KVS ZIET BHUBANESWAR

CBTI XI PHY CH_10_THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Q. NO QUESTION
MCQ s 1 MARK EACH
1. The good absorber of heat is
(a) non emitter
(b) poor emitter
(c) good emitter
(d) highly polished

2. Temperature of atmosphere in Kashmir falls below 0 in winter. Due to this, water animal and plant
life of Dal-lake
(a) is destroyed in winters
(b) frozen in winter and regenerated in summers
(c) survives as only top layer of lake is frozen
(d) none of the above
3. At which temperature, the Celsius and Fahrenheit is same
0
(a) 40 C
(b) − 40 C
0

0
(c) 37 C
0
(d) 80 C
4. The Wien’s displacement law express relation between
(a) wavelength corresponding to maximum energy and temperature
(b) radiation energy and wavelength
(c) temperature and wavelength
(d) colour of light and temperature.
5. A bimetallic strip is made of aluminium and steel
(  Al   steel ). On heating, the strip will
(a) remain straight
(b) get twisted
(c) will bend with aluminium on concave side
(d) will bend with steel on concave side
6. 0
On a hilly region, water boils at 95 C , the temperature expressed in Fahrenheit is
0
(a) 100 F
0
(b) 20.3 F
0
(c) 150 F
0
(d) 203 F
7. Heat is associated with
(a) kinetic energy of random motion of molecules
(b) kinetic energy of orderly motion of molecules
(c) total kinetic energy of random and orderly motion of molecules
(d) kinetic energy of random motion in some cases and kinetic energy of orderly motion in other
8. The common physical property which is to be used as the basis for constructing thermometer is the
variation of the
(a) volume of a liquid with temperature
(b) pressure of a gas with temperature
(c) resistance of a wire with temperature
 (d) all of the above
9. When water boils or freezes, during these processes, its temperature
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) does not change
(d) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases
10. 0
At atmospheric pressure, water boils at 100 C . If the pressure is reduced, then it
(a) still boils at same temperature
(b) now boils at lower temperature
(c) now boils at higher temperature
(d) does not boil at all
11. The thermal radiation emitted by a body is proportional to Tn where T is its absolute temperature.
The value of n is exactly 4 for
(a) a blackbody
(b) all bodies
(c) bodies painted black only
(d) polished bodies only.

12. A hot liquid is kept in a big room. The logarithm of the numerical value of the temperature
difference between the liquid and the room is plotted against time. The plot will be very nearly
(a) a straight line (b) a circular arc
(c) a parabola (d) an ellipse
13. If 1gm of ice at 0 C is mixed with 1gm of steam at 1000C, the temperature of the mixture after
0

thermal equilibrium is attained will be

(a) 00C (b) 200C (c) 400C (d) 1000C

14. A body cools down from 65°C to 60°C in 5 minutes. It will cool down from 60°C to 55°C in
(a) 5 minutes
(b) less than 5 minutes
(c) more than 5 minutes
(d)less than or more than 5 min depending on whether itsmass is more or less than 1 kg
15. Which among the following is an advantage of Gas thermometers?
(a) Gas thermometers take sufficient time to measure the temperature
(b) They are large in size and are not easily portable
(c) They can be used in those cases when bodies can be brought in contact with the bulb
(d) They are very sensitive. So very small variations in temperature can be measured.
16. In summer, a mild wind is often found on the shore of a calm river. This is caused due to
(a) difference in thermal conductivity of water and soil
(b) convection currents
(c) conduction between air and the soil
(d) radiation from the soil
17. A bimetallic strip consists of metals X and Y. It is mounted rigidly at the baseas shown. The metal X
has higher coefficient of expansion compared to that for metal Y. When the
bimetallic strip is placed in a cold bath,
(a) it will bend towards the right
(b) it will bend towards the left
(c) it will not bend but shrink
(d) it will neither bend nor shrink
18. A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity near the frequency 𝜈o. The emissivity
of the material is 0.5. If the absolute temperature of the body is doubled, (more than one answer)
(a) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency 2𝜈o.
(b) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency𝜈o/2
(c) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 16
(d) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 8.

19. A solid substance is at 30°C. To this substance heat is supplied at a constant rate. The temperature
versus time graph is as shown in the figure. The substance is in liquid state for the portion
(of the graph)
(a) BC
(b) CD
(c) ED
(d) EF

20. The coefficient of linear expansion of brass is 2x10- 5oC-1. The coefficient of volumetric expansion
will be
(a) 2x10-5oC-1 (b) 4x10-5oC-1
-5o
(c) 6x10 C -1 (d) 8x10-5oC-1
21. Water is used as a coolant in car radiators because
(a) it has lower density.
(b) it has low specific heat.
(c) it has high specific heat.
(d) it is easily available.

22. Heat capacity of a substance is infinite. It means

(a) heat is given out.
(b) heat is taken in.
(c) no change in temperature whether heat is taken in or given out.
(d) all of these.

23. A liquid is kept in a vessel. The apparent expansion of liquid does not depend on
(a) Nature of liquid
(b) Nature of vessel
(c) Temperature rise
(d) Scale of temperature

24. 10kg of hot water in a bucket at 70°C is cooled for taking a bath adding to it 20kg water at 20°C. What is the
temperature of the mixture? (Neglect the thermal capacity of the bucket)
(a) 30.67°
(b) 36.67°
(c) 46.67°
(d) 60.67°

25.
A solid ball of metal has a spherical cavity inside it. The ball is cooled. The volume of the cavity will:

(a) decrease
 (b) increase
(c) remains same
(d) have its shape changed
26. If the temperature rise is measured in Fahrenheit scale instead of the centigrade scale, the numerical value
of coefficient of linear expansion of liquid
(a)Remains same
(b)Decreases
(c)Increases
(d)Depends on nature of liquid
27. Statement (1): When a bimetallic strip made of iron and brass is heated then it bends in the form of
concave towards Brass.
Statement (2): The coefficient of linear expansion of iron is less than brass.
(A) Statement 1 and statement 2 are both correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of
statement 1
(B) Statement 1 and statement 2 are both correct and statement 2 is not correct explanation of
statement 1
(C) statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false
(D) Statement 1 is wrong and statement 2 is true
28. A sphere, a cube, a thin circular plate, all of same material and same mass are initially heated to
same high temperature.
(a)Plate will cool fastest and cube the slowest
(b)Sphere will cool fastest and cube the slowest
(c)Plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest
(d)Cube will cool fastest and plate the slowest
29. At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales give the same reading?
(a) -40
(b) 0
(c) 273
(d) 32

30. When 5 moles of gas is heated from 100°C to 120°C at constant volume, the change in internal energy is
200 J. The specific heat capacity of the gas is
(a) 5 J/mol.K
(b) 4 J/mol.K
(c) 2 J/mol.K
(d) 1 J/mol.K

31. Mud houses are cooler in summer and warmer in winter because
a) Mud is a good conductor of heat
b) Mud is a superconductor of heat
c) Mud is a bad conductor of heat
d) None of these

32. Three objects colored black, grey and white can withstand hostile conditions at 2800oC. These
objects are thrown into furnace where each of them attains a temperature of 2000oC. Which object
will glow brightest?
a) The white object
b) The black object
c) All glow with equal brightness
d)Grey object
33. If the temperature of the rod is increased by 10oC, its length increases by 1%. What is the percentage
change in volume of the body of the same material for 10oC increase in temperature?
a) 9%
b) 1%
c) 5%
3%
34. 50g of ice at 0oC is mixed with 50g of water at 80oC.Final temperature of mixture of will be
0oC b) 40oC c) 60oC d) 4oC
35. The ratio of thermal conductivity of two rods of different materials is 5:4. The two rods of same area
cross section and same thermal resistance will have the length in the ratio
4:5 b) 9:1 c) 1:9 d) 5:4
36. A bimetallic strip is made of aluminium and steel (αAl > αsteel). On heating, the strip will
(a) remain straight.
(b) get twisted.
(c) will bend with aluminium on concave side.
(d) will bend with steel on concave side.

37. Refer to the plot of temperature versus time showing the changes in the state of ice on heating (not to
scale). Which of the following is correct?

A. The region AB represents ice and water in thermal equilibrium.

B. At B water starts boiling.
C. At C all the water gets converted into steam.
D. C to D represents water and steam in equilibrium at boiling point.

38. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will overflow

(a) when heated but not when cooled
(b) when cooled but not when heated
(c) neither when heated nor when cooled
(d) both when cooled or heated
39. Assertion: The specific heat capacity of a given solid can be determined by using the principle of
calorimetry
Reason: Heat gained is equal to the heat lost.
(a) both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) the assertion and reason both are false.

40. Aassertion: A brass disc is just fitted in a hole in a steel plate. The system must be cooled to loosen
the disc from the hole.
Reason: The coefficient of linear expansion for brass is greater than the coefficient of linear
expansion for steel.
 (a) both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) the assertion and reason both are false.

41. When vapour condenses into liquid -

(A) It absorbs heat
(B) It liberates heat
(C) Its temperature increases
(D) Its temperature decreases
42. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it means-
(A) Heat is given out
(B) Heat is taken in
(C) No change in temperature takes place whether heat is taken in or given out
(D) All of the above
43. Oxygen boils at – 183°C. This temperature on Fahrenheit scale is –
(A) – 215° (B)– 261°
(C) – 297° (D) – 329°
44. Ice point and steam point on a particular scale reads 10º and 80º respectively. The temperature on
ºF scale when temperature on new scale is 45º is -
(A) 50º F (B) 112ºF
(C) 122ºF (D) 138ºF

45. While doing experiment to find specific heat of a solid, a student is asked to find specific heat by
plotting a graph between heat absorbed by a solid and rise in its temperature. The graph
plotted is as shown in figure. He finds the specific heat as-
Temperature (T)

O Heat absorbed (Q)

(A) slope of graph

1
(B)
slope of graph
slope of graph
(C)
mass of body
1
(D)
mass  slope of graph

46. Two liquids X and Y of equal amount are heated for equal intervals of time on identical stoves in
identical conditions. After heating temperature of X is found to be less than Y. Choose the correct
alternative.
a) X has more specific heat capacity than Y
 b) X has less specific heat capacity
c) X has less latent heat Y
d) X has more latent heat than Y

47. Which of the following gives the correct relationship between CP and CV value of a given
gas? (R)
(a) CP/CV= R, (b) CP-CV = R,
(c) CV-CP = R , (d) CV/CP = R

48. When 1 kg of ice at 0 0C melts to form water at 0 0 C, it absorbs

(a) 8000 J of hea (b)4.2 x 103 J of heat
c) 3.36 x 105 J of heat (d)22.5 x 105 J of heat

49.Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false
Assertion : A brass disc is just fitted in a hole in a steel plate. The system must be cooled to loosen
the disc from the hole.
Reason : The coefficient of linear expansion for brass is greater than the coefficient of linear
expansion for steel.
50. Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false
Assertion : A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will overflow, both when heated or
cooled.
Reason : There is expansion of water below and above 4°C.
VSA 2 MARKS EACH
1. What do you mean by molar specific heat of substance? What is its SI unit?
−5 0 −1
2. The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 49  10 C . What is the fractional change in
0
its density for a 30 C rise in temperature?
3. A thermocol cubical ice box of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice are put in the box,
0
estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 hours. The outside temperature is 45 C and coefficient
−1 −1 0 −1
of thermal conductivity of thermocol = 0.01Js m C . Given heat of fusion of water =
335  103 Jkg −1
4. Give any two reasons why water is considered unsuitable for use in thermometers.

5. On a hot day, a car is left in sunlight with all the windows closed. After some time, it is found that the
inside of the car is considerably warmer than the air outside. Explain, why.
6. A blackened platinum wire, when gradually heated, first appears dull red, then blue and finally
white. Explain why.

7.
The graph between two temperature scales A and B is shown in figure. Between upper fixed point and lower
fixed point, thereare 150 equal divisions on scale A and 100 on scale B. The relationship for conversion
between the two scales in given by:

8.
A body cools from 50°C to 45° C in 5 min and to 40°C in another 8 min. What is the temperature of the
surrounding?

9. The density of a material A is 1500kg/m3 and that of another material B is 2000kg/m3. It is found that
the heat capacity of 8 volumes of A is equal to heat capacity of 12 volumes of B. What will be the ratio of
specific heats of A and B?
10. Explain why cooking utensils are often blackened at the bottom and polished at the top.
11. i)Why does a gas have more than one specific heats?
ii) The cooling unit of a refrigerator is fitted near the top. Why?
12. An iron ring of diameter 5.231 m is to be fixed on a wooden rim of diameter 5.243 m both initially at
27°C. To what temperature should the iron ring be heated so as to fit the rim (Coefficient of linear
expansion of iron is 1.2 x 105 k-1?
13. Two substances A and B of equal mass m are heated at uniform rate of 6 cal s –1 under similar
conditions. A graph between temperature and time is shown in figure. Find the ratio of heat
absorbed HA / BB by them for complete fusion .

100
Temperature ºC

80 A
60
40 B
20
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. An electrically heated coil is immersed in a calorimeter containing 360 gm of water at 10ºC. The coil
consumes energy at the rate of 90W. The water equivalent of calorimeter & coil is 40 gm. What is the
temperature of water after 10 minutes ?
15. A blacksmith fixes iron ring on the rim of the wooden wheel of a horse cart. The diameter of the rim
and the iron ring are 5.243 m and 5.231 m, respectively at 27 °C. To what temperature should the
ring be heated so as to fit the rim of the wheel?
 SA 3 MARKS EACH
1. Calculate the heat required to convert 3 kg of ice at
–12 °C kept in a calorimeter to steam at 100 °C at atmospheric pressure. Given specific heat
capacity of ice = 2100 J kg–1 K–1, specific heat capacity of water = 4186 J kg– 1 K–1, latent heat of
fusion of ice = 3.35 105 J kg–1 and latent heat of steam = 2.256 106 J kg–1.
2. Explain the following
(i) hot tea cools rapidly, when poured into the saucer from the cup
(ii) temperature of a hot liquid falls rapidly in the beginning but slowly afterwards.
(iii) a hot liquid cools faster, if outer surface of the container is blackened.
3. Define the term latent heat capacity and its various types.
4. Calculate the heat required to convert 3 kg of ice at - 12°C kept in a calorimeter to steam at 100°C
at atmospheric pressure. Given : specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 Jkg-1 K-1,
specific heat capacity of water- 4186 Jkg-1 K-1, latent heat of fusion of ice =3.35 x 105J kg- 1 and
latent heat of steam = 2.256 × 106 J kg-1.

5. Heat is flowing through a rod of length 25.0 cm having cross-sectional area 8.80 cm. The coefficient
of thermal conductivity for the material of the rod is K=9,2×10-2 kcal s-1 m-1°C-1. The temperatures of
the ends of the rod are 125°C and 0°C in the steady state. Calculate (i) temperature gradient in the
rod (ii) temperature of a point at a distance of 10.0 cm from the hot end and (iii) rate of flow of
heat.

6. Railway lines are laid with gaps to allow for expansion. If the gap between steel rails 66 m long be
3.63 cmat 10°C, then at what temperature will the lines just touch ? Coefficient of linear expansion
of steel = 11 × 10-6 °C- 1.
7. Three cylindrical rods A, B, C of equal lengths and equal diameters are joined in series as shown in the
figure. Their thermal conductivities are 2k, k, 0.5k respectively. In the steady state, the free ends of
rods A and C are at 100°C and 0°C respectively. Neglect loss of heat from the curved surfaces of rods.
The temperature of the junction between rods A and B is :

8. The ratio of the coefficient of thermal conductivity of two different materials is 5:3. If the thermal
resistance of the rods of same thickness of these materials is same, then what will be the ratio of the
length of these rods?

9. A solid material is supplied with heat at a constant rate. The temperature of material is changing with
heat input as shown in the figure. What does slope DE represent?
 10. In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of the metal at 150oC is dropped in a
copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150cm3 of water at 27oC. The final
temperature is 40oC. Compute the specific heat of the metal.
11. 100g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 100 g of water at 80°C. The resulting temperature is 6°C. Calculate
heat of fusion of ice.
12. A "thermocole" icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in
summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put
in the box, estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45 °C, and co-
efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole is0.01J/S/K. [Heat of fusion of water =335x103J/Kg]
13. Given below are observations on molar specific heats at room temperature of some common gases.
Gas Molar specific heat (Cv ) (cal mo1 –1 K–1 Hydrogen
4.87
Nitrogen 4.97
Oxygen 5.02
Nitric oxide 4.99
Carbon monoxide 5.01
Chlorine 6.17
The measured molar specific heats of these gases are markedly different from those for monatomic
gases. Typically, molar specific heat of a monatomic gas is 2.92 cal/mol K. Explain this difference.
What can you infer from the somewhat larger (than the rest) value for chlorine ?

14. Explain why :

(a) a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day
(b) the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold
(c) heating systems based on circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than
those based on circulation of hot wate
15.

Answer the following questions based on the P – T phase diagram of CO2 : (a) CO2 at 1 atm
pressure and temperature – 60 °C is compressed isothermally. Does it go through a liquid phase ?
(b) What happens when CO2 at 4 atm pressure is cooled from room temperature at constant
pressure ?
(c) Describe qualitatively the changes in a given mass of solid CO2 at 10 atm pressure and
temperature –65 °C as it is heated up to room temperature at constant pressure.
16.
17.
18.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
1. State and explain
a) Stefan’s Boltzmann law
b) Wein’s displacement law
2. CASE BASED
THERMAL EXPENSION
You can often loosen a tight metal jar lid by holding it under a stream of hot water. Both the metal
of the lid and the glass of the jar expand as the hot water adds energy to their atoms. (With the
added energy, the atoms can move a bit farther from one another than usual, against the spring-
like inter-atomic forces that hold every solid together.) However, because the atoms in the metal
move farther apart than those in the glass, the lid expands more than the jar and thus is loosened.
Such thermal expansion of materials with an increase in temperature must be anticipated in many
common situations. When a bridge is subject to large seasonal changes in temperature, for
example, sections of the bridge are separated by expansion slots so that the sections have room to
expand on hot days without the bridge buckling. When a dental cavity is filled, the filling material
must have the same thermal expansion properties as the surrounding tooth; otherwise, consuming
cold ice cream and then hot coffee would be very painful. When the Concorde aircraft (Fig.) was
built, the design had to allow for the thermal expansion of the fuselage during supersonic flight
because of frictional heating by the passing air. When a Concorde flew faster than the speed of
sound, thermal expansion due to the rubbing by passing air increased the aircraft’s length by about
0 0
12.5 cm. (The temperature increased to about 128 C at the aircraft nose and about 90 C at the
tail, and cabin windows were noticeably warm to the touch.)

(i) A liquid with coefficient of cubical expansion γ is contained in a vessel having coefficient of linear
expansion γ/7. When heated, what will happen to the level of the liquid in the vessel?
(a) It falls
(b) It rises
(c) Remains unchanged
(d) It may rise or fall depending upon the nature of the container

(ii) The temperature determines the direction of net change of:

(a) Gross potential energy (b) Intermolecular potential energy
(c) Gross kinetic energy (d) Intermolecular kinetic energy

(iii) Which out of the following is NOT correct statement:

(a) Coefficients of expansion differ when lengths are measured in C.G.S. and S.I. system.
(b) A substance may contract on heating.
(c) A glass stopper is taken out easily from the bottle neck on heating the neck.
(d) None of above.

(iv) Two bars of copper having same length but an equal diameter are heated to the same
temperature. The change in length will be:
(a) More in thicker bar (b) More in thinner bar
 (c) Same for both (d) Determined by the ratio of length and diameter of the bars

3. NATURE OF THERMAL RADIATION

Thermal radiation, once emitted, is an electromagnetic wave like light. It, therefore, obeys all the
laws of wave theory. The wavelengths are still small compared to the dimensions of usual
obstacles encountered, so the rules of geometrical optics are valid, i.e., it travels in a straight
line, casts shadow, is reflected and refracted at the change of medium. The radiation emitted by
a body is a mixture of waves of different wavelengths.
However, only a small range of wavelength has
significant contribution in the total radiation. The
radiation emitted by a body at a temperature of 300 K
significant contribution (room temperature) has from
wavelengths around 9550 nm which is in long infrared
region (visible light has a range of about 380-780nm). As
the temperature of the emitter increases, this dominant
wavelength decreases.
We see that as the temperature is increased, the
wavelength λmcorresponding to the highest intensity
decreases. In fact, this wavelength λm is
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the emitter. So,
λmT = b
where b is a constant.
This equation is known as the Wien's displacement law. For a blackbody, the constant b appearing
in equation is measured to be 0•288 cmK and is known as the Wien constant
(i) The Wien's displacement law expresses relation between
(a) wavelength corresponding to maximum energy
(b) radiated energy and wavelength
(c) temperature and emissive power
(d) colour of light and temperature

(ii) A hot liquid is kept in a big room. Its temperature is plotted as a function of time. Which of the
following curves may represent the plot?

(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d

(iii) Two stars S1 and S2 emit maximum radiant energy at wavelengths 400nm and 500nm
respectively. The ratio if their temperatures is
(a) 10:4 (b) 5:2 (c ) 5:4 (d) 4: 5

(iv) The light from the sun is found to have a maximum intensity near the wavelength of 470 nm.
Assuming that the surface of the sun emits as a blackbody,the temperature of the surface of the
sun is
 (a) 6130 K. (b) 5890 K (c ) 5550 K (d) 5280 K

OR

The temperature of ordinary electric bulb is around 3000K. At max energy, the wavelength it will
radiate is
(a) 6900 Ao (b) 6600 Ao (c ) 9200 Ao (d) 9600 Ao
4. RATE OF COOLING
The rate of cooling or rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the temperature
difference between the body and its surroundings, provided the temperature difference is small.
It generally depends on (i) the temperature of the body, (ii) the temperature of the surrounding
medium, and (iii) the nature and extent of the exposed surface.
−𝑑𝑄
Mathjematically 𝑑𝑡 = k(T2-T1). Here k is a proportionality constant depending on the area and
nature of the surface of the body. T2 and T1 are temperatures of body and surrounding
temperatures respectively.
We also have, loge(T2-T1) = -Kt + c, here K is a constant , t is time and c is an integration constant.

(i) The graph that correctly predicts the relation between loge(T2-T1) in Y-axis and t in X-axis is
(ii) The graph that correctly predicts the relation between (T2-T1) in Y-axis and t in X-axis is

(iii) The factors on which rate of

cooling of a body depends
(a) Its excess temperature
over the surroundings
(b) The nature of polish of
the surface
(c) The area of the surface
(d) All the above
(iv) How is Stefan’s law different from law of cooling?
(a) Stefan’s law is concerned with
conduction, whereas law of cooling
with radiation
(b)Stefan’s law is concerned with
radiation, whereas law of cooling
with convection
(c) Stefan’s law is concerned with
convection, whereas law of cooling with radiation
(d) Both are concerned with radiation
5. Below are the heating-cooling curves for five different substance. Heat is added uniformly to the same
mass of each substance at exactly the same rate.
Which substance has the greatest latent heat of fusion?
6. A cube of side 10cm is filled with ice of density 0.9gm/cc. The thickness of the walls of the cube is 1 mm
and thermal conductivity of the material of the cube is 0.01 cal/cm °C. If the cube is placed in steam bath
maintained at a temperature of 100°C, by what time will the ice be melted completely?
( latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm.)

7. When solid is heated, the amplitude of vibration of atoms and molecules increases. Therefore,
effective interatomic separation increases and cause thermal expansion. Thermal expansion of solids
is of three types:
(i) Linear expansion
(ii) Area expansion
(iii) Volume expansion. Thermal expansion of liquid is of two kinds. Real expansion and apparent
expansion that occurs in form of volume expansion. Thermal expansion of water is anomalous i.e.,
volume of given amount of water first decreases with increase in temperature from 0 °C to 4 °C and
beyond 4 °C volume of water increases with rise of temperature. In thermal expansion of gases is
more than solid and liquid but coefficient of volume expansion is dependent on temperature for
gases.

(i) On what factors does the coefficient of thermal expansion depend?

(ii) Write the relation between the three coefficients of expansion α, β, and γ for solid.
(iii) A body at higher temperature contains more heat. Comment.
or
(iv) Why are clock pendulums usually made of invar?

8. ll bodies emit heat energy from their surface by virtue of their temperature. This heat energy is called
radiant energy or thermal radiation. The heat that we receive from the sun is transferred to us by a
process which, unlike conduction and convection, does not require the help of a medium in
intervening space which is almost free of particles. Radiant energy travels in space as
electromagnetic waves in the infra-red region of electromagnetic spectrum. They exhibit the
phenomenon of interference, diffraction, and polarization as light does.
The emission of radiation from a hot body is expressed in terms of that emitted from a reference
body (called the black body) at the same temperature. A black body absorbs and emits radiations of
all wavelengths. The total energy E emitted by a unit area of a black body per second is given by E
= σT4
Where T - is absolute temperature of the body and a is Stefan's constant, if the body is not the perfect
black body, then E = εσ4 , where ε is the emissivity of the body.

(i) What is S.I unit of Stefan's constant?

(ii) In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum do thermal radiation lie?

(iii) When a body A at a higher temperature T1 is surrounded by another body B at a lower

temperature T2. Write the relation between the rate of loss of heat from body A and temperature.
 or
(iiiOn what factor does the rate at which energy is radiated by a body depends? On which parameter
does the colour of a star depends upon?
9. The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the substance is called
latent heat of the substance for the process. For example, if heat is added to a given quantity of ice
at –10 °C, the temperature of ice increases until it reaches its melting point (0 °C). At this
temperature, the addition of more heat does not increase the temperature but causes the ice to
melt, or changes its state. Once the entire ice melts, adding more heat will cause the temperature
of the water to rise. The latent heat for a solid to liquid state change is called the latent heat of
fusion (Lf), and that for a liquid-gas state change is called the latent heat of vaporisation (Lv).
These are often referred to as the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporisation. We have seen that
heat is energy transfer from one system to another or from one part of a system to another part,
arising due to temperature difference. What are the different ways by which this energy transfer
takes place? There are three distinct modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation
Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body which are
direct in contact because of their temperature difference. Suppose, one end of a metallic rod is put
in a flame, the other end of the rod will soon be so hot that you cannot hold it by your bare hands.
Here, heat transfer takes place by conduction from the hot end of the rod through its different
parts to the other end. Gases are poor thermal conductors, while liquids have conductivities
intermediate between solids and gas. Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of
matter. It is possible only in fluids. Convection can be natural or forced. In natural convection,
gravity plays an important part. When a fluid is heated from below, the hot part expands and,
therefore, becomes less dense.
Because of buoyancy, it rises and the upper colder part replaces it. This again gets heated, rises up
and is replaced by the relatively colder part of the fluid. The process goes on. This mode of heat
transfer is evidently different from conduction. Convection involves bulk transport of different parts
of the fluid. Conduction and convection require some material as a transport medium. These modes
of heat transfer cannot operate between bodies separated by a distance in vacuum. But the earth
does receive heat from the Sun across a huge distance. Similarly, we quickly feel the warmth of the
fire nearby even though air conducts poorly and before convection takes some time to set in. The
third mechanism for heat transfer needs no medium; it is called radiation and the energy so
transferred by electromagnetic waves is called radiant energy.
1) Which of the following heat transfer mode needs medium?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Both a and b
d) Radiation
2) Convection is possible in
a) Solids only
b) Fluid only
c) Both solid and fluid
d) None of these
 3) Define latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vapourisation
4) Differentiate between conduction and radiation

10. Solids and liquids both expands on heating. The density of substance decreases on expanding
according to the relation
𝜌2 =ρ1 {1 + ϒ(T2 – T1)} , where ρ1 = density at T1 , ρ2 = density at T2 , ϒ is coefficient of volume
expansion of substances. When a solid is submerged in a liquid , liquid exerts an upward force on
the solid which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by submerged part of solid. Solid will float
or sink depends on the relative densities of solid and liquid,
A cubical block of solid floats in a liquid with half of its volume submerged in liquid at temperature T

αS = Coefficient of linear expaansion

ϒL = Coefficient of volume expaaansion of liquid

ρS = Density of solid at temperature T

ρL-=Density of liquid at temperatue T

Q.1 The relation between density of solid and liquid at

temperature T is
( A) ρS = 2 ρL (B) ρS = 1/2 ρL
© ρS = ρL (D) ρS = ¼ ρL

Q.2 If temperature of system increases, then fraction

of solid submerged in liquid
(A) Increases (B) decreases
(C) Remain the same (D) Inadequate information

Q.3 Imagine fraction submerged does not change on

increasing temperature.
The relation between ϒL and αS
ϒL = 3 αS (B) ϒL = 2 αS (C) ϒL = 4 αS (D) ϒL = 3/2 αS

Q.4 Imagine the depth of the block submerged in the

liquid does not change on increasing temperature then
( A) ϒL = 2αS (B) ϒL = 3 αS (C) ϒL = 3/2αS (D) ϒL = 4/3 αS

11.
12.
LA ( 5MARKS)
1 (a) explain the anomalous behavior of water with the temperature-density graph of water? How it
is helpful for the existence of aquatic life in Antarctic region?
(b) prove that
coefficient of volume expansion (  )=3  coefficient of linear expansion(  )
2 THERMAL CONDUCTION-5M
Thermal radiation, once emitted, is an electromagnetic wave like light. It, therefore, obeys all the
laws of wave theory. The wavelengths are still small compared to the dimensions of usual
obstacles encountered, so the rules of geometrical optics are valid, i.e., it travels in a straight
line, casts shadow, is reflected and refracted at the change of medium. The radiation emitted by
a body is a mixture of waves of different wavelengths.
However, only a small range of wavelength has significant
contribution in the total radiation. The radiation emitted by a
body at a temperature of 300 K significant contribution (room
temperature) has from wavelengths around 9550 nm which is
in long infrared region (visible light has a range of about 380-
780nm). As the temperature of the emitter increases, this
dominant wavelength decreases.
We see that as the temperature is increased, the wavelength
λmcorresponding to the highest intensity decreases. In fact,
this wavelength λm is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature of the emitter. So,
λmT = b
where b is a constant.
This equation is known as the Wien's displacement law. For a
blackbody, the constant b appearing in equation is measured to be 0•288 cmK and is known as the
Wien constant.

I. The thermal conductivity of a rod depends on

(a) length (b) mass (c) area of cross section (d) material of the rod.
II. In a room containing air, heat can go from one place to another
(a) by conduction only (b) by convection only
(c) by radiation only (d) by all the three modes.
III. An iron bar (length L1, area of cross section A1 and thermal conductivity K1) and a brass bar
(L2, A2, K2) are soldered end to end as shown in the figure. The free ends of the iron bar
and brass bar are maintained at T1 and T2 respectively. The temperature of the junction of
two bars TO and the equivalent thermal conductivity K of the compound bar are
𝐾1𝑇1+𝐾2𝑇2 2𝐾1𝐾2
(a) TO= 𝐾1+𝐾2 and 𝐾=𝐾1+𝐾2

𝐾1𝑇1+𝐾2𝑇2 𝐾1+𝐾2
(b) TO= and 𝐾= 2𝐾1𝐾2
𝐾1+𝐾2

𝐾1𝑇1+𝐾2𝑇2 𝐾1
(c) TO= and 𝐾=𝐾1+𝐾2
𝐾1+𝐾2

𝐾1𝑇1+𝐾2𝑇2 𝐾2
(d) TO= and 𝐾=𝐾1+𝐾2
𝐾1+𝐾2

IV. Temperature inside a furnace is 6000C. The wall of the

furnace is made of fire clay and is 0.3m thick. Temperature outside the wall is 100 0C. If the
thermal conductivity of wall clay is 0.3 Wm-1K-1, the rate of heat transfer per unit area of the
wall is
(b) 100 Wm-2 (b) 250 Wm-2 (c ) 380 Wm-2 (d) 500 Wm-2
 OR

Consider a compound slab consisting of two different materials having equal thickness and thermal
conductivities K and 2K. The equivalent conductivity of the slab is
(a) 2K/3 (b) 4K/3 (c) √2K (d) 3K

V. Consider two rods of same length and different specific heats (S1, S2), conductivities (K1, K2) and
area of cross-sections (A1, A2) and both having temperatures T1, and T2 at their ends. If rate of loss
of heat due to conduction is equal, then
𝐾1𝐴1 𝐾2𝐴2
(a) K1A1= K2A2 (b) 𝑆1 = 𝑆2
𝐾2𝐴1 𝐾1𝐴2
(c ) K2A1=K1A2 (d) =
𝑆2 𝑆1
OR

Which of the following rods, (given radius r and length 1) each made of the same material and
whose ends are maintained at the same temperature will conduct most heat?
(a) r= ro, 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜 (b) r= 2ro, 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜
(c) r=ro, 𝑙 = 2𝑙𝑜 (d) r = 2 ro, 𝑙 = 2𝑙𝑜
3 Explain why
(a) A brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day
(b) The earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold
(c) heating systems based on circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than
those based on circulation of hot water
(d) white clothes are preferred in summer and dark clothes are preferred in winter
(e) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for an ideal black body
radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in the open, but
gives a correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the furnace.
4 A) Explain radiation curve related to black body radiation spectrum distribution. Draw inference
from these curves.

5 a) Derive a relation among coefficient of linear expansion, coefficient of area expansion and
coefficient of volume expansions
A hole is drilled in a copper sheet. The diameter of the hole is 4.24 cm at 27.0 °C. What is the
change in the diameter of the hole when the sheet is heated to 227 °C? Coefficient of linear
expansion of copper = 1.70 × 10–5 K–1 .
ANSWERS FOR MCQs

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. b
12. a
13. a
14. c
15. d
16. d
17. b
18. a,c
19. b
20. c
21. (c) it has high specific heat
22. (c) No change in temperature whether heat is taken in or given out.
23. (d) Scale of temperature
24.
(b) 36.67°C

Let Tf be the final temperature of mixture,

[(𝟏𝟎)(𝟕𝟎)+(𝟐𝟎)(𝟐𝟎)]
Tf = = 36.67°C
𝟏𝟎+𝟐𝟎

25. (a) decrease

26. (b) Decreases

27. (d) Statement 1 is wrong and statement 2 is true
28. (c) Plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest
29. (a) -40
30. (a) (c) 2 J/mol.K
31. C
32. A
33. D
34. A
35. B
36. D
37. B
38. D
39. A
40. A
41. [B]
42. Q
[C] Q = m.c. c= ;when =0 c=
m.

43. [C]

44. [C]

45. [C]

46. (a)

47. (b)
 48. (c) Q mL f 1000g (80 cal / g ) 8000 cal = 3.36 x 105 J

49. A
50. A
ANSWERS FOR VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1 The Molar specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature
of one mole of solid or liquid by one Kelvin (or one degree Celsius) of the substance. Its unit of
measure is J mol-1K-1.
2  − t 0 − t
= 0 , = T = 49  10 −5  30 = 0.0147
 0 T 0
3 KA(T1 − T2 )t
Q= = 104976J
x
Q = mL
Q
m = = 0.313kg
L
4 Ans. Water is considered unsuitable for use in thermometers due to following reasons:(i) The
expansion of water with temperature is non-uniform.
(iii) Due to its large specific heat and low thermal conductivity, a water thermometer does
not respond to changes in temperature quickly.
(iii) Water is invisible, sticks to glass and hashigh rate of evaporation.
(iv) Its temperature range is small from 0°C to 100°C

5 Ans: Glass transmits about 50% of heat radiation coming from a hot source like the sun but does
not allow the radiation from moderately hot bodies to pass through it. Due to this, when a car is left
in the sun, heat radiation from the sun gets into the car but as the temperature inside the car is
moderate, they do not pass back through its windows. Hence, inside of the car becomes
considerably warmer
6 Ans. According to Wien's displacement law, when blackened platinum wire is gradually heated, it
first emits radiations of longer wavelengths, so it appears red. At higher temperatures, it emits blue
radiations more strongly than red and appears blue. At very high temperatures, it emits all
radiations strongly and appears white.

7 𝒕𝑨 −(𝑳𝑭𝑷)𝑨 𝒕 −(𝑳𝑭𝑷)𝑩
𝑩
= (𝑼𝑭𝑷) ,where LFP and UFP are lower and upper fixed point.
(𝑼𝑭𝑷)𝑨 −(𝑳𝑭𝑷)𝑨 𝑩 −(𝑳𝑭𝑷)𝑩

𝒕𝑨 − 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝑩 − 𝟎
=
𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎

𝑡𝐴 −30 𝑡𝐵
= 100 is the relation between the two scales A and B
150
8
Newton's cooling law dt dθ= −k (θ−θ˳)

Putting the given values of the situation in the formula we get,

5(50−45)= −k(50−T)

=>1=−k (50−T) ----- (1)

Now, cooling body at takes 8 min to reach 40°C form 45°C

8(45−40)= −k (45−T)

85=−k (45−T) ------ (2)

Dividing the two equations, we get:

8(45−T) =5(50−T)

360−8T=250−5T

T=110/3=36.67°C
9
Heat capacity is heat transferred per unit time.

Heat capacity is equal to the specific heat capacity times mass.

For A mass of 8 volumes is 8×1500 =12000 units

For B mass of 12 volumes is 12×2000 =24000 units

Let specific heat be CA and CB respectively for A and B.

As heat capacity of 8 volumes of A is equal to heat capacity of 12 volumes of B.

So, CA×12000=CB×24000⇒CA=2CB

So ratio is CA: CB= 2CB: CB= 2:1

10
Cooking utensils are painted black from bottom to absorb more heat and get heated quickly. cooking
utensils are highly polished from inside to reduce loss of heat and keep warm for a longer time.

11
In case of a gas, both the pressure and volume change on heating. Therefore, specific heat of a gas is
defined either at constant volume or at constant pressure and hence a gas has two specific heats. These
are (a) specific heat capacity under constant volume condition and (b) specific heat capacity under
constant pressure condition

ii)The cooling unit of a refrigerator is fitted near the top so that the cold Air, on becoming denser, moves
down and whole of the inside of the refrigerator gets cooled.
12 5.243 = 5.231[1 + 1.2 × 10-5 (T - 300)]
T = 191 + 300 = 491 K = 218°C

13 8/5
From given curve,
 Melting point for A = 60ºC and melting point for B = 20ºC
Time taken by A for fusion = (6 – 2) = 4 minute
Time taken by B for fusion = (6.5 – 4) = 2.5 minute
HA 6  4  60 8
Then = =
H B 6  2.5  60 5

14 E Q ms 
P= = =
t t t
Pt 90 10  60
= =
ms 400 10 −3  4200
– 1 = 32.14 ºC
2

2 = 32.14°C + 1 = 42.14 ºC

15 T1 = 27 °C
LT1 = 5.231 m
LT2 = 5.243 m
So, LT2 =LT1 [1+αl (T2 –T1 )]
5.243 m = 5.231 m [1 + 1.20×10–5 K–1 (T2 –27 °C)]
or T2 = 218 °C

ANSWERS FOR SA ( 3 MARKS)

1. Mass of the ice, m = 3 kg
specific heat capacity of ice, sice = 2100 J kg–1 K–1
specific heat capacity of water, s water = 4186 J kg–1 K–1
latent heat of fusion of ice, L f = 3.35  10 J kg–1
5

latent heat of steam, Lv = 2.256  10 J kg–1

6

Q = heat required to convert 3 kg of ice at –12 °C to steam at 100 °C,

Q1 = heat required to convert ice at –12 °C to ice at 0 °C.
= m sice ΔT = = 75600 J
Q2 = heat required to melt ice at 0 °C to water at 0 °C = m L f = 1005000 J
Q3 = heat required to convert water at 0 °C to water at 100 °C. = m s water ΔT = 1255800 J
Q4 = heat required to convert water at 100 °C to steam at 100 °C. = m Lv = 6768000 J So,
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 75600J + 1005000 J + 1255800 J + 6768000 J
= 9.1106 J
2. (i) As surface area increases on pouring hot tea in saucer from the cup and the rate of loss of heat is
directly proportional to surface area of the radiating surface, so the tea will cool faster in the
saucer.
(ii) Rate of cooling is directly proportional to the temperature difference between hot liquid and the
surroundings. It is due to this reason, a hot liquid cools rapidly in the beginning but slowly
afterwards.
 (iii) when outer surface of container is blackened, the surface becomes good emitter of heat and so
the hot liquid in it cools faster.
3. Latent heat: the amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of a substance at
constant temperature and pressure. It is given as Q = mL , where m is the mass of the substance
that undergoes a change from one state to to another and L is the latent heat of the substance. Its
SI unit is J/Kg.
Latent heat is broadly defined in two different ways-:
a) Latent heat of fusion -: The amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of a
substance from solid to liquid at its melting poin . It is denoted as L f .
b) Latent heat of vaporization-: The amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of
a substance from liquid to vapour at its boiling point. It is denoted by Lv .

4. 9.1 x 106 J
5. (i) -5oC cm-1
(ii) -500C
(iii) 4.048 x 10 -2 kcals-1
6. 0
60 C
7. Let temperature between A and B=T1 and temperature between B and C=T2
𝑸
= KA(T1 − T2)/L
𝒕
So, KAA(100−T1)= KBA(T1− T2)= KCA(T2−0)
Given that: KA=2K, KB=K, KC =0.5K
200−2T1= T1− T2= 0.5T2
We find: T1=85.71°C
T2=57.14°C
8. 𝒌𝟏 𝟓
Given A1=A2 and =𝟑
𝒌𝟐
𝒍𝟏 𝒌𝟏 𝟓
R1= R2 ⟹ 𝒍𝟐= 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟑
9. The part OA is the increase of temperature in solid state.
The part AB is change of state from solid to liquid at constant temperature.
The part BC is the increase of temperature in liquid state.

The part CD is change of state from liquid to gas at constant temperature.

The part DE is the increase of temperature in gaseous phase, i.e., slope is heat capacity of vapour.
10. Mass of metal block, m = 0.20 kg = 200 g
Fall in the temperature of metal block,
ΔT = (150 – 40) °C = 110 °C
If C be the specific heat of metal, then heat lost by the metal block = 200 x C x 110 cal Volume of
water = 150 cm3
mass of water = 150 g
Increase in temperature of water = (40 – 27) °C = 13°C
Heat gained by water = 150 x 13 cal
Heat gained by calorimeter,
=w x increase in temperature of calorimeter= 25x13 cal
Heat lost by metal block= Heat gained by water+ heat gained by calorimeter
200xCx110=(150+25)x13
 C= 0.1 cal/g/oC

11. m1c1 (80 - 6) = m2 L + m2c2(6 - 0)

100 × 1 × 74 = 100 L + 100 × 1 × 6
L = (1 × 74) -6
= 68 Cal/g
12. The amount of heat lost by the food: Φ =KA(T-0)/l
Φ=mL m=0.313 Kg
Mass of ice left = 4 – 0.313 = 3.687 kg
Hence, the amount of ice remaining after 6 h is 3.687 kg.

13. Monoatomic gases have only translational degree of freedom but diatomic gases have rotational
degrees of freedom as well. The temperature increases with increase in the spontaneity of motion
in all degrees. Therefore to increase the temperature of diatomic gases more energy is required
than that required to increase the temperature of monoatomic gases by the same value owing to
higher degrees of freedom in diatomic gases.

If we only consider rotational modes of freedom the molar specific heat of the diatomic gases
would be given as
C = fR/2
C= (5/2) x 1.92
C = 4.92 cal mol-1 K-1
The number of degrees of freedom = 5 (3 translational and 2 rotational)
The values given in the table are more or less in accordance with the above calculated one. The
larger deviation from the calculated value in the case of chlorine is because of the presence of
vibrational motion as well.

14. a) The metal brass is a good conductor of heat, thus, the transfer of heat takes place at a faster rate,
whereas, the wood is a bad conductor of heat, thus, the transfer of heat takes place at a slower
rate. When someone touches the metal brass, the heat transfer from the body to the metal takes
place at a faster rate and the body feels colder, whereas, when someone touches the wooden tray,
the heat transfer from the body to the wood takes place at a slower rate and the body does not feel
colder.
b)Due to green house effect, the presence of atmosphere prevents heat radiations received by
earth to go back. In the absence of atmosphere radiation will go back at night making the
temperature very low and inhospitable
c)Heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than
those based on the circulation of hot water because the same amount of steam at 100 o C contains
more energy available for heat dissipation than the same amount of water at 100 o C in the form
of latent heat of vaporization.
15. a. When subjected to isothermal compression, CO2 will condense to solid directly without passing
through the liquid phase.
b. When cooled at constant pressure, CO2 will condense directly to solid phase without passing
through the liquid phase,
c. As the solid CO2 is heated up, it first turns to liquid phase and then solid phase. The fusion and
boiling points can be obtained from finding out the points of intersection between the horizontal 10
atm line on the P-T diagram with the fusion and vaporisation curve
16
17
18
 ANSWERS FOR CBQ ( 4 MARKS)
1. Stefan’s Boltzmann law-It states that the total heat energy emitted by a perfect black body per
second per unit area is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of its
surface.
Thus ET or E = T
4 4

If H is the rate of radiant energy emitted by a black body of surface area A, then Stefan-
Boltzmann law takes the form H = EA = T A
4

Here  is a universal constant called Stefan-Boltzmann constant. The above relation is known as
Stefan-Boltzmann law
In SI units  = 5.67  10 Js m K
−8 −1 −2 −4

If a black body is in enclosure at temperature T0 , then the rate at which the black body absorbs
radiation from the enclosure is T0 .Therefore the net loss of energy by the black body per unit
4

(
time per unit area is E =  T − T0
4 4
)
If the body is not a perfect black body and has emissivity  , then the above relation get modified
as follows: E = T
4

(
E =  T 4 − T0
4
)
(b) Wein’s displacement law-It states that the wavelength ( m ) corresponding to which the energy
emitted by a black body is maximum is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature (T).
Mathematically, m 1 T or mT = b
−3
Where b is Wien’s constant. Its value is 2.9  10 mK .
Wien’s law can be used to estimate the surface temperatures of the moon, sun and other stars.
Light from the moon shows a maximum intensity at m =14μm.By applying Wien’s law , the
temperature of the surface of the moon turns out to be 200K.Similarly solar radiation shows a
maximum m =4753 A . This corresponds to a surface temperature of 6060K.
0

2. (i) c
(ii) d
(iii) a
(iv)c
3. (i) a
(ii) a
(iii) c
(iv) a or d
4. (i) a
(ii) c
(iii) d
(iv) b
5. The latent heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to or taken away from a
substance to change a certain mass of a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid at constant
temperature.
The substance for which the graph has the longest low level line has the greatest latent
heat of fusion. So, here the correct answer is for material 2.
6. The mass of the ice in the cube is m= ρ ×V= 0.9×103= 900 gm
So total heat absorbed is m×80 cal/g= 72×103 cal
As there are 6 walls, rate of heat conducted would be
𝑄
= (K× Area× ΔT)/L
𝑡
⇒ Q= (6×0.01×100×100)/0.1=6000cal/s
𝑄
So, time taken to melt the ice is 𝑄/𝑡= (72×103)/6000= 12sec
7. A. Nature of solids.
B. α=β/2=γ/3
C. Heat content of a body depends on mass, specific heat and temperature
Or
Invar has small coefficient of linear expansion

8. A.W/m2/k4
B. Infra-red
C.E=σ(T14-T24)
Or
Absolute temperature
Temperature

9. 1) c
2) b
3) The heat required for conversion of solid state to liquid state without change in temperature is
called the latent heat of fusion (Lf).
4)

Sr
conduction radiation
No.

It requires medium to It does not require medium to transfer

1
transfer heat. heat

Heat transfer from one part

to other part due to direct Heat can be transferred without any
2
contact between each contact
other

Temperature difference is Any body having temperature higher

3
cause for transfer of heat than 0 can radiate energy

For example transfer of

For example heat coming from sun to
4 heat from one hot end of
earth
rod to other cold end

10. 1. B
 2. D
3 .A
4. A

11.
12.
KEY 5 MARKS
1 (a) Water exhibits an anomalous behavior ; it contracts on heating between 0 °C and 4 °C. The
volume of a given amount of water decreases as it is cooled from room temperature, until its
temperature reaches 4 °C. Below 4 °C, the volume increases, and therefore the density decreases.
This means that water has a maximum density at 4 °C. This property has an important
environmental effect: Bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first. As a lake
cools toward 4 °C, water near the surface loses energy to the atmosphere, becomes denser, and
sinks; the warmer, less dense water near the bottom rises. However, once the colder water on top
reaches temperature below 4 °C, it becomes less dense and remains at the surface, where it
freezes. If water did not have this property, lakes and ponds would freeze from the bottom up,
which would destroy much of their animal and plant life.

(b) Consider a solid in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped of sides a, b and c respectively.
V= abc
If the solid is heated, so that its temperature rises by T , new sides will be
a , = a + a = a(1 + T )
b , = b + b = b(1 + T )
c , = c + c = c(1 + T )
V (1 + T ) 3 − 1
= = = 3 + 3 2 T +  3 T 2
Coefficient of volume expansion V .T T

As has an extremely small value for solids, Neglecting the terms containing higher powers of  ,
 = 3
2 (i) d
(ii) d
(iii) a
(iv) d or b
(v) a or b
3 (A) Brass is a good conductor of heat and wood is a bad conductor of heat. When we touch a brass
tumbler, heat is conducted from our hand to the conductor and there is a drop in the body
temperature, which is why we feel cold. But when a wooden tray is touched on a chilly day,
very less heat is conducted from our hand to the wooden tray. So, we do not feel cold.
(b) In the absence of atmospheric gases, no extra heat will be trapped. All the heat would be
radiated back from earth surface.
 (c) Steam at 100°C possesses more heat than the same mass of water at 100°C in the form of
latent heat(540 cal/gm).
(d) White color is poor absorber of heat and so they keep us cool during summer. Dark colors
are good absorber of heat and thus they keep us warm during winter
(e) An optical pyrometer calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value
for temperature of a red hot iron piece kept in the open.
Black body radiation equation is given by:
E = σ (𝑇 4 − 𝑇04 )
Where,
E = Energy radiation
T = Temperature of optical pyrometer
To = Temperature of open space
σ = Constant
Hence, an increase in the temperature of open space reduces the radiation energy. When the
same piece of iron is placed in a furnace, the radiation energy, E= σ𝑇 4
4 . a) α= ꞵ /2 = ϒ/3
b) α = (d 2 − d 1 )/d 1 △ T = △ d /(d 1 △ T )
∆d = α x d1 x α △T = 1.70 × 10 × 4.24 × 200
∴ ∆d = 1.44 × 10-2 cm
5 Spectrum Energy Distribution for Black Body
Energy radiated per second per unit area in a small range of wavelength λ and (λ + ∆λ) divided by ∆λ
is called spectral emissive power of a black body at λ wavelength.

The important results obtained from the curves are as follows:

1. The emission spectrum of black body at each temperature is continuous but the amount of
radiation is different at different wavelengths.
2. There is increase in radiation of each wavelength on increasing the temperature.
3. The value of Eλ first increases on increasing λ at a temperature. At λm, it becomes maximum and
then it decreases.
4. The value of λm decreases on increasing the temperature, i.e., λm and temperature T are inversely
proportional to each other.
This means the value of λmT is constant. This is called Wien’s displacement law.