SQL Syntax:

SQL is followed by a unique set of rules and guidelines called Syntax. This
tutorial gives you a quick start with SQL by listing all the basic SQL Syntax.
All the SQL statements start with any of the keywords like SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP, CREATE, USE, SHOW and all
the statements end with a semicolon (;).
The most important point to be noted here is that SQL is not a case
insensitive, which means SELECT and select have same meaning in SQL
statements.

1. SELECT Statement: This SQL statement reads the data from the SQL
database and shows it as the output to the database user.

Syntax of SELECT Statement:

SELECT column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN

[ FROM table_name ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_column_name1 [ ASC | DESC ], .... ];

Example of SELECT Statement:

SELECT Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, City

FROM Employee_details
WHERE Salary = 100000
ORDER BY Last_Name

This example shows the Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and City of
those employees from the Employee_details table whose Salary is 100000. The
output shows all the specified details according to the ascending alphabetical
order of Last_Name.

2. UPDATE Statement: This SQL statement changes or modifies the stored

data in the SQL database.

Syntax of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1 = new_value_1, column_name2 = new_value_2, ...., colu
mn_nameN = new_value_N
[ WHERE CONDITION ];

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 Example of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE Employee_details
SET Salary = 100000
WHERE Emp_ID = 10;

This example changes the Salary of those employees of the Employee_details

table whose Emp_ID is 10 in the table.

3. DELETE Statement:This SQL statement deletes the stored data from the
SQL database.

Syntax of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM table_name

[ WHERE CONDITION ];

Example of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE First_Name = 'Sumit';

This example deletes the record of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose First_Name is Sumit in the table.

4. CREATE TABLE Statement: This SQL statement creates the new table
in the SQL database.

Syntax of CREATE TABLE Statement:

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type [column1 constraint(s)],
column_name2 data_type [column2 constraint(s)],
.....
.....,
column_nameN data_type [columnN constraint(s)],
PRIMARY KEY(one or more col)
);

Example of CREATE TABLE Statement:

CREATE TABLE Employee_details(

Emp_Id NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,

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 First_name VARCHAR(30),
Last_name VARCHAR(30),
Salary Money,
City VARCHAR(30),
PRIMARY KEY (Emp_Id)
);

This example creates the table Employee_details with five columns or fields
in the SQL database. The fields in the table are Emp_Id, First_Name,
Last_Name, Salary, and City. The Emp_Id column in the table acts as
a primary key, which means that the Emp_Id column cannot contain
duplicate values and null values.

5. ALTER TABLE Statement: This SQL statement adds, deletes, and

modifies the columns of the table in the SQL database.

Syntax of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype[(size)];

The above SQL alter statement adds the column with its datatype in the
existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_datatype[(siz

e)];

The above 'SQL alter statement' renames the old column name to the new
column name of the existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

The above SQL alter statement deletes the column of the existing database
table.

Example of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE Employee_details

ADD Designation VARCHAR(18);

This example adds the new field whose name is Designation with size 18 in
the Employee_details table of the SQL database.

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6. DROP TABLE Statement: This SQL statement deletes or removes the
table and the structure, views, permissions, and triggers associated with
that table.

Syntax of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ]

table_name1, table_name2, ……, table_nameN;

The above syntax of the drop statement deletes specified tables completely if
they exist in the database.

Example of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE Employee_details;

This example drops the Employee_details table if it exists in the SQL

database. This removes the complete information if available in the table.

7. CREATE DATABASE Statement: This SQL statement creates the new

database in the database management system.

Syntax of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

Example of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE Company;

The above example creates the company database in the system.

8. DROP DATABASE Statement: This SQL statement deletes the existing

database with all the data tables and views from the database management
system.

Syntax of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Example of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE Company;

The above example deletes the company database from the system.

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9. INSERT INTO Statement: This SQL statement inserts the data or
records in the existing table of the SQL database. This statement can easily
insert single and multiple records in a single query statement.

Syntax of insert a single record:

INSERT INTO table_name

(
column_name1,
column_name2, .…,
column_nameN
)
VALUES
(value_1,
value_2, ..…,
value_N
);

Example of insert a single record:

INSERT INTO Employee_details

(
Emp_ID,
First_name,
Last_name,
Salary,
City
)
VALUES
(101,
Akhil,
Sharma,
40000,
Bangalore
);

This example inserts 101 in the first column, Akhil in the second
column, Sharma in the third column, 40000 in the fourth column,
and Bangalore in the last column of the table Employee_details.

10. TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: This SQL statement deletes all the
stored records from the table of the SQL database.

Syntax of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

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TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE Employee_details;

This example deletes the record of all employees from the Employee_details
table of the database.

11. DESCRIBE Statement: This SQL statement tells something about the
specified table or view in the query.

Syntax of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE table_name | view_name;

Example of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE Employee_details;

This example explains the structure and other details about

the Employee_details table.

12. DISTINCT Clause: This SQL statement shows the distinct values from
the specified columns of the database table. This statement is used with
the SELECT keyword.

Syntax of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT column_name1, column_name2, ...

FROM table_name;

Example of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT City, Salary

FROM Employee_details;

This example shows the distinct values of the City and Salary column from
the Employee_details table.

13. COMMIT Statement: This SQL statement saves the changes

permanently, which are done in the transaction of the SQL database.

Syntax of COMMIT Statement:

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COMMIT

Example of COMMIT Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE salary = 30000;
COMMIT;

This example deletes the records of those employees

whose Salary is 30000 and then saves the changes permanently in the
database.

14. ROLLBACK Statement: This SQL statement undo the transactions and
operations which are not yet saved to the SQL database.

Syntax of ROLLBACK Statement:

ROLLBACK

Example of ROLLBACK Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE City = Mumbai;
ROLLBACK;

This example deletes the records of those employees

whose City is Mumbai and then undo the changes in the database.

15. CREATE INDEX Statement: This SQL statement creates the new index
in the SQL database table.

Syntax of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name ( column_name1, column_name2, …, column_nameN );

Example of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX idx_First_Name

ON employee_details (First_Name);

This example creates an index idx_First_Name on the First_Name column of

the Employee_details table.

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16. DROP INDEX Statement: This SQL statement deletes the existing index
of the SQL database table.

Syntax of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX index_name;

Example of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX idx_First_Name;

This example deletes the index idx_First_Name from the SQL database.

17. USE Statement: This SQL statement selects the existing SQL database.
Before performing the operations on the database table, you have to select
the database from the multiple existing databases.

Syntax of USE Statement:

USE database_name;

Example of USE DATABASE Statement:

USE Company;

This example uses the company database.

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