Introduction

Have you ever seen a cartoon or a movie where people in different worlds are just identical to each
other doing different things, pursuing different activities and it is so fun to watch such shows. But
what is I tell you that there is a possibility that this might be true. We just can’t reach out to them or
contact them yet. I know it sounds impossible and just an imagination or fantasy but in this book am
going to tell you about the possibilities and theories of parallel world and universe or multiverse.

Remember when we played that game in childhood where we had to roll a dice and the person
getting the most repeating numbers win , me too. It is said if you shuffle a deck of fifty two cards one
to the power sixty eight times you will get the deck in same arrangement . The case is same with the
universe. The universe is vast and there are several other universes , which brings a possibility of the
existence of several parallel universes as well because when there are activities repeated out in the
space there are phenomena like our existence repeating .

In this book we will clear and understand the concept of big bang ; black holes ; white holes ; atoms ,
molecules , protons , neutron , electron , quark and waves ; string theory ; time travel ; dark
matterand parallel universe discussing and differentiating the concept of different scientists such
as :- Albert Einstein , Stephan Hawking , Max Tegmark , Brian Greene , Alexander Vilenkin and
several others. Let’s dive deep into the book.
 Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang has a deep connection to The Parallel Universe Theory . The Universe is 13.8 billion
years old and it is assumed that it all started when there was a huge explosion in the universe “The
Big Bang”. It is a mystery of how could something come from nothing. Let me crack a myth , it was
not a explosion but it was expansion of space stretching everywhere all at once , also known as
“cosmic expansion” . The Universe was packed into a single point and started expanding and this
stage is referred as “ initial singularity” but it is believed that there might be something which
existed before it . It expanded to the size of a golf ball , the universe doubled in size 90 times from
it’s beginning to this phrase. You can imagine how small it was in the very starting . The single
concentrated point of bubble which later became the Universe , before the big bang was known as “
primeval atom or cosmic egg “. It kept on expanding and expands till date . Also , the rate of speed of
the expansion gradually slowed down . It has no borders or no outside the Universe .

In this hot and dense environment there were particles which existed for a very short glimpse of
time , the particle named gluon which gave birth to the pair of quark resulting in the destruction of
one – another and gave more gluons . These found other short lived quark to interact with forming
new pairs of quark and gluons again. Matter and energy were the same stuff. There was a sort of war
going on between matter and antimatter which was won by matter. Today the world consists of all
matter and almost no antimatter at all. There was a formation of one billion and one matter particles
for every one billion antimatter particles. We will discuss about particles more deeply in the
upcoming topic.

There were several refined versions of forces created in the universe instead of just one active force
which conserved of gravity , electromagnetic force , strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force . It
is called fundamental force or fundamental interaction. These work over different ranges and have
different strengths . Gravity is known to be the weakest among all but has an infinite range. The
electromagnetic force also has an infinite range but it is stronger than the gravity . Both the strong
and weak forces are effective only over a small range and dominate only at the level of subatomic
particles. Talking about the weak nuclear force it is weakest among all except for gravity . As the
name suggests , the strong nuclear force is the strongest among all four fundamental forces.

By now , the Universe has stretched billion kilometres in diameter which lead to a decrease in
temperature . The cycle of quarks being born and converted back into energy suddenly stopped .
Quarks began forming new particles “ hadrons “ like protons and neutrons . There were many
combinations of quark that formed all sort of hydrons but only few were reasonably stable for any
length of time. This all happened within one second of beginning of big bang.

The universe which has grown to a billion kms is now cold enough to allow most of the neutrons to
decay into protons and form the first atom “ hydrogen “. Atoms formed out of hadrons and
electrons making a stable and electrically neutral environment . This period is known as “ the dark
age “ reason being the universe of empty ; no planets , no stars , no suns , no galaxies , no life but
just the fog of hydrogen atoms forged by the Big Bang and left to slosh through the darkness. The
hydrogen gas didn’t allow the visible lights to move around . When the hydrogen gas clumped
together after millions of years later and gravity put it under great pressure , stars and galaxies
began to form . Their radiation dissolved the hydrogen into a plasma that still permeates the
universe till today and allows a visible light to pass . Finally, there was light .

The Earth is not the centre , The Sun is not the centre , The Milky Way is not the centre , The
Universe might not be the centre ; it is comprised of several other billion Universes. The Big Bang
might not be the starting of everything as the Universe expanding back then or even now , creating
or destroying itself is happening all inside it’s own space . There is no extra place to go or which
exists , it’s all space which is the space of universe and it just expanded in itself .

Now , the problem arises as the early and extremely hot cosmos and the rapid expansion wiped out
almost all the information of the history that led up to the Big Bang. Since the big bang occurred
everything has been moving away from the point it all started and objects are getting farther than
each other with time . Sources of light also move away and spread out which means space is getting
darker and the number of black area is continuously growing .

BLACK HOLE
Black holes are one of the strangest things that exists in this universe. Stars are incredibly massive
collections of mostly hydrogen atoms which collapse from enormous gas clouds under their own
gravity and therefore nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium releasing a tremendous
amount of energy . This energy in the form of radiation pushes against gravity , maintaining a
delicate panels between the two forces. As long as there is fusion in the core , these stars remain
stable enough but for stars with way more mass than our own Sun , the heat and pressure at the
core allow them to fuse heavier elements until they reach iron . Unlike all the elements that went
before , the fusion process to create iron doesn’t generate any energy . Iron builds up at the centre
of the Star and till it reaches a critical amount and the balance between radiation and gravity is
suddenly broken . The core collapses. Within a fraction of a second the star implodes , moving at
about a quarter of the speed of light feeding even more mass into the core . It’s at this very moment
when all the heavy elements in the Universe are created as the star dies in the super nova
explosion . Then it produces either a neutron star or if the star is massive enough , the entire mass of
the core collapses into a black hole . If you look at a black hole what you really would be seeing is the
event horizon and the thing that crosses the event horizon needs to be travelling faster than the
speed of light to escape which is impossible . So, we just see a black sphere reflecting nothing . If the
event horizon is the black part the singularity is the cold part of the black hole . A singularity may be
infinitely dense meaning all it’s masses is concentrated to a single point in space with no surface or
volume . It might be something completely different as well . Black holes are something like a
vacuum cleaner . It can absorb an equal size of Sun .

Scientists can’t directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect x-rays, light, or other forms
of electromagnetic radiation. If a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter , it will
attract matter inward in a process known as assertion . A similar process will occur if a normal star
passes close to it ; when this happens the black hole will tear the star apart as it pulls it inward, close
to itself . The Attracted matter accelerates and heats up . It emits rays known as X-rays which radiate
into space. Black holes also have a huge affect on the neighbours around them. , emitting powerful
gamma ray bursts , devouring nearby stars , spurring the growth of new stars in areas while stalling it
in others .

What if he fall inside a black hole? There is possibility that you die a quick death. A black hole
curves space so much that once you cross the event horizon , there is only one possible direction ;
straight . The mass of a black hole is concentrated that at some point even tiny distances or few
centimetres would mean that gravity acts with millions of times of more force with different parts of
your body . Your cells get torn apart as your body stretches more and more until you are a hot
stream of plasma one atom wide . There is also a possibility that you die a very quick death . Very
soon when you pass the event horizon you will hit a fireball and be terminated in an instance ,
neither of these options are particularly pleasant . How soon you will die depends on the mass of the
black hole . A smaller black hole will kill you even before you reach it’s event horizon while you could
even travel inside a extreme huge black hole for quite a while . The further away from the singularity
you are, the longer you live .

Black holes are of different sizes . The supermassive black hole whose mass is approximately around
10^5 – 10^10 M and radius around 0.001 – 400 AU is the largest type of black hole . It’s mass is
million to billion times the mass of the Sun. The observations indicates that almost every large
galaxy has a supermassive black hole at it’s centre. The Milky Way has supermassive black hole in
it’s Galactic Centre , corresponding to Sagittarius A. It is ten times larger than the orbit of Neptune
around the Sun . Accretion of interstellar gas onto massive black holes is the process responsible for
powering active galactic nuclei and quasars . The origin of supermassive black holes remain an open
field of research . Black holes can grow by accretion of matter and by merging into other black holes.

An intermediate mass black hole is a class of black hole whose mass is approximately in the range
10^2 – 10^9 solar mass supermassive black holes . It’s diameter is around 10^3 km = R earth. These
are too massive to be formed by a collapse of a single star unlike how stellar black holes are thought
tot be formed . Their environment lacks the extreme conditions such as :- high density and velocity
observed at the centres of galaxies which seemingly led to the formation of supermassive black
holes . There are some postulated formation scenario for an intermediate mass black hole. The first
is the merging of stellar mass black holes and other compact objects by means of accretion . The
second one is the runaway collision of massive stars in dense stellar clusters and the collapse of the
collision product into it. The third ones of the primordial black holes are formed in the Big Bang .
Next in the row is the stellar black hole which weighs around 10 M and has a diameter of thirty
kilometres. It is formed by the gravitational collapse of a star . The hypernova explosion or as
a gamma ray burst . These are also referred as collapses . There are about ten million to one
billion stellar black hole in our Milky Way and about hundred to four hundred billion in the
whole galaxy. Not every star has the potential to become a black hole but the most massive
ones reach this coveted status. The smallest stellar mass black hole comes from stars packed
with at least two to three times the mass of our Sun.

The last and the smallest one is micro black hole. Micro black holes are also known as quantum
mechanical black holes pr mini black holes. These were discovered in 1971 by Steven
Hawking. In a three dimensional gravity , the minimum energy of a microscopic black hole is
10^16 TeV which would have to be condensed into a region on the order of a plank length .
This is far beyond the reach of any technology available now. it is estimated that to collide
two particles from within a distance of a Planck length with currently achievable magnetic
strengths would require a ring accelerator about thousand light years in a diameter to keeo
the particles on track .

Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes , due to
quantum effects near the event horizon . This radiation reduces the mass and energy of black holes,
causing them to shrink and ultimately vanish . If black holes evaporate , a supermassive black hole
with a mass of 10^11 M which is hundred billion M will evaporate in around 2*10^100 years . Some
monster black holes in universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps 10^14 M during the
collapse of supercluster of galaxies . Even these would evaporate over a timescale of up to 10^106
years.

WHITE HOLES
A white hole is a hypothetical region of space time and singularity that cannot be entered from the
outside , although energy – matter, light and information can escape from it. But there is a huge
question that do white holes actually exist ? Since they violate the second law of thermodynamics
they are tend to not exist. While black holes devour matter and let nothing escape , white holes emit
huge amount of matter energy , allowing nothing to escape inside them . they could never be
entered in . White holes are theoretical cosmic regions that function in the opposite way to black
hole.

White holes were long thought to be a figment of general relativity born from the same equations as
their collapsed star brethren , black holes . More recently , however , some theorists have been
asking whether these twin vortices of spacetime may be two sides of the same coin. To a spaceship
crew watching from afar, a white hole looks exactly like a black hole. It has mass. It might spin. A
ring of dust and gas could gather around the event horizon — the bubble boundary separating the
object from the rest of the universe. But if they kept watching, the crew might witness an event
impossible for a black hole — a belch.

STRING THEORY
Close the true nature of reality we looked at things up close and were amazed wondrous landscapes
in the task the zoos of bizarre creatures complex protein robot all of them metro structures of
molecules made up of countless even smaller things atoms we thought they were the final layer if
we ever seen until we smash them together really hard and discover things that can’t be divided
anymore elementary particles but now we had a problem there so small that we could no longer
look at them think about it what is saying to see something we need light and electromagnetic wave
this wave hits the surface of the thing and gets reflected back from it into your eyes the wave carries
information from the objects that your brain uses to create an image so you can’t see something
without somehow interacting with it saving is an active process not a passive one this is not a
problem with most things the particles are very small, so small that the electromagnetic waves we
used to see out too big to touch them visible light just passes over them we can try to solve this by
creating electromagnetic waves with much smaller way things but in quantum physics shorter
wavelength means more energy so when we touch a particle with a way that has a lot of energy it
gets a kick by looking at a particle wave changes in quantum physics we cannot know where a
particle is and where its going with absolute precision this fact is so important that it has a name the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle the basis of all quantum physics So what does a particle look like
then what is its nature we don’t know if we look really hard we can see a blurry sphere of influence
but not the particles themselves we just know they exist but if that’s the case how can we do any
science with them weighted well humans do and invented a new story a mathematical fiction story
of the point particle we decided that we would pretend that a particle is a point in space any
electron is a point with a certain electric charge and a certain mass all indistinguishable from each
other this way physicists could define them and calculate all of their interactions of isca be made
precise in quantum field theory and this solved a lot of problems all of the standard model of particle
physics is built on it and it protects lots of things very well some quantum properties of the electron
for example have been tested and are accurate up to 0.0000000000002% so while particles are not
reading calling by treating them as if they were we get a pretty good picture of the universe not only
did this idea advance science it also lead to a lot of real world technology we use everyday but
there’s a huge problem gravity in quantum mechanics all physical forces are carried by certain
particles according to Einstein’s general relativity gravity is not a force like the others in the universe
if the universe is a play particles are the actors for gravity is the stage to put it simply gravity is a
theory of geometry the geometry of spacetime itself of distances which we need to describe with
absolute precision but since there is no way to precisely measure things in the quantum world now
story of gravity doesn’t work with our story of quantum physics when physicists tried to add gravity
to the story by inventing a new particle their mathematics broke down and this is a big problem if we
could marry gravity to quantum physics and the standard model everything so very smart people
came up with a new story they asked what is more complex than a point or straight string theory
was born what makes string theory so arrogant is the lead describes many different elementary
particles as different modes of vibration of the string just like a violin string vibrating differently can
give you a lot of different notes a string can give you different particles most importantly this
includes gravity string theory promise to unify fundamental forces of the universe this caused ignore
most excitement a time string theory quickly graduated to a possible theory of everything string
theory comes with lots of strings attached much of the match involving a consistent string theory
does not work in our universe with 3 spatial and one temporal dimensions string theory requires 10
dimensions to workout so string theorists did calculations in model universities and then trying to
get rid of the 6 additional dimensions and describe our own universe nobody has succeeded and no
prediction of string theory has been proven in an experiment so string theory did not reveal the
nature of our universe one could argue that in this case string theory ready isn’t useful at home
science is all about experiments and predictions if we can’t do those why should we bother with
strings in ready is all about how we use it physics is based on maths 2 + 2 makes 4 this is true no
matter how you feel about it and the maths in string theory does workout that’s why string theory is
still useful imagine that you want to build a cruise ship but you only have blueprints first robot there
are plenty of differences the engine the materials this game but both things are fundamentally the
same things that float so why study in the rowing boat blueprints you might still learn something
about how to build a cruise ship eventually with string theory we can try to answer some questions
about quantum gravity that have been puzzling physicists for that get such as how black holes work
all the information paradox string theory make points in the right direction when used in this spirit
string theory becomes a precious 244 r physicist and help them discovered new aspects of the
quantum world handsome beautiful mathematics so maybe the story of string theory is not the
theory of everything but just like the story of the point particle it may be extremely useful story we
don’t get know what the truth nature of reality is.

THE FINAL BORDER OF

UNIVERSE
Sarah border we will never cross are there places we will never reach no matter how hard we try it
turns out pharaoh even with sci fi technology we are trapped in a limited pockets of the universe
and member finite stuff within how much universe is there for us and how far can we go if you look
at the night sky be there forever stars born and die again in a cycle that feels endless but it’s not take
the Milky Way up to 200,000 light years in diameter containing some 100 to 400 billion stars how
many stars do you think of born he reaches thousands millions the answer is around 3 3 new stars by
95% of all the stars that will ever exist in the universe have already been born and we live at the tail
end of the age of star formation we are at the beginning of the end of the universe as we know it
before may shun of new stars will continue to slow down continue to slow down it turns out that the
universe is rushing away from us the Milky Way is not alone together with the Andromeda Galaxy
and more than 5012 galaxies in forms the local group original space about 10,000,000 light years in
diameter our galactic neighbourhood hundreds of Galaxy groups like the local group makeup Dadlani
ko supercluster which itself is only one of a myriad of super plastics in total there are around 2
trillion galaxies that make up the current observable universe unfortunately even if we could travel
at lightspeed around 94% of the galaxies we can see are already unreachable for us forever let this
number sink in for a moment the simple fact that there’s a limit for us and that there is so much
universe the human will never be able to touch his kind of writing why are all of these galaxies out of
reach already well it all has to do with why there are galaxies in the first place The Big Bang way
simplifying her but in a nutshell about 10 to the power of -36 seconds of The Big Bang the young
universe was a very small bubble of energy it wasn’t completely uniform do some parts of it worry
tiny bit dense than others which had a massive consequences in a process called cosmic inflation the
observable universe expanded rapidly from the science of a marble to trillions of kilometres in a
trillion for a second that was so fast that all those tiny differences in density was stretched from
subatomic distances into galactic distances which is why the whole universe consists of more and
less dense regions pockets of the universe filled with a bit more stuff than the space around them
after that short but powerful inflation ended gravity began trying to pull everything back together
inside the denser pockets gravity emerged victorious and so overtime they grew into groups of
galaxies like the one we live in today the local group is our pocket of the universe but it larger scales
outside the denser Bhagat the expansion of space never stopped this means that our local group is
surrounded by a lot of stuff but none of those structures and galaxies are gravitationally bound to us
the more the universe expands the larger the distance between us and the other gravitational
markets becomes even worse for us the expansion of the universe is accelerating we don’t know
why this happens so we came up with the concept of dark energy you can imagine it like an invisible
effect that speeds up the expansion of deed of us will explain these concepts in more detail in
another video do for now all you need to know is that the universe is expanding faster and faster this
expansion means that there’s a cosmological horizon around us everything beyond it is travelling
faster relative to us then the speed of light so everything that passes the horizon is irretrievably out
of reach forever and we will never be able to interact with it again innocence it’s like a black holes
event horizon battle around us 94% of the galaxies we can see today I have already passed it and are
last to us forever white if we can’t interact with them how come we can still see them well the way
we are able to see something is via night and although the speed of light is the fastest way to travel
through the universe it needs time to get from one place to another every second light reaches from
trillions of galaxies but have passed the horizon because when they’re light was a bit is there much
closer to us we are looking at that ancient past and see that ancient positions so the observable
universe is much larger than the universe we can actually interact with innocence the universe face
pulling of a great show , first showing these things that are out of reach forever we have no idea
what these galaxies look like today and we’ll never know but we will be able to observe them for a
long time has that light hits out telescopes interestingly this means that currently the observable
universe still appears to be growing as more and more light released by super distant galaxies
billions of years ago is arriving at our doorsteps still all the pockets of the universe outside the local
group will one day pass our cosmological horizon once they do their light wont be able to reach us
anymore and from out this Pactiv they will fade away Into Darkness every second of your life 60,000
stars past the horizon since you started watching this video around 22,000,000 stars have moved out
of our reach forever okay but if 94% of the observable universe is beyond the cosmic horizon and
gone forever that still leaves us with 6 percent in reach which is still a ton of stuff all the Galaxy
pocket that are less than 18 billion light years away they're still moving away but slow enough that
we could physically reach them although the chances are shrinking with every second that passes
everything that’s more than around 5,000,000 might getaway is moving away from us but the closest
Galaxy groups are receiving the slowest so there is a time window 2 jump Galaxy groups the
challenges extreme though even for type 3 civilizations even at the speed of light a trip to the main
fight group the closest pocket of galaxies outside the local group would take 11,000,000 years if
some sort of super motivated super advanced civilization takes this challenge on its potential sphere
of influence expand hundreds of thousands of galaxies although as time hours at the universe grows
they would be separated forever it’s pretty safe to assume that humans do not make this journey at
least not with technologies that are even remotely on the horizon trust the local group is most likely
the largest structure that we will ever be a part of just travelling between the stars would be an
achievement of epic proportions we would already be incredibly successful if we were to colonise
our cosmic backyard which accounts 40.00000000001% of the observable universe as dark energy
pushes the rest of the universe away from us the local group will become more time be bound all its
galaxies big and small will merge together to 41 giant elliptical Galaxy with the unoriginal name milk
Ramadan in a few billion years this process might even smash huge gas clouds together Andrey spark
star formation for some time and this new light will be very welcome because at some point the
galaxies outside milky way will be so far away that they become too faint to tax once this happens
no information outside of the local group will reach has ever again the universe will receive from you
the being born in the far future in milky way will think the universe consists of nothing but it’s a
Galaxy when they look for into empty space they will only see more emptiness and darkness they
won’t see cosmic background radiation and they won’t be able to learn about The Big Bang they may
have no way of knowing what we know today the nature of the expanding universe when it began
and how it will end they might think the universe is static and eternal milk drama to will be in island
in the darkness slowly getting darker and darker still with its trillion stars the local group is certainly a
big enough playground to entertain humanity for a while after all we still haven’t figured out how to
leave our solar system and we have dozens of billions of years at the very least to explorer our
Galaxy and we have the incredible luck to exist at the perfect moment in time to see not only our
future but also our most distant past just fine looking into the night sky as isolated as the local group
is it is our home and it ready is a spectacular place

TIME TRAVEL
Imagine you want to watch that let you travel through time one day you get the bright idea to travel
back to the 1920s to mess with your grandparents you press a few buttons and suddenly you’re
standing beside old pappy who’s taking in the scenery at the precipice of the Grand Canyon since
you’ve never been the biggest fan of your grandfather you decide to push him over the edge gravity
does its thing and a few seconds later no more copy but wait if you killed your grandfather before
you ever met your grandmother you wouldn’t have been born to be able to go back in time and kill
him here’s the problem if you didn’t exist to kill your grandfather you couldn’t have killed him
because you didn’t kill him he’s still alive but that would mean that you yourself would be alive and
now you can go back in time to kill him and so the endless loop goes on this is called the grandfather
paradox and its part of what makes time travel so interesting the grandfather paradox deals with
time travel on a significant scale but why don’t we start with something a little smaller let’s say you
are wearing identical watches and we synchronise them right before I blast off into space in the
space shuttle I’m travelling at roughly 28,000 kilometres per our relatives if I make a few orbits
around the earth before I return when we compare watches will see that less time has passed for me
a very very tiny amount of time but it’s there nonetheless this is called time dilation and it simply
means that according to Einstein theory of relativity time measured along different trajectories is
affected by differences in either gravity or velocity each of which affects time different ways one
example of time dilation is when we compare the passage of time on the ISS versus on earth after
spending 6 months on the space station astronauts of aged approximately 0.005 seconds less than
those of us here on earth of course this is a very insignificant amount of time but it would be much
more apparent if the astronauts were able to travel closer to the speed of light interestingly the
effects of time dilation are fairly minor even up to around 70% the speed of light however once we
reach 75% or so the effects become dramatic now bear with me here because this is where things
get a bit weird possibly the strangers aspect of special relativity is the distance is shrink in the
direction of motion when we think of travelling to a 0.10 light years away at 90% of lightspeed you
expected to take 11 years right that’s not exactly the case to a stationary observer it would indeed
seem to take your vessel 11 years but to the people inside the vessel not only time but distance with
dialling and you would reach that point in only 4.4 years want to play with time dilation yourself I’ve
added a link down below time dilation calculator okay that’s all really fascinating but is it really time
travel perhaps not in the sense that we usually think of it but according to the nature of space time it
is if you want to return home from 90% lightspeed trip you would be almost 9 years older but
everyone back on earth would have age 22 years so in essence you travelled 13 years into the future
relative to your time and space let’s look at another example in the film interstellar Cooper and his
team land on a large watery planet on which gravity is 30% stronger than on earth this planet is
situated very close to a super massive black hole called gargantuan which it orbits 855% the speed of
light mass is equal to that of 100 million Suns and spins at 99.8% the speed of light the combination
of all these factors have the effect of slowing down time relative to the astronaut left aboard the
ship by a staggering 61,000 times that means that one hour on the planet is equal to 7 years aboard
the ship when the team makes it back to the vessel after a little over 3 of their hours their friend at
age by 23 years the craziest part is that this isn’t just science fiction those calculations all checkout
that’s exactly how it would happen in real life so in essence the crew had travelled 23 years into the
future now so far we’ve only explored travelling into the future is it possible to travel backwards in
time according to some theories specific types of motion in space might allow time travel into the
past and future if these geometry and motion are possible however that’s a big if it would require
something called a closed time like curve or CTC for short a CTC is a closed loop in spacetime which
could theoretically allow an object return to its own past the science behind time travel to the past is
incredibly complex and speculative and many scientists suspect that is not possible at all because of
the issue of causality that brings us back to the grandfather paradox if in fact these scientists are
correct in assuming travelling to the past would cause a paradox then we have our answer time
travel to the past is impossible If however the Novikov self consistency principle is correct then
there’s still a chance the Novikov principle states that if an event exists that would cause a paradox
or any change to the past whatsoever then the probability of that event is zero it would be
impossible to create time paradoxes unfortunately for any would be time travellers the nova com
principal is not widely accepted another possibility would be the existence of wormholes which are
technically permitted by general relativity in order to travel through time using a wormhole it would
have to be what is known as a transversal wormhole brace yourself for more strange spacetime
shenanigans here in order to be able to travel through time using a transversal wormhole its
creation would have to be in one of 2 ways option one end of the wormhole would have to be
accelerated to a significant portion of the speed of light then brought back to the origin point time
dilation would result in the accelerated normal entrance aging less than the stationary one as seen
by an external observer option 2 requires one end of the wormhole to be placed within the
gravitational field of an object with higher gravity than the other entrance and then return true
position near the other entrance this is a difficult concept to grasp so think of it this way imagine you
and I synchronise door watches to both display the year 2000 I had my shipment accelerate one
entrance to the wormhole to near lightspeed then bring it back my watch now reached 2004 and
yours reach 2012 if someone were then to enter the accelerated entrance they’d now exit the
stationary entrance in the year 2004 the same location but 8 years in their past it’s incredibly
complicated stuff but an easier way to look at it is by picture in a piece of paper this paper
represents spacetime a wormhole is an area of warped spacetime without entrance and exit which
you can imagine as the paper being folded back on itself with the whole book through it essentially
you’re simply skipping all the time and distance between the 2 points the problem with transversal
wormholes is that you can’t possibly travel back further than the initial creation of the wormhole so
really it’s more of a path through time rather than a device that propels itself back and forth through
the years it will it could be useful for people in the distance future wanting to come observe our time
but if we created such a portal today we couldn’t use it to go visit the dinosaurs one final method
that could potentially allow an individual to more or less travel through time is cryopreservation the
branch of science concerned specifically with preserving humans it’s called cryonics and the practice
has been around since the late 1960s cryonics is on the speculative edge of medicine as its
proponents suggest the death is not a singular event but a process it would have to be for the
practice to be successful because it’s currently illegal for a human to be frozen before they die one
person has opted to be cryopreserved their bodies prepared minutes after official death the theory
is that by reducing the patients body temperature to around -130 degrees Celsius enough brain
information will be retained in an accessible state for doctors in scientist of the far future to revive
the patient temperatures that low inevitably cause significant damage to the human body regardless
of prior preservation safeguards so the doctors of today are relying on the development of future
technology that will allow the brain to be repaired at the molecular level and restore the functioning
condition if someday technology has advanced far enough to revive prior preserved humans they
will have essentially time travel to the future , it’s not quite as it shows like Futurama make it seem
but it is theoretically possible and that’s time travel in a nutshell you really can’t move forward
through time by travelling admin speeds or through cryopreservation but travel to the past is likely
impossible of course the science of quantum physics and time travel is incredibly fast and will be on
the grass but most normal people so we maybe missing just one crucial element to understanding
exactly how space time works but who knows maybe someone from the for future will show up in
hour time and give us the key to unlocking the mystery or would that cause

PARALLEL WORLD
Mechanics is great if you know the state of a system say the position and velocity of a particle then
you can use an equation Newton’s second law to calculate what that particle will do in the future. In
quantum mechanics if you know the quantum state of a particle that is it’s wave function you can
use the schrodinger equation to calculate what that particle will do in the future usually it spreads
out overtime as it is doing here note to make this animation we really solved the schrodinger
equation so there’s a beautiful symmetry here if you know the initial state you can use an equation
to evolve that state smoothly and continuously into the future the problem is in quantum mechanics
we never actually observe the wave function like this instead when we measure it we find the
particle at a single point in space so how are we to reconcile these spread out wave function
evolving smoothly under the schrodinger equation with this point like particle detection now I think
it’s understandable that when the founders of quantum theory approach this problem they
considered the measurement more real than the wave function after all the measurement with
something we had actually observed and it matches our experience of a world of matter particles it
was harder to say what the wave function was exactly schrodinger formulated his wave equation
because scientists notably to peroli suspected that matter has wavelike properties but it took a 3 rd
physicist Max born to propose how we should interpret the wave function someone negative energy
some for some energy the wave function each point in space the wave function has a complex
amplitude essentially just a real number plus an imaginary number Max born suggested if you take
that amplitude and square it you get the probability of finding the particle there the fact that you
have to square the amplitude actually appears as a last minute footnote in Barnes paper but that is
how probability was introduced into the core of our picture of reality that’s a pretty big philosophical
leap I mean no longer is the universe deterministic this made a lot of scientists especially Einstein
uncomfortable but the born rule as it is now called remains at the heart of quantum mechanics
because it is spectacularly successful at predicting the outcomes of experiments so the way quantum
mechanics came to be understood and the way I learned it is that there are 2 sets of rules when
you’re not looking the wave function simply evolves according to the schrodinger equation but when
you’re looking when you make a measurement the wave function collapses suddenly and irreversibly
and the probability of measuring any particular outcome is given by the amplitude of the wave
function associated with that outcome squared now schrodinger himself hated this formulation
which is actually why he invented the famous schrodinger’s cat thought experiment put a cat in a
box with a radioactive atom add a radiation detector that triggers the release of poisonous cyanide
gas now although it was only meant as a thought experiment schrodinger helpfully notes this device
must be secured against direct interference by the cat anyway the whole point of the experiment is
to magnify the state of the atom up to the state of something macroscopic intangible he could have
picked anything it didn't have to be alive but schrodinger selected a cat if the atom decays the
detector detects radiation releases the poison and the cat dies if the atom doesn’t derive the
detector doesn’t detect radiation poison is not released and I can’t remains alive since the state of
the cat and detector apparatus are directly tide to the state of the atom we say they are entangled
where things get weird is that according to quantum mechanics the state of the atom does not have
to be either decayed or not decayed generally its in a superposition of both Decatur not decayed at
the same time assuming no measurements have been made this superposition state of the atom
gets entangled with the detector and then the cat so after sometime the wave function of
everything inside the box is in a superposition of the atom has not decayed poisoned not released
cat alive state and the atom has decayed poison released cat dead state so according to quantum
mechanics the cat really is both alive and dead at the same time only when we open the box and
make a measurement does the wave function collapse and the cat actually becomes either dead or
alive these days schrodinger’s cat is often used as a way to show how weird quantum mechanics is
but that wasn’t schrodinger’s point he wanted to show that quantum mechanics as formulated was
wrong so taking up schrodinger’s argument in this video I want to show that there is a better way to
think about schrodinger’s cat in fact a better way to think about quantum mechanics entirely that I’d
argue is more logical and consistent to get there we have to examine the 3 essential components of
schrodinger’s cat superposition entanglement and measurement to see if any of them is flawed
superposition is the idea that quantum objects can be in 2 different states at the same time this
seems like a crazy idea and something we’ve never observed but we do indirectly with the double
slit experiment fire individual electrons through 2 slits at a screen and the pattern UCE not just the
sum of electrons going separately through one slit and the other slit it is an interference pattern we
are forced to conclude that a single electron somehow goes through one slit and the other slit
simultaneously this is superposition of course it’s easy to understand superposition with waves they
are spread out in space and its clear how the peak of a wave from one slit cancels with the through
of the way from another slit to produce the interference pattern and luckily we know that when
were not looking electrons are represented by a wave the wave function the double slit experiment
then is concrete evidence that this wave enables individual electrons pass through both slits at the
same time so superposition is on solid ground the next concept is entanglement consider 2 electrons
fired toward each other with equal and opposite velocities we know they will scatter off each other
but we don’t know exactly how their trajectories are given by spread out wave functions that only
give us probabilities but as soon as we measure the momentum of one of the electrons we
immediately know the momentum of the other one it must be equal and opposite otherwise
conservation of momentum would be violated now this may seem obvious but consider that before
the measurement the momentum of each electron was in a superposition states measuring one
instantaneously collapse the wave function of the other and this would be true even if there’s
electrons were light years apart these electrons are entangled what’s really going on here is that
after interacting electrons do not have separate wave functions at all they are described by he single
wave function and this is what it means to be entangled this explains why measuring one
immediately affects the state of the other one because the single wave function has collapsed in fact
if we were being rigorous we have to say that there is only one wave function the wave function of
the entire universe which includes absolutely everything but in the case of isolated unentangled
individual wave functions and then once they interact with something else entanglement is the
result So what we’ve seen is superposition is really the same thing as describing systems with waves
and entanglement means that after particles interact they are described by a single wave function
these are fundamental parts of quantum theory describing systems with wave functions that
evolved according to the schrodinger equation which leaves only measurement remember the
measurement postulate was added as a second set of rules to connect the mathematics of quantum
mechanics to what we actually observe does it seem weird that there should be one rule for house
systems involved were not looking any different rule for when we are when you boil it down
measurement is just the interaction of one quantum system electrons and photons with another
quantum system and we know exactly how to deal with that we simply evolve their wave functions
according to the schrodinger equation So what if we throw out all the rules associated with
measurement within India shooting is cat thought experiment the radioactive atom in a
superposition of decade and not decayed gets entangled with the detector and in turn the cat then
remember we are also made of electrons in atoms which obey the laws of quantum mechanics so
we are quantum mechanical 2 so when we open the box there is no measurement no wave function
collapse we simply get entangled with the state of everything inside the box so we see the cat alive
and we see the cat dead how is that possible I’m guessing you’ve never seen both in alive and dead
cat before but the solution is it’s because they you that’s all the cat alive and you that site dead
actually inhabit separate worlds by that I mean they exist in their own complete realities and those
realities will never interact but where did these separate worlds come from something I haven’t
mentioned yet are all the particles of the environment the air molecules photons everything that we
are not keeping track of if a quantum object in a superposition gets entangled with the environment
it is said to undergo environmental decoherence this branches the wave function of the universe
essentially splitting the universe into 2 slightly different copies so a more realistic account of
schrodinger’s cat goes like this the radioactive atom evolves from 100% not decayed into a quantum
superposition of decade and not decayed the detector becomes entangled with this superposition
state of the atom but the detector is being bombarded by all these air molecules and photons in the
box which would bounce of differently if it is detected radiation then if it hasn’t so almost
immediately the detector becomes entangled with the state of the environment the coheres
branching the wave function in 2 at that moment you are split into 2 identical copies one entangled
with each outcome of the experiment you continue to be identical until you open the box but in this
case the cat actually is alive or dead you are just finding out by opening the box what we are
unaware of is that the other outcome also happened just someone who is not you anymore I mean
both observers came from you but they are no longer you and they are no longer identical to each
other this interpretation of quantum mechanics is called many worlds and it was formulated bihu
Evert and if it’s true the branching of the wave function is happening all the time so frequently in
fact that the rate may well be infinite creating infinite suddenly different worlds all the time a sound
implausible to put it mildly but consider that all those worlds are naturally part of the mathematics
of quantum mechanics many worlds just takes them seriously to get rid of them require something
like the collapse of the wave function and the point is our experience of reality would be the same in
the many worlds picture as it is if the wave function collapses but the formalism it’s so much cleaner
and more elegant all we have our wave functions that evolve under the schrodinger equation the
implication is that the founders of quantum theory may have got it exactly backwards the wave
function is the complete picture of reality and r measurement is just a tiny fraction of it the part we
become entangled with show me interact with a quantum object in a superposition the universe also
goes back to being deterministic every outcome happens 100% of the time it only doesn’t look that
way to us because we only experience are tiny sliver of the multiverse now I imagine that one if you
have questions and possibly objections to this .

WORM WHOLES
Hole in it would appear round black hole right from the other side passes through and gives you a
window to a far away place once crossed the other side comes for the interview with your old home
now receding Internet sharing spherical window but are wormholes real or are they just magic
disguised as physics and maths if they are real how do they work and where can we find them for
most of human history we thought space was pretty simple a big flat stage where the events of the
universe unfolds even if you take down the sense of planets and stars they are still something left
that empty stages space and this exist unchanging and eternal Einstein’s theory of relativity change
that it says that space and time make up that stage together and they aren’t the same everywhere
the things on the stage can affect the stage itself stretching and warping it take like a man moving
hardwood Einstein stage is more like a waterbed this kind of elastic space can be bent and maybe
even tone and patch together with curd make wormholes possible let’s see what that would look
like in 2 days now universe is like a big flat sheet Benton just the right way wormholes could connect
to very distant spots with a short bridge that you could cross almost instantaneously enabling you to
travel the universe even faster than the speed of light so where can we find the wormhole presently
Bonnie on paper general relativity says they might be possible but that doesn’t mean they have to
exist general relativity is a mathematical theory it’s a set of equations that have many possible
answers but not all maths describes reality but they are theoretically possible and there are different
kinds the first coming of wormholes to be their eyes were Einstein Rosen bridge its way describe
every black hole as a sort of portal to an infinite parallel universe let’s try to pick them in 2D again
empty space time is flat book curve by objects on it if we compress stop Jack’s spacetime gets more
curved around it eventually spacetime becomes so worked but it has no choice but to collapse into a
black hole a one way barrier forms the event horizon which anything can enter but nothing could
escape trapped forever at the singularity at its call but maybe there is no singularity here one
possibility is that the other side of the event horizon looks a bit like how universe again but mirrored
upside down what time that runs banquet in our universe things fall into the black hole in the
parallel universe with back which time the mirror black hole is spewing things out a bit like a big bag
this is called a white hole unfortunately Einstein Rosen bridge is cant actually be crossed it takes an
infinite amount of time crossover to the opposite universe and they create charts in the middle if
you go into a black hole you won’t become the stuff coming out of the white hole you lonely become
dead so travel the cosmos in the blink of an eye humans need a different kind of wormhole a
traversable wormhole if string very old one of its variations is the correct description of our universe
then we could be lucky and our universe might even have a tangled web of countless wormholes
already shortly after The Big Bang quantum fluctuations in the universe at the smallest scales for far
smaller than atom they have created many traversable wormholes threaded through them are
strings called cosmic strings in the first billionth of a trillionth of a second after The Big Bang the ends
of these tiny wormholes Vipul like cheers apart scattering them through the universe if wormholes
were made in the early universe weather with cosmic strings or some other way they could be all
over just waiting to be discovered one might even be closed only relies from the outside black holes
and wormholes could look very similar leading some physicists to suggest the Super massive black
holes in the centre of galaxies are actually wormholes it will be very hard to go all the way to the
centre of the Milky Way to find out though but that’s okay there might be any query extremely hard
way to get our hands on wormhole we can try to make one reversible and useful there are a few
properties we want to wormhole to have first it must obviously connect to distant parts of
spacetime like your bedroom and bathroom or Earth and Jupiter it should not contain any event
horizon which would block 2 way travel 3rd it should be sufficiently sized so that the gravitational
forces don’t kill human travellers the biggest problem we have to solve is keeping our wormholes
open no matter how we make wormholes gravity tries to close the gravity wants to bench it closed
and cut the bridge leaving only black holes at the ends whether it’s a traversable wormhole with
both ends hours or a wormhole to another universe it will try to close unless we have something
propagate open for very old string theory wormholes that’s the cosmic strings job for man made
wormholes we need a new ingredient exotic matter this isn’t anything like we find on earth or even
antimatter it’s something totally new and different and exciting with crazy properties like nothing
that’s ever been seen before exotic matter is stuff that has a negative match positive match like
people at the planets and everything else in the universe is attractive because of gravity but negative
mass would be repulsive it would push you away this makes a kind of anti gravity the props open our
world holes and exotic matter must exert enormous pressure to push FaceTime open greater even
the pressure percentage of new drugs towns with exotic matter we could weave spacetime however
we see fit we may even have a candidate for this exotic matter the vacuum of space itself quantum
fluctuations in empty space on constantly creating pairs of particles and antiparticles only for them
to be at 9:00 a did an instant later the vacuum of space is boiling with him and we can already
manipulate them to produce an effect similar to the negative mass were looking for we could use
this to stabilizer bob holes once we are keeping it open the ends would start together so we have to
move them around 2 interesting places we could stop by wiring the solar system leaving one end of
each wormhole in orbit around the earth we could fling others into deep space the earth could be a
wormhole hub for a fast interstellar human civilization spread over light shares but only a wormhole
the way however wormholes have a dark side even opening a single wormhole kind of breaks the
universe in fundamental ways potentially creating time travel paradoxes and violating the causal
structure of the universe many scientists think that there’s not only means they should be
impossible to make but it’s impossible for them to exist at all so for now we only know that
wormholes exist in our heart and on paper in the form of equation.

DARK ENERGY
Matter as we know it atoms stars and galaxies planets and trees rocks and ask
this matter accounts for less than place percent of the known universe about 25%
is dark matter and 70% dark energy both of which are invisible this is kind of
strange because it suggests that everything we experience is really only a tiny
fraction of rihanna see but it gets plus we really have no clue what dark matter
and energy are or how they work we are pretty sure they exist though So what do
we know is the stuff that makes it possible for galaxies to exist when we
calculated why the universe is structured the way it is it quickly became clear that
there’s just not enough no more matter the gravity of the visible matter is not
strong and after form galaxies and complex structures stars would more likely be
scattered all over the place and not form galaxies so we know there is something
else inside and around them something that doesn’t admit or reflects light
something dark but besides being able to calculate the existence the dark matter
we can see it kind of places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light
passing nearby so we know there’s something there that interacts with gravity
right now we have more ideas about what dark energy is not then what it is we
know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars because it
would admit particles we could detect dark matter is not antimatter because
antimatter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter dark
matter is also not made up of black holes very compact objects that violently
affect their surroundings world dark matter seems to be scattered pulugurtha
place basically we only No 3 things for sure one something is out there too it
interacts with gravity 3 there is a lot of it dark matter is probably made up of a
complicated exotic particle that doesn’t interact with light and matter in a way
we expect but right now we just don’t know dark energy is even more strange
and mysterious we can’t detect it we can’t measure it and we can’t taste it but
we do see its effects very clearly in 1929 Edwin Hubble examine have a
wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies shifts towards the red end of the
electromagnetic spectrum as it travels through space he found that fainter more
distant galaxies showed a large degree of redshift closer galaxies not so much
Hubble determined that this was because the universe itself is expanding the red
shift occurs because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe
expands more recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is
accelerating before that it was thought that the pull of gravity would cause the
expansion to either slow down or even retract and collapse in all itself at some
point space doesn’t change its properties as it expands there’s just more of it you
space is constantly created everywhere galaxies are tight bound clusters of stuff
held together by gravity so we don’t experience this expansion in our daily lives
but we see it everywhere around us wherever there is empty space in the universe
or its forming every second so dark energy seems to be some kind of energy
 intrinsic to empty space energy that is stronger than anything else we know and
that keeps getting stronger as time passes by empty space has more energy than
everything else in the universe combined we have multiple ideas about what dark
energy might be one idea is the dark energy is not a thing but just property of
space empty space is not nothing it has its own energy it can generate more
space and is quite active so as the universe expands it could be that just more and
more space appears to fill the gaps and this leads to a faster expanding universe
this idea is close to an idea that Einstein had back in 1917 of a concept of a
cosmological constant a force that counter rented the force of gravity the only
problem is that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy the result
was so wrong with that it only added to the confusion another idea is that empty
space is actually full of temporary virtual particles book spontaneously and
continually for from nothing and then disappearance are nothing again the
energy from those particles could be dark energy or may be dark energy is an
unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field which permeates the entire
universe but somehow has the opposite effect call universe the normal energy
and matter but if it exists we don’t know how and where or how we could detect
it so there are still a lot of questions to answer our theories about dark matter
and dark energy are still just that series on the one hand this is kind of frustrating
on the other hand this is frontier science making it very exciting it shows that no
matter how much we feel we’re on top of things we’re still very much apps with
smart phones on a tiny French island in space looking this is still very much apps
with smartphones on a tiny fragile island in space looking into the sky wondering
how our universe works there is so much left to learn and that is awesome.

CONCLUSION
There are so many things that exists in our or other universe that we do not understand yet and
might be we will never understand them and that is the most interesting part about Quantum
Physics. We will learn new things every time we turn a page of a topic. There is an endless amount of
information that is present in the recent times and needs to be grabbed by people passionate about
space and science.