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We shall guide who strive in our cause to the path leading to us. Surely ALLAH is with those who do well.
(AL-ANKABUT).

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DEDICATION
To our beloved parents who taught us counting but we cannot count their love, and beloved Pakistan which is not a man-made country but Godmade country

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PREFACE States used to fight each other, now in 21st century; states are working together like never before. Nations are working together for: Money Security/ safety Common culture States work together across nation and supersede state boundaries, forming supernationalist organizations. All supernationalist organizations have a mission and they feel as though they can accomplish better as a group of states rather than being alone. Now States will continue to attack one another but these supernationalist organizations will also continue working on the other hand. The western powers came out after WW-II and started international organizations. UN was established after WW-II for the purpose to provide a place for countries to talk about conflicts before they turn into war. A lot of people in world think that UN is worthless but many think it will promote peace in our world. Many countries started joining IOs. By joining these organizations, countries must follow the rules of these organizations. Most of the international organizations are based on economics and working for the human rights. I hope that this project is relatively free of errors and will appreciate if errors are brought to attention.

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cknowledgement

Praise to Allah, most gracious, most merciful, profound thanks are due to Almighty Allah who bestowed me the courage and determination to compute this work. Prayers and blessing on our holy prophet Muhammad (Sal Lallaho Elahe Wa Aalehee Wassalam), who is the motive of creation of whole universe, who made great sacrifices to keep us on right path. No words can express and no deeds can return love to the parents who are the symbol of strength, confidence and guidance. Their prayers and affections are a source of inspiration and encouragement in every walk of my life. It is my privilege and honor to express my deep gratitude to my dignified and honorable teacher Prof. Farah Naz Naqvi for her invaluable advices and helpful attitude throughout our project. I would like to pay my special thanks to my sisters and brothers who always gave me strength and share their happiness with me at every step of my life. This acknowledgement is incomplete without expressing my deep appreciation for the co-operative behavior of my sweet, beloved, nice brother, Aarfeen Siddiqui. Hassnain Siddiqui

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION................................................................... HISTORY............................................................................. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS......................................... TYPES AND PURPOSE.......................................................... UNITED NATIONS................................................................. WORLD BANK...................................................................... SAARC................................................................................ WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION............................................. GROUP OF EIGHT................................................................. NATO................................................................................. STRENGTHS........................................................................

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WEAKNESSES......................................................................

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Introduction and History States used to fight each other, now in 21st century; states are working together like never before. Nations are working together for: Money Security/ safety Common culture

States work together across nation and supersede state boundaries, forming supernationalist organizations. All supernationalist organizations have a mission and they feel as though they can accomplish better as a group of states rather than being alone. Now States will continue to attack one another but these supernationalist organizations will also continue working on the other hand. HISTORY While treaties, alliances, and multilateral conferences had existed for centuries, IGOs only began to be established in the 19th century. Among the first were the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, initiated in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, and the futureInternational Telegraph Union, which was founded by the signing of the International Telegraph Convention by 20 countries in May 1865. Of notable significance was the emergence of the League of Nations following World War One, designed as an institution to foster collective security in order to sustain peace. League of Nation was not successful. U.S didnt join League of Nations. The western powers came out after WW-II and started international organizations. UN was established after WW-II for the purpose to provide a place for countries to talk about conflicts before they turn into war. A lot of people in world think that UN is worthless but many think it will promote peace in our world. Many countries started joining IOs. By joining these organizations, countries must follow the rules of these organizations. Most of the international organizations are based on economics and working for the human rights.

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DEFINITION An international organization (or organization) is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types: International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (INGOS) International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) include non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These may be either: International non-profit organizations. Examples include the International

Olympic Committee, World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross and Mdecins Sans Frontires. International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Examples include The Coca-Cola Company, Sony, Nintendo,McDonalds, and Toyota.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (IGOS) Intergovernmental organizations , also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization'. The Yearbook of International Organizations, which aims to identify and list all intergovernmental organizations, defines such bodies as: (a) being based on a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states; (b) including three or more nation states as parties to the agreement; (c) possessing a permanent secretariat performing ongoing tasks.

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These are organizations are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union, European Patent Organization and World Trade Organization (WTO). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.

Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of public international law. IGOs are established by treaty that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as the G8 or the Quartet. Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as task groups. Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, or the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before the establishment of the World Trade Organization) do not establish an organization and instead rely purely on the parties for their administration becoming legally recognized as an ad hoc commission. Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have be granted international legal personality. TYPES AND PURPOSES Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or charter. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests in a unified ims are to preserve peace through conflict resolution and better international relations, promote international cooperation on matters such as environmental protection, to promote human rights, to promote social development (education, health care), to render humanitarian aid, and to economic development. Some are more general in scope (the United Nations) while others

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may have subject-specific missions (such as Interpol or the International Organization for Standardization and other standards organizations). Common types include:

Worldwide or global organizations

Generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met. This category includes the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the Universal Postal Union, Interpol, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Customs Organization (WCO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Regional organizations

Open to members from a particular region(-s) or continent(-s) of the world. This category includes the Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU), NATO, OSCE, African Union (AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Arab League, and Union of South American Nations.

Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations

Open to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Latin Union, or Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

Economic organizations

Based on economic organization, some are dedicated to free trade, the reduction of trade barriers (the World Trade Organization) and International Monetary Fund. Others are focused on international development. International cartels, such as the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), also exist. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development was founded as an economics-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the Bank of the South.

Educational organizations

Educational organizations are centered on tertiary level study. Academy of European Law offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (Euclid University) chartered as a university and umbrella

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organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries and United Nations University efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are the concern of the United Nations, its Peoples and Member States. Some organizations, such as NATO, have collective security or mutual defense

provisions. The Union of International Associations publishes an annual directory of organizations and provides ancillary information on most international organizations, both intergovernmental and non-governmental. Examples of IGOs The United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development,social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions. There are currently 193 member states, including every internationally recognized sovereign state in the world but the Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). 11

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Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. MISSION OF UN 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends Membership: 193 Member States. Membership is "...open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations."

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Pakistan and United Nations Pakistan officially came to join the United Nations (UN) on September 30, 1947 just over a month after its independence. Today, it is a charter member and participates in all of the UN's specialised agencies. Pakistan has been elected a number of times into the UN Security Council. It is also one of the countries which have had a diplomat, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, serve a term as the President of the United Nations General Assembly. Peacekeeping The Pakistani military has made major contributions to peacekeeping missions in different parts of the world, the most prominent of which include Somalia, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia. As of present, Pakistan stands as the largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions in the world, and is followed by Bangladesh and India. Current deployment
Start of operation 1999 Name of Operation United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUB United Nations Operation in Cte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Staff/Observers Location Democratic Republic of Congo Conflict Second Congo War Contribution 3556 Troops

2003

Liberia

2004

Burundi

Second Liberian Civil War Burundi Civil War Civil war in Cte d'Ivoire Second Sudanese Civil War

2741 Troops

1185 Troops

2004

Cte d'Ivoire

1145 Troops

2005

Sudan

1542 Troops

191 Observers

The total amount of troops serving currently in peacekeeping missions is 10,173 (as of March, 2010).

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WORLD BANK The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes. The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty. By law, all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment. World Bank Mission Statement:

"To fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results. To help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors.

Membership: 186 Members made up of government-owned organizations. The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the World Bank comprises only two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), whereas the latter incorporates these two in addition to three more: International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID). HISTORY From its conception until 1967 the bank undertook a relatively low level of lending.

Bank staff attempted to balance the priorities of providing loans for reconstruction and development with the need to instill confidence in the bank. From 1968 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the

developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors. Lending to service third world debt marked the period of 19801989. Structural

adjustment policies aimed at streamlining the economies of developing nations were also

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a large part of World Bank policy during this period. UNICEF reported in the late 1980's that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank were responsible for the "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in Asia, Latin America, and Africa" From 1989, World Bank policy changed in response to criticism from many groups.

Environmental groups and NGOs were incorporated in the lending of the bank in order to mitigate the effects of the past that prompted such harsh criticism. VOTING PWOER In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), China (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), Kingdom (3.75%), France(3.75%), and India (2.91%). The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based with objective indicators, and transparent among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model," backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to International Development Association contributions Poverty reduction strategies For the poorest developing countries in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on poverty reduction strategies; by combining a cross-section of local groups with an extensive analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a strategy pertaining uniquely to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank aligns its aid efforts correspondingly. Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank International Development Association (IDA) which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. While wealthier nations sometimes fund their own aid the United

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projects, including those for diseases, and although IDA is the recipient of criticism, Robert B. Zoellick, the president of the World Bank, said that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on". Clean Technology Fund Management The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), focused on makingrenewable energy cost-competitive with coalfired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December, 2009, because of the Bank's continued investment in coalfired power plants. Clean Air Initiative Clean Air Initiative (CAI) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences. It includes electric vehicles. WORLD BANK IN PAKISTAN 1. Supporting reforms at both the federal and provincial level. The Federal and Provincial Governments have been implementing various reform programs aimed at encouraging growth, investment, and employment generation. Reforms at the provincial level are specifically aimed at improving delivery of social services like education, health, clean drinking water, and sanitation. In June 2007, the World Bank approved a US$350 million credit to support ongoing implementation of the Government's Poverty Reduction Strategy. At the provincial level, the Bank approved operations worth US$430 million for Punjab, Sindh and the North West Frontier Province to help improve irrigation, education and human development indicators through improvements in public finance, governance and financial regulatory frameworks. These interventions have been successful in bringing about concrete changes in delivery of provincial services and thus are social and economic indicators in these provinces.

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2. Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund The World Bank funded Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project (PPAF) is designed to reduce poverty and empower the rural and urban poor in Pakistan through the provision of resources and services to the poor, especially women. This is being achieved through an integrated approach that includes building institutions of the poor and then providing them with micro-credit loans; grants for small scale infrastructure projects; training and skill development and social sector interventions. The program is impacting over 10 million people and has mobilized over 66,000 community organizations in 27,000 localities across 111 districts in the country. More than 13,000 small scale village-based projects have been identified, constructed and maintained by communities right across the country benefiting nearly 6 million people. PPAF has issued 1.5 million micro-credit loans, (average loan-size US$ 150), benefiting nearly 9 million people. Over the last 7 years PPAF has driven the microfinance sector growth from 60,000 borrowers to more than 1.25 million active borrowers in the sector. 3. Victims of the Earthquake The October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan destroyed or damaged around 575,000 rural houses, leaving more than 73,000 dead, and rendering over 3 million people without shelter in North West Frontier Province (KPK) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). In response, the government created the Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA) and launched an ambitious US$1.5 billion owner-driven rebuilding program - largely suited to the mainly rural affected population. Under ERRAs Rural Housing and Reconstruction Program (RHRP), partially funded by the World Bank, homeowners are given around US$3,000 in installments to build quake-resistant homes - with routine visits by inspection teams to ensure compliance to agreed seismic-resistant standards. Owner driven reconstruction and rehabilitation of an estimated 463,000 houses have begun and is at various stages of completion. The RHRP has disbursed over $1.1 billion to program beneficiaries or 75 percent of the overall $1.5 billion estimated cost.

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4. Improve education outcomes The World Bank is providing assistance to the Government of Pakistan in education reforms, at both the national and the provincial level. This support is provided through development policy operations with a strong focus on primary and secondary education. These programs target increasing participation of girls and children from poorer household through interventions such as student stipends and conditional grant systems and by working in partnership with the private sector to provide access to low cost quality education. Our work has a strong focus on improving the quality of education through initiatives such as the National Education Assessment System (NEAS), which measures student achievement and uses the findings to address gaps in student learning. NEAS has established, piloted and improved assessment mechanisms and instruments, which are now being regularly administered. Already, three rounds of assessments have been completed in the four key subjects in Grade IV (Mathematics, Language, Science and Social Studies), and two subjects in Grade VIII (Math, Language), while a fourth round will be undertaken this year, providing baselines of student achievement in all four subjects. The World Bank is also assisting the government in improving the quality and relevance of its higher education and technical and vocational training system. 5. Joining with international partners to help Pakistan fight polio As part of our efforts to help eradicate polio globally, we approved two projects US$42.71 million in 2003 and US $ 74.27 million in 2006 for Pakistan to purchase the oral polio vaccine. The money is part of an innovative financing partnership (IDA Buy-down) between the World Bank, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Rotary International, and the United Nations Foundation. These organizations have formed the Investment Partnership for Polio, an initiative to help eradicate polio worldwide. The loan to Pakistan will help the countrys Polio Eradication Initiative which aims to make Pakistan a Polio free country. Since 1997 the number of polio cases has decreased from 1147 to 31 in 2007. The first project has been

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successfully completed. Based on an independent third party assessment, the first credit (US$ 42 million) has been converted into a grant and written off for the Government of Pakistan. 6. Focusing on un-served and underserved low-income communities In KPK and AJK, Bank projects are supporting delivery of cost effective and sustainable community development schemes, and basic infrastructure and services, using participatory community-based approaches. To achieve this, the role and capabilities of local governments at the district and lower levels have been strengthened to extend technical, financial, and management support to Community-Based Organizations (CBOs). CBO are being mobilized and their capacity is being enhanced to increase their participation in development activities. Governance, transparency, and accountability are being more effective through improvements in operational, monitoring and evaluation, and financial and budgetary procedures for project implementation. In AJK, the project has already reached a population of 893,000 against the original target of 830,000, through 320 CBOs. Out of the 54 Tehsil Municipal Authorities (TMA) in KPK, 50 are now participating in the Project. 7. HIV/AIDS. The HIV-AIDS situation is changing rapidly in Pakistan; the latest data indicate a concentrated epidemic among injecting drug users in several cities. The key challenge facing the country is to expand and improve quality of HIV preventive services to vulnerable groups that are most at risk of contracting and transmitting the disease. These include sex workers and injecting drug users. The Bank is supporting the Government efforts to control AIDS through the HIV/AIDS Prevention Project designed to prevent the disease from becoming established in these populations, while at the same time working to protect these groups from stigmatization. A key focus of the project is delivery of HIV preventive services to high risk populations through public-private partnerships. A total of 17 service delivery packages for injecting drug users (IDUs), sex workers, truckers and jail inmates have been contracted out to NGOs by the National and Provincial AIDS Control Programs covering most major cities

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across the country. While the overall epidemiological situation remains dangerous, recent evidence suggests that HIV prevention activities are making a difference in containing the epidemic and changing behaviors particularly among IDUs and to a lesser extent among sex workers. Needles sharing among IDUs have decreased and condom use among sex workers has risen over the last year in cities with service delivery packages. At the same time the data underline the urgency of expanding service delivery packages to cities where HIV is becoming established among IDUs and other high risk groups that currently do not have interventions in place. The World Bank is also organizing a region wide Development Market place in South Asia Region on Tackling HIV AND AIDS Stigma and Discrimination: From Insights to Action in 2008. 8. Improve trade flows In 2005, the Government of Pakistan (GOP) launched major initiatives around the National Trade Corridor Improvement Program (NTCIP) to reduce the cost of trade and transport logistics and bring services' quality to international standards in order to reduce the cost of doing business in Pakistan and ultimately enhance competitiveness and industrialization. NTCIP has evolved into a national program to improve (overall cost and efficiency) all links in the chain (infrastructure and services) that support trade logistics. The NTCIP also aims to meet increased demand through both improved infrastructure and more efficient services, while keeping costs under controland is a medium term program that eventually links to the GOPs Vision 2030. NTCIP's main challenges are: (a) modernize and streamline trade and transport logistics practices and customs; (b) improve port efficiency, reduce the costs for port users and enhance port management accountability; (c) create a commercial and accountable environment in Pakistan Railways and increase private sector participation in operation of rail services; (d) modernize the trucking industry and reduce the cost of externalities for the country; (e) sustain delivery of an efficient, safe and reliable National Highways system; and (f) promote and ensure safe, secure, economical and efficient civil aviation operations and boost air trade. Since the launch of the NTCIP, some early gains of the program are: (i) reduction of port entry charges by 15 percent at Karachi and Port Qasim; (ii) reduction of port dwell times from eleven to five day and reduction of storage times from

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seven to five; (iii) Port Qasim drafted their business plan towards corporatization; (iv) increase in daily freight express trains on the main north-south corridor from 1 to 5 reducing up-country container travel times by 10-20 percent; (v) Track access policy drafted by Railways; (vi) Trucking sector formally notified as 'Industry' and policy implementation in process; (vii) customs automation software rolled out by FBR for one-custom environment at all ports/dry ports; (viii) draft National Transport Policy reviewed for approval by June 2008; and (ix) Civil aviation business plan approved and draft aviation policy in preparation. 9. Knowledge Bank. With operations in more than 180 member countries, we are uniquely positioned to share international best practice and provide world class analytical and research services to our clients. All our research work is publicly available. A revised policy on disclosure of information since 2002 has helped us reaffirm the importance of transparency and accountability in the development process. It is our policy to be open about our activities and to welcome and seek out opportunities to explain our work to the widest possible audience. Our advisory work includes a number of Pakistan specific reports e.g. Pakistans Country Water Resource Assistance Strategy, Pakistan Higher Education Policy Note, Pakistan Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Country Reduction, Growth and Export Competitiveness, Pakistan Strategic Environment Assessment and Provincial

Economic reports. These reports are made public as soon as they are finalized. All our project documents are also available on our Pakistans external website. 10. Local expertise. Around 90 percent of our staff in Islamabad office, plus additional staff in our Washington office are Pakistanis. While a large part of World Banks value is its global experience and expertise, local knowledge is indispensable to effective development. We also work closely with the Pakistan government, civil society and communities in designing our support for the country. Most importantly our overall assistance to the country is specifically designed to

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support its own development goals. We have periodic client satisfaction surveys through which we assess how our services are perceived by a cross section of society including the government, private sector, civil society, academia, and media etc. These polls are carried out globally by reputed international firms.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC) The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organisation ofSouth Asian nations, founded in December 1985 by Ziaur Rahman and dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasising collective self-reliance. Its seven founding members are: Sri Lanka Bhutan, India, Maldives,

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Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh.

Afghanistan joined the organization in 2005. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings of foreign secretaries, twice annually. It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. The 16 stated areas of cooperation are: 1. Agriculture and rural, 2. Biotechnology, 3. Culture, 4. Energy, 5. Environment, 6. Economy and trade, 7. Finance, 8. Funding mechanism, 9. Human resource development, 10. Poverty alleviation, 11. People to people contact, 12. Security aspects, 13. Social development, 14. Science and technology; 15. Communications, 16. Tourism . HISTORY

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The concept of SAARC was first adopted by Bangladesh during 1977, under the administration of President Ziaur Rahman. In the late 1970s, SAARC nations agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc consisting of South Asian countries. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was again mooted in May 1980. The foreign secretaries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981. The Committee of the Whole, which met in Colombo in August 1985, identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of cooperation were added in the following years.[ OBJECTIVES The objectives of the Association as defined in the Charter are:

to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential; to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems; to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interest; and to cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes.

PRINCIPLES The principles are:

Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality and independence of all members states

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Non-interference in the internal matters Cooperation for mutual benefit All decisions to be taken unanimously and need a quorum of all seven members All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only multilateral(involving many countries) issues to be discussed without being prejudiced by bilateral issues

POLITICAL ISSUES SAARC has intentionally laid more stress on "core issues" mentioned above rather than more decisive political issues like the Kashmir dispute and the Sri Lankan civil war. However, political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. SAARC has also refrained itself from interfering in the internal matters of its member states. During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits, extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism. SAARC YOUTH AWARD The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region. The award is notable due to the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region. The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year. The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions, Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief. The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow. The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his/her merits and their decision is final. Previous Winners: 1997: Outstanding Social Service in Community Welfare - Mr. Md. Sukur Salek (Bangladesh) 1998: New Inventions and Discoveries - Dr. Najmul Hasnain Shah (Pakistan)

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2001: Creative Photography: South Asian Diversity - Mr. Mushfiqul Alam (Bangladesh) 2002: Outstanding contribution to protect the Environment - Dr. Masil Khan (Pakistan) 2003: Invention in the Field of Traditional Medicine - Mr. Hassan Sher (Pakistan) 2004: Outstanding contribution to raising awareness for TB and/or HIV/AIDS - Mr. Ajij Prasad Poudyal (Nepal) 2006: Promotion of Tourism in South Asia - Mr. Syed Zafar Abbas Naqvi (Pakistan)

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on, derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (19861994). The organization is currently endeavoring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population. However, the negotiation has been dogged by "disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports. At this time, the future of the Doha Round is uncertain."

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Subject to formal ratification of the three most recent members, the WTO has 157 members, representing more than 97% of the world's population, and 26 observers, most seeking membership. The WTO is governed by a ministerial conference, meeting every two years; a general council, which implements the conference's policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the ministerial conference. The WTO's headquarters is at the Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland. FUNCTIONS Among the various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important:

It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements.

It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.

Additionally, it is the WTO's duty to review and propagate the national trade policies, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, leastdeveloped and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training. The WTO is also a center of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization. Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank. Group of Eight The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the G6 or Group of Six then G7) is a forum, created by France in 1975,[1] for the governments of seven major economies: Canada,France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United

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States. In 1997, the group added Russia, thus becoming the G8. In addition, the European Union is represented within the G8, but cannot host or chair. "G8" can refer to the member states or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term, G6, is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union. G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7/8 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers. Collectively, the G8 nations comprise 53.0% of global nominal GDP and 42.5% of global GDP (PPP). Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 rotates through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Lately, both France and the United Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group to include five developing countries, referred to as the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in previous meetings, which are sometimes calledG8+5. With the G-20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group announced at their Pittsburgh summit on September 25, 2009, that the group will replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations. History The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized democracies emerged following the1973 oil crisis. In 1974, a series of meetings in the library of the White House in Washington, D.C. was known as the "Library Group".[5] This was an informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan and France.[6] In 1975, French President Valry Giscard d'Estaing invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to a summit in Chteau de Rambouillet. The six leaders agreed to an annual meeting organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). The following year, Canada joined the group at the behest of Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and U.S. President Gerald Ford[7] and the group became the Group of Seven (G7). The European

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Union is represented by the President of the European Commission and the leader of the country that holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The President of the European Commission has attended all meetings since it was first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977[8] and the Council Presidentnow also regularly attends. Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton,[9] Russia formally joined the group in 1997, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Mission: "The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty."[5] Membership: "NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries." History While treaties, alliances, and multilateral conferences had existed for centuries, IGOs only began to be established in the 19th century. Among the first were the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, initiated in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, and the futureInternational Telegraph Union, which was founded by the signing of the International Telegraph Convention by 20 countries in May 1865. Of notable significance was the

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emergence of the League of Nations following World War One, designed as an institution to foster collective security in order to sustain peace. Expansion and growth of IGOs There currently are more than 250 IGOs worldwide, and this number continues to rise. This increase may be attributed to globalization, which increases and encourages the cooperation among and within states. Globalization has also provided easier means for IGO growth, as a result of increased international relations. This is seen economically, politically, militarily, as well as on the domestic level. Economically, IGOs gain material and non-material resources for economic prosperity. IGOs also provide more political stability within the state and among differing states. Military alliances are also formed by establishing common standards in order to ensure security of the members to ward off outside threats. Lastly, the formation has encouraged autocratic states to develop into democracies in order to form an effective and internal government.[7] Participation and involvement in IGOs There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected. These reasons are explored in the sections below. Reasons for participation 1) Economic rewards: In the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), many different countries receive economic benefits from membership in the free trade agreement. For example, Mexican companies are given better access to U.S. markets due to their membership. 2) Political influence: Smaller countries, such as Portugal and the Netherlands, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs, such as the European Union. Also for countries with more influence such as France and Germany they are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller countries' internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to preserve allegiance

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3) Security: Membership in an IGO such as NATO gives security benefits to member countries. This provides an arena where political differences can be resolved. 4) Improve democracy and the likelihood of democratic survival: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of democracy and those democracies survive longer. Reasons for rejecting membership 1) Loss of sovereignty: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are signed which require cooperation on the part of all member states. 2) Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefits to warrant membership in the organization. [edit]Strengths and weaknesses of IGOs These are some of the strengths and weaknesses of IGOs: Strengths: 1. They hold state authority. 2. Their institutions are permanent. 3. They provide a forum for discussion. 4. They are issue specific. 5. They provide information. 6. They allow multilateral cooperation. Weaknesses: 1. Membership is limited. Prohibits the membership of private citizens. This makes IGOs undemocratic. In addition, not all IGOs allow universal membership. 2. IGOs often overlap resulting in a complex network. 3. States have to give up part of their sovereignty, which weakens the state's ability to assert its authority.

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4. Inequality among state members creates biases and can lead powerful states to misuse these organizations. They can be deemed unfair as countries with a higher percentage voting power have the right to veto any decision that is not in their favor, leaving the smaller countries powerless.

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