1. Design a differential relay scheme for 100MVA, 400kV/132kV delta star transformer. Consider 10% overloading. Find the following: a. Full load current b. Overload current c. CT ratio d. Pilot wire currents e. Currents after interposing current transformer f. Spill current g. Consider restraining with 20% biasing. Will the relay operate? h. Consider restraining with 10% biasing; will the relay operate?
2. An induction-type directional overcurrent relay has been used for phase fault protection. Ia, Ib, and Ic are the phase current, and Va, Vb, and Vc are phase voltages. Draw the phasor diagram for the case of an a-b fault considering 60° type of connection. Mention the trip region, restrain region, and MTA line considering the unity power factor load and MTA as 20°. State whether the relay will generate a trip signal or not for the following case of phase directional relay. Phase fault relay excitations are shown in Table 1. Table:1
3. a) IDMT relays offer a significant improvement in fault-clearing times over DTOC
relays. If this is true, what is the need for the DTOC relay? What are the situations where DTOC relays can be used? b) Mention the use of directional overcurrent relay.
4. A 132 kV transmission system is shown in Fig. 1. The positive sequence impedances
of lines L1-2 and L2-3 are Z12 = 2 + j 50 Ω and Z23 = 4 + j 100 Ω respectively. The maximum load supplied by L1-2 is 110 MVA with a lagging power factor of 0.8. An L-L fault of fault current 500 A occurs in the middle of L1-2 with a fault arc resistance of 2 Ω. The CT ratio is 100:1, and the PT ratio is 1200:1 for the relay R. Design a distance protection system using Mho relay R by determining the following:
a. Maximum load current.
b. Line impedances measured by the relay. c. Load impedance measured by the relay during maximum loading. d. Zones 1, 2, and 3 setting of relay R. e. Determine graphically whether the relay R clears the fault immediately. Fig. 1
5. Referring to Fig. 2, determine the CT ratio, pickup and time dial settings for the relay at the C.B, assuming no coordination with any other relay is required. Assume that the maximum load is 95A, minimum fault is 600 A and the maximum fault is 1000 A. Select a CT ratio to give 5.0 A secondary current for maximum load.
Fig. 2
6. Relay coordination on radial feeders using Use Extremely Inverse Relay
Characteristics: For the radial power system shown in Fig. 3 the CTR of the CTs and the relay current settings at buses 1-5 are given in Table 2. The relay current setting (CS) are given in % and in primary Amperes. Also, the minimum and maximum faults at buses 1-5 are given in Table 3. Design an overcurrent protection for the above radial feeder using Extremely Inverse Relay Characteristics:
i.e. find the TDS considering a coordination time interval set to 0.4 s, and a TDS of relay at bus 5( R5) set to TDS5 = 1.0.
Fig. 3
Table 2
Table 3 7. For the Delta-star-11 transformer shown in Fig. 4, there is a phase angle difference between primary and secondary equal to -30°. So, an auxiliary current transformer (matching) is installed in the secondary circuit of 11 kV current transformer side to compensate the magnitude and phase. Determine:
Fig.4
8. Design the protection of a three-phase, 50-MVA, 230/34.5 kV power transformer, Fig.
5-a, using available standard CT ratios. The high-voltage side is Y-connected and the low-voltage side is Δ-connected. Specify the CT ratios, and show the three phase wiring diagram indicating the CT polarities. Determine the currents in the transformer and the CTs. Specify the rating of an autotransformer, if one is needed.
Fig. 5 9. Consider a 132 kV transmission system as shown in Fig. 6. The positive sequence impedances of the lines 1-2 and 2-3 are Z12 = 3 + j 40 Ω and Z23 = 7 + j 30 Ω respectively. The maximum peak load supplied by the line 1-2 is 110 MVA with a lagging power factor of 0.8. Assume a L-L fault of If=500 A occurs midway of the line 1-2 and line spacing of 3.5 m is equal to arc length. Design a distance protection system using Mho relays by determining the following: a. Maximum load current b. Suitable CT ratio. Secondary standard 5 A. c. Suitable VT ratio. Secondary standard 67 V. d. Line impedance measured by the relay. e. Load impedance measured by the relay. f. Zones 1, 2, and 3 setting of relay R12. g. Value of arc resistance at fault point in Ω. h. Show graphically, whether or not relay will clear the fault instantaneously.
Fig. 6
10. Consider the portion of a 138 kV transmission system shown below. Lines 1-2, 2-3 and 2-4 are respectively 64, 64, and 96 km long. The positive sequence impedance of the transmission lines is (0.05 + j 0.5) ohm/km. The maximum load carried by line 1-2 under emergency condition is 50 MVA.Design a 3-zone step distance relaying system to the extent of determining for R12 the zone setting which are the impedance values in terms of CT and VT secondary quantities. The zone settings give points on the R-X plane through which the zone circles of the relay characteristics must pass.
Fig. 7
11. For the system shown in figure, ZAB = j25 Ω, ZBC = j50 Ω and ZCA = j20 Ω. a) Find the Zone-1, 2 & 3 settings of R1-R6 (Mho relay). Assume the characteristics angle equal to the impedance angle of the line. b) If the line between bus A and C trips, what will be the impedance seen by the relay R3? Will the relay R3 trip? If so, how much time will it take for initiating the trip signal?
Fig. 8 12. The mho relay R in Fig. 9 is designed to provide backup protection up to the load bus. Maximum torque angle of relay is 80 degree. For worst case power factor angle of 30 degree, relay is not expected to reach greater than 80% of the minimum impedance presented by the load. Offline studies indicate that, under voltage condition would arise and voltage can drop up to 0.85 p.u. Considering this 80% safety margin and possibility of under voltage, calculate the following: a) Minimum permissible load impedance to avoid mal-operation of relay R. b) Maximum loadability limit of the relay R.
Fig. 9
13. Find the impedance seen by relay A for a fault occurring at point C (very near to the bus).
Fig. 10
14. Find the impedance seen by relay A for a fault occurring at point C (very near to the bus).
Fig. 11
15. In the figure shown below, find out the Impedance seen by distance relay during power swing with equation derived in above question [E <δ=1<30, ZS=j0.05, ZL=j0.45, ZR=j0.07 ER=1<0].
