ci

clinical impressions

BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND:

Bracket Placement and Early Elastics Protocols for Smile Arc Protection
Thomas R. Pitts, DDS, MSD

VOL 17

NO 1

2009

CONTENTS
VOL 17 NO 1 2009

Dear Friends, Our commitment to the orthodontic profession extends beyond tools to help you provide excellent care for your patients. Our resources are heavily invested in developing differentiated treatment technologies that motivate more consumers to seek orthodontic therapy. To that end we are proud to announce that Ormco and Align Technology, Inc. have entered into an exclusive arrangement to jointly develop a treatment solution specically for the orthodontic specialist. This technology involves Ormcos Insignia custom bracket and archwire system as well as Aligns Invisalign* appliance. By leveraging the best-in-class technologies of Insignia and Invisalign, this dynamic new product offering will expand the scope of current aesthetic treatment options while allowing you to provide high-quality orthodontic results. We are truly excited about this new therapeutic alternative that will provide orthodontic specialists with a dynamic new option that we expect will have appeal for more patients. In fact, third-party market research conrms that millions of adults with complex malocclusions lie outside the capabilities of aligner therapy alone. While some of these adults may choose full xed-appliance treatment, many will reject any remedy that disallows an aligner. Our development venture with Align will address this growing population and is expected to help orthodontists provide an integrated approach that will appeal to more patients while delivering new standards in efciency, comfort and aesthetics. Ormco has built its reputation on promoting improvements and innovations for the benet of the orthodontic profession. We are proud to be true partners with the specialists we serve, working together to improve the treatments they deliver. On behalf of all of us at Ormco and Sybron Dental Specialties, I want to thank you for your ongoing support. We will continue to provide the innovative technologies, support and services you need to deliver outstanding patient care and build even more successful practices.

Letter from the President 2

DON TUTTLE

Editors Column 3
DR. LARRY WHITE

Begin with the End in Mind: 4 Bracket Placement and Early Elastics Protocols for Smile Arc Protection
DR. THOMAS R. PITTS

Molar Protraction Using 16 Temporary Skeletal Anchorage

DR. NICOLE SCHEFFLER

Variable Torque for 21 Optimal Inclination

DR. WILLIAM W. THOMAS

Hygienists: A Powerful 30 Source for Practice Growth

KRISTY MENAGE BERNIE, EDUCATIONAL DESIGNS

Functional Nonextraction 32 Treatment

DRS. JAMES E. ECKHART AND LARRY W. WHITE

Sincerely,

February 2010 Events and 35 International Ormco Offices

Don Tuttle President, Specialty Division Sybron Dental Specialties

Worldwide Course Schedule 36

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*Invisalign is a registered trademark of Align Technology, Inc.

Future issues of Clinical Impressions will only be available online. To access new and archived articles, register today at www.ormco.com/ci.

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EDITORS COLUMN
Larry W. White, DMD, MSD Editor, Clinical Impressions Dallas, Texas

Beginning with the End in Mind

Almost 40 years ago, I had the good fortune to come under the inuence of one of the 20th century's quintessential orthodontists, Dr. Reed Holdaway of Provo, Utah. Disenamored with the prevalent diagnostic and treatment planning regimens and the uncertain results they produced, e.g., Tweed Triangle and the Steiner Analysis, Reed took a different approach and developed Visualized Treatment Objective (VTO). VTO is based on the soft-tissue prole and position of the maxillary incisors that support both upper and lower lips. Relying on predictions of growth and the effects of his mechanics, Reed could accurately forecast what his patient's prole would look like at the completion of treatment. He demonstrated the reliability of his calculation with cephalometric tracings that superimposed almost perfectly with his soft-tissue predictions on patient after patient. I had never seen anything like this phenomenon, and asked if he would instruct me in the technique. In explaining it, he shared an article from a Salt Lake City Deseret News columnist that had a profound effect on his thinking. The writer urged readers to plan objectives by picturing what their venture should look like at its termination; i.e., begin with the end in mind. Reed thought that the idea held special relevance for orthodontic treatment planning, and he carried out the concept to its fullest and most sensible conclusion. Today, many other orthodontists are incorporating the concept of begin with the end in mind into the development of their protocols that give the highest consideration to softtissue limitations, growth, aging and smile arc protection. Dr. Tom Pitts is such an orthodontist who, in his feature article, shares how he prepares his patients malocclusions from the very start to have the eventual excellence that he demands: e.g., protect or solve for a pleasing smile arc, achieve ideal occlusion and provide mid-facial and lip support. Tom diligently reshapes teeth, employs variable torques and has developed a unique bracket positioning protocol. Hell also share another technique he originatedearly mechanotherapy (with light elastics begun at initial bonding) for the correction of sagittal discrepancies. Reed Holdaway was a generous and thoughtful man to whom we owe a great professional debt for opening our minds to visualizing treatment outcomes. Tom Pitts, in his inimitable way, is likewise advancing our clinical acumen with reasoned and elegant methodologies that allow us to create treatment outcomes that elevate the standard of orthodontic care. Finally, this column wishes to pay tribute to one of Southern Californias most innovative and generous orthodontists, Dr. George Boone, who died last year at age 85. George and his wife, MaryLou, graciously shared their good fortune with schools and programs dedicated to the arts and education throughout California, including the orthodontic department at the University of Southern California, which is named for them. Orthodontics had no greater friend and role model than George. His genuine concern for his patients, his professional contributions and his municence to his community leave a beautiful legacy and we salute him for his unselsh devotion and commitment.

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BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND:

Bracket Placement and Early Elastics Protocols for Smile Arc Protection
Thomas R. Pitts, DDS, MSD Reno, NV primary concern and so must be the overriding standard we use in developing a treatment plan and evaluating the merit of a nish while, at the same time, striving for excellent occlusion. Facial esthetic standards have changed in the last 20 years with patients now wanting fuller lips, more vermillion display and broader arches. Facially based treatment planningthat has at its core a smile arc protection strategygoes hand-in-hand with occlusal goals. With an ideal smile arc as the guide for the maxillary anteriors, my objective is to idealize canine-to-canine positioning and the anterior bite (Figures 1a-b). Leaving the maxillary anteriors forward in the face keeps the upper lip full with the nasolabial angle as close to 90 as possible for mid-facial support while maintaining or enhancing the upper vermillion curl. Having used the passive self-ligating Damon System appliance for 13 years, I know that when used properly, its effective-force mechanics foster appreciable arch adaptation that accommodates most complete dentitions. Except for third molars, I now extract teeth only to enhance facial esthetics when a patients teeth are too far forward and they exhibit lip incompetence.

Dr. Thomas R. Pitts received his undergraduate dental education from the University of the Pacic, Dugoni School of Dentistry where he now serves as an adjunct associate professor. Dr. Pitts earned an MSD in orthodontics from the University of Washington. He served in the Army Dental Corps between 1966 and 1968 and began in private orthodontic practice in Reno, Nevada, in 1970. Dr. Pitts is the founder of the well-respected Progressive Study Club. He conducts in-ofce courses and lectures internationally and throughout the United States on clinical excellence and practice management efcacy.

Editors Preface: For too long, orthodontic treatment goals have been based and results assessed solely on a patients dentition and dental occlusion, often at the expense of facial esthetics. The Damon philosophy has long emphasized the parallel importance of facial esthetics in diagnostics, treatment planning and results evaluation and has fully endorsed the concepts of Dr. David Sarvers individualized approach, wellrecognized as the most progressive model available today. The foundation of the Sarver paradigm is to protect the positive attributes of a patients facial esthetics while providing solutions for areas of deciency. Central to any such discussion is the patients smile arc, which the Damon philosophy incorporates in its treatment planning approach as the smile arc protection strategy. In his article, Dr. Pitts explains how his bracket positioning and early light elastics protocols offer two tactical means of achieving the strategic goals of smile arc protection.
The favorite occasions of my practice life are debonding appointments when we celebrate the patients beautiful new smile and nished occlusion. Since accurate bracket placement is the foundation for a beautifully nished case, bonding appointments then run a close second in terms of my favorite events. Developing acumen in this one aspect of treatmentprecise bracket placement is the single most important protocol to achieving efciency and an esthetically pleasing smile and functional occlusion. So goes treatment planning and bonding, so goes treatment time and quality nishing; hence, we begin each case with the end in mind. Facial and smile esthetics are typically the patients

Figure 1a-b. With an ideal smile arc as the guide for the maxillary anteriors, my objective is to idealize canineto-canine positioning and the anterior bite.

Although I put precise bracket placement at the top of the list of treatment protocols that I consider essential to efciently shaping a beautiful orthodontic nish, I also feel that other protocols

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soft- and hard-tissue contouring, variable torque, early light elastics and utilizing the proper archwires with precise timingcontribute appreciably to that end. While I prefer to direct bond brackets and actually love the artistic challenge of doing so, my positioning approach also seems to work well for those clinicians who prefer indirect bonding. In this article, I will cover my Damon bracket placement protocols as well as the fundamentals of early light A/P and vertical elastics. Using early light elastics (often referred to as shorty elastics or shorties) is a relatively new protocol that I pioneered and which many Damon clinicians are nding an important adjunct to treatment. With them, the vertical dimension is now much more controllable and is yet another means of protecting the smile arc.

The study models are helpful in determining the need for disarticulation buttons and recontouring labial enamel. Like many of you, I keep the panorex, frontal facial and center intraoral photographs at chairside during bonding. Since photographs can be somewhat deceiving, however, I have the patient stand up and smile for me just prior to sitting in the chair to check the smile arc and symmetry so that I have a visual in my mind during bonding that continues to guide me in bracket placement. In another article in this issue of Clinical Impressions, Dr. Bill Thomas addresses torque selection so Ill only mention here that it is important to pay special attention to the lateral cephalogram to assess the maxillary and mandibular incisors for the selection of variable torques. In our nished cases, I expect torque to be perfect. Proclined maxillary anteriors can ruin an otherwise beautiful result. Undertorqued maxillary incisors and canines lead to a less than desirable appearance and function.

Basic Principles of the Pitts Placement Protocol

There are certain bracket placement protocols I employ: 1. Develop a detailed bonding plan prior to bonding day and carefully select torques. 2. Ensure tray setup entails all the items essential to efcient bonding. 3. Use two assistants to assist in bonding. 4. Recontour teeth for esthetics and bracket t. 5. Follow an exacting bracket placement protocol to protect or enhance the smile arc and align buccal segment cusp tips and marginal ridges.

Flashless bonding is a simple concept just butter brackets with the proper amount of adhesive. The less ash, the healthier the tissue will be throughout treatment. My goal is to have no ash and no cleanup after positioning the bracket. Superior bond retention requires that there be no bracket movement after positioning.

2. I ensure the tray setup entails

1. I develop a detailed bonding plan prior to the bonding appointment and carefully select torques.
I study the patients pretreatment records to develop a bonding plan prior to the bonding appointment. This planning process takes very little time because I do it every day. The patients photographs allow me to assess, among other things, midlines, transverse plane, smile arc and enamel display and to determine the torques for the canines. The panorex lets me check for root parallelism and positioning. The cephalogram helps me decide the torque values for the maxillary and mandibular incisor brackets. This careful analysis allows me to plan bracket positioning in order to correct inclination. The bonding plan also takes into consideration the patients tooth angulations, marginal ridges, contact points, cusp heights, anterior overlap, smile arc and missing teeth.

all the items essential to efficient bonding.

There are a number of tools I consider essential to our bonding protocol and to the bonding tray setup (Figure 2). All the required brackets, including special brackets and disarticulation buttons, etc., laid out properly with the molar tubes preloaded with adhesive and covered. Ortho Solo from Ormco, a universal sealant and bond enhancer that I recommend for effective bracket adhesion. A two-inch, large-front-surface mirror1 that offers a clear view of the occlusal surface of each tooth. Long cotton rolls rather than cheek retractors for greater patient comfort and a better visual eld. Through-the-Lens Loupes from Orascoptic provide a superior eld of vision for bonding and debonding.

Figure 2. Bonding Tray Setup

Keat tweezers from Zona Industries for secure molar bracket delivery (Figure 3).

disclusion. Reshaping the lingual surfaces of canines also facilitates Class II, Class III and vertical correction when using elastics. I also reshape the lingual surfaces of the maxillary anteriors of some patients of Asian and American Indian descent.

Figure 3. Keat tweezers offer a secure means of molar bracket delivery.

5. I follow an exacting bracket

placement protocol to protect the smile arc and align buccal segment cusp tips and marginal ridges.
There are certain bracket placement principles to which I adhere. I have been using the Damon 3MX (D3MX) appliance and now use the latest generation Damon appliance, Damon Q (DQ). I bond the mandibular arch rst and then the maxillary arch: second molar to canine on half of the arch, the same sequence on the other half and then nish lateral to lateral. I bond the maxillary arch in the same sequence. I follow this procedure because I want the right side of the arch to mirror the left side in terms of bracket heights. I use a height gauge but only on canines and anteriors (both arches) to ensure that the brackets are at the same height, right and left. While this sequence is the order for bonding, the thought process is based on the bonding plan, developed from my study of where I want to place each bracket.

3. I use two assistants to assist

in bonding.
I perform six-handed bonding with two assistants helping one another in prepping the patient and then both assisting me during the bonding procedure. Once the teeth have been pumiced, the assistants ensure that no saliva touches them. The assistants sit opposite one another with me in the middle. I am right-handed so when I sit down to bondwith the patients head directly in front of me the assistant to my right will load the brackets with adhesive and pass them to me. The assistant to my left vacuums and light cures as necessary while holding both the large and small mirrors. This assistant (the one to my left) also keeps a small micro-brush lightly saturated with Ortho Solo at hand to wipe away any negligible amount of ash.

4. Prior to bonding, I recontour teeth

for esthetics and bracket fit.
Before I pick up the rst bracket, I perform macroenamel recontouring based, in part, on study of tooth anatomy via the stone models. Having practiced this protocol over time, I now perform it in less than one minute. Softening tooth contours, buccal/labial surfaces, incisal tips and edges and plunging cusps enhances esthetics and assists in contact relationships, esthetics and bracket and occlusal t. Bracket t is obviously important to achieving proper torque; occlusal t is essential to minimizing interferences. Plaster models help determine if any facial enamel contouring is necessary, particularly on maxillary centrals and laterals. Unless they are worn off, almost all canines need reshaping for esthetics and occlusion (Figure 4a-c). The incisal edges of the central and lateral incisors usually require recontouring as well. Reshaping the incisal surfaces of canines assists with smile arc protection and improves contact relationships with adjacent teeth yet does not interfere with canine

Ive learned over the years that I can save one to two appointments by bonding every tooth at the bonding appointment even if I wont be running a wire to all of the teeth until later in treatment. Bonding all the teeth at once also allows patients to get used to the brackets on their second molars at the same time as the other bonds. Waiting to bond later in treatment lengthens treatment for me and disrupts my schedule.

C Figure 4a-c. Almost all canines need reshaping for esthetics and occlusion.

I bond maxillary anteriors for esthetics and smile arc protection and the mandibular anteriors for overbite and overjet, bonding all other teeth for ideal occlusion. I treat the mandibular anteriors to the maxillary anteriors. Obviously, the canines are the transition from the anterior to the posterior segments and are integral to getting an esthetic and functional occlusion. Keying off of the maxillary canines helps me ensure that the canine-lateral and canine-rst premolar contacts are esthetic and functional.

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In terms of the buccal segments, its mandatory that the marginal ridges and contact points be perfectly aligned. Given the irregularity of buccal cusps, I feel that using them as my primary bracket placement reference for the buccal segments produces inconsistent and substandard results. For me, contact points make much more satisfactory references. If I get the brackets in the buccal segments placed correctly in relation to the contact points, the marginal ridges of the posterior teeth will take care of themselves and the buccal segments will articulate properly. Placing brackets relative to the contact points for the canines and buccal segments and then using the slot of the maxillary canine bracket as the reference for placing the incisor brackets creates a sweeping smile arc that is considered the hallmark of a pleasing dental appearance. Symmetrical gingival margins are an esthetic must for the six maxillary anterior teeth. With the use of lasers and crown-lengthening procedures, it has become easier for me to make the gingival heights symmetrical. The remainder of the article outlines the general guidelines I follow for placing brackets, although there will be case-specic situations where I will deviate from them. My 40-year study of bracket placement has led me to place brackets relatively more gingivally than most practitioners. Even though my placement approach often results in positioning brackets near or under tissue on premolars and molars (which is the major obstacle to my adopting indirect bonding), I rarely see labial/gingival decalcication on these teeth. Figure 5 is a case example that demonstrates my positioning approach. A difculty that I see many clinicians have is the height transition from the rst molar to second premolar and from the rst premolar to the canine.

As a rule, I make very few wire bends for these transitions because of the bracket placement locations I use referencing the contact points while keying off the canines. Dr. Mike Steffan2 and I developed a method to assist clinicians in perfecting this techniquedrawing lines on the stone models from contact point to contact point for the canines, premolars and molars (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Marking the stone models between the canines, premolars and molars from contact point to contact point helps establish the O-G positioning reference.

Maxillary anteriors (Figure 7). Since the maxillary canine is the transition from the anterior to the posterior segment and PITTS TRADITIONAL establishes the sweep for the smile arc, I plan positioning for the entire arch by rst determining the position for this bracket. In terms of occlusoFigure 7. Maxillary Bracket Positioning Anteriors M-D: Align bracket scribe line with crown-long axis at height of gingival (O-G) contour. Must view from incisal or placement will appear too placement of the mesial. O-G: Position incisal edge of canine bracket wings at M-D contact line maxillary canine, with slots of lateral and central incisor brackets sequentially more I have learned that gingival than slot of canine bracket. the incisal edge of the canine bracket wings need to be placed on a line drawn from the mesial to the distal contact at the height of contour interproximally. I refer to this line as the mesiodistal (M-D) contact line. The O-G positioning for the maxillary central and lateral incisor brackets uses the canine bracket as the reference point, with the slot of the central incisor bracket slightly more gingival (approximately 0.5 mm) than the slot of the canine bracket (as measured from the recontoured tip) and the slot of the lateral incisor bracket slightly more incisal than the central incisor bracket (approximately 0.25 mm). Placing brackets too incisally works against the smile arc and hinders torque control. The most common M-D placement error clinicians make in the anteriors is positioning the brackets too distally, especially on the lateral incisors and canines, both maxillary and mandibular (Figure 8). Magnication through
Figure 8. The most common M-D placement error is positioning brackets too distally on the lateral incisors and canines in both arches.

Figure 5. My O-G bracket positioning is slightly gingival to conventional placement on both arches.

Occlusogingival reference points are best seen from the incisal/occlusal aspect aided by the use of a 2-inch large-front-surface mirror.

The use of a two-inch, large-front-surface mirror offers a clear view of the occlusal surface of each tooth and allows me to place the brackets more accurately because the M-D reference points are best seen from this angle, particularly in the premolar, canine and anterior regions. Using the large-front-surface mirror makes it easier to keep the occlusal part of the pad touching evenly on the labial and buccal surfaces of the teeth.
loupes and the use of a large-front-surface mirror at bonding alleviates such errors and greatly enhances nishing ease. My study has clearly shown me that the position of the height of contour looks different when viewed from the incisal/occlusal aspect via the large mirror than when seeing it from the facial aspect. From the facial aspect, it seems as if I place anterior brackets mesial to the crown-long axis at the height of contour but when viewed from the incisal/occlusal aspect via the large mirror, the scribe line is actually aligned with the crown-long axis at the height of contour. Maxillary premolars (Figure 9). Using the largefront-surface mirror, I align the scribe line of the maxillary rst and second premolar brackets with the crown-long axis at the height of contour, paralleling the central groove and the M-D buccal line angle. Placing the maxillary rst premolar bracket too mesially is easy to TRADITIONAL PITTS do (specically if you are making the placement from the buccal aspect) and a common mistake (Figure 10). Such placement causes rotations and throws Figure 9. Maxillary Bracket Positioning Premolars M-D: Align bracket scribe line with crown-long axis at height of off the buccal occlucontour. Must view from occlusal. If viewed from buccal, 1st presion. Viewed from the molar placement will appear too distal; 2nd premolar too mesial. O-G: Position occlusal edge of bracket wings at the M-D contact line. buccal aspect after

correct placement, the rst premolar bracket will appear distal to the height of contour; the second premolar bracket will at times appear Figure 10. The most common placement error on the maxillary premolars is placmesial to the ing the bracket too mesially. Note that height of contour. the canine bracket was not placed mesially enough. The occlusal edge of the bracket wings should fall at the M-D contact line. Maxillary molars (Figure 11). Ormco makes M-D positioning of rst molar tubes simple because it manufactures this bracket pad with a buccal tip that ts naturally into the buccal groove of the tooth. The mesial aspect of the bracket should be in the middle of the mesiobuccal cusp. For accurate cusp height transition from the rst molar to the second premolar, I keep the occlusal edge of the rst molar tube pad on the M-D contact line.
PITTS

Figure 11. Maxillary Bracket Positioning 1st Molar M-D: Center buccal tip of tube pad over buccal groove of tooth. OG: Position occlusal edge of tube pad at M-D contact line. Maxillary Bracket Positioning 2nd Molar M-D: Center buccal tube pad over buccal groove of tooth. O-G: Position occlusal edge of tube pad 1.5 mm more occlusally than 1st molar tube.

The M-D positioning for the maxillary second molar tube is the same as the rst molar tube. In terms of O-G positioning, I place this bracket approximately 1.5 mm more occlusally than the maxillary rst molar bracket. This positioning and the -27 torque keeps roots buccally inclined and lifts lingual cusps to keep them from interfering with mandibular molars. A high percentage of maxillary second molars need palatal cusp recontouring later in treatment because the mesial inclines of these cusps are major contributors to tooth interference.

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DEEP BITE OPEN BITE

Figure 12. Mandibular Bracket Positioning Incisors M-D: Align bracket scribe line with crownlong axis at height of contour. Must view from incisal or placement will apear too mesial. O-G: Deep Bite Position top of slot 3.5 from incisal edge. O-G: Open Bite Position top of slot 5 mm from incisal edge.

PITTS

TRADITIONAL

Figure 14. Mandibular Bracket Positioning 1st/2nd Premolars. M-D: Align bracket scribe line with crown-long axis at height of contour. O-G: Position occlusal edges of bracket wings .5 mm gingivally to M-D contact line.

Mandibular incisors (Figure 12). For the best M-D positioning of the mandibular incisors, I align the bracket scribe line with the crown-long axis at the height of contour while viewing the teeth from the incisal aspect using the large-front-surface mirror. The O-G positioning of the mandibular incisors depends on the vertical relationship of the bite. For a deep bite, I place the bracket so that the top of its slot is fairly incisally positioned, approximately 3.5 mm from the incisal edge of the tooth with the maxillary anterior bite turbos already in place. On the mandibular arch, I like to over-level deep bites to a reverse curve of Spee. Early light elastics, which Ill discuss later in the article, accelerate bite opening and increase the vertical dimension by erupting the buccal segments. For an open bite, I place each mandibular incisor bracket so that the top of its slot is fairly gingivally positioned, approximately 5 mm from the incisal edge of the tooth. For me, open bites require some curve of Spee. Mandibular canines (Figure 13). Like its counterpart in the maxilla, the mandibular canine is the key to my positioning approach for the mandibular
PITTS

buccal segments and occlusion. For the best M-D positioning, I align the scribe line of the mandibular canine bracket with the crown-long axis at the height of contour, again while viewing the tooth from the incisal aspect. From long study, Ive determined that the best O-G position for the mandibular canine bracket is to place the incisal edge of the bracket wings on the M-D contact line. Mandibular premolars (Figure 14). For the best M-D positioning of the mandibular rst and second premolar brackets, I align the scribe line of each bracket with the crown-long axis at the height of contour (viewing the tooth from the occlusal aspect via the large mirror). I position the occlusal edge of the bracket wings 0.5 mm gingival to the M-D contact line. Mandibular molars (Figure 15/16). I position the rst and second molar tubes the same way. For the best M-D positioning, I center the buccal groove of the molar tube over the buccal groove of the tooth. Occlusogingivally, I position the occlusal edge of the bracket molar pads 0.5 mm gingivally to the
PITTS

Figure 13. Mandibular Bracket Positioning Canines M-D: Align bracket scribe line with crown-long axis at height of contour. Must view from incisal or placement will apear too mesial. O-G: Position incisal edges of wings at the M-D contact line.

Figure 15. Mandibular Bracket Positioning 1st/2nd Molars M-D: Center buccal tip of tube pad over buccal groove of tooth. O-G: Position occlusal edge of tube pad .5 mm gingivally to M-D contact line.

M-D contact line. In contrast to the maxillary molars, I place the mandibular rst and second molar bracket at the same height occlusogingivally.

Bracket Repositioning More Efficient than Bending Wires

In my experience, having to place excessive wire bends is not the fault of the orthodontic appliance design; its inappropriate bracket positioning. Because of malposed teeth (or an off day), it isnt always possible to position each bracket accurately at the initial bonding, but unless I reposition certain brackets, I will need to make compensating wire bends later in treatment, which introduces preventable uncertainty.

Figure 16.The best M-D positioning for the lower molars is to center the buccal tip of the molar tube over the buccal groove of the tooth.

I keep repositioning trays at each chair at all times so that Ill be more likely to rebond a misplaced bracket rather than relying on time-consuming wire bending that can extend treatment time.

response to the Damon System/early elastics protocol that I now start light elastics (never more than 2 oz. to start) at the bonding appointment on most of my cases to accelerate treatment time and enhance treatment quality (Case 1). Their use allows me to progress gently in cases requiring Class II (full), Class III, deep bite, open bite and even crossbite elastics. Because teeth are being erupted/intruded in the proper direction, early light elastics allow slight A-P correction concurrent with arch leveling. In deep bites, the general rule of thumb is to keep the elastics more posteriorally positioned in the buccal segments; in open bites, more anteriorally positioned. This protocol allows me to enhance enamel display upon smiling by changing the vertical dimension rather than by simply intruding upper anterior teeth. No adverse effects have been noted with using these early light elastics in my practice. With them, I now can control vertical and A-P correction much more efciently and esthetically. Being able to control the vertical dimension further enhances the opportunity to produce an esthetically pleasing smile arc. Because light elastics break easily and full-time wear is critical to success, I always recommend that patients carry a supply with them wherever they go. Patients will not be comfortable with early elastics wear for a few days. Those with deep bites who have disarticulation buttons placed on their anterior teeth will not be able to chew on their molars for several weeks and will need a diet of softer foods in small bite sizes until their back teeth touch. I recognize that patients are much more motivated to comply with such protocols early in treatment and this fact has certainly contributed to my success in this regard. Mentioning to patients that full-time

For me, failing to reposition brackets and relying excessively on wire adjustments is inefcient. Many clinicians estimate that repositioning brackets saves an average of six months of treatment time. To operate efciently, I have 25 trays set up and kept within easy access to every chair for these rebondings. Prior to removing the original bonds, I have the patient stand up and smile so I can visualize where I want the teeth to be positioned and then I measure where the brackets had been positioned so I can reposition them appropriately. I recontour teeth as needed.

Early Light Elastics Begin Correction Concurrent with Arch Leveling to Protect the Smile Arc
The underlying principle of the Damon philosophy is maintaining effective forces in large passive lumens throughout all phases of treatment for optimum tooth movement. I have long been uncomfortable with the heavy forces to which I used to subject patients when beginning A-P, vertical and transverse correction with elastics after leveling the arch. Several years ago I began using light elastics beginning at the bonding appointment on deep-bite cases in order to extrude posterior teeth in the proper direction. I was so taken aback by the wonderful

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wear can save many months of treatment has also proven to be an effective motivational tool. Dr. Stuart Frost of Mesa, Arizona, and I put together several charts that outline the basic protocol for elastics progression from the early stages of treatment through nishing for the classic malocclusion types (visit DamonSystem.com/elastics). While there are a myriad of ways to congure early light elastics, I nd that keeping the length the same while progressing in weight is the simplest way of maintaining inventory and keeping track of their use.

buccal cusps, marginal ridges and contact points to align called for a new positioning protocolone based on the guidelines Ive outlined in this article. As I mentioned previously, I truly enjoy the artistic challenge of direct bracket placement with the Damon appliance and have gotten to the point where I have to reposition very few brackets to get to excellent nishes with remarkable efciency. I notice that my students at UOP are also getting very good nishes without an appreciable number of rebonds. If we are to walk our talk of excellence in our specialty, we must begin our cases with the end of excellence in mind. ci ACKNOWLEDGMENT: I'd like to give special thanks to my associate, Dr. Mark Handelin, for taking photographs and pulling the records and other images for this article.

CONCLUSION
I realize that my bracket placement protocols are quite different from traditional placement and will take study, but having put many years into analyzing my case results and those of my partners and students at University of the Pacic, I have come to realize that protecting or enhancing the smile arc and getting

Idea from Dr. Louis Anderson, Katy, TX Dr. Mike Steffen, Edmond, OK

CASE 1 Early Light Elastics.

Dr. Tom Pitts

Pretreatment

Initial Bonding: Early light elastics and bite planes

11 Weeks: Class II Canine and 5 mm overjet 11

CASE 2 Pitts Bracket Placement with the Damon

System Appliance. No Early Light Elastics.

Dr. Tom Pitts

Pretreatment Diagnosis
Class I mesofacial female, age 27 years 1 month, presented with severe crowding, mucogingival issues and functionally exhibiting a minor CR/CO slide. Facial/Soft Tissue/Macroesthetics1: Flat profile, deep labial furrows and thin lips with slightly recessive upper lip. Well-proportioned chin-tonasolabial relationship but minimal vermillion display. Smile/Miniesthetics1: Asymmetric smile with low commissure on the right, adequate incisal display and smile arc, good upper midline position but severe crowding, narrow arches and large buccal corridors. Teeth/Microesthetics1: Satisfactory tooth shade and shape. Gingival shape shows forward root position and labiogingival recession on U/L3s & LL1. Incisors bell-shaped with minimal connector areas for contacts. Lower midline shifted 5 mm to left. U2s in lingual crossbite with dilacerated LR5 root tip.

28 Months: Treatment Complete (records taken 1 week before debonding)

Note the change in incisor inclination.

Posttreatment
Achieved all goals for functional occlusion (manipulated to coincident CR/CO) and enhanced antiaging facial and smile esthetics. Accomplished proper tooth inclinations and enhanced smile arc and enamel display, diminished labial furrows and improved vermillion curl, incisal display and lip fullness. Vertical, transverse and A-P changes were all positive. Microesthetic analysis reveals mucogingival enhancement, greater contact connectors and an esthetically pleasing emergence profile. Delivered fixed retainers U/L and removable retainers (.040 slipcovers) for nighttime wear. Looking back, I would have liked more lingual crown torque and distal root tip on UR2.

Case Discussion
This patients result not only demonstrates my years of bracket placement analysis, it also exemplifies a paradigm shift in orthodontic treatment that mandates enhanced facial esthetics as well as a beautiful smile and functional occlusion. Specifically, esthetic facial standards now favor greater lip projection, lip curl and vermillion display. Such contemporary esthetic orthodontic finishing is made possible by the proper placement of passive self-ligation that offers low-friction sliding mechanics, which when combined with proper bracket placement and variable torques, deliver what patients want. This patient says she feels that she looks years younger and I have not been able to achieve such esthetic goals with any other methodology.

Treatment Plan (Including Anti-Aging Goals)

Treat nonextraction (except for 3rd molars) to achieve functional occlusion and enhanced facial and smile esthetics. Employ passive self-ligation (Damon3/D3MX), developing arches slowly to relieve crowding. With proper torques and bracket positioning, counteract proclination of the buccal segments and anteriors, the latter to protect the smile arc. (Invert STD torque on upper incisors with +12 becoming -12 for 1s; +8 becoming -8 for 2s. Use low torque on L3-3.) Minimize exacerbation of labiogingival recession. Idealize occlusion to enhance Macro-, Mini-, and Microesthetics; i.e., minimize buccal corridors and protect smile arc and incisal display, add lip fullness with more vermillion curl and reduce depth of labial furrows.

Sarver, D. Soft-tissue based diagnostics and treatment planning. Clinical Impressions, Vol 14, No 1, 2006: 21-26

17 Months: Differential Torque Continues to Work

Of particular note is that at 17 months, incisors are still proclined, but allowing the differential torques and prescribed Damon wire sequence time to work out will foster proper lingual incisor inclination as the arch continues to develop.

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Pretreatment

17 Months: Differential Torque Continues to Work

28 Months: Treatment Complete (records taken 1 week before debonding)

Posttreatment

13

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Profile Change

Maxillary Change

CLASS II MOLAR-TO-MOLAR
Pretreatment

AdvanSync Activated

Posttreatment

Before and after superimpositions and photos illustrate skeletal changes created by AdvanSync Molar-To-Molar treatment. Patient treated with AdvanSync prototype.

Initial Final

Mandibular Change

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1 2

Herbst is a registered trademark of Dentaurum Inc. Ryan VanLaecken, Chris A. Martin, Terry Dischinger, Thomas Razmus and Peter Ngan. Treatment effects of edgewise Herbst appliance: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006: 130(5): 582-593.

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Confidently predict treatment times and eliminate compliance issues Passive ligation bracket design and optimal-force wires designed to reduce friction and accelerate treatment Maximum patient comfort with minimal impact on speech Standard indirect setup in your own practice or through AOA Lab, making bracket placement fast, simple and accurate Most cases do not require a TARG or CLASS setup

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Treatment time: 6 months

Treatment time: 8 weeks 1 wire used

Molar Protraction
Using Temporary Skeletal Anchorage
Editors Preface: Dr. Scheffler has been documenting cases employing VectorTAS, Ormcos temporary skeletal anchorage system, in order to share protocols for simplifying the applied mechanics. Case 1 illustrates unilateral mandibular molar protraction utilizing indirect anchorage to close space from a congenitally missing second premolar. Case 2 illustrates en masse protraction of an entire maxillary arch utilizing direct anchorage to help retreat a relapsed Class III malocclusion that also needed maxillary incisor buccal crown torque.
After third molars, the most common congenitally missing teeth are mandibular second premolars1; the most frequently lost permanent teeth are mandibular rst molars.2 While orthodontic molar protraction may be a favorable alternative to dental implants or prostheses for treating patients with these types of missing teeth, it can be challenging. Molar protraction relies on anterior tooth-borne anchorage, which is often inadequate and results in undesired reciprocal retraction of incisors in either the same or the opposing arch. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) can provide stable/reliable anchorage that avoids these problems. TADs can be used to protract posterior segments bilaterally or even unilaterally, close space from a missing or extracted tooth and/or correct anteroposterior discrepancies that would otherwise be difcult, if not impossible, to correct. Since the advent of temporary skeletal anchorage, clinicians have reported the results of various molar protraction techniques using TADs.3 Although the benets of using TADs to minimize the difculties of protracting posterior teeth are signicant, orthodontists must understand the biomechanics involved in order to prevent potential side effects of pulling teeth in one direction. Protracting molars directly with a TAD placed gingivally to the archwire will create a posterior open bite unless a power arm such as a VectorTAS Crimpable Post is used to protract the posterior teeth through the center of resistance of the posterior segment. Since the mandible is often too shallow for comfortable use of a power arm, indirect anchorage via a TAD is an effective alternative. In addition, transverse problems can occur if the force pulls only from the facial aspect of the posterior segment without a counter-rotational force from the lingual surface. See Case 1.

Nicole Scheffler, DDS, MS Boone, NC

Dr. Schefer has considerable experience in research and clinical use of temporary skeletal anchorage devices and was instrumental in the design of the VectorTAS miniscrew system with Drs. Hilgers, Graham and Tracey. She became skilled in skeletal anchorage under the guidance of Dr. de Clerk of Brussels, Belgium, and Dr. Tulloch of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Dr. Schefer lectures regularly throughout the world on the subject and has published research on patient and orthodontist/surgeon implementation perceptions for many types of TADs in the AJO-DO. She earned her MS and certicate in orthodontics from UNC-Chapel Hill and is diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics. She is in private practice with Dr. Michael Mayhew in Boone, North Carolina.

TAD Placement that Increases Stability

Research indicates that the stability of TADs is enhanced when they are placed away from the proximity of adjacent roots4. Orthodontists are naturally more comfortable placing TADs themselves when there is more than adequate space available to do so. Progressing to a rectangular archwire before placing TADs and initiating protractionas illustrated in both Cases 1 and 2allows the practitioner to bond brackets to achieve appropriate root divergence. In Case 2, the mesialization of the anteriors alone provided ample space for miniscrew placement.

Conclusion
Having used various skeletal anchorage devices, I nd it advantageous to use low-prole miniscrews with smooth heads, such as VectorTAS, especially in anterior regions because of the tightness and continual movement of the orbicularis oris muscle and the high potential for tissue ulcerations. ci

Thilander B, Myrberg N. The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish school children. Scand J Dent Res. 1973; 81:12-21.
2

Meskin LH, Brown LJ. Prevalence and patterns of tooth loss in U.S. employed adult and senior populations, Educ. 52:686-91, 1988.

Roberts WE, Marshall KJ, Mozsary PG. Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars and close an atrophic extraction site. Angle Orthod. 1990; 60: 135-52.
4 Kuroda, S., et. al., AJO-DO, April 2007, Vol. 131, Issue 4, pp. S68 S73.

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CASE 1 Unilateral Molar Protraction with Indirect Anchorage Setup via VectorTAS
Dr. Nicole Scheffler Pretreatment Diagnosis: Discussion limited to protraction
Male patient, age 12 years 6 months, presented with moderate crowding of the lower arch, the LL3 in crossbite and a congenitally missing LL5 with the roots of the LLE partially resorbed.

Treatment Plan
Extract the LLE, align the teeth and upright the molars. Close extraction site via unilateral molar protraction using a TAD for anchorage.

Treatment Progress/TAD Placement at 10 Months

Extracted the LLE. Bonded both arches with Damon 3/Damon 3MX brackets positioned on the LL3 and LL4 to diverge roots for TAD placement ease. Progressed to a .019 x .025 stainless steel wire in the lower arch, then lace-tied the LL molars together. To ease sliding mechanics and minimize the potential of the entire arch protracting, thinned the posterior wire segment with a gray stone. Placed an 8 mm VectorTAS miniscrew between the LL3 and LL4 and ligature-tied the TAD to the LL4 to anchor it and preclude it from moving distally during protraction. To initiate protraction, engaged a 9 mm ni-ti coil spring (Masel, Bristol, PA) from the LL6 to a crimpable hook on the archwire just distal to the LL3. Bonded lingual buttons on the LL4 and LL6 and attached an anti-rotational chain between these teeth during protraction to keep the molar from flaring buccally. Ligated the lower anteriors together from the LL3 to the LR4 to prevent anterior space from opening during buccal segment space consolidation.

Pretreatment

14 Months: Continuing Space Consolidation

To continue space consolidation, replaced the ni-ti coil spring with an elastic chain from the hook on the LL6 to the LL3. To help erupt the UL3, placed a Kobayashi hook on the anchored LL4 for nighttime short-elastic wear. At 16 months, replaced elastic chain with Damon elastic module to continue space closure.

10 Months: TAD Placement

17.5 Months (7.5 Months of TAD Protraction): Protraction Complete & Extraction Site Closed
The LL5 space had closed completely. Repositioned the LL4 bracket to remove some of the root diversion and dropped back to a .014 x .025 Copper Ni-Ti archwire. With protraction complete, removed the ligature tie to the anchor and replaced the Kobayashi hook with a drop-in vertical hook to continue nighttime short-elastic wear to the UL3 to help close the bite between the UL3 and LL4.

14 Months: Continuing Space Consolidation

Discussion: Improving Occlusion after Protraction

Without maxillary extractions, the final CL III molar relationship may not be ideal. Reducing protracted L6s mesially and distally and allowing L8s to erupt and occlude with U7s can create a better occlusion.

17.5 Months (7.5 Months of TAD Protraction): Extraction Site Closed

Posttreatment 17

CASE 2 Single-Arch En Masse Protraction with Direct Anchorage Setup via VectorTAS
Dr. Nicole Scheffler

Pretreatment Diagnosis
Male patient, age 18, had finished orthodontic treatment at age 15 with successful correction of a dental Class III malocclusion but had experienced considerable mandibular growth in the intervening years, which resulted in an anterior crossbite that was causing incisor wear and eating difficulty. He requested retreatment to alleviate his edge-to-edge bite with the hope of finishing treatment before he went to college.

Treatment Plan
Mesialize U3-3 with open coils distal to U3s to approximate a Class I canine relationship followed by posterior protraction using direct TAD anchorage.

Treatment Progress/TAD Placement at 9 Months

Bonded the upper arch with Damon 3MX (low torque U2-2; high torque U3s). Progressed to a .019 x .025 stainless steel archwire, then placed Ni-Ti open coil springs bilaterally distal to U3s to mesialize the anteriors. After 9 months of mesialization, placed one 8 mm VectorTAS miniscrew in each buccal segment distal to the 3s, then attached a Ni-Ti coil spring from each TAD to a power arm placed distal to each U6. This setup exerts a translational force close to the center of resistance of the molars. The power arm offers 3 points of attachment for a controlled vertical force. Since this patient had an open-bite tendency, placed the coil springs so that they exhibited a slight intrusive force on the molars during protraction. The patient also had a posterior crossbite tendency and would benefit from slight posterior buccal flaring so there was no need to offset the unidirectional pull from the facial surface of the teeth. Protracted the arch U7-7 while maintaining the closed coils distal to the U3s to assist with the continued protraction of the anteriors. Later, removed the closed coils and protracted the posteriors up against the U3s.

16 Months (7 Months of TAD Protraction): Treatment Complete

Given the difficulty of unilateral protraction and the limited timeframe, the result was acceptable and the patient was well-satisfied with the outcome. The upper arch protracted about 4 mm and the patient had better positive overjet and improved incisor angulation with greater midfacial support and upper lip fullness.

Discussion: Minimal Anchorage Loss During Mesialization

The case did not lose much anchorage in the posterior during anterior mesialization despite its having served as the only anchorage. Using two additional miniscrews could have ensured that no posterior anchorage loss occurred, but pitting the 8 posterior teeth against the 6 anteriors was effective and resulted in minimal round-tripping. I would like to have achieved more anterior mesialization for ideal miniscrew placement, but leaving the springs distal to the U3s for 2 months after beginning posterior protraction continued the needed anterior mesialization and ensured that the U3s did not relapse into the TADs.

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Pretreatment

9 Months: TAD Placement

16 Months (7 Months of TAD Protraction): Treatment Complete 19

BREAK

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Variable Torque for Optimal

Inclination
William W. Thomas, DDS, MS Poway, California
Dr. Thomas received his dental and orthodontic training at Georgetown University where he was inducted into Omicron Kappa Upsilon, the national dental honor society, and received awards for outstanding prosthodontic and pediatric treatment. He is president of the Southern California Damon Study Club and is in private practice with ofces in Poway and Eastlake, California. He was also a quality assurance orthodontic auditor for the state of California from 2003 to 2006.

The amount of torque a bracket expresses is the difference between the degree of torque built into its slot and the degree of play between the slot and the rectangular wire engaged in the slot. If we could completely ll all dimensions of a bracket lumen, we could achieve full torque expression but since a wire can never be the same size as the lumen into which it ts, we never achieve the torque value that a manufacturer designed into its bracket. This phenomenon is known as "wire play l."

with +15 of torque will typically lose 10.5 of torque to wire play, delivering expressed torque of +4.5. (Moreover, the smaller the cross section of wire in the lumen, the greater the wire play.) If additional torque is required, the clinician must add torque to the working wire or use pretorqued Ni-Ti wires.

Achieving Proper Tooth Inclination with Damon System Mechanics

There has been a lack of understanding about how to achieve torque in the Damon appliance, which requires that only two edges of a rectangular wire engage on opposing walls of a bracket lumena core advantage of the Damon System (Fig. 1). In conventional appliances and active self-ligating brack+/-10.5 ets, the goal is to seat a rectangular archwire against the bracket base in some or all phases of Figure 1. There is +/- 10.5 of treatment to achieve the play between a .019 x .025 wire and a .022 x .028 slot. required torque. One might suggest engaging the largest cross section of wire (.021 x .025) that ts into a .022 slot to express as much of the built-in bracket torque as possible, but in the Damon System there are valid reasons not to do so. The friction and binding that result from almost completely lling a slot make leveling and alignment, space closing, and even nishing and settling of the occlusion more difcult to accomplish. More importantly, to achieve biologically compatible tooth movement, it is advantageous not to seat an archwire against the base of the slot because it is the play in the system during all phases of treatment

Factoring wire play into planning ideal tooth inclinations is essential to achieving proper toothby-tooth inclination for an esthetically pleasing, functional result but it can sometimes get overlooked when considering all the variables we must take into consideration when planning treatment. As opposed to conventional brackets and active selfligating brackets, wire play in the Damon System which I have used exclusively in my practice for the past six yearsis more than a mere mathematical calculation. It performs a fundamental role. Many orthodontists refer to tooth inclination as torque. Before I discuss that role, There is a difference. Inclination is a description of let's review how wire play tooth position; torque is the action required to effect a affects the torque that change in inclination. My friend Dr. Larry Andrews a bracket expresses, a phetaught me this difference as well as many other aspects of achieving proper tooth inclination and nomenon that applies to all I will forever be indebted to him for that. In this xed appliances regardless of article, the word torque will be used synonywhether they are conventional mously with inclination. twin brackets or active or passive self-ligating appliances. Manufacturing tolerances aside, the degree of wire play between a .019 x .025 stainless steel wire and a .022 x.028 slot is +/-10.5. With this type/size wire, a standard torque Damon Q central incisor bracket

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21

that greatly assists in keeping forces effective, blood vessels from totally occluding and tooth movement consistent. In Damon mechanics, wire play is not just a calculation; it is fundamental to its many benets.

Figure 2. Damon 3/3MX and Damon Q Torque Options

1
Maxillary High/Super STD Low D3 +17 +12 +7 DQ +22 +15 +2 D3 +10 +8 +3

2
DQ +13 +6 -5 D3 +7 0

3
DQ +11 +7 -9 D3 -7

4/5
DQ -11

6
SL -18

7
Ti -27

The Advantages of Variable Torque

With regard to rectangular wires, there are three primary means of creating the torque required to achieve an esthetically pleasing functional result: employing pretorqued brackets, adding torque to archwires or both. Dr. Dwight Damon is a strong proponent of employing variable-torque brackets (rather than primarily relying on placing torque in wires) for a number of reasons. One is that doing so introduces torque correction gradually, beginning with the rst light rectangular wires, which keeps forces effective throughout all stages of treatment while sustaining the blood supply around teeth for consistent tooth movement. Ive learned that employing variable torque: Allows roots to begin uprighting early during the rectangular wire-leveling phase. Maintains anterior torque during major mechanics, avoiding the trauma and time of round-tripping teeth. Permits selective torque for individual teeth. Maintains posterior torque during maxillary width increases and bone adaptation. Minimizes the guesswork of adding, then duplicating torquing bends to different sizes and alloys of nishing wires. Enhances the quality of case results while minimizing time and appointments. Can improve nal root position, which supports greater stability.

1/2
Mandibular High/Super STD Low D3 -1 -6 DQ -3 -11 D3 +7 0

3
DQ +13 +7 0 D3 -12

4
DQ -5 -12 D3 -17

5
DQ -17

6
SL -28

7
Ti -10

Moving a bracket from one arch to the opposing arch requires switching placement to the other side of the arch and taking the differences in angulation into account. Some clinicians have the mistaken idea that inverting brackets also requires switching placement to the other side of the arch but that is not so. Maintaining inverted brackets on the same side of the arch keeps the root tip the same mesiodistal.2

Expanding Torque Options without Further Expanding Bracket Inventory

Note: I wrote this article from my experience with Damon 3 and Damon 3MX (D3/D3MX), both of which offer variable torque and have dramatically reduced the need for adding wire torque. Ormco has recently launched Damon Q (DQ) with new torque values that are intended to further lessen the need for adding wire torque as well as minimizing or even eliminating some of the techniques described in this article. Throughout the article, I specify when I am referring to D3/D3MX or DQ, and how the new DQ torque values address specic torque challenges. Even with the number of variable torque options that D3, D3MX and DQ prescriptions provide (Fig. 2), some cases may require additional means of torque. Three options include: (1) employing a bracket on a tooth different from its intended placement on the same side of the arch; (2) switching a bracket from its intended placement in one arch to the same or a different tooth in the opposing arch; and (3) inverting a bracket 180 on the same tooth for which it is intended.
Figure 3. Inverting a low- or standard-torque bracket (which changes the + torque to -) generates greater labial root movement than the lowest D3/D3MX lateral torque option available for upper laterals (pictured). The DQ low-torque value (-5) is designed to bring the root of a palatally inclined maxillary lateral incisor labially with crown movement.

Switching brackets from one arch to the other or inverting brackets on the same tooth changes positive torque to negative and vice versa, thus increasing the number of torque options available. For example, in a case such as is depicted in Fig. 3, root movement of a palatally inclined maxillary lateral incisor will lag sufciently behind crown movement, a situation which warrants a torque value lower than the available +3 of the lowest torque D3/D3MX lateral incisor bracket. Inverting a low- (+3) or standard-torque (+8) D3/D3MX bracket on this tooth offers two additional lowtorque options (-3 and -8). DQ offers a -5 low-torque option designed to address most of these situations without inverting brackets. I admonish clinicians that inverting brackets comes with inherent risks. It is imperative that inverted brackets be carefully

22

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monitored and when the intended torque is achieved, the brackets be reipped and rebonded or the tooth rebonded with another appropriate torque bracket. Regardless of appliance, it is necessary to palpate roots at each appointment to monitor movement.

start to unravel (Fig. 5). Beginning in the round-wire phase, lip pressure helps drive transverse arch development to the posterior. When moving into rectangular wires, low-torque incisor brackets help resist proclination. In these situations I often nish in .016 x .025 stainless steel archwires. Depending on the severity of the crowding, the narrowness of the arch and the degree of lip pressure, inverting maxillary lowtorque D3/D3 MX brackets (which changes +7 and +3 for the central and lateral incisors to -7 and -3, respectively) offers even greater resistance to labial crown proclination. Once crowding is resolved and incisor inclination has been established, either I leave the brackets in this position, reip and rebond them, or rebond brackets with different torques. In such situations, wire play may work to our advantage by decreasing the need to reip brackets or rebond teeth with other torque values. DQ offers low-torque incisor values (+2 and -5 for the maxillary central and lateral incisors, respectively) that are intended to address such situations without inverting brackets, although there may certainly be exceptions. To counter the negative effects of Class II mechanics, which cause maxillary incisors to incline lingually and mandibular incisors to procline, I place high-torque brackets on maxillary incisors and low-torque on mandibular incisors but the latter only if using a MARA or a Herbst3 (Fig. 6). The same torque values apply whether the Class II case is mildly or severely crowded as long as the treatment plan is nonextraction, although I dont recommend low torque on the mandibular incisors if the patient has periodontal issues. In regard to DQ, the low-torque incisor bracket (-11) is particularly recommended for cases involving Herbst and Mara appliances but not for those with extensive crowding and/or thin attached labial tissue. As with all cases, evaluation of attached tissue plays an important role in torque selection.

Figure 4. Incisor Torque Based on Mechanics (Nonextraction)

Case Type/ Mechanics

Class I Mild Crowding Class I Mod to Severe Crowding

Torque Problem
None

Torque Solution D3/D3MX DQ

Standard Low or ip MX low for even greater labial root torque Standard

MX/MD Incisor Proclination

Low

High and MX Incisor add wire torque Class II Lingual Inclination if needed Mechanics (Elastics, Herbst, Low if using Herbst or MD Incisor Mara, etc) MARA and no perio Proclination issues exist Class III Mechanics (Elastics, Reverse Pull Facemask) MX Incisor Proclination MD Incisor Lingual Inclination Low Standard

Super Low if using Herbst or MARA and no perio issues exist Low Standard

Using Torque to Counter Major Mechanics

Correcting Class II and Class III malocclusions requires selecting proper variable-torque appliances to help offset torque loss during correction, maintaining inclination (both anterior and posterior) and avoiding the trauma and time of round-tripping teeth. Ill address the counterbalancing protocols of variable torque for major mechanics in cases being treated nonextraction (Fig. 4) before discussing torque selection for individual tooth positions. In mildly crowded Class I cases where no signicant incisor inclination discrepancies exist, standard-torque D3/D3MX or DQ brackets on the incisors are sufcient to maintain existing tooth inclinations. For Class I cases with moderate to severe crowding, low-torque incisor brackets on both arches help resist proclination as teeth

Figure 6. To counter side effects of CL II mechanics on incisors, use high-torque on MX and low on MD. Figure 5. CL I moderate to severe crowding: To prevent incisor proclination, use low torque on both arches.

Large blue arrows indicate the direction of the root movement from the bracket torque that counters the effects of the mechanics. Small blue arrows indicate the movement of the incisal crowns that is a side effect of the CL II mechanics.

Flip maxillary incisor brackets to resist flaring even further when using D3/D3MX brackets.

23

Figure 7. To counter lower incisor proclination while leveling curve of Spee and with CL II mechanics, consider using low torque on MD.

Figure 9. Andrewss Study of 120 Optimal Occlusions*

Maxillary Tooth
Central Lateral Canine 1 Premolar
st

Optimal Torque
+7 +3 -7 -7 -7 -9 -9

Average Torque
+6.1 +4.4 -7.3 -8.5 -8.8 -11.5 -8.1

Range
-7 to +15 -6 to +17 -17 to +10 -20 to +5 -20 to +3 -25 to +2 -25 to +12

Standard Deviation
+/-4.0 +/-4.4 +/-4.2 +/-4.0 +/-4.1 +/-3.9 +/-5.6

Large blue arrows indicate the direction of the root and crown movement from the bracket torque that counters the effects of the mechanics. Small blue arrows indicate the root and crown proclination from leveling the curve of Spee and CL II mechanics.

2nd Premolar 1 Molar

st

2nd Molar

Mandibular Tooth
Central Incisor Lateral Incisor Canine 1st Premolar 2 Premolar
nd

Optimal Torque
-1 -1 -11 -17 -22 -30 -35

Average Torque
-1.7 -3.2 -12.7 -19.0 -23.6 -30.7 -36.0

Range
-17 to +16 -19 to +15 -26 to +2 -35 to -1 -45 to -8 -55 to -9 -60 to -9

Standard Deviation
+/-5.8 +/-5.4 +/-4.7 +/-5.0 +/-5.6 +/-5.9 +/-6.6

Countering Negative Effects of Curve of Spee Correction

Leveling the curve of Spee often causes mandibular incisor proclination; low-torque brackets counter this effect. Adding labial root torque to the .019 x .025 stainless steel nishing wire controls mandibular incisor torque even further if using D3/D3MX. If nishing in a .016 x .025 stainless steel archwire, consider the need for additional labial root torque to counter the increased wire play.

1st Molar 2 Molar

nd

*Numbers rounded to the nearest tenth.

Because of wire play, even when nishing in .019 x .025 stainless steel archwires, high-torque D3/D3MX maxillary incisor brackets (+17 and +10 for the central and lateral incisors, respectively) may not provide enough inclination control so I routinely add 10 of lingual root torque to the working archwire. DQ offers high-torque maxillary values of +22 and +13 for the central and lateral incisors, respectively, which are intended to address such situations without adding wire torque. To counter the negative effects of Class III mechanics, which often cause maxillary incisors to procline and mandibular incisors to tip lingually, I typically use low-torque brackets on the maxillary incisors and standard torque on mandibular incisors (Fig. 8). DQ offers low-torque maxillary incisor values (+2 and -5 for the central and lateral incisors, respectively) that are even more effective than D3/D3MX values in such situations.
Figure 8. To counter side effects of CL III mechanics on incisors, use lowtorque on MX, standard on MD. Large blue arrows indicate the direction of the root movement from the bracket torque that counters the effects of CL III mechanics. Small blue arrows indicate the movement of the incisal crowns that is a side effect of the CL III mechanics.

Selecting Torque Values for Individual Teeth

The orthodontic profession has long accepted Dr. Larry Andrews research that determined standards for optimal tooth positioning relative to the occlusal plane: e.g., +7 for the upper central incisor (Fig. 9). Andrews conclusions were derived from 120 natural occlusions that he deemed most favorable based on hard-tissue considerations only. The range for the maxillary central incisor inclination in his optimal occlusion sample spanned from -7 to +15 with a standard deviation of +/- 4. With such a wide range and relatively large standard deviation as was the case with all tooth positions deemed optimal in the study, Andrews benchmarks offer considerable opportunity for clinician discretion in determining tooth inclinations. The Damon philosophy emphasizes the paramount importance of smile arc4 and soft tissue to treatment planning, recognizing the importance of lip and midfacial support for esthetics, especially as we age. Keeping this in mind, ideal central incisor position (AP, SI and inclination) is not an arbitrary number but should be based on each patients unique needs. I have found, however, that with the patients head in a natural position, the maxillary central incisor is usually in optimal position when it is balanced under Glabella, which is best determined at the initial examination with the patient in prole, smiling. Andrews research on maxillary canine inclination found that the optimal torque value to be -7 with a range from -17 to +10 and

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a standard deviation of +/- 4.2. Dr. Damon has always recommended nishing canines relatively upright for improved function and esthetics with the canine positioned from 0 to -2 relative to the occlusal plane, depending on its labial surface contours.

Pretreatment and Ideal Tooth Positions Determine Incisor and Canine Torque
Except where countering major mechanics, I always base maxillary incisor and canine bracket torque selections on the pretreatment tooth positions and prescribed nal tooth positions, factoring wire play into the determinations. As with any technique, experience and training are critical to making these judgments. To maintain maxillary incisor and canine positions when there is no need to counter the negative effects of major mechanics, standard-torque brackets are usually adequate. On the other hand, uprighting lingually inclined maxillary incisors and canines often requires high-torque brackets, which, even when factoring in wire play, are usually satisfactory although I occasionally engage Ni-Ti archwires with 20 of built-in anterior torque or add torque to the stainless steel archwire. The increased DQ maxillary incisor and canine torque values are designed to upright lingually inclined anteriors without the need to use wires with built-in torque or add torque to the stainless steel wire. To correct maxillary lateral incisors that are blocked out lingually, not only must the crown be moved labially but also extra labial root torque is almost always required. In such situations, the lowest D3/D3MX torque option (+3) is usually not enough. Given that we generally need to factor in overcorrection, ipping a low- or standard-torque D3/D3MX lateral incisor bracket (which offers two additional options of -3 and -8) is often necessary to provide the additional labial root torque (as shown in Figure 3). DQ offers a low-torque value of -5 that is designed to provide the additional labial root torque required in most situations. At the discretion of the clinician, additional wire torque may be added as needed. If I have inverted brackets, as soon as the crown and root are in an overcorrected position, I either downsize the wire (increasing wire play and stopping active torque) or reip the bracket and rebond it or rebond with a standard-torque bracket. Note that overcorrection applies to root positions as well as crown positions in all three planes of space. Determining when root position has been adequately overcorrected is difcult to quantify and requires experience. When maxillary lateral incisors are minimally blocked out to the palate, its a judgment call whether to use a low-torque (+3) or ip a low-torque D3/D3MX bracket for a torque value of -3

(Fig.10). The DQ maxillary lateral incisor torque value of -5 is designed to manage most laterals that are minimally blocked out to the palate without the need to invert brackets.

In situations where teeth are blocked out either labially or lingually, the strategy almost always includes tying in the blocked-out tooth at the initial bonding. You can employ Kaplan hooks, embed a ligature wire in light-cured composite or consider cutting a bracket in half. Including blocked-out teeth creates the best opportunity to optimize forces and moments. Two situations that preclude tying in blocked-out teeth at initial bonding are: (1) when incisors are in an anterior crossbite and cannot be engaged because of the deep bite; and (2) when space must be opened prior to bringing blocked-out canines into the arch. Lingually blocked-out mandibular incisors (Fig. 11) often need considerable labial root torque, even more than the lowest torque (-6) that the D3/D3MX prescription provides. Shifting a standard- or high-torque D3/D3MX maxillary lateral incisor bracket to a mandibular incisor changes the positive torque to negative for much lower effective torque values (-8 and -10). DQ offers a -11 low-torque option that is intended to foster appropriate labial root torque in such situations without the need to invert brackets. If more torque is required, make adjustments to the appropriate wires.

Figure 10. With a minimally blocked-out upper lateral, use a low-torque or invert a low-torque D3/D3MX bracket.

+10

-10

Figure 11. Bonding a high-torque D3/D3MX maxillary lateral incisor bracket to a lingually blocked-out mandibular incisor (which changes the +10 to -10) generates greater labial root torque than the lowest torque D3/D3MX mandibular lateral incisor.

25

If I have shifted a bracket between arches, as soon as the root apex is in an overcorrected position, I rebond it with the optimal mandibular incisor bracket. When making such a shift, it is best to place the bracket on the opposite side of the arch (e.g., moving the maxillary left lateral incisor bracket to the mandibular right lateral incisor), which assists with proper tip; however, you still need to bond the bracket on the tooth with the slot correctly positioned for proper root tip instead of basing the bracket position on how the sides of the bracket parallel the edges of the tooth. It is important to understand that uprighting mandibular canines is not expanding them. One of the basic tenants of the Damon philosophy adheres to the widely accepted standard that maintaining or closely approximating pretreatment with posttreatment canine width provides the greatest means of long-term case stability. Many orthodontists confuse the two movements uprighting versus expandingbut the distinction is vital to ones treatment plan and canine inclination goals. Measurements to determine canine inclination should be related to the center of rotation (i.e., CEJ) and would be more relevant than measurements at the cusp tip. Perhaps future CT scans will allow us to predict nal canine inclination more accurately by taking the center of resistance into account. Uprighting mandibular
canines is not expanding them. Inclination measurements should relate to the center of rotation rather than the cusp tip.

DQ offers a torque value of -11 for maxillary premolars that is intended to minimize the need to add wire torque in such situations. Maxillary Molars. In his study, Andrews reported optimal inclinations for maxillary 1st and 2nd molars to be -9. Crowns of maxillary 1st and 2nd molars tend to tip buccally during transverse arch adaptation. Sufcient buccal root torque keeps these teeth uprighted and the lingual cusps lifted to preclude interference with the mandibular molars. Most prescriptions offer -10 torque for the maxillary 1st molar; the Damon prescription is -18 (Fig. 12). The Titanium Orthos buccal tube recommended for the maxillary 2nd molar has a torque value of -27. This increased molar torque takes into account wire play and maintains upright buccal segments during lateral arch development. If additional torque is required, you must add buccal root torque to the working wire.

Figure 12. Additional buccal root torque in Damon Rx counters MX buccal crown tipping of 1st molar during lateral arch adaptation. Damon Torque -18 Typical Torque 10

Lingual

Buccal

Patients with narrow arches requiring transverse arch development often have lingually inclined canines that respond well to high-torque brackets, either D3MX or DQ. Uprighting canines with high-torque brackets does not widen them bodily within the alveolar process; it uprights the crowns thereby centering the teeth in the boney trough. To prevent canines from inclining lingually when closing extraction spaces, I also use high-torque brackets, either D3/D3MX or DQ.

Initial Position

Potential Tipping During Arch Adaptation

Finished Molar Optimal Torque

Proper Torque in the Buccal Segments

For the buccal segments, I think its appropriate to refer back to Dr. Andrewss research related to his preferred tooth inclinations (Fig. 9). Maxillary Premolars. In his study, Andrews reported optimal inclinations for maxillary 1st and 2nd premolars to be -7. The D3/D3MX prescription offers one torque of -7 for maxillary premolars. Since there is a tendency for maxillary premolar crowns to tip buccally during transverse arch adaptation, it is often necessary to add buccal root torque to the wire for proper maxillary premolar positioning when using this prescription.

Mandibular Premolars. In his study, Andrews reported optimal inclinations for mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars to be -17 and -22, respectively. Damon torque values in the D3/D3MX and DQ prescriptions for the mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars are -12 and -17, respectively. Occasionally you will nd a mandibular 2nd premolar with an excessive lingual inclination. In these instances, using a mandibular 1st premolar bracket (-12) on a mandibular 2nd premolar aids in uprighting this tooth. Mandibular Molars. In his study, Andrews reported optimal inclinations for the mandibular 1st and 2nd molars to be -30 and -35, respectively. The goal for mandibular molars is to have sufcient lingual crown torque to ensure optimal occlusion with the maxillary molars. Mandibular molars tend to upright around their center of resistance as arches widen. The Damon SL and SnapLink molar tubes for mandibular 1st molars each has a torque value of -28, which is usually sufcient to ensure optimal

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positioning in combination with the correct arch form and archwire cross section. Mandibular 2nd molars often erupt quite lingually inclined. The molar tube recommended for mandibular 2nd molars is Titanium Orthos with -10 of torque, which greatly assists in appropriately uprighting this tooth. One must also keep in mind that mandibular molar inclination is also affected by arch form. The Damon arch form is an effective starting point for optimizing mandibular buccal segment torque.

In my practice, variable torque has enhanced the overall quality of treatment, decreasing chair time and the number of treatment appointments and reducing stress, while improving root position. I feel that learning to incorporate variable torque is one of the key opportunities we have to experience the many advantages of Damon System mechanics. ci
1

For more discussion about wire play between different wire sizes and bracket lumens, see Dr. John R. Bob Smiths article in Clinical Impressions, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2003, pp. 8 13 by going to www.ormco.com. Click on Clinical Impressions under Publications.

CONCLUSION
A variable-torque xed appliance introduces torque into a patients case on a selective and gradual basis and is yet another means of keeping forces effective by using just enough force to keep blood vessels from totally occluding and teeth consistently moving throughout treatment. Beginning torque movement with the rst light rectangular wires allows roots to begin uprighting early and minimizes the guesswork of adding torque to wires later in treatment. It also maintains anterior inclination during major mechanics, which helps avoid unnecessary tooth movement.

For more discussion, see Dr. Jeff Kozlowskis article in Clinical Impressions, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2008, pp. 23 28 by going to www.ormco.com. Click on Clinical Impressions under Publications. Herbst is a registered trademark of Dentaurum, Inc.

Sarver, D. Soft-tissue based diagnostics and treatment planning. Clinical Impressions, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2006.

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27

CASE
Dr. Bill Thomas

Pretreatment Diagnosis
Female Patient: K.B. Age: 11 years 8 months

Diagnosis: Mesofacial patient presented with a Class II (R 2 mm, L 5 mm) deep bite, deep curve of Spee, moderate upper arch crowding, mild lower arch crowding, narrow arch forms, a lower midline shift (L 3 mm), rotated upper 1st molars and an over-retained UR deciduous canine. The maxillary incisors were nicely positioned relative to the patients smile arc and she has a good chin button. Treatment Plan: Treat nonextraction with Damon 3MX. Correct Class II with a Herbst * appli

ance, using fixed appliances in the upper arch to counter the negative effects of the mechanics: high-torque brackets on the incisors and standard-torque on the canines. Bond the lower arch after Herbst treatment, employing low-torque brackets on the lower incisors and standard-torque on the canines. Correct all other issues with fixed appliances while maintaining the smile arc. Develop arch widths via Damon mechanics utilizing Copper Ni-Ti archwires followed by stainless steel wires. Employ Damon SL molar buccal tubes with -18 torque on upper 1st molars and Titanium Orthos buccal tubes with -27 torque on upper 2nd molars to control molar inclination during transverse development.

8 Months: Buccal Segments in Class I Position

The buccal segments are in Class I, the upper arch has aligned 4-4 and the upper 1st molars have derotated. Left Herbst in place until buccal segments were super Class I for 10 weeks. Removed Herbst at 13 months and bonded lower arch.

15 Months: Arch Leveling is Complete

Arches have leveled and alignment is almost complete. Placed .014 x .025 Copper Ni-Ti wires, followed at the next appointment by a Panorex, applicable bracket repositioning and placement of .018 x .025 CuNi-Ti wires in both arches, which was subsequently followed by a .019 x .025 stainless steel wire in the upper arch and a .016 x .025 stainless steel wire in the lower arch. Finished the case with .017 x .025 TMA archwires in both arches in one appointment.

Posttreatment: 22 Months, 14 Appointments

Case finished in Class I canine and molar relationships with midlines centered, arch forms coordinated and widened through the premolar region. Placed bonded retainers in the upper arch 2-2 and lower arch 3-3 with a removable suck-down retainer for the upper arch worn nights. In hindsight, flipping a high-torque D3/D3MX bracket on the upper right canine would have helped tuck this tooth in lingually even better.

Case Discussion
Treatment options for this patient included use of headgear, a Twin Block, Bionator, Herbst appliance or other Class II corrector. The result would have been far less attractive and her facial symmetry compromised had extractions been the treatment of choice. Altering the transverse dimension was critical to achieving the beautiful overall result. In my hands, all Class II correction options except the Herbst would have required tremendous patient cooperation with a likely 24- to 30month treatment time and 24 to 30 total appointments. The combination of the Damon System appliance with the Herbst appliance allowed anterior crowding to be converted into transverse development. In this case, we used energy from anterior crowding coupled with the Herbst appliance to correct both transverse and A/P discrepancies.
* Herbst is a registered trademark of Dentaurum, Inc.

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Pretreatment

8 Months: Buccal Segments in Class I Position

15 Months: Arch Leveling Complete

Posttreatment: 22 Months, 14 Appointments

29

Hygienists:
A Powerful Source for Practice Growth
Kristy Menage Bernie, RDH, BS, RYT San Ramon, California

Editors Note: In this interview, Ms. Bernie suggests that orthodontists target a heretofore neglected part of the dental health team for their marketing effortsdental hygienists. She offers cogent observations about why hygienists make powerful referral sources, what they expect from orthodontists in order to make referrals, and how doctors can fulll those expectations to grow their practices.
Ms. Bernie earned her B.S. degree in dental hygiene in 1984, graduating with honors from the University of Maryland. With 20 years of experience in the eld of dental hygiene, she has served as clinician, association leader, national speaker, author, and business owner. Her company, Educational Designs, specializes in marketing through education as well as providing workshops for speakers and educators focused on experiential and adult learning principles. Ms. Bernie can be reached through her Web site www.EducationalDesigns.com and is available to provide continuing education sessions to groups throughout the country.

health of their patients. By focusing on instruction to meet their continuing education requirements while emphasizing how your practice is cutting edge, you can develop a vital resource for ongoing patient referrals. Topics orthodontists usually cover with dental staff members and hygienists are case outcomes and recommendations for candidate identication. Moreover, hygienists have a keen interest in orthodontic appliance systems that provide faster and more certain treatment outcomes and modalities. They are particularly interested in treatment that helps foster better oral hygiene and is minimally invasive with few, if any, tooth extractions. Thats one of the reasons why hygientists have become such big proponents of self-ligating brackets, preferring them over conventional brackets that use elastic ties since elastomerics attract more bacteria. My colleagues and I have been particularly impressed by the Damon System and its minimally invasive treatment philosophy. Dr. White: How do hygienists want to be engaged by orthodontists? Ms Bernie: Hygienists are highly educated dental professionals and are always eager to learn about the latest development in all aspects of dentistry. Orthodontics is no exception. Because of their knowledge, they are quite open about sharing their points of view and they want orthodontists to listen to them respectfully and take their concerns seriously. They especially want to be considered integral to the dental health team with a collegiate involvement in the process of care for mutual patientsnot dictated to nor considered an afterthought to care. Collaborating with them during your mutual patients treatments will go a long way in earning their continued loyalty and increasing case success.

Dr. White: Orthodontists are continuing to report a decline in referrals from dentists. I understand that you consider hygienists a powerful, yet neglected patient referral source. Why is that? Ms. Bernie: Many orthodontists focus exclusively on dentists in their marketing efforts, but that limits their referral base. While dentists often have only one practice to enlist, hygienists work in as many as two or three practices and can potentially convert the staff in each one to become referral sources. By marketing to hygienists, youre covering more ground. Plus, hygienists see patients more frequently and have more opportunity to propose orthodontics to patients and answer questions about it. They spend more time with patients than any other dental professional and subsequently have the opportunity to build better rapport and instill considerable condence in their recommendations. Hygienists themselves have children who may need orthodontic services and you can hardly have a better reference than from a hygienist whose children you have treated. Dr. White: How should orthodontists interest hygienists in orthodontics for their patients? Ms. Bernie: In one word, education. Generally speaking, dental hygienists are passionate about their profession and have an abiding interest in keeping up to date on the latest technological and scientic breakthroughs that improve the oral

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Dr. White: How can orthodontists use continuing education (CE) to attract hygienists? Ms. Bernie: There are a number of national and local organizations, such as the American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA), which generally holds continuing education events from September through May. These organizations are continually looking for new topics and speakers. Unfortunately, these groups do not have the funds of their dental organization counterparts, so they often seek speakers who are willing to waive honorariums. Orthodontic professionals who volunteer to deliver useful and relevant information will nd an appreciative and attentive audienceanywhere from 25 to 400+ dental hygienists in any given area whom they can potentially turn into referral sources. For a listing of ADHA associations, visit www.ADHA.org and click on Related Links. Dr. White: How else can clinicians familiarize hygienists about orthodontic practices that align with their philosophies? Ms. Bernie: Dr. Bob Waugh (Athens, Georgia) hosts an annual symposium that attracts more than 100 dental hygienists. This endeavor gives him a great opportunity to inform these inuential staff members about the latest innovations in orthodontics and how their mutual patients benet from his staying on the leading edge of proven technologies. Dr. Waugh says hygienists anticipate this event for not only the information they receive but also the CE credits they earn. Continuing education is as important for dental hygienists as it is for dentists, and they appreciate efforts to fulll this requirement. By the way, I always recommend using terms such as dental professionals in course descriptions for such workshops so that other members of the dental staff interested in attending will feel included. Dr. White: What are other opportunities for educating dentists and their staffs? Ms. Bernie: Some orthodontists have discovered that bringing entire staffs into their ofces and presenting programs during lunch has offered important opportunities for getting dental assistants and hygienists excited about state-of-the-art orthodontics. Dr. Tom Barron (Towson, Maryland) has had exceptional success with this approach. He employs the Damon System and uses these events for presenting the advantages of the bioadaptive treatment that characterizes Damon mechanics, explaining the science behind the appliance. Dr. Barrons practice has ourished over the past few years, and he attributes it to the referrals he generates from these lunch-and-learn sessions. Other orthodontists also offer programs such as discounted treatment specically to hygienists so they can realize the benets themselves. They, in turn, are able to share their experiences rsthand with patients who may be candidates for orthodontic treatment.

Dr. White: How do orthodontists get CE program approval? Ms. Bernie: State dental boards, the Academy of General Dentistry and the American Dental Association help clinicians develop credentials for providing approved courses. Orthodontists who present courses on their own or through informal study clubs, etc. need certication to offer CE credits. State and local hygiene societies typically have accreditation and therefore speakers are not required to have CE approval status if their courses meet the groups provider status requirements. Dr. White: What specic marketing tools are available to clinicians to reach out to hygienists? Ms. Bernie: Ormco has developed a program that specically educates dental hygienists about the benets of orthodontic treatment with information about how best to identify a candidate for treatment. This resource includes a PowerPoint presentation, script and applicable research that substantiates the information provided. I enjoyed presenting these materials at the 2009 Damon Forum. Doctors who are interested in this referring dental hygienist presentation should talk with their sales representative. Dr. White: Each year you give programs to dental hygienist groups about orthodontic treatment. What have been their reactions? Ms. Bernie: My lectures give a detailed overview of typical orthodontic treatment modalities ranging from invisible aligners to self-ligation, such as Damon System. By and large, hygienists are impressed by the results and the research associated with the Damon System. They appreciate any approach that reduces extractions and patient discomfort and any appliance that is easier to keep clean and speeds treatment. They have also appreciated increasing their knowledge about the science of tooth movement and their role in orthodontic treatment success. Dr. White: One nal question. What do you recommend for the patient who exhibits chronically poor oral hygiene? Ms. Bernie: By all means, get them using an electric toothbrush. Some patients simply do not have the dexterity to do a thorough job brushing manually and they need the help that only a mechanical brush can give. Sonicare and Braun make reliable products. Dr. White: Ms. Bernie, thank you so much for sharing your unique knowledge and expertise with our readers. ci

31

Functional NONE X T RAC T ION Tr e a t m e n t

Dr. White graduated from Baylor Dental College in 1959, served two years in the U.S. Air Force Dental Corps and practiced general dentistry in Hobbs, NM, ve more years before returning to Baylor for orthodontic training. He practiced orthodontics in Hobbs, NM, for over 30 years and became the rst director of the Orthodontic Resident Program at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. He was also JCO editor for 17 years. He currently serves as an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Orthodontics at Baylor Dental College and practices orthodontics in a Dallas suburb. Larry W. White, DMD, MSD Dallas, Texas James E. Eckhart, DDS Manhattan Beach, California

Functional orthodontics received its main endorsement from European dentists in the early 1900s through such clinicians as Robin1, Swartz2, Andresen3 4, Haupl5, Herbst6-8 and Frankel9 10, among others. With the exception of Herbst*, most of these approaches relied on removable appliances with multiple designs. Other than brief irtations with removable appliances, American orthodontists had never really adopted them for sustained periods and continued to rely on xed appliances for the correction of malocclusions. The use of xed appliances has, nevertheless, inherent weaknesses in the correction of sagittal discrepancies such as Class II and Class III malocclusions. Clinicians have to rely on patients to wear corrective elastics or headgears of some sort to achieve the desired improvements. Pancherz11 rediscovered the work and xed appliance of Herbst and popularized its use anew in the correction of Class II malocclusions. This appliance has animated orthodontists ever since. Orthodontic journals have published dozens of articles about its use and continue to do so as more and more adaptations and designs surface. Orthodontists have discovered, however, that although patients could not remove the appliance as they could with previous functional devices, they still did not appreciate having their mandibles and maxillae joined together, and they often resorted to destructive behavior with the appliances in order to avoid using them. Eckhart12 13,undertook the task of solving this undesirable feature with the development of the Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (MARA). This relatively new functional apparatus retains the needed mandibular advancement of Class II correctors but does it without connecting the maxilla and mandible. This has contributed much toward greater patient comfort with less-restricted function. Dr. Eckhart presents two patients treated with the MARA, illustrating its clinical capabilities. ci
* Herbst is a registered trademark of Dentaurum, Inc.

Dr. Eckhart earned his dental degree from the University of Southern California where he was class president and valedictorian. He received his certicate in orthodontics from the University of California at San Francisco and has been in private practice since 1975. He also obtained a credential in dental sleep medicine from the Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine and has lectured and published on overbite correction and snoring treatment. His patented overbite corrector, the MARA, is the second most popular xed functional device in the U.S.

Bibliography
1

Robin P. Demonstration pratique sur la construction et la mise en bouche dun nouvel appareil de redressement Rev de Stomatol, 1902. 9: p. 561-590. Schwartz AM. Gebissregelung mit Platten. 1938, Vienna: Verlag Urband und Schwarzenburg. Andresen V. Beltrag zur Retention. Z Zalmaerztl Orthop, 1910. 3: p. 121-125. Andresen V. The Norweigian system of functional gnatho-orthopedics. Acgta Gnathol, 1936. 1: p. 5. Haupl K. Gewebsumbau und Zahnverdrngung in der Funskieferorthopadie. 1938, Leipzig: J. A. Barth. Herbst E. Atlas und Grundriss der Zahnartzlichen Ortopadie, Munich: J. F. Lehmann Verlag.

Herbst E. Thirty years experience with the retention joint. Zahnartzl Rundschau, 1934. 443: p. 1515-1524, 1563-1568, 1611-1616. Frankel R. The theoretical concept underlying the treatment with functional correctors. Trans. Eur. Orthod. Soc., 1966: p. 233-250. Frankel R. Funktionsorthopadie und der Mundvorhof als appartive Basis. 1967, Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit. Pancherz H. The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment: A cephalometric investigation. Am. J. Orthod., 1982. 82: p. 104-113. Eckhart JE. Introducing the MARA. Clinical Impressions, 1998. Eckhart JE, White LW. Class II therapy with the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance. W. J. Orthod, 2003. 4(2): p. 135-144.

3 4

10

11

12 13

Herbst E. Dreissigjahrige Drfahrungen mit dem retentions-scharnier. Zahnartzl Rundschau, 1934. 43: p. 1515-1524, 1563-1568, 1611-1616.

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CASE 1
Dr. James Eckhart

Pretreatment/Treatment Plan
Female, 12 years 11 months, presented with a Class II division 1 malocclusion characterized by a deep bite, large overjet, an absence of crowding in both arches and an acceptable soft-tissue profile. Treatment plan included first placing the MARA, which is ideal for correcting this type of malocclusion, followed by fixed appliances (.022 Damon 2) to close the remaining spaces, and posterior up and down elastics to correct any remaining posterior open bite that resulted from MARA placement. Placing a MARA always causes an immediate posterior open bite.

Pretreatment

Posttreatment

Treatment Initiation
Placed the MARA using crowns on the molars.

10 Months: Class I Occlusion Obtained

The posterior open bite substantially resolved without mechanotherapy but with the usual increase in maxillary dental spacing. The premolars had moved distally with the molars, settling into a firm Class I occlusion. There were minimal side effects on the lower teeth. Note: It is not unusual to see maxillary teeth drift distally during MARA therapy, particularly in girls who do not experience as much mandibular growth as boys during ages 11 to 14. The distalization is also more noticeable in patients who are not bonded with fixed appliances during the MARA phase of therapy because as the maxillary molars distalize, the gum fibers pull the premolars distally as well.
Pretreatment

Treatment Initiation

13 Months: MARA Removed; Fixed Appliance Treatment Begins

Removed the MARA, bonded fixed appliances to close the remaining spaces and applied elastics to close the remaining posterior open bite that persisted after MARA removal (not pictured).
10 Months: Class I Occlusion Obtained

40 Months: Treatment Complete

Removed fixed appliances and delivered removable retainers to hold the correction.
36 Months: Remaining Spaces and Open Bite Closed

Case Discussion
Combining the MARA-only phase with bonded brackets would have reduced the total treatment time and number of visits.
40 Months (13 Months of MARA treatment): Treatment Complete 33

CASE 2
Dr. James Eckhart

Pretreatment/Treatment Plan
Male, 12 years 3 months, presented with a Class II malocclusion characterized by maxillary and mandibular arch length discrepancies, an anterior open bite, large overjet, a protrusive profile and a congenitally missing right mandibular second premolar. The patients family refused extraction therapy. Treatment plan included the concurrent use of the MARA, a tongue crib and fixed appliances (.022 Orthos) in both arches and after MARA treatment, posterior bite-closing elastics and a cervical collar (similar to that worn by automobile whiplash victims) to push upward on the mandible and retain the corrected anterior open bite. Note: I treated this patient before I began using the Damon appliance.

Missing lower right bicuspid

Pretreatment

Treatment Initiation
Placed the MARA with crowns on the molars, a tongue crib and fixed appliances in both arches.

14 Months: MARA Treatment Complete

Removed the MARA and tongue crib. Bonded the remaining teeth, applied bite-closing elastics and delivered the orthopedic cervical collar (not pictured).
Treatment Initiation

38 Months: Treatment Complete

Removed fixed appliances and delivered removable retainers to hold the correction.

Case Discussion
This patient was not an ideal one for MARA correction because of the myriad of problems. The preferred treatment might have been justifiably to extract the premolars in order to retract the protruded dentition, reduce the protrusive profile and aid in the closure of the anterior open bite. Since the family rejected this approach and preferred correction on a nonextraction basis, the final result justified this therapeutic decision.

38 Months (14 Months of MARA Treatment): Treatment Complete

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Two Exciting Events in February 2010!

MORE Reasons to Attend the

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Thurs, Feb 4 | 10am 6pm (including cocktail reception) Westin Hotel | Sydney To register, email: [email protected].

Visit Ormco Booth #528!

Dont miss a wide variety of lectures by distinguished speakers from around the world, including Drs. Thomas Pitts, David Sarver, Guiseppe Scuzzo and Kyoto Takemoto. Visit www.wfosydney.com for more details.
WFO Congress Hands-on Workshops - Dr. Thomas Pitts Precision Bracket Placement for Beautiful Smiles
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DAMON F OR UM
February 17-20, 20 0 1 Phoenix, Arizona

The nations largest privately sponsored orthodontic event knows NO BOUNDARIES! The 9th Annual Damon Forum offers the most diverse educational experience in its history. Choose from more than 25 dynamic sessions including: The latest passive self-ligation research findings Hands-on precision bracket placement for smile arc protection TAD placement and case presentations Digital solutions to increase treatment efficiency Lasers for comprehensive aesthetic treatment Marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage

Register Today!
Damon patient treated by Dr. Stuart Frost.

damonsystem.com/forum

For more information about the products and techniques featured in this issue of Clinical Impressions, contact your local Ormco representative or ofce:
Ormco www.ormco.com AOA Lab www.aoalab.com Ormco de Mxico www.ormco.com.mx 35 Ormodent www.ormodent.com Ormco Europe B.V. www.ormcoeurope.com Ormco Japan www.sds-japan.com/ormco Ormco PTY Limited E-mail: [email protected]

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ORMCO AROUND THE WORLD COURSE SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE

DATE(S) LOCATION 2009
10/2 Indianapolis, IN

SPEAKER(S)
Dr. S. Tracey

TITLE/SUBJECT
Fundamentals of VectorTAS

CONTACT
Mindy Marland

PHONE
800.854.1741 Ext 7435

ONLINE REGISTRATION*/ E-MAIL ADDRESS

www.ormco.com

10/2-3
10/9-10 10/16-17

Philadelphia, PA
Las Vegas, NV New York, NY

Drs. A. Bagden, S. Frost, B. Waugh, Ms. C. White & Ms. D. Hartman

Drs. D. Damon & J. Graham Dr. F. Bogdan

Advanced System Mechanics

Fundamentals of Passive SL & TADs Fundamentals of Passive SL

Lauren Rome
Lauren Rome Lauren Rome

800.854.1741 Ext 7593

800.854.1741 Ext 7593 800.854.1741 Ext 7593

www.ormco.com
www.ormco.com www.ormco.com

10/23-24
11/6-7 11/13 11/13-14

Atlanta, GA
Seattle, WA Nashville, TN Dallas, TX

Drs. A. Bagden, S. Frost, B. Waugh, Ms. C. White & Ms. D. Hartman

Dr. A. Bagden Dr. S. Tracey Dr. A. Bagden

Advanced System Mechanics

Fundamentals of Passive SL Fundamentals of VectorTAS Fundamentals of Passive SL

Lauren Rome
Lauren Rome Mindy Marland Lauren Rome

800.854.1741 Ext 7593

800.854.1741 Ext 7593 800.854.1741 Ext 7435 800.854.1741 Ext 7593

www.ormco.com
www.ormco.com www.ormco.com www.ormco.com

10/9

Brasilia, Brazil

Dr. A. Bagden

Damon Course

Samira Rami

1 714 516-7595

[email protected]

10/10
10/3 10/4-5 10/9 10/10-11 10/16-17 10/17 10/18 11/13-14 11/14 12/5-6 12/11-12 12/11-12 12/12

Sao Paolo, Brazil

Zagreb, Croatia Paris, France Katowice, Poland Bruxelles, Belgium Mnchen, Germany Tunis, Tunisia

Dr. A. Bagden
Dr. D. Birnie Dr. Mdina Dr. P. van Heerden Dr. Espejo Dr. Menzel & Whr Drs. Joseph & Nicolas

Damon Course
Damon Course Damon Niveau 1 Damon Course Damon Niveau 2 Damon Course Orthodontie Linguale - ATO Orthodontie Linguale - ATO STb course Damon Course Damon Niveau 1 Damon Niveau 2 Master Damon (Groupe II - 2me module) Mini Vis - Vector Tas

Samira Rami
Alpex d.o.o.

1 714 516-7595
+385 1 461 45 37

[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.omcoeurope.com [email protected] [email protected] www.omcoeurope.com [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Polorto +48 34 324 78 12

Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Catelijne de Gooijer +31-33-4536171 Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Catelijne de Gooijer +31-33-4536171 Alenta +380 572 17 14 96

Casablanca, Morocoo Drs. Joseph & Nicolas Mnchen, Germany Kyiv, Ukraine, Russia Montpellier, France Paris, France Madrid, Spain Tel Aviv, Israel Dr. A. Bartelt Dr. P. van Heerden Dr. Dunglas Drs. Kratzenberg & Van Steenberghe Drs. Espejo, Perera & Lemasson Dr. V. Vannet

Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51 Maria Castagnetta +33 1 49 88 60 51

North America

Latin America

Europe

* Online registration forms are provided for courses that indicate www Web site addresses.

For additional information on courses listed above, use the contact information shown. For a complete list of courses, visit your regions Web site: www.ormco.com (N. America, Australia, New Zealand), www.ormodent.com (Europe), www.ormcoeurope.com (Europe), www.ormco-japan.com (Asia), www.ormco.com.mx (Latin America).

2009 Ormco Corporation

Part No. 070 5556 Rev. A