies and strategies to
address the healthcare needs of an aging population, including reforms to
healthcare delivery systems, investment in geriatric care training for healthcare
professionals, and research funding for age-related diseases and conditions.
● Elder-Friendly Employment: National employment policies promote
opportunities for older adults to remain active and engaged in the workforce,
including flexible work arrangements, training programs for mid-career
transitions, and age-inclusive hiring practices that combat ageism in the
workplace.
● Intergenerational Solidarity: National initiatives foster intergenerational
solidarity by promoting meaningful interactions and collaborations between
younger and older generations. Programs such as intergenerational learning,
mentorship, and volunteerism bridge generational divides, promote
understanding, and combat age stereotypes.

By recognizing the diverse roles and responsibilities of families, communities, states, and
nations in supporting elderly welfare and care, societies can create inclusive and supportive
environments where older adults can thrive and age with dignity.

Policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, or rules established by an organization,

government, or individual to guide decision-making and achieve specific goals or objectives.
Policies are formulated to address various issues, such as social, economic, environmental, or
political concerns, and they serve as a framework for consistent action within a particular
context.

Policymaking, on the other hand, is the process of creating, implementing, and evaluating
policies. It involves identifying problems or issues, researching potential solutions, consulting
stakeholders, drafting policy proposals, gaining approval from decision-makers,
implementing the policy, and monitoring its effectiveness over time. Policymaking can occur
at various levels of government (local, regional, national, international) and within
organizations or institutions.

Approaches of Policy Making:

1. Upward Approach:In the upward approach, the flow of ideas, proposals, and feedback
starts from lower levels of the organizational or governmental hierarchy and moves
upwards towards higher levels for consideration and decision-making. This means
that individuals or groups closer to the frontline or directly impacted by policies have
the opportunity to contribute their perspectives, experiences, and insights to the
policymaking process.Elaboration:
● Participatory Process: This participatory process can include public
consultations, surveys, focus groups, or town hall meetings, allowing for a
more inclusive and democratic decision-making process.
● Local Knowledge and Expertise: This helps to ensure that policies are
grounded in reality and responsive to the unique needs and circumstances of
different communities.
● Enhanced Legitimacy: This can help to build trust between government
institutions and the public, fostering a sense of ownership and cooperation.

2. Downward Approach:In contrast, the downward approach to policy making involves

the formulation of policies primarily by higher-level authorities, such as government
officials, senior management, or executives, with decisions then cascading down to be
implemented and enforced at lower levels of the hierarchy.Elaboration:
● Efficiency and Consistency: This centralized approach may be advantageous
in situations where swift action or uniform standards are required to address
complex challenges or maintain order and stability.
● Clear Lines of Authority: By assigning decision-making authority to
higher-level officials, the downward approach can establish clear lines of
accountability and responsibility within organizations or governments. This
clarity can help to minimize confusion, ambiguity, or conflicts of interest that
may arise when multiple stakeholders are involved in decision-making.
● Top-down Guidance: This top-down guidance can help to align efforts towards
common objectives and ensure coherence in policy implementation.

3. Collaborative Approach:The collaborative approach to policy making seeks to

overcome the limitations of purely upward or downward approaches by fostering
 partnerships, dialogue, and cooperation among stakeholders at different levels of
governance and across sectors.Elaboration:
● Shared Responsibility: Collaborative policymaking recognizes that complex
issues often require collective action and shared responsibility across
government agencies, civil society organizations, businesses, and
communities. By working together, stakeholders can pool their resources,
expertise, and influence to develop more holistic, integrated, and sustainable
solutions to common challenges.
● Conflict Resolution: This can help to identify areas of agreement, reconcile
differences, and build consensus around policy proposals, reducing the
likelihood of conflict or resistance during implementation.
● Innovation and Creativity: Collaborative policymaking encourages creativity,
innovation, and experimentation by leveraging the diverse perspectives, skills,
and resources of participating stakeholders.

In practice, policymaking often involves a combination of these approaches,

with the specific approach chosen depending on factors such as the nature of
the issue, the level of government or organization involved, the preferences of
decision-makers, and the context in which decisions are being made.

Steps of Policy making:

1. Agenda Setting:
● Identification of Issues: This involves recognizing problems or concerns
within society that require governmental attention. These issues can arise from
various sources such as public opinion, interest groups, media attention, or
expert analysis.
● Prioritization: Once issues are identified, policymakers must prioritize them
based on factors like urgency, potential impact, public demand, or political
feasibility. This stage often involves negotiations and debates among various
stakeholders to determine which issues should be addressed first.
2. Policy Formulation:
● Research and Analysis: Policymakers engage in thorough research and
analysis to understand the root causes of the identified issues, assess potential
solutions, and predict their likely outcomes. This may involve gathering data,
consulting experts, conducting feasibility studies, and analyzing past policies.
● Option Development: Based on the research findings, policymakers generate a
range of policy options or proposals to address the identified problems. These
options may vary in scope, approach, cost, and potential effectiveness.
● Stakeholder Consultation: Policymakers often seek input and feedback from
relevant stakeholders, including experts, interest groups, affected
communities, and the general public, to ensure that proposed policies consider
diverse perspectives and address various concerns.
 3. Policy Adoption:
● Decision-making Process: Policymakers evaluate the different policy options
and select one for adoption through formal decision-making processes such as
legislative debates, executive orders, or administrative rulings. This stage
involves weighing the pros and cons of each option, considering political
dynamics, and garnering support from key decision-makers.
● Political Negotiation: In democratic systems, policy adoption frequently
involves negotiation and compromise among competing interests, political
parties, and branches of government. Policymakers must navigate complex
political landscapes to secure sufficient support for their chosen policy.

4. . Policy Implementation: After a decision has been made, the chosen policy must be
translated into action. Implementation involves allocating resources, establishing
procedures, assigning responsibilities, and coordinating activities to achieve the
objectives of the policy.

5.Monitoring and Evaluation: Policymakers monitor the implementation of the policy to

assess its effectiveness, efficiency, and impact. This involves collecting data, measuring
outcomes, analyzing feedback, and evaluating whether the policy is achieving its
intended goals.

6. Feedback and Adjustment: Based on the results of monitoring and evaluation,

policymakers may need to make adjustments or revisions to the policy. This could
involve refining implementation strategies, reallocating resources, modifying regulations,
or revising the policy itself to improve outcomes and address emerging issues.

Models of Policy Making:

1. Rational Model: Assumes policymakers make decisions based on careful analysis of

available information, weighing costs and benefits to select the most efficient
solution.
2. Normative Model: Incorporates ethical considerations and societal values into
policymaking, aiming to achieve outcomes aligned with moral principles and social
norms.
3. Optimum Model: Strives for the best possible outcome by optimizing resources and
balancing competing interests to achieve a desirable equilibrium.

Policy analysis involves evaluating different strategies to address public issues, assessing
their practicality, impact, and likely outcomes to guide decision-making among policymakers.
Hindrances to this process include.

Attitudinal Barriers to Policy Analysis:

 1. Attitudinal barriers refer to obstacles that arise due to the attitudes, beliefs, and biases
of individuals involved in the policy analysis process. These barriers can manifest in
various ways, such as:
● Confirmation Bias: Analysts may have preconceived notions or preferences
that influence their interpretation of data or findings, leading to biased
conclusions.
● Political Ideology: Individuals' political affiliations or ideologies may
influence their assessment of policy options, leading to a skewed analysis.
● Resistance to Change: Stakeholders may resist policy analysis efforts if they
perceive potential changes as threatening to their interests or established
practices.
2. Overcoming attitudinal barriers often requires fostering an environment of openness,
objectivity, and willingness to consider diverse perspectives among policymakers and
analysts.
Functional Barriers to Policy Analysis:
3. Functional barriers relate to challenges associated with the structure, organization, and
processes involved in policy analysis. These barriers can include:
● Lack of Resources: Insufficient funding, staff, or expertise can hinder effective
policy analysis.
● Siloed Approaches: Fragmentation within government agencies or
departments can lead to isolated analyses that fail to consider broader
implications or synergies across sectors.
● Bureaucratic Hurdles: Complex bureaucratic procedures or rigid
decision-making processes can impede the timely completion and
implementation of policy analyses.
4. Addressing functional barriers often involves streamlining processes, improving
coordination among relevant stakeholders, and investing in capacity building and
infrastructure for policy analysis.
Operational Barriers to Policy Analysis:
5. Operational barriers pertain to practical challenges encountered during the execution
of policy analysis activities. These barriers may include:
● Data Limitations: Inadequate data availability, quality, or accessibility can
constrain the rigor and reliability of policy analysis.
● Time Constraints: Pressing deadlines or competing priorities may compromise
the thoroughness and comprehensiveness of policy analyses.
● Complexity of Issues: Policy problems often involve multifaceted dimensions,
making it challenging to analyze and evaluate all relevant factors
comprehensively.
6. Mitigating operational barriers involves leveraging technology and analytical tools,
enhancing data collection and management systems, and employing robust
methodologies to navigate complexity and uncertainty effectively.
Role of Evaluation:
7. Evaluation plays a critical role in policy analysis by assessing the effectiveness,
efficiency, and impact of implemented policies. This process involves:
 ● Monitoring and Feedback: Continuous monitoring of policy outcomes and
feedback loops enable policymakers to adjust strategies based on real-world
performance.
● Accountability and Learning: Evaluation provides accountability by holding
policymakers accountable for results and informs organizational learning by
identifying lessons learned and best practices.
● Evidence-Based Decision Making: Evaluation findings contribute empirical
evidence to inform future policy analysis and decision-making processes.
8. Integrating evaluation into the policy analysis cycle promotes evidence-based
policymaking, enhances transparency and accountability, and facilitates adaptive
management approaches to address evolving challenges and opportunities.

Name of the Policy :

The Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) is a Central Sector scheme undertaken by the
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE). It was implemented to address problems faced by
older Persons and senior citizens. It was launched in 1992. The primary objective of the IPOP scheme is to
improve the quality of life of the old-age population in the country. This scheme provides financial support
for running and maintaining elderly Homes, Continuous Care Homes, Mobile Medicare Units, etc. It is
also known as the Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens.

Objectives of the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)

The aging process is a continuous, irreversible, universal process that starts from birth until death. Old age
is when one’s productive contribution decreases and tends to be economically dependent. To assist the
person in old, the government has launched the IPOP scheme with the following objectives –

● To cater to the basic needs of Older Persons, which includes food, proper shelter, and timely
health care for the elderly in need.
● To build and strengthen intergenerational relationships in this era of technology between youth
and older persons.
● To encourage active and productive ways of living in old age.
● To start programs for providing Institutional and Non-Institutional Care to senior citizens.
● To invest in research and Awareness Building Programmes in the field of Ageing to boost the
silver economy.

The domain of the policy on older people typically falls within the broader scope of social
welfare and healthcare, focusing specifically on addressing the needs and rights of senior
citizens within a society. Here's a breakdown of the domain, including the area, topic, and
relevant ministry:

1. Area: Social Welfare and Healthcare

 ● This area encompasses policies and initiatives aimed at promoting the
well-being, quality of life, and social inclusion of all individuals within a
society, including older adults.
2. Topic: Aging Population and Elderly Care
● The topic specifically addresses the challenges and opportunities associated
with an aging population, including healthcare needs, social support systems,
employment opportunities, housing, and overall quality of life for older
individuals.
3. Ministry: Ministry of Health and/or Ministry of Social Services
● The responsibility for developing and implementing policies related to older
people often falls within the purview of the Ministry of Health and/or the
Ministry of Social Services, depending on the country's administrative
structure. These ministries collaborate to design comprehensive strategies that
address the healthcare, social, and economic needs of older citizens.
4. Rationale:
● Aging populations are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to
factors such as improved healthcare and longer life expectancies.
Consequently, there's a growing need to ensure the well-being, dignity, and
inclusion of older individuals within society.
● Many older adults face social isolation, health issues, financial insecurity, and
other challenges that can affect their quality of life.
● Recognizing the valuable contributions that older adults can make to society
and the importance of supporting them in their later years.
5. Goals:
● Enhancing the quality of life for older individuals by addressing their physical,
mental, and social needs.
● Promoting healthy aging through access to healthcare services, preventive
care, and wellness programs.
● Combating social isolation by fostering social connections and community
engagement among older adults.
● Providing financial support and resources to ensure economic security in
retirement.
● Empowering older adults to remain active, independent, and engaged
members of society for as long as possible.

Means of Achieving Goals:

1. Community-Based Services: Establishing community centers, senior centers, or day

care facilities where older adults can access a range of services and activities tailored
to their needs, including health screenings, exercise classes, social events, and
educational workshops.
2. Healthcare Access: Improving access to healthcare services by integrating geriatric
care into primary care settings, providing transportation assistance for medical
 appointments, offering telemedicine options, and ensuring culturally competent care
for older adults from diverse backgrounds.
3. Financial Support: Implementing policies and programs that provide financial
assistance, such as social security benefits, pensions, subsidies for essential expenses
(e.g., housing, utilities, medication), and employment opportunities for older adults
who wish to work or supplement their income.
4. Social Support Networks: Developing outreach programs to identify and support
isolated or vulnerable older adults, including home visits, telephone reassurance
programs, buddy systems, and peer support groups.
5. Collaboration and Coordination: Building partnerships between government
agencies, non-profit organizations, healthcare providers, businesses, and community
groups to coordinate resources, share best practices, and maximize the impact of IPOP
initiatives.

Number of Beneficiaries:

WHY THIS POLICY IS A SUCCESS OR A FAILURE :

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE POLICY:

The Integrated Programme for Older People (IPOP) or similar policies designed to
address the needs of the elderly have both merits and demerits:

Merits:

1. Comprehensive Care: IPOP often integrates various services such as

healthcare, social support, and community engagement, providing
comprehensive care tailored to the needs of older people.
2. Improved Quality of Life: By addressing the physical, mental, and social needs
of older individuals, IPOP can enhance their overall quality of life and promote
healthy aging.
3. Promotion of Independence: These programs often focus on empowering
older people to maintain their independence for as long as possible through
various support mechanisms and resources.
4. Preventive Healthcare: IPOP typically emphasizes preventive healthcare
measures, which can lead to early detection and management of health
issues, potentially reducing healthcare costs in the long run.
5. Social Inclusion: By fostering community engagement and social activities,
IPOP helps combat social isolation and loneliness among older individuals,
promoting mental well-being.
Demerits:

1. Resource Constraints: Implementing comprehensive programs like IPOP

requires significant financial and human resources, which may strain
government budgets or healthcare systems, leading to challenges in
scalability and sustainability.
2. Access Disparities: There might be disparities in access to IPOP services,
particularly in rural or underserved areas, due to factors such as geographical
barriers or inadequate infrastructure.
3. Fragmented Services: In some cases, the integration of services within IPOP
may face challenges, leading to fragmented care delivery or duplication of
efforts, which can confuse or inconvenience older individuals.
4. Resistance to Change: Older individuals or caregivers may resist participation
in IPOP due to cultural or personal preferences, hindering the program's
effectiveness.
5. Privacy Concerns: Sharing health and personal information within integrated
programs raises privacy concerns, especially regarding data security and
confidentiality.

DESIGN :

A sensitization initiative has been developed by students from the Department of

Psychology at Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, as part of their

6th-semester project. The program aims to educate both men and women about the

various welfare policies impacting the elderly population in India.

During the first session, a team consisting of five individuals— Angel , RIya , Rupal ,

Anikaa and Priyanshi—will lead the presentation in the classroom. Each member will

contribute their unique perspectives and insights to provide a comprehensive

overview of the welfare policies for the elderly in India, with a particular focus on the

Indira Gandhi National Pension Scheme. The primary objective of this session is to

clarify any existing misunderstandings about these policies.

The subsequent session will further explore the intricacies of the policy flow and

discuss welfare issues in greater detail. A final draft will be prepared, incorporating

feedback and insights garnered during the discussion. This draft will then be
presented to a group of elderly individuals in a natural setting, such as a community

center or senior living facility.

Following the presentation of the program, feedback will be gathered from the

participants. An interpretation report will be compiled based on the received

feedback, highlighting areas for improvement and effectiveness.

Theoretical rationale -

Analysis :

References: