Sustainable

development

Sustainable development is an organizing

principle that aims to meet human
development goals while also enabling
natural systems to provide necessary
natural resources and ecosystem services
to humans.[2] The desired result is a
society where living conditions and
resources meet human needs without
undermining the planetary integrity and
stability of the natural system.[3][4]
Sustainable development tries to find a
balance between economic development,
environmental protection, and social well-
being. The Brundtland Report in 1987
defined sustainable development as
"development that meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs".[5][6] The concept of
sustainable development nowadays has a
focus on economic development, social
development and environmental
protection for future generations.
 Sustainable development requires six central
capacities.[1]

Sustainable development was first

institutionalized with the Rio Process
initiated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro. In 2015 the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA) adopted the
Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to
2030) and explained how the goals are
integrated and indivisible to achieve
sustainable development at the global
level.[7] The UNGA's 17 goals address the
global challenges, including poverty,
inequality, climate change, environmental
degradation, peace, and justice.

Sustainable development is interlinked

with the normative concept of
sustainability. UNESCO formulated a
distinction between the two concepts as
follows: "Sustainability is often thought of
as a long-term goal (i.e. a more
sustainable world), while sustainable
development refers to the many processes
and pathways to achieve it."[8] The concept
of sustainable development has been
criticized in various ways. While some see
it as paradoxical (or as an oxymoron) and
regard development as inherently
unsustainable, others are disappointed in
the lack of progress that has been
achieved so far.[9][10] Part of the problem is
that "development" itself is not
consistently defined.[11]: 16

Definition
In 1987, the United Nations World
Commission on Environment and
Development released the report Our
Common Future, commonly called the
Brundtland Report.[5] The report included a
definition of "sustainable development"
which is now widely used:[5][12]
Sustainable development is a
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their
own needs. It contains two key
concepts within it:

The concept of 'needs', in

particular, the essential needs
of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be
given; and
 The idea of limitations
imposed by the state of
technology and social
organization on the
environment's ability to meet
present and future needs.
— World Commission on
Environment and
Development, Our
Common Future (1987)

Sustainable development thus tries to find

a balance between economic
development, environmental protection,
and social well-being.
Related concepts

Sustainability

Several visual representations of sustainability

and its three dimensions: the left image shows
sustainability as three intersecting circles. In the
top right it is a nested approach. In the bottom
right it is three pillars.[13] The schematic with the
nested ellipses emphasizes a hierarchy of the
dimensions, putting environment as the
foundation for the other two.

Sustainability is a social goal for people to

co-exist on Earth over a long time. Specific
definitions of this term are disputed and
have varied with literature, context, and
time.[14][13] Experts often describe
sustainability as having three dimensions
(or pillars): environmental, economic, and
social,[13] and many publications
emphasize the environmental
dimension.[15][16] In everyday use,
sustainability often focuses on countering
major environmental problems, including
climate change, loss of biodiversity, loss
of ecosystem services, land degradation,
and air and water pollution. The idea of
sustainability can guide decisions at the
global, national, and individual levels (e.g.
sustainable living).[17] A related concept is
sustainable development, and the terms
are often used to mean the same thing.[18]
UNESCO distinguishes the two like this:
"Sustainability is often thought of as a
long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable
world), while sustainable development
refers to the many processes and
pathways to achieve it."[19]

Development of the concept

Sustainable development has its roots in
ideas regarding sustainable forest
management, which were developed in
Europe during the 17th and 18th
centuries.[20][21][22] In response to a
growing awareness of the depletion of
timber resources in England, John Evelyn
argued, in his 1662 essay Sylva, that
"sowing and planting of trees had to be
regarded as a national duty of every
landowner, in order to stop the destructive
over-exploitation of natural resources." In
1713, Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a senior
mining administrator in the service of
Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-
page work on forestry. Building upon the
ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-
Baptiste Colbert, von Carlowitz developed
the concept of managing forests for
sustained yield.[20] His work influenced
others, including Alexander von Humboldt
and Georg Ludwig Hartig, eventually
leading to the development of the science
of forestry. This, in turn, influenced people
like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the
US Forest Service, whose approach to
forest management was driven by the idea
of wise use of resources, and Aldo
Leopold whose land ethic was influential
in the development of the environmental
movement in the 1960s.[20][21]

Following the publication of Rachel

Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the
developing environmental movement drew
attention to the relationship between
economic growth and environmental
degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding, in his
influential 1966 essay The Economics of
the Coming Spaceship Earth, identified the
need for the economic system to fit itself
to the ecological system with its limited
pools of resources.[21] Another milestone
was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that
popularized the term "tragedy of the
commons".[23]

The direct linking of sustainability and

development in a contemporary sense can
be traced to the early 1970s. "Strategy of
Progress", a 1972 book (in German) by
Ernst Basler, explained how the long-
acknowledged sustainability concept of
preserving forests for future wood
production can be directly transferred to
the broader importance of preserving
environmental resources to sustain the
world for future generations.[24] That same
year, the interrelationship of environment
and development was formally
demonstrated in a systems dynamic
simulation model reported in the classic
report on Limits to Growth. It was
commissioned by the Club of Rome and
written by a group of scientists led by
Dennis and Donella Meadows of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Describing the desirable "state of global
equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are
searching for a model output that
represents a world system that is
sustainable without sudden and
uncontrolled collapse and capable of
satisfying the basic material requirements
of all of its people."[25] Also in 1972 was
publication of the influential book, A
Blueprint for Survival.[26][27]

In 1975, an MIT research group prepared

ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its
Implication for the Future" for the US
Congress, the first hearings ever held on
sustainable development.[28]

In 1980, the International Union for

Conservation of Nature published a world
conservation strategy that included one of
the first references to sustainable
development as a global priority[29] and
introduced the term "sustainable
development".[30]: 4 Two years later, the
United Nations World Charter for Nature
raised five principles of conservation by
which human conduct affecting nature is
to be guided and judged.[31]

Since the Brundtland Report, the concept

of sustainable development has developed
beyond the initial intergenerational
framework to focus more on the goal of
"socially inclusive and environmentally
sustainable economic growth".[30]: 5 In
1992, the UN Conference on Environment
and Development published the Earth
Charter, which outlines the building of a
just, sustainable, and peaceful global
society in the 21st century. The action plan
Agenda 21 for sustainable development
identified information, integration, and
participation as key building blocks to help
countries achieve development that
recognizes these interdependent pillars.
Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that
broad public participation in decision-
making is a fundamental prerequisite for
achieving sustainable development.[32]

The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward:

for the first time, the world agreed on a
sustainability agenda. In fact, a global
consensus was facilitated by neglecting
concrete goals and operational details.
The Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) now have concrete targets (unlike
the results from the Rio Process) but no
methods for sanctions.[33][11]: 137

Dimensions
Sustainable development, like
sustainability, is regarded to have three
dimensions: the environment, economy
and society. The idea is that a good
balance between the three dimensions
should be achieved. Instead of calling
them dimensions, other terms commonly
used are pillars, domains, aspects, spheres.
 Sustainability Venn diagram, where
sustainability is thought of as the area
where the three dimensions overlap

Scholars usually distinguish three different

areas of sustainability. These are the
environmental, the social, and the
economic. Several terms are in use for this
concept. Authors may speak of three
pillars, dimensions, components,
aspects,[34] perspectives, factors, or goals.
All mean the same thing in this context.[13]
The three dimensions paradigm has few
theoretical foundations. It emerged
without a single point of origin.[13][35]
Scholars rarely question the distinction
itself. The idea of sustainability with three
dimensions is a dominant interpretation in
the literature.[13]

Countries could develop systems

for monitoring and evaluation
of progress towards achieving
sustainable development by
adopting indicators that
measure changes across
economic, social and
environmental dimensions.
 — United Nations Conference
on Environment &
Development – Earth
Summit (1992), [36]: 8.6

Critique
The concept of sustainable development
has been and still is, subject to criticism,
including the question of what is to be
sustained in sustainable development. It
has been argued that there is no such
thing as sustainable use of a non-
renewable resource, since any positive
rate of exploitation will eventually lead to
the exhaustion of earth's finite stock;[37]: 13
this perspective renders the Industrial
Revolution as a whole
unsustainable.[38]: 20f [39]: 61–67 [40]: 22f

The sustainable development debate is

based on the assumption that societies
need to manage three types of capital
(economic, social, and natural), which may
be non-substitutable and whose
consumption might be irreversible.[41]
Natural capital can not necessarily be
substituted by economic capital.[40] While
it is possible that we can find ways to
replace some natural resources, it is much
less likely that they will ever be able to
replace ecosystem services, such as the
protection provided by the ozone layer, or
the climate stabilizing function of the
Amazonian forest.

The concept of sustainable development

has been criticized from different angles.
While some see it as paradoxical (or an
oxymoron) and regard development as
inherently unsustainable, others are
disappointed in the lack of progress that
has been achieved so far.[9][10] Part of the
problem is that "development" itself is not
consistently defined.[11]: 16 [42] Such a
viewpoint contradicts the mainstream
academic community, which frequently
concedes that the processes of capitalism
are incompatible with the long-term
sustainability of human life.

The vagueness of the Brundtland

definition of sustainable development has
been criticized as follows:[11]: 17 The
definition has "opened up the possibility of
downplaying sustainability. Hence,
governments spread the message that we
can have it all at the same time, i.e.
economic growth, prospering societies
and a healthy environment. No new ethic
is required. This so-called weak version of
sustainability is popular among
governments, and businesses, but
profoundly wrong and not even weak, as
there is no alternative to preserving the
earth's ecological integrity."[43]: 2

Pathways

Requirements

Six interdependent capacities are deemed

to be necessary for the successful pursuit
of sustainable development.[1] These are
the capacities to measure progress
towards sustainable development;
promote equity within and between
generations; adapt to shocks and
surprises; transform the system onto more
sustainable development pathways; link
knowledge with action for sustainability;
and to devise governance arrangements
that allow people to work together.

Environmental characteristics of
sustainable cities

A sustainable city is an urban center that

improves its environmental impact
through urban planning and management.
For the definition of an eco-city, imagine a
city with parks and green spaces, solar-
powered buildings, rooftop gardens, and
more pedestrians and bicycles than cars.
This is not a futuristic dream. Smart cities
are actively moving towards greener urban
ecosystems and better environmental
management.[44]

Deforestation of the Amazon

rainforest. Deforestation and
increased road-building in the
Amazon rainforest are a concern
because of increased human
encroachment upon wilderness areas,
increased resource extraction and
further threats to biodiversity.

Environmental sustainability concerns the

natural environment and how it endures
and remains diverse and productive. Since
natural resources are derived from the
environment, the state of air, water, and
climate is of particular concern.
Environmental sustainability requires
society to design activities to meet human
needs while preserving the life support
systems of the planet. This, for example,
entails using water sustainably, using
renewable energy and sustainable material
supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from
forests at a rate that maintains the
biomass and biodiversity).[45]

An unsustainable situation occurs when

natural capital (the total of nature's
resources) is used up faster than it can be
replenished.[46]: 58 Sustainability requires
that human activity only uses nature's
resources at a rate at which they can be
replenished naturally. The concept of
sustainable development is intertwined
with the concept of carrying capacity.
Theoretically, the long-term result of
environmental degradation is the inability
to sustain human life.[46]

Important operational principles of

sustainable development were published
by Herman Daly in 1990: renewable
resources should provide a sustainable
yield (the rate of harvest should not
exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-
renewable resources there should be
equivalent development of renewable
substitutes; waste generation should not
exceed the assimilative capacity of the
environment.[47]

Summary of different levels of consumption of natural resources.[46]: 58

Consumption of natural resources State of the environment State of sustainability

More than nature's ability to replenish Environmental degradation Not sustainable

Equal to nature's ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy

Less than nature's ability to replenish Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainable

Land use changes, agriculture and food

Environmental problems associated with

industrial agriculture and agribusiness are
now being addressed through approaches
such as sustainable agriculture, organic
farming and more sustainable business
practices.[48] The most cost-effective
climate change mitigation options include
afforestation, sustainable forest
management, and reducing
deforestation.[49] At the local level there
are various movements working towards
sustainable food systems which may
include less meat consumption, local food
production, slow food, sustainable
gardening, and organic gardening.[50] The
environmental effects of different dietary
patterns depend on many factors,
including the proportion of animal and
plant foods consumed and the method of
food production.[51][52]

Materials and waste

 Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their
Human Development Index (2007)

Before flue-gas desulfurization was

installed, the air-polluting emissions
from this power plant in New Mexico
contained excessive amounts of
sulfur dioxide.

As global population and affluence have

increased, so has the use of various
materials increased in volume, diversity,
and distance transported. Included here
are raw materials, minerals, synthetic
chemicals (including hazardous
substances), manufactured products,
food, living organisms, and waste.[53] By
2050, humanity could consume an
estimated 140 billion tons of minerals,
ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year
(three times its current amount) unless the
economic growth rate is decoupled from
the rate of natural resource consumption.
Developed countries' citizens consume an
average of 16 tons of those four key
resources per capita per year, ranging up
to 40 or more tons per person in some
developed countries with resource
consumption levels far beyond what is
likely sustainable. By comparison, the
average person in India today consumes
four tons per year.[54]

Sustainable use of materials has targeted

the idea of dematerialization, converting
the linear path of materials (extraction,
use, disposal in landfill) to a circular
material flow that reuses materials as
much as possible, much like the cycling
and reuse of waste in nature.[55]
Dematerialization is being encouraged
through the ideas of industrial ecology,
eco design[56] and ecolabelling.

This way of thinking is expressed in the

concept of circular economy, which
employs reuse, sharing, repair,
refurbishment, remanufacturing and
recycling to create a closed-loop system,
minimizing the use of resource inputs and
the creation of waste, pollution and carbon
emissions.[57] Building electric vehicles
has been one of the most popular ways in
the field of sustainable development, the
potential of using reusable energy and
reducing waste offered a perspective in
sustainable development.[58] The
European Commission has adopted an
ambitious Circular Economy Action Plan in
2020, which aims at making sustainable
products the norm in the EU.[59][60]
Biodiversity and ecosystem services

There is a connection between

ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecosystems
are made up of various living things
interacting with one another and their
surroundings. Along with this, biodiversity
lays the groundwork for ecosystems to
function well by defining the kinds of
species that can coexist in an
environment, as well as their functions and
interactions with other species.[61][62] In
2019, a summary for policymakers of the
largest, most comprehensive study to date
of biodiversity and ecosystem services
was published by the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Services. It recommended
that human civilization will need a
transformative change, including
sustainable agriculture, reductions in
consumption and waste, fishing quotas
and collaborative water
management.[63][64] Biodiversity is not only
crucial for the well-being of animals and
wildlife but also plays a positive role in the
lives of human beings in the way in which
it aids development of human life.[65]

Management of human consumption and

impacts
 Waste generation, measured in
kilograms per person per day

The environmental impact of a community

or humankind as a whole depends both on
population and impact per person, which
in turn depends in complex ways on what
resources are being used, whether or not
those resources are renewable, and the
scale of the human activity relative to the
carrying capacity of the ecosystems
involved.[66] Careful resource management
can be applied at many scales, from
economic sectors like agriculture,
manufacturing and industry, to work
organizations, the consumption patterns
of households and individuals, and the
resource demands of individual goods and
services.[67][68]

The underlying driver of direct human

impacts on the environment is human
consumption.[69] This impact is reduced by
not only consuming less but also making
the full cycle of production, use, and
disposal more sustainable. Consumption
of goods and services can be analyzed
and managed at all scales through the
chain of consumption, starting with the
effects of individual lifestyle choices and
spending patterns, through to the resource
demands of specific goods and services,
the impacts of economic sectors, through
national economies to the global
economy.[70] Key resource categories
relating to human needs are food, energy,
raw materials and water.

Improving on economic and social

aspects

It has been suggested that because of

rural poverty and overexploitation,
environmental resources should be treated
as important economic assets, called
natural capital.[71] Economic development
has traditionally required a growth in the
gross domestic product. This model of
unlimited personal and GDP growth may
be over. Sustainable development may
involve improvements in the quality of life
for many but may necessitate a decrease
in resource consumption.[72] "Growth"
generally ignores the direct effect that the
environment may have on social welfare,
whereas "development" takes it into
account.[73]

As early as the 1970s, the concept of

sustainability was used to describe an
economy "in equilibrium with basic
ecological support systems".[74] Scientists
in many fields have highlighted The Limits
to Growth,[75][76] and economists have
presented alternatives, for example a
'steady-state economy', to address
concerns over the impacts of expanding
human development on the planet.[40] In
1987, the economist Edward Barbier
published the study The Concept of
Sustainable Economic Development, where
he recognized that goals of environmental
conservation and economic development
are not conflicting and can be reinforcing
each other.[77]

A World Bank study from 1999 concluded

that based on the theory of genuine
savings (defined as "traditional net savings
less the value of resource depletion and
environmental degradation plus the value
of investment in human capital"),
policymakers have many possible
interventions to increase sustainability, in
macroeconomics or purely
environmental.[78] Several studies have
noted that efficient policies for renewable
energy and pollution are compatible with
increasing human welfare, eventually
reaching a golden-rule steady
state.[79][80][81][82]

A meta review in 2002 looked at

environmental and economic valuations
and found a "lack of concrete
understanding of what "sustainability
policies" might entail in practice".[83] A
study concluded in 2007 that knowledge,
manufactured and human capital (health
and education) has not compensated for
the degradation of natural capital in many
parts of the world.[84] It has been
suggested that intergenerational equity
can be incorporated into a sustainable
development and decision making, as has
become common in economic valuations
of climate economics.[85]

The World Business Council for

Sustainable Development published a
Vision 2050 document in 2021 to show
"How business can lead the
transformations the world needs". The
vision states that "we envision a world in
which 9+billion people can live well, within
planetary boundaries, by 2050."[86] This
report was highlighted by The Guardian as
"the largest concerted corporate
sustainability action plan to date – include
reversing the damage done to
ecosystems, addressing rising greenhouse
gas emissions and ensuring societies
move to sustainable agriculture."[87]

Gender and leadership in sustainable

development
Gender and sustainable development have
been examined, focusing on women's
leadership potential and barriers to it.
While leadership roles in sustainable
development have become more
androgynous over time, patriarchal
structures and perceptions continue to
constrain women from becoming
leaders.[88] Some hidden issues are
women's lack of self-confidence, impeding
access to leadership roles, but men can
potentially play a role as allies for women's
leadership.[88]

Barriers
There are barriers that small and medium
enterprises face when implementing
sustainable development such as lack of
expertise, lack of resources, and high
initial capital cost of implementing
sustainability measures.[89]

Globally, the scale of collective action and

lack of political will are barriers to
achieving sustainable development.[42][90]
To overcome these challenges,
governments must jointly form an
agreement of social and political strength.
Efforts to enact reforms or design and
implement programs to decrease the
harmful effects of human behaviors allow
for progress toward present and future
environmental sustainability goals.[91] The
Paris Agreement exemplifies efforts of
political will on a global level, a
multinational agreement between 193
parties [92] intended to strengthen the
global response to climate change by
reducing emissions and working together
to adjust to the consequent effects of
climate change.[92] Experts continue to
firmly suggest that governments should do
more outside of The Paris Agreement,
there persist a greater need for political
will.[93]
Another barrier towards sustainable
development would be negative
externalities that may potentially arise
from implementing sustainable
development technology. One example
would be the development of lithium-ion
batteries, a key element towards
environmental sustainability and the
reduction in reliance towards fossil fuels.
However, currently with the technology and
methodology available, Lithium production
poses a negative environmental impact
during its extraction from the earth as it
uses a method very similar to fracking as
well as during its processing to be used as
a battery which is a chemically intensive
process.[94] One suggested solution would
be to weigh the possibility of recycling as
this will cut down on the waste of old
lithium as well as reducing the need for
extracting new lithium from the ground,
however, this sustainable development
solution is barred from implementation by
a high initial cost as studies have shown
that recycling old technology for the
purpose of extracting metals such as
lithium and cobalt is typically more
expensive than extracting them from the
ground and processing them.

Taking into account the pandemic is also

something that needs to be considered in
the SDG process. Especially for developing
countries exposed to social problems
affected by COVID-19, the connection
between post-epidemic recovery and SDG
needs to be discussed and studied.[95] The
COVID-19 pandemic has provided
substantial roadblocks towards achieving
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
While the long-term effects of COVID-19
on SDGs is limited, research has shown
that SDG 1, SDG 4, and SDG 8 are the most
likely to be adversely affected by the
pandemic. One of the strategies proposed
towards SDG in the light of the COVID-19
pandemic is green management, or the
government strategy of utilizing resources
such as water and energy with the
intention to change resource consumption
behavior. Other strategies include erecting
sustainable food systems, labor market
energization, inclusive education, and
supporting research in the energy
sector.[96]

Society and culture

Sustainable development goals

The United Nations Sustainable

Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of
seventeen interlinked objectives designed
to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace
and prosperity for people and the planet,
now and into the future."[97][98][99] The short
titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG
1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and
well-being (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG
4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water
and sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and
clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and
economic growth (SDG 8), Industry,
innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9),
Reduced inequalities (SDG 10),
Sustainable cities and communities (SDG
11), Responsible consumption and
production (SDG 12), Climate action (SDG
13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on
land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong
institutions (SDG 16), Partnerships for the
goals (SDG 17).

The SDGs emphasize the interconnected

environmental, social and economic
aspects of sustainable development by
putting sustainability at their
center.[100][101]

In 2015, the United Nations General

Assembly (UNGA) created the SDGs as
part of the Post-2015 Development
Agenda. This agenda sought to design a
new global development framework,
replacing the Millennium Development
Goals, which were completed that same
year.[102] These goals were formally
articulated and adopted in a UNGA
resolution known as the 2030 Agenda,
often informally referred to as Agenda
2030.[103] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were
made more actionable by a UNGA
resolution that identifies specific targets
for each goal and provides indicators to
measure progress.[104] Most targets are to
be achieved by 2030, although some have
no end date.[105]
Education for sustainable
development

Education for sustainable development

(ESD) is a term officially used by the
United Nations and is defined as education
practices that encourage changes in
knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to
enable a more sustainable and just society
for humanity. ESD aims to empower and
equip current and future generations to
meet their needs using a balanced and
integrated approach to the economic,
social and environmental dimensions of
sustainable development.[106][107]
Agenda 21 was the first international
document that identified education as an
essential tool for achieving sustainable
development and highlighted areas of
action for education.[108][109] ESD is a
component of measurement in an
indicator for Sustainable Development
Goal 12 (SDG) for "responsible
consumption and production". SDG 12 has
11 targets and target 12.8 is "By 2030,
ensure that people everywhere have the
relevant information and awareness for
sustainable development and lifestyles in
harmony with nature."[110] 20 years after
the Agenda 21 document was declared,
the 'Future we want' document was
declared in the Rio+20 UN Conference on
Sustainable Development, stating that "We
resolve to promote education for
sustainable development and to integrate
sustainable development more actively
into education beyond the Decade of
Education for Sustainable
Development."[111]

One version of education for Sustainable

Development recognizes modern-day
environmental challenges and seeks to
define new ways to adjust to a changing
biosphere, as well as engage individuals to
address societal issues that come with
them [112] In the International Encyclopedia
of Education, this approach to education is
seen as an attempt to "shift
consciousness toward an ethics of life-
giving relationships that respects the
interconnectedness of man to his natural
world" in order to equip future members of
society with environmental awareness and
a sense of responsibility to
sustainability.[113]

For UNESCO, education for sustainable

development involves:

integrating key sustainable

development issues into
teaching and learning. This may
include, for example, instruction
about climate change, disaster
risk reduction, biodiversity, and
poverty reduction and
sustainable consumption. It also
requires participatory teaching
and learning methods that
motivate and empower learners
to change their behaviours and
take action for sustainable
development. ESD consequently
promotes competencies like
critical thinking, imagining
future scenarios and making
 decisions in a collaborative
way.[114][115]

The Thessaloniki Declaration, presented at

the "International Conference on
Environment and Society: Education and
Public Awareness for Sustainability" by
UNESCO and the Government of Greece
(December 1997), highlights the
importance of sustainability not only with
regards to the natural environment, but
also with "poverty, health, food security,
democracy, human rights, and peace".[116]

See also
Environment
portal

Climate change education (CCE) –

Education that aims to address and
develop effective responses to climate
change
Environmental education – Branch of
pedagogy
Global citizenship education
Human population planning – Practice
of controlling rate of growth
List of sustainability topics
Outline of sustainability – Overview of
and topical guide to sustainability
 United Nations Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development
Informal waste collection

References
1. Clark, William; Harley, Alicia (2020).
"Sustainability Science: Toward a
Synthesis" (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fann
urev-environ-012420-043621) . Annual
Review of Environment and Resources. 45
(1): 331–86. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-
012420-043621 (https://doi.org/10.1146%2
Fannurev-environ-012420-043621) .
This article incorporates text available
under the CC BY 4.0 license.
2. Johnson, Justin Andrew; Baldos, Uris Lantz;
Corong, Erwin; Hertel, Thomas; Polasky,
Stephen; Cervigni, Raffaello; Roxburgh,
Toby; Ruta, Giovanni; Salemi, Colette;
Thakrar, Sumil (2023). "Investing in nature
can improve equity and economic returns"
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/373641
18/) . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 120 (27).
doi:10.1073/pnas.2220401120 (https://doi.
org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2220401120) .
PMID 37364118 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/37364118) .
3. Robert, Kates W.; Parris, Thomas M.;
Leiserowitz, Anthony A. (2005). "What is
Sustainable Development? Goals,
Indicators, Values, and Practice".
Environment: Science and Policy for
Sustainable Development. 47 (3): 8–21.
doi:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1080%2F00139157.2005.10
524444) . S2CID 154882898 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:154882898) .
4. Mensah, Justice (2019). "Sustainable
development: Meaning, history, principles,
pillars, and implications for human action:
Literature review" (https://doi.org/10.1080%
2F23311886.2019.1653531) . Cogent
Social Sciences. 5 (1): 1653531.
doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2019.165
3531) .
5. United Nations General Assembly (1987)
.Report of the World Commission on
Environment and Development: Our
Common Future (https://sustainabledevelo
pment.un.org/content/documents/5987our
-common-future.pdf) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220331195909/http
s://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/conten
t/documents/5987our-common-future.pd
f) 31 March 2022 at the Wayback
Machine. Transmitted to the General
Assembly as an Annex to document
A/42/427 – Development and International
Co-operation: Environment.
6. United Nations General Assembly (20
March 1987). "Report of the World
Commission on Environment and
Development: Our Common Future;
Transmitted to the General Assembly as an
Annex to document A/42/427 –
Development and International Co-
operation: Environment; Our Common
Future, Chapter 1: Towards Sustainable
Development; Paragraph 1" (http://www.un-
documents.net/ocf-02.htm) . United
Nations General Assembly. Retrieved
1 March 2010.
7. Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren
(2019). "Three pillars of sustainability: in
search of conceptual origins" (https://doi.or
g/10.1007%2Fs11625-018-0627-5) .
Sustainability Science. 14 (3): 681–695.
doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 (https://do
i.org/10.1007%2Fs11625-018-0627-5) .
Text was copied from this source, which is
available under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License

8. "Sustainable Development" (https://en.unes

co.org/themes/education-sustainable-devel
opment/what-is-esd/sd) . UNESCO. 3
August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
 9. Brown, James H. (2015). "The Oxymoron of
Sustainable Development" (https://doi.org/
10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiv117) . BioScience.
65 (10): 1027–1029.
doi:10.1093/biosci/biv117 (https://doi.org/
10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiv117) .

10. Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C

(2004). "The diverse and contested
meanings of sustainable development".
The Geographical Journal. 170 (2): 99–104.
doi:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0016-7398.2004.
00111.x) . S2CID 143181802 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:143181802) .
11. Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action:
overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon.
ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1.
OCLC 1124780147 (https://www.worldcat.o
rg/oclc/1124780147) .

12. Keeble, Brian R. (1988). "The Brundtland

report: 'Our common future' ". Medicine and
War. 4 (1): 17–25.
doi:10.1080/07488008808408783 (https://
doi.org/10.1080%2F07488008808408783)
.
13. Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren
(2019). "Three pillars of sustainability: in
search of conceptual origins" (https://doi.or
g/10.1007%2Fs11625-018-0627-5) .
Sustainability Science. 14 (3): 681–695.
doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 (https://do
i.org/10.1007%2Fs11625-018-0627-5) .
ISSN 1862-4065 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/1862-4065) . Text was copied
from this source, which is available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecom
mons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
14. Ramsey, Jeffry L. (2015). "On Not Defining
Sustainability" (http://link.springer.com/10.
1007/s10806-015-9578-3) . Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 28
(6): 1075–1087. doi:10.1007/s10806-015-
9578-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10806
-015-9578-3) . ISSN 1187-7863 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/1187-7863) .
S2CID 146790960 (https://api.semanticsch
olar.org/CorpusID:146790960) .
15. Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Burdon,
Peter; du Toit, Louise; Glass, Lisa-Maria;
Kashwan, Prakash; Liverman, Diana;
Montesano, Francesco S.; Rantala, Salla
(2022), Sénit, Carole-Anne; Biermann, Frank;
Hickmann, Thomas (eds.), "Planetary
Integrity", The Political Impact of the
Sustainable Development Goals:
Transforming Governance Through Global
Goals?, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 140–171,
doi:10.1017/9781009082945.007 (https://d
oi.org/10.1017%2F9781009082945.007) ,
ISBN 978-1-316-51429-0
16. Bosselmann, Klaus (2010). "Losing the
Forest for the Trees: Environmental
Reductionism in the Law" (https://doi.org/1
0.3390%2Fsu2082424) . Sustainability. 2
(8): 2424–2448. doi:10.3390/su2082424 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2082424) .
ISSN 2071-1050 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/2071-1050) . Text was copied
from this source, which is available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
International License (https://creativecom
mons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

17. Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action:

overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon.
ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1.
OCLC 1124780147 (https://www.worldcat.o
rg/oclc/1124780147) .
18. "Sustainability" (https://www.britannica.co
m/science/sustainability) . Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2022.

19. "Sustainable Development" (https://en.unes

co.org/themes/education-sustainable-devel
opment/what-is-esd/sd) . UNESCO. 3
August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2022.

20. Ulrich Grober: Deep roots — A conceptual

history of "sustainable development"
(Nachhaltigkeit) (https://bibliothek.wzb.eu/
pdf/2007/p07-002.pdf) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210925121333/http
s://bibliothek.wzb.eu/pdf/2007/p07-002.p
df) 25 September 2021 at the Wayback
Machine, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für
Sozialforschung, 2007
21. Blewitt, John (2014). Understanding
Sustainable Development. Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-70782-4.

22. Du Pisani, Jacobus A. (2006). "Sustainable

development – historical roots of the
concept" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1569
3430600688831) . Environmental
Sciences. 3 (2): 83–96.
doi:10.1080/15693430600688831 (https://
doi.org/10.1080%2F15693430600688831)
.
23. Hardin, Garrett (13 December 1968). "The
Tragedy of the Commons: The population
problem has no technical solution; it
requires a fundamental extension in
morality". Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248.
doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 (http
s://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.162.3859.
1243) . PMID 17756331 (https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/17756331) .

24. Basler, Ernst (1972). Strategie des

Fortschritts: Umweltbelastung
Lebensraumverknappung and
Zukunftsforshung (Strategy of Progress:
Environmental Pollution, Habitat Scarcity
and Future Research). Munich: BLV
Publishing Company.
25. Finn, Donovan (2009). Our Uncertain Future:
Can Good Planning Create Sustainable
Communities?. Champaign-Urbana:
University of Illinois.

26. "A Blueprint for Survival" (https://www.nyti

mes.com/1972/02/05/archives/a-blueprint-
for-survival.html) . The New York Times. 5
February 1972.

27. "The Ecologist January 1972: a blueprint for

survival" (https://theecologist.org/2012/ja
n/27/ecologist-january-1972-blueprint-surv
ival) . The Ecologist. 27 January 2012.
Retrieved 14 April 2020.
28. "Growth and its implications for the future"
(https://web.archive.org/web/2016030403
3056/http://www.wpainc.com/Archive/MI
T/Growth%20and%20Its%20Implications.p
df) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.wpainc.com/Archive/MIT/Growt
h%20and%20Its%20Implications.pdf)
(PDF) on 4 March 2016.

29. World Conservation Strategy: Living

Resource Conservation for Sustainable
Development (http://www.a21italy.it/media
s/31C2D26FD81B0D40.pdf) (PDF).
International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources. 1980.
30. Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2015). The Age of
Sustainable Development. New York:
Columbia University Press.
ISBN 9780231173155.

31. World Charter for Nature (https://www.un.o

rg/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm) ,
United Nations, General Assembly, 48th
Plenary Meeting, 28 October 1982

32. Will Allen. 2007."Learning for Sustainability:

Sustainable Development." (http://learningf
orsustainability.net/susdev/) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2016011404243
5/http://learningforsustainability.net/susd
ev/) 14 January 2016 at the Wayback
Machine
33. "Why Rio failed in the past and how it can
succeed this time" (https://www.theguardia
n.com/environment/2012/jun/12/rio20-age
nda-politicians-john-gummer) . The
Guardian. 12 June 2012.

34. "Resolution adopted by the General

Assembly on 16 September 2005, 60/1.
2005 World Summit Outcome" (https://ww
w.un.org/en/development/desa/populatio
n/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalc
ompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf) (PDF). United
Nations General Assembly. 2005. Retrieved
17 January 2022.
35. "Nachhaltigkeit Definition" (https://www.nac
hhaltigkeit.info/artikel/definitionen_1382.h
tm) . Lexikon der Nachhaltigkeit (in
German). 13 November 2015. Retrieved
19 January 2022.

36. "Agenda 21" (https://sustainabledevelopme

nt.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.p
df) (PDF). United Nations Conference on
Environment & Development, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. 1992.
Retrieved 17 January 2022.

37. Turner, R. Kerry (1988). "Sustainability,

Resource Conservation and Pollution
Control: An Overview". In Turner, R. Kerry
(ed.). Sustainable Environmental
Management. London: Belhaven Press.
38. Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas (1971). The
Entropy Law and the Economic Process (htt
ps://archive.org/details/entropylawe00nic
h) (Full book accessible at Scribd).
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
ISBN 978-0674257801.

39. Rifkin, Jeremy (1980). Entropy: A New

World View (http://www.foet.org/FOET-dat
a/uploads/2017/03/Jeremy-Rifkin-Entropy-t
able-of-contents.pdf) (PDF contains only
the title and contents pages of the book).
New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 978-
0670297177.

40. Daly, Herman E. (1992). Steady-state

economics (2nd ed.). London: Earthscan
Publications.
41. Dyllick, T.; Hockerts, K. (2002). "Beyond the
business case for corporate sustainability".
Business Strategy and the Environment. 11
(2): 130–141. doi:10.1002/bse.323 (https://
doi.org/10.1002%2Fbse.323) .

42. Park, Albert Sanghoon (2023).

"Understanding resilience in sustainable
development: Rallying call or siren song?"
(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsd.2645) .
Sustainable Development: 1–15.
doi:10.1002/sd.2645 (https://doi.org/10.10
02%2Fsd.2645) .

43. Bosselmann, Klaus (2017). The principle of

sustainability: transforming law and
governance (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 978-1-
4724-8128-3. OCLC 951915998 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/951915998) .
44. "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and
communities" (https://www.globalgoals.or
g/goals/11-sustainable-cities-and-commu
nities/) .

45. "Sustainable development domains" (http://

semantic-portal.net/sd-domains) .
Semantic portal. Retrieved 6 September
2021.
46. Nayeripour, Majid; Kheshti, Mostafa (2
December 2011). Sustainable Growth and
Applications in Renewable Energy Sources
(https://books.google.com/books?id=O9CP
DwAAQBAJ&dq=An+unsustainable+situatio
n+occurs+when+natural+capital+(the+total
+of+nature's+resources)+is+used+up+faste
r+than+it+can+be+replenished.+Sustainabil
ity+requires+that+human+activity+only+us
es+nature's+resources+at+a+rate+at+whic
h+they+can+be+replenished+naturally.+The
+concept+of+sustainable+development+is
+intertwined+with+the+concept+of+carryin
g+capacity.+Theoretically,+the+long-term+r
esult+of+environmental+degradation+is+th
e+inability+to+sustain+human+life&pg=PA
58) . BoD – Books on Demand. p. 58.
 ISBN 978-953-307-408-5. Text was
copied from this source, which is available
under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
International License Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

47. Daly, H.E. (1990). "Toward some

operational principles of sustainable
development". Ecological Economics. 2 (1):
1–6. doi:10.1016/0921-8009(90)90010-r (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1016%2F0921-8009%289
0%2990010-r) .
48. World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (http://www.wbcsd.org/templ
ates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?MenuI
D=1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20090410074308/http://www.wbcsd.or
g/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?
MenuID=1) 10 April 2009 at the Wayback
Machine This web site has multiple articles
on WBCSD contributions to sustainable
development. Retrieved 7 April 2009.

49. "AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of

Climate Change — IPCC" (https://www.ipcc.
ch/report/ar5/wg3/) . Retrieved 13 May
2021.
50. Holmgren, D. (March 2005). "Retrofitting the
suburbs for sustainability." (http://www.sbp
ermaculture.org/Suburbs_Holmgren.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200
90415103213/http://www.sbpermaculture.
org/Suburbs_Holmgren.html) 15 April
2009 at the Wayback Machine CSIRO
Sustainability Network. Retrieved 7 July
2009.
51. McMichael, Anthony J; Powles, John W;
Butler, Colin D; Uauy, Ricardo (October
2007). "Food, livestock production, energy,
climate change, and health". The Lancet.
370 (9594): 1253–1263.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%280
7%2961256-2) . hdl:1885/38056 (https://hd
l.handle.net/1885%2F38056) .
PMID 17868818 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/17868818) . S2CID 9316230 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:931
6230) .
52. Baroni, L; Cenci, L; Tettamanti, M; Berati, M
(1 February 2007). "Evaluating the
environmental impact of various dietary
patterns combined with different food
production systems" (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522) . European Journal
of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (2): 279–286.
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 (https://doi.or
g/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522) .
PMID 17035955 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/17035955) . S2CID 16387344 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1638
7344) .
53. Bournay, E. et al.. (2006). Vital waste
graphics 2 (http://www.vitalgraphics.net/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
70912162250/http://vitalgraphics.net/) 12
September 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
The Basel Convention, UNEP, GRID-Arendal.
ISBN 82-7701-042-7.
54. UNEP (2011). Decoupling Natural Resource
Use and Environmental Impacts from
Economic Growth (http://www.resourcepan
el.org/reports/decoupling-natural-resource-
use-and-environmental-impacts-economic-
growth) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220120134055/https://resourcepan
el.org/reports/decoupling-natural-resource-
use-and-environmental-impacts-economic-
growth) 20 January 2022 at the Wayback
Machine. ISBN 978-92-807-3167-5.
Retrieved 30 November 2011.
55. Anderberg, S (1998). "Industrial metabolism
and linkages between economics, ethics,
and the environment". Ecological
Economics. 24 (2–3): 311–320.
doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00151-1 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0921-8009%289
7%2900151-1) .

56. Fuad-Luke, A. (2006). The Eco-design

Handbook. London: Thames & Hudson.
ISBN 978-0-500-28521-3.
57. Geissdoerfer, Martin; Savaget, Paulo;
Bocken, Nancy M.P.; Hultink, Erik Jan
(February 2017). "The Circular Economy –
A new sustainability paradigm?" (https://dr
o.dur.ac.uk/29108/1/29108.pdf) (PDF).
Journal of Cleaner Production. 143: 757–
768. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.12.
048) . S2CID 157449142 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:157449142) .
58. Shigeta, Naoya; Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan (25
December 2020). "Sustainable
Development of the Automobile Industry in
the United States, Europe, and Japan with
Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power
Sources" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen14
010078) . Energies. 14 (1): 78.
doi:10.3390/en14010078 (https://doi.org/1
0.3390%2Fen14010078) .
59. European Commission (2020). Circular
economy action plan (https://ec.europa.eu/
environment/strategy/circular-economy-act
ion-plan_en) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20220120070301/https://ec.euro
pa.eu/environment/strategy/circular-econo
my-action-plan_en) 20 January 2022 at the
Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 November
2021.

60. "EUR-Lex - 52020DC0098 - EN - EUR-Lex" (h

ttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/T
XT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN) .
eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 9 November
2021.
61. Balvanera, Patricia; Pfisterer, Andrea B.;
Buchmann, Nina; He, Jing-Shen;
Nakashizuka, Tohru; Raffaelli, David;
Schmid, Bernhard (October 2006).
"Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity
effects on ecosystem functioning and
services: Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning/services" (https://www.zora.uz
h.ch/id/eprint/2100/8/Balvanera_etal_EL_0
6V.pdf) (PDF). Ecology Letters. 9 (10):
1146–1156. doi:10.1111/j.1461-
0248.2006.00963.x (https://doi.org/10.111
1%2Fj.1461-0248.2006.00963.x) .
PMID 16972878 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/16972878) .
62. Tilman, David; Knops, Johannes; Wedin,
David; Reich, Peter; Ritchie, Mark; Siemann,
Evan (29 August 1997). "The Influence of
Functional Diversity and Composition on
Ecosystem Processes". Science. 277
(5330): 1300–1302.
doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300 (http
s://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5330.
1300) .
63. Summary for policymakers of the global
assessment report on biodiversity and
ecosystem services of the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (htt
ps://www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/dow
nloads/spm_unedited_advance_for_posting
_htn.pdf) (PDF). the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services. 6 May 2019. Retrieved
10 May 2019.

64. Deutsche Welle, Deutsche (6 May 2019).

"Why Biodiversity Loss Hurts Humans as
Much as Climate Change Does" (https://ww
w.ecowatch.com/biodiversity-loss-human-h
ealth-2636410357.html) . Ecowatch.
Retrieved 10 May 2019.
65. Naeem, Shahid; Chazdon, Robin; Duffy, J.
Emmett; Prager, Case; Worm, Boris (14
December 2016). "Biodiversity and human
well-being: an essential link for sustainable
development" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC5204155) .
Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences. 283 (1844): 20162091.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2091 (https://doi.or
g/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.2091) .
PMC 5204155 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC5204155) .
PMID 27928039 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/27928039) .
66. Basiago, Andrew D. (1995). "Methods of
defining 'sustainability' ". Sustainable
Development. 3 (3): 109–119.
doi:10.1002/sd.3460030302 (https://doi.or
g/10.1002%2Fsd.3460030302) .

67. Clark, D. (2006). A Rough Guide to Ethical

Living. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-
84353-792-2

68. Brower, M. & Leon, W. (1999). The

Consumer's Guide to Effective
Environmental Choices: Practical Advice
from the Union of Concerned Scientists.
New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-
80281-X.
69. Michaelis, L. & Lorek, S. (2004).
"Consumption and the Environment in
Europe: Trends and Futures." (http://www2.
mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2004/87-7614-1
93-4/pdf/87-7614-194-2.pdf) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2019072206202
8/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/
2004/87-7614-193-4/pdf/87-7614-194-2.p
df) 22 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Project No. 904.
70. Jackson, T. & Michaelis, L. (2003). "Policies
for Sustainable Consumption" (https://rese
arch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstrea
m/handle/10023/2237/sdc-2003-consumpt
ion-policy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00807222211/https://research-repository.s
t-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/2
237/sdc-2003-consumption-policy.pdf?seq
uence=1&isAllowed=y) 7 August 2020 at
the Wayback Machine. The UK Sustainable
Development Commission.
71. Barbier, Edward B. (2006). Natural
Resources and Economic Development (htt
p://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subj
ects/economics/economic-development-an
d-growth/natural-resources-and-economic-
development?format=HB) . Cambridge
University Press. pp. 44–45.
ISBN 9780521706513. Retrieved 8 April
2014.

72. Brown, L. R. (2011). World on the Edge.

Earth Policy Institute. Norton. ISBN 978-0-
393-08029-2.

73. Pezzey, John (November 1992).

"Sustainable development concepts" (http
s://www.researchgate.net/publication/2437
68263) . Researchgate. The World Bank.
Retrieved 16 October 2022.
74. Stivers, R. 1976. The Sustainable Society:
Ethics and Economic Growth. Philadelphia:
Westminster Press.

75. Meadows, D.H., D.L. Meadows, J. Randers,

and W.W. Behrens III. 1972. The Limits to
Growth. Universe Books, New York, NY.
ISBN 0-87663-165-0

76. Meadows, D.H.; Randers, Jørgen; Meadows,

D.L. (2004). Limits to Growth: The 30-Year
Update. Chelsea Green Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-931498-58-6.
77. Barbier, E. (1987). "The Concept of
Sustainable Economic Development".
Environmental Conservation. 14 (2): 101–
110. doi:10.1017/S0376892900011449 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892900011
449) . S2CID 145595791 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:145595791) .

78. Hamilton, K.; Clemens, M. (1999). "Genuine

savings rates in developing countries".
World Bank Economic Review. 13 (2): 333–
356. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.452.7532 (https://cit
eseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=
10.1.1.452.7532) .
doi:10.1093/wber/13.2.333 (https://doi.or
g/10.1093%2Fwber%2F13.2.333) .
79. Ayong Le Kama, A. D. (2001). "Sustainable
growth renewable resources, and pollution".
Journal of Economic Dynamics and
Control. 25 (12): 1911–1918.
doi:10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00007-5 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1889%280
0%2900007-5) .

80. Chichilnisky, G.; Heal, G.; Beltratti, A. (1995).

"A Green Golden Rule" (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2F0165-1765%2895%2900662-Y) .
Economics Letters. 49 (2): 175–179.
doi:10.1016/0165-1765(95)00662-Y (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-1765%2895%
2900662-Y) . S2CID 154964259 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15496425
9) .
81. Endress, L.; Roumasset, J. (1994). "Golden
rules for sustainable resource
management" (http://www.economics.haw
aii.edu/research/workingpapers/88-98/WP
_93-19.pdf) (PDF). Economic Record. 70
(210): 266–277. doi:10.1111/j.1475-
4932.1994.tb01847.x (https://doi.org/10.11
11%2Fj.1475-4932.1994.tb01847.x) .

82. Endress, L.; Roumasset, J.; Zhou, T. (2005).

"Sustainable Growth with Environmental
Spillovers". Journal of Economic Behavior
and Organization. 58 (4): 527–547.
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.5305 (https://citeseer
x.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.
1.529.5305) .
doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.09.003 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2004.09.003) .
83. Pezzey, John C. V.; Michael A., Toman
(2002). "The Economics of Sustainability: A
Review of Journal Articles" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20140408214704/http://ww
w.rff.org/documents/rff-dp-02-03.pdf)
(PDF). Resources for the Future. Archived
from the original (http://www.rff.org/docum
ents/rff-dp-02-03.pdf) (PDF) on 8 April
2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

84. Dasgupta, P. (2007). "The idea of

sustainable development". Sustainability
Science. 2 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1007/s11625-
007-0024-y (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11
625-007-0024-y) . S2CID 154597956 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1545
97956) .
85. Heal, G. (2009). "Climate Economics: A
Meta-Review and Some Suggestions for
Future Research". Review of Environmental
Economics and Policy. 3 (1): 4–21.
doi:10.1093/reep/ren014 (https://doi.org/1
0.1093%2Freep%2Fren014) .
S2CID 154917782 (https://api.semanticsch
olar.org/CorpusID:154917782) .

86. "Vision 2050 - Time to transform" (https://ti

metotransform.biz/) . WBCSD. Retrieved
29 March 2022.

87. Wills, Jackie (15 May 2014). "World

Business Council for Sustainable
Development: Vision 2050" (https://www.th
eguardian.com/sustainable-business/susta
inability-case-studies-world-business-coun
cil) . The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
88. Shinbrot, Xoco A.; Wilkins, Kate; Gretzel,
Ulrike; Bowser, Gillian (July 2019).
"Unlocking women's sustainability
leadership potential: Perceptions of
contributions and challenges for women in
sustainable development". World
Development. 119: 120–132.
doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.009 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2019.0
3.009) . S2CID 159285419 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:159285419) .
89. Sossa, Jhon (May 2019). "Barriers to
sustainability for small and medium
enterprises in the framework of sustainable
development—Literature review". Business
Strategy and the Environment. 28 (4): 512–
524. doi:10.1002/bse.2261 (https://doi.org/
10.1002%2Fbse.2261) . S2CID 239523321
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:
239523321) .

90. Adetunji, Israel O.; Price, Andrew; Fleming,

Paul; Kemp, Pamela (2005). "The barriers
and possible solution to achieve
sustainable development". hdl:2134/23679
(https://hdl.handle.net/2134%2F23679) .
91. "Political Will: What It Is, Why It Matters for
Extractives and How on Earth Do You Find
It?" (https://ccsi.columbia.edu/news/politic
al-will-what-it-why-it-matters-extractives-an
d-how-earth-do-you-find-it) . Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2022102207011
4/https://ccsi.columbia.edu/news/political-
will-what-it-why-it-matters-extractives-and-h
ow-earth-do-you-find-it) from the original
on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October
2022.

92. Nations, United. "The Paris Agreement" (htt

ps://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-a
greement) . United Nations. Retrieved
18 December 2022.
93. "Global Climate Agreements: Successes
and Failures" (https://www.cfr.org/backgrou
nder/paris-global-climate-change-agreeme
nts) . Council on Foreign Relations.
Retrieved 18 December 2022.

94. Kaunda, Rennie B. (2020). "Potential

environmental impacts of lithium mining".
Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law.
38 (3): 237–244.
doi:10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F02646811.2020.175
4596) . S2CID 219452489 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:219452489) .
95. Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai;
Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Shafiullah, G. M.;
Kumar, Nallapaneni Manoj; Arif,
Mohammad Taufiqul; Jamal, Taskin;
Chopra, Shauhrat Singh; Dyduch, Joanna
(May 2022). "Impacts of COVID-19 on
Sustainable Development Goals and
effective approaches to maneuver them in
the post-pandemic environment" (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC876
0582) . Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 29 (23): 33957–33987.
doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17793-9 (https://d
oi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-17793-9) .
PMC 8760582 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC8760582) .
 PMID 35032263 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/35032263) .

96. Ameli, Mariam; Esfandabadi, Zahara S.;

Sadeghi, Somayeh; Ranjbari, Meisam;
Zanetti, Maria C. (29 January 2022).
"COVID-19 and Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs): Scenario analysis through
fuzzy cognitive map modeling" (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC881
1702) . Gondwana Research. 114, 2023:
138–155. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.12.014 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2021.12.014) .
PMC 8811702 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC8811702) .
PMID 35132304 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/35132304) .
97. "The 17 Goals"
(https://sdgs.un.org/goals) . Sustainable
Development Goals. UN. Retrieved
10 August 2022.

98. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted

by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
Work of the Statistical Commission
pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313
(https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/7
1/313) 28 November 2020 at the Wayback
Machine)
99. Isnaeni, Nur Meily; Dulkiah, Moh; Wildan,
Asep Dadan (18 November 2022). "Patterns
of Middle-Class Communities Adaptation to
the Village SDGS Program in Bogor
Regency" (https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/inde
x.php/temali/article/view/20466) . Temali:
Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial. 5 (2): 173–82.
doi:10.15575/jt.v5i2.20466 (https://doi.org/
10.15575%2Fjt.v5i2.20466) . ISSN 2615-
5028 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2615-
5028) . S2CID 255705934 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:255705934) .
100. Schleicher, Judith; Schaafsma, Marije; Vira,
Bhaskar (2018). "Will the Sustainable
Development Goals address the links
between poverty and the natural
environment?" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
j.cosust.2018.09.004) . Current Opinion in
Environmental Sustainability. 34: 43–47.
Bibcode:2018COES...34...43S (https://ui.ad
sabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018COES...34...43
S) . doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.004 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2018.09.0
04) .
101. Bali Swain, R.; Yang-Wallentin, F. (2020).
"Achieving sustainable development goals:
predicaments and strategies" (https://doi.or
g/10.1080%2F13504509.2019.1692316) .
International Journal of Sustainable
Development & World Ecology. 27 (2): 96–
106. doi:10.1080/13504509.2019.1692316
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.201
9.1692316) .
102. Biermann, Frank; Kanie, Norichika; Kim,
Rakhyun E (1 June 2017). "Global
governance by goal-setting: the novel
approach of the UN Sustainable
Development Goals" (https://www.scienced
irect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517
300209) . Current Opinion in Environmental
Sustainability. Open issue, part II. 26–27:
26–31. Bibcode:2017COES...26...26B (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...
26...26B) .
doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010 (https://d
oi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2017.01.010) .
ISSN 1877-3435 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/1877-3435) .
103. United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted
by the General Assembly on 25 September
2015, Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development
(A/RES/70/1 (https://www.un.org/sustaina
bledevelopment/sustainable-development-
goals/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20201128002202/https://www.un.or
g/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-dev
elopment-goals/) 28 November 2020 at
the Wayback Machine)
104. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted
by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
Work of the Statistical Commission
pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313
(https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/7
1/313) 28 November 2020 at the Wayback
Machine)

105. "SDG Indicators – Global indicator

framework for the Sustainable
Development Goals and targets of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development" (http
s://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicato
rs-list/) . United Nations Statistics Division
(UNSD). Retrieved 6 August 2020.
106. Issues and trends in education for
sustainable development (https://unesdoc.
unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261445) .
Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 7. ISBN 978-92-3-
100244-1. This article incorporates
text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

107. Kolvoord, Robert A (2021). "Fostering

spatial thinking skills for future citizens to
support sustainable development" (https://
doi.org/10.1177%2F20966083211024714)
. Cultures of Science. 4 (1): 17–24.
doi:10.1177/20966083211024714 (https://
doi.org/10.1177%2F20966083211024714)
.
108. Leicht, Alexander (2018). "From Agenda 21
to Target 4.7: the development of education
for sustainable development" (https://unes
doc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf000026180
1) . UNESCO, UNESDOC Digital Library.
Retrieved 24 May 2020.

109. Bernad-Cavero, Olga; Llevot-Calvet, Núria (4

July 2018). New Pedagogical Challenges in
the 21st Century: Contributions of Research
in Education (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=hwiQDwAAQBAJ&q=Agenda+21+w
as+the+first+international+document+that+
identified+education+as+an+essential+tool
+for+achieving+sustainable+development+
and+highlighted+areas+of+action+for+edu
cation.&pg=PA27) . BoD – Books on
Demand. ISBN 978-1-78923-380-3.
110. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted
by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
Work of the Statistical Commission
pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313
(https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/7
1/313) 23 October 2020 at the Wayback
Machine)
111. Shulla, K.; Filho, W. Leal; Lardjane, S.;
Sommer, J. H.; Borgemeister, C. (3 July
2020). "Sustainable development education
in the context of the 2030 Agenda for
sustainable development" (https://e-space.
mmu.ac.uk/625146/1/Deposit.Sustainabl
e%20development%20education%20in%20t
he%20context%20of%20the%202030%20A
genda%20for%20sustainable%20developm
ent.pdf) (PDF). International Journal of
Sustainable Development & World Ecology.
27 (5): 458–468.
doi:10.1080/13504509.2020.1721378 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2020.172
1378) . S2CID 214390476 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:214390476) .
112. Jucker, Rolf; Mathar, Reiner, eds. (27
October 2014). Schooling for sustainable
development in Europe: concepts, policies
and educational experiences at the end of
the UN Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development. Cham,
Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-09549-3.
OCLC 894509040 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/894509040) .

113. Peterson, Penelope L.; Baker, Eva L.;

McGaw, Barry, eds. (2010), International
encyclopedia of education (3rd ed.), Oxford:
Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-044894-7,
OCLC 645208716 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/645208716)
114. "Education for Sustainable Development" (h
ttp://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/t
hemes/leading-the-international-agenda/ed
ucation-for-sustainable-development) .
UNESCO. 10 May 2013. Retrieved
17 October 2017.

115. Marope, P.T.M; Chakroun, B.; Holmes, K.P.

(2015). Unleashing the Potential:
Transforming Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (http://unesdoc.une
sco.org/images/0023/002330/233030e.p
df) (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 9, 23, 25–26.
ISBN 978-92-3-100091-1.
116. Nikolopoulou, Anastasia; Abraham, Taisha;
Mirbagheri, Farid (2010). Education for
Sustainable Development: Challenges,
Strategies, and Practices in a Globalizing
World Education for sustainable
development: Challenges, strategies, and
practices in a globalizing world.
doi:10.4135/9788132108023 (https://doi.or
g/10.4135%2F9788132108023) .
ISBN 9788132102939.

External links
Sustainability
at Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions
from
Wiktionary
 Media from
Commons
News from
Wikinews
Quotations
from
Wikiquote
Texts from
Wikisource
Textbooks
from
Wikibooks
Resources
from
Wikiversity

Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform of the UN (http://sustainablede
velopment.un.org/)
Sustainable Development Solutions
Network (http://unsdsn.org/)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Sustainable_development&oldid=1183994215
"

This page was last edited on 7 November 2023, at

18:36 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.