Chapter 01

simple Integrals and multiple Integrals

I. Indefinite and definite integrals - Riemann integrals

II. Double integrals and Area
III. Triple integrals and Volume

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 I. The integral and Riemann integral

1. Anti-derivative function and Indefinite Integrals

Definition 01: Let 𝑓: 𝐼 → ℝ be a function defined on an interval 𝐼.

A function 𝐹 is called an anti-derivative of 𝑓 on 𝐼 if 𝐹 is differentiable and
𝐹 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) On 𝐼.

Proposition 01 : If 𝐹 is an anti-derivative of the function 𝑓 then : 𝐺 = 𝐹 + 𝐶 (𝐶 ∈ ℝ)

is an anti-derivative of the function 𝑓.

Anti-derivative of the usual functions:

Function 𝑓 Anti-derivatives 𝐹 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛 ∈ ℝ − {−1}) 1
𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝐶
𝑛+1

𝑥 −1 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
1
1+𝑥 2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐶

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
−1
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑎

cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
√1−𝑥 2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐶

sinh(𝑥) cosh(𝑥 ) + 𝐶

cosh(𝑥) sinh(𝑥 ) + 𝐶

1 tan(𝑥 ) + 𝐶
cos2 (x)

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 Definition 02: The set of all anti-derivatives of a function 𝑓 on 𝐼, is called the indefinite integral of 𝑓.
Written ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥 ) + 𝐶 with 𝐹′ = 𝑓 , and 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant .

2. Definite Integrals
Definition 03 : We say a definite integral of a function 𝑓 on [𝑎 𝑏] the real number denoted by
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Theorem: Every continuous function 𝑓on an interval 𝐼 is integrable.

Properties: let 𝑓, 𝑔 tows continuous functions on [𝑎 𝑏]. and 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1) ∫ [𝛼𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝛽𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝛽 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
2) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

𝑎 0 if 𝑓 is an odd function
𝑎
3) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = {
−𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓 is an even function
0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
4) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎<𝑐<𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏
5) If 𝑓 ≥ 0 on [𝑎 𝑏] Then: ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
6) If 𝑓 ≤ 𝑔 on [𝑎 𝑏] Then : ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
7) |∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥| ≤ ∫ |𝑓(𝑥 )|𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏
1
8) The average value of 𝑓 on [𝑎 𝑏] is : 𝜇 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
.

3. Methods of intégration :
Integration by parts: Let the functions 𝑢 and 𝑣 have continuous derivatives on[𝑎 𝑏] .

𝑏 𝑏

Then : ∫ 𝑢 𝑣 ′ = [𝑢 𝑣]𝑏𝑎 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣
𝑎 𝑎

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 Examples :
𝜋
𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 𝑢′ = −2
1) ∫(1 − 2𝑥) sin(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 =? Put : { ⟹{
𝑣′ = sin(𝑥) 𝑣 = −cos(𝑥)
0

𝜋 𝜋

∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [−(1 − 2𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]𝜋0 − 2 ∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 2𝜋) + 1 − 2[sin(𝑥)]𝜋0 = 2(1 − 𝜋)

0 0

1
1
𝑢 = arcsin(𝑥)
2) ∫ arcsin(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ? Put : { ⟹ {𝑢′ = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑣′ = 1
0 𝑣=𝑥

1 1
𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋
∫ arcsin(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)]10 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + [√1 − 𝑥 2 ] = − 1.
√1 − 𝑥 2 2 0 2
0 0

Integration by substitution : Let a continuous function 𝑓 on 𝐼 = [𝑎 𝑏].

and 𝑢 ∶ 𝐽 ⊆ ℝ → 𝐼 , 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑥 having a continuous derivative and the inverse

𝑏 𝑢 −1 (𝑏)

Function. Then ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢(𝑡))𝑢′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑎 𝑢 −1(𝑎)

Examples :
1
𝑢′ (𝑡) = cos(𝑡)
1) ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =? Put : 𝑥 = 𝑢(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) ⇒ { 𝜋
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 → 𝑡 =
0 2

𝜋 𝜋
1 2 2

∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √1 − sin2 (𝑡) cos(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ cos 2 (t) 𝑑𝑡

0 0 0

1
cos(2𝑡) = cos 2 (t) − sin2 (𝑡) = 2 cos 2 (t) − 1 ⟹ cos 2 (t) = (1 + cos(2t))
2

𝜋 𝜋
2 2 𝜋
1 1 1 2 𝜋
∫ cos 2 (t) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1 + cos(2t))𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 + sin(2𝑡)] =
2 2 2 0 4
0 0

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 1
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =? put: 𝑡 = √2 + 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
(𝑥 + 3)√2 + 𝑥

1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 2 arctan(𝑡) + 𝐶 = 2 arctan(√2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶.
(𝑥 + 3)√2 + 𝑥 𝑡2 +1

𝑒
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛(𝑥)
3) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ? Put ∶ 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥) ⇒ { 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(4 + 𝑙𝑛2 (𝑥)) 𝑥
1 𝑥 = 1 → 𝑡 = 0 ,𝑥 = 𝑒 → 𝑡 = 1

𝑒 1
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ = [2𝑙𝑛(4 + 𝑡)]10 = 2(ln(5) − ln(4))
𝑥(4 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥)) 4+𝑡
1 0

4. Intégrale de Riemann :
Let 𝑓 a continuous function on the interval [𝑎 𝑏] .

Definition 01 : A partition of [𝑎 𝑏] with subintervals is determined by the set of endpoints

{ 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … … … … . 𝑥𝑛 } / 𝑥0 = 𝑎 < 𝑥1 < … … … … . < 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏

Definition 02 : We say the lenght of the subinterval [𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖+1 ], ∆𝑘 = max (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 )
1≤𝑘≤𝑛
.
Remark 01 : In this part we consider a unioforme (regular) partition.

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 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑘 = (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 ) = and 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑎 + 𝑘
𝑛 𝑛
.
Definition 03 :
𝑛 𝑛
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
The sums Sn = ∑ 𝑓( 𝑥𝑘 ) ∆𝑘 = ∑𝑓(𝑎+ 𝑘)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
and 𝑠𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓( 𝑥𝑘 ) ∆𝑘 = ∑𝑓(𝑎+ 𝑘)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

Are called The upper and lower Sum of Riemann of 𝑓 on [𝑎 𝑏] .

Definition 04 : that 𝑓 is said to be Riemann integrable on [𝑎 𝑏] if

𝑏
lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim s𝑛 Exists and finite. denoted by ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim 𝑠𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

Theorem 01 : If 𝑓 is a continuous function on the intervalle [𝑎 𝑏] , Then, the Riemann sums

( 𝑆𝑛 ) and (𝑠𝑛 ) converge to ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 .

𝑎

Examples :
4 𝑛
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
1) 𝐽 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim ∑𝑓(𝑎+ 𝑘)
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑘=1

𝑏−𝑎 3 𝑏−𝑎 3
= , 𝑎+ 𝑘 =1+ 𝑘
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
3 3 2 3 3 3 9
𝐽 = lim ∑ ( 1 + 𝑘) − 3 ( 1 + 𝑘) + 1 = lim ∑ (−1 − 𝑘 + 2 𝑘 2 )
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3 9 27 9 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 27 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
𝐽 = lim [ ∑(−1) − 2 ∑ 𝑘 + 3 ∑ 𝑘 2 ] = lim (−3 − 2 + 3 )
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 2 𝑛 6
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

9 3
𝐽 = −3 − + 9 = .
2 2
6
 2) Determine the following les sums:

𝑘=+∞ 𝑘=+∞
𝑘 1 𝑘
𝑆1 = ∑ 2 , 𝑆2 = ∑
𝑛 + 𝑘2 𝑛 √3𝑛2 + 𝑘 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=0

𝑛=+∞ 𝑘=𝑛
𝑘 𝑘
𝑆1 = ∑ 2 = lim 𝑆𝑛 Avec 𝑆𝑛 = ∑
𝑛 + 𝑘2 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛2 + 𝑘 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑘=𝑛 𝑘=𝑛 𝑘=𝑛 𝑘=𝑛 𝑘=𝑛

𝑘 𝑘 1 𝑘/𝑛 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑘
𝑆𝑛 = ∑ 2 =∑ = ∑ = ( ) ∑ 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑘) = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑎 + )
𝑘=1
𝑛 + 𝑘2
𝑘=1 𝑛2 (1 +
𝑘2
)
𝑛 𝑘 2
𝑘=1 1 + ( )
𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑛2 𝑛

𝑏−𝑎=1
𝑘 𝑘/𝑛 [ 𝑎 𝑏 ] = [ 0 1]
{𝑓 (𝑎 + ) = On prend { 𝑥
𝑛 𝑘 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
1 + 𝑥2
1 + (𝑛 )

𝑓 is continuous on the interval [0 1], then the sum (𝑆𝑛 ) converge, and
1 1
𝑥 1 1 ln(2)
𝑆1 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ))0 = .
1+𝑥 2 2
0 0

𝑛=+∞ 𝑘=𝑛−1
1 𝑘 1 𝑘
𝑆2 = ∑ = lim 𝑆𝑛 Avec 𝑆𝑛 = ∑
𝑛 √3𝑛 2 + 𝑘2 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 √3𝑛2 + 𝑘 2
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

𝑘=𝑛−1 𝑘=𝑛 𝑘=𝑛

1 𝑘 1 𝑘/𝑛 𝑏−𝑎 𝑘
𝑆𝑛 = ∑ = ∑ = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑎 + )
𝑛 √3𝑛2 + 𝑘 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=0 𝑘=1 √3 + (𝑘 ) 𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑏−𝑎 = 1
𝑘 𝑘/𝑛 [𝑎 𝑏] = [0 1]
{𝑓 (𝑎 + ) = On prend {𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑛 𝑘 2
√3 + ( ) √3 + 𝑥 2
𝑛

𝑓 is continuous on the interval [0 1], then the sum (𝑆𝑛 ) converge, and
1 1
𝑥 1
𝑆2 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (√3 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2 − √3 .
√3 + 𝑥 2 0
0 0

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 Integrating rational functions :
𝑃(𝑥)
A rational function can be represented in the form of a sum of a polynomial and a proper rational
𝑄(𝑥)
function which can be splitted into partial fractions.
1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑛
(first type) , et (second type ) 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ et 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗
(𝑥 − 𝛼 ) [(𝑥 − 𝛼 )2 + 𝛽 2 ]𝑛

Examples :

𝑥3 4𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
1) = 𝑥 + = 𝑥 + +
𝑥2 − 4 𝑥2 − 4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

Applying the method of comparing coefficients, we obtaint 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 2

𝑥3 2 2
2
=𝑥+ + (The denominator has real simple roots).
𝑥 −4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

1 1
2) = 2 (The denominator has no real roots).
𝑥2 +𝑥+1 1 2 √3
(𝑥 + 2) + ( 2 )

1
∎ Integration of , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗
(𝑥 − 𝛼 )𝑛

𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑎| + 𝑐 𝑛=1
1
Put ∶ 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = { −1 1
(𝑥 − 𝛼 )𝑛 +𝑐 𝑛>1
𝑛 − 1 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛−1

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
∎Integration of , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗
[(𝑥 − 𝛼 )2 + 𝛽 2 ]𝑛
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Put ∶ 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Let's put the change of variable 𝑥 = 𝛽𝑡 + 𝛼
[(𝑥 − 𝛼 )2 + 𝛽 2 ]𝑛

𝑎(𝛽𝑡 + 𝛼 ) + 𝑏 1 𝑎𝛽𝑡 + 𝑎𝛼 + 𝑏 𝑎 𝑡 𝑎𝛼 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝛽 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫
( 𝛽 2 𝑡 2 + 𝛽 2 )𝑛 𝛽 2𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 𝛽 2𝑛−2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 𝛽 2𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛

𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Put ∶ 𝐽𝑛 = ∫ 2 𝑛
and 𝐿𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(1 + 𝑡 ) (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛

∎ Integration of 𝐿𝑛

8
 𝑡 1 1
𝐿𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 Posons 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑡 2 𝐿𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
(1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 2 𝑢𝑛

1 1
𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑡 2 | + 𝑐 𝑛=1
2 2
𝐿𝑛 = −1 1 −1 1
𝑛−1
+𝑐= +𝑐 𝑛 > 1
{2(𝑛 − 1) 𝑢 2(𝑛 − 1) (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛−1

∎ Integration of 𝐽𝑛
1 −2𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑢= 𝑢 ′
=
𝐽𝑛 = ∫ By parts put: { (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 ⇒ { (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛+1
(1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛
𝑣′ = 1 𝑣=𝑡

𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡 𝑡2 + 1 1
𝐽𝑛 = + 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = + 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
( 1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛+1 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛+1 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛+1

𝑡 1 1 𝑡
𝐽𝑛 = + 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = + 2𝑛 𝐽𝑛 − 2𝑛 𝐽𝑛+1
(1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛+1 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) 𝑛

2𝑛 − 1 1 𝑡
𝐽𝑛+1 = 𝐽𝑛 + 𝑛≥1
we have arrived at the recurrence relation ∶ { 2𝑛 2𝑛 (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑛
𝐽1 = arctan(𝑡) + 𝑐

Examples :

𝑥³ − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥³ − 𝑥 + 2 2 𝑎 𝑏 1 1
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =? =𝑥+ =𝑥+ + =𝑥+ −
𝑥² − 1 𝑥² − 1 𝑥² − 1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

𝑥³ − 𝑥 + 2 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + − ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = + 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
𝑥² − 1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 2 2 𝑥+1

𝑥+1
2) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =? The denominator has no real roots.
𝑥² − 3𝑥 + 3

2 3 2
3 3 3 (𝑥 − 2) 3 2𝑥 − 3 2
We have : 𝑥² − 3𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − ) + = [1 + ] = [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 4 3 4 √3
4

√3
2𝑥 − 3 √3 𝑡 + 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 =
√3 √3 𝑡 + 5
Put : =𝑡 , (𝑥 = )⇒ 2 ⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√3 2 √3 𝑡 + 5 3 1 + 𝑡2
𝑥+1 =
{ 2

9
 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 1 2)
5
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 ( 1 + 𝑡 + arctan(𝑡) + 𝐶
1 + 𝑡2 √3 1 + 𝑡 2 2 √3

1 2𝑥 − 3 2 5 2𝑥 − 3
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ( ) )+ arctan ( )+𝐶
2 √3 √3 √3

Integrating of the trigonometric functions :

∎ Integrals of the rational functions in 𝑠𝑖𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛

𝑥
In this case we put the substitution : 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2)
𝑥 2
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 arctan(𝑡) and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2 1 + 𝑡2

𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 cos (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) 2𝑡
sin(𝑥 ) = sin (2 ) = 2 cos ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑥 𝑥 = 2
2 2 2 cos 2 (2) + sin2 (2) 1 + 𝑡
1 − 𝑡2
( )
cos 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡2
2𝑡
{ tan(𝑥 ) =
1 − 𝑡2

Examples :
1 𝑑𝑡 𝑥
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑡| + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )| + 𝑐
sin(𝑥) 𝑡 2

𝜋
3 tan(𝑥) 𝑥 2𝑡 2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ? Posons 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , tan(𝑥 ) = , cos(𝑥 ) = .
0 1 + cos(𝑥) 2 1 + 𝑡2 1 − 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2

1
𝜋 √3 1
3 tan(𝑥) 2𝑡 2 |]√3
1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = [ −𝑙𝑛 | 1 − 𝑡 0 = −𝑙𝑛 |1 − | = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
0 1 + cos(𝑥) 1 − 𝑡2 3 2
0

𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡² 2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡
3) ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝐶
2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 3 + 𝑡² 1 + 𝑡² 3 𝑡 √3 √3
1+( )
√3

𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2)
∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝐶
2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) √3 √3

10
 ∎ Integrals of the form ∫ sin𝑝 (𝑥) cos 𝑞 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1) 𝑝 even , and 𝑞 odd : we put the substitution 𝑡 = sin(𝑥) , 𝑑𝑡 = cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

Example :
𝑡3 𝑡5
∫ sin2 (𝑥) cos 3 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 (𝑥) (1 − sin2 (𝑥)) cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 2 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = − +𝑐
3 5
1 1
= sin3 (𝑥) − sin5 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
3 5

2) 𝑝 odd, and 𝑞 even : we put : 𝑡 = cos(𝑥 ) , 𝑑𝑡 = − sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Example :

1 1
∫ sin3 (𝑥) cos 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(𝑥)(1 − cos 2 (𝑥)) cos 2 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑡 2 − 1)𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 3 + 𝑐
5 3
1 1
= cos 5 (𝑥) − cos 3 (𝑥) + 𝑐
5 3

3) 𝑝 et 𝑞 odds : Put : 𝑡 = cos(𝑥 ) or 𝑡 = sin(𝑥)

4) 𝑝 et 𝑞 evens : In this case written sin(𝑥) and cos(𝑥) by applying the trigonometric identities
(sin(2𝑥) and cos(2𝑥)) .

Example
∫ sin2 (𝑥) cos 2 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ?

2( )
1
2( cos
2( 𝑥 = (1 + cos(2𝑥))
cos(2𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 ) − sin 𝑥 ) 2
We have { ⟹{
1 = cos 2 (𝑥 ) + sin2 (𝑥 ) 1
sin2 (𝑥 ) = (1 − cos(2𝑥))
2

1 1 1 1
sin2 (𝑥) cos 2 (𝑥 ) = (1 − cos 2 (2𝑥 )) = [1 − (1 + cos(4𝑥))] = (1 − cos(4𝑥))
4 4 2 8
1 1 1
∫ sin2 (𝑥) cos 2 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − cos(4𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin(4𝑥) + 𝑐.
8 8 32

Integration of exponential functions :

𝑑𝑡
Putting : 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 et 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑡
Example :

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑡 1
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑡| + 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 |1 + 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑐
1+𝑒 1+𝑡 1+𝑡
.

11
 II. Double Integrals :
1) Double integrals over a rectangle
Definition 01 : Let 𝑓 be a continuous function of two variables on the domain [𝑎 𝑏] × [𝑐 𝑑 ]

And {𝑥0 , 𝑥1 … , 𝑥𝑛 }, {𝑦0 , 𝑦1 … , 𝑦𝑛 } a regular partition of [𝑎 𝑏]and [𝑐 𝑑 ] resp.

𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
We have : ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 = , ∆𝑦 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑗−1 =
𝑛 𝑛

𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
With : 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑐 + 𝑗
𝑛 𝑛
The function 𝑓 is said to be integrable on [𝑎 𝑏] × [𝑐 𝑑 ] if the following limit exists and finite .

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑑 − 𝑐 ) 𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
lim ∑ ∑(∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 )) = lim ( 2
∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖, 𝑐 + 𝑗))
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑑 − 𝑐 ) 𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
We writing ∶ ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = lim ( ∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖, 𝑐 + 𝑗))
𝑐 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

1
1
Example : 𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =?
0
0

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑑 − 𝑐 ) 𝑏−𝑎 𝑑−𝑐 1 𝑖 𝑗
𝐼 = lim ( ∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑖, 𝑐 + 𝑗) ) = lim ( ∑ ∑ 𝑓( , ))
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑖 𝑗 1 1 𝑗
𝐼 = lim ( 2 ∑ ∑ 𝑒 𝑛 ) = lim ( 3 ∑(𝑖 ) ∑ (𝑒 𝑛 ) )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑(𝑖 ) =
2
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 𝑗 1 𝑒−1
∑ (𝑒 )
𝑛 = 𝑒 (𝑛) 1
{ 𝑗=1 𝑒𝑛 − 1

12
 1 1
𝑒 (1+𝑛) − 1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 𝑒−1
𝐼 = lim ( 1 )= .
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛2 2
𝑒𝑛 − 1

Fubini’s Theorem : Let 𝑓 a continuous function over a domain 𝐷 = [𝑎 𝑏] × [𝑐 𝑑 ] .

𝑑 𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
We have ∶ ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝐷
.

1 1
Example ∶ 𝐼 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =?
0 0

1 1 1
3
𝐼 = ∫ (∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =
0 0 0 2
1 1 1
1 3
𝐼 = ∫ (∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 =
{ 0 0 0 2 2

2) Double integral over a non-rectangular domain: Let 𝑓 a continuous fonction over a

Domain 𝐷 ⊆ ℝ2 .

𝐷 represented by one of the following formes :

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 et 𝜑(𝑥) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜓(𝑥) }

𝑏 𝜓(𝑥)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 𝑎 𝜑(𝑥)

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 et 𝜑(𝑦) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜓(𝑦) }

𝑑 𝜓(𝑦)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 𝑐 𝜑(𝑦)

13
Examples :

1) 𝐼 = ∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ? 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 et 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 1 }
𝐷

1 1−𝑥
1 1 1
𝐼 = ∫ (∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 =
0 0 2 0 6
ou
1 1−𝑦 1
1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑦 (∫ 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 =
{ 0 0 0 6

3) Propreties :
Let 𝑓, 𝑔 be continuous functions over a domain𝐷 ⊆ ℝ2 , and 𝛼, 𝛽 a real numbers.

1) ∬(𝛼𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝛽𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦))𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝛼 ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝛽 ∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

2) ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 with 𝐷 = 𝐷1 ∪ 𝐷2

𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2
.

3) If 𝑓 ≥ 0 on 𝐷 , then ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ≥ 0.

𝐷

4) If 𝑓 ≥ 𝑔 on 𝐷, then ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ≥ ∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐷 𝐷

5) |∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦| ≤ ∬|𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐷 𝐷
.
𝑏 𝑑
6) ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ) (∫ 𝑓2 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦) with 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓1 (𝑥 )𝑓2 (𝑦)
𝑎 𝑐
[𝑎 𝑏]×[𝑐 𝑑]

14
 1 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦
Example : 𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =?
0 0 1 + 𝑥2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + (∫ ) (∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦)
0 0 1+𝑥 0 0 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2 0 1+𝑥
2
0 1+𝑥
2
0

1 1 2 1 𝜋
𝐼 = (𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ))0 + (arctan(𝑥))10 ( 𝑦 ) = ln(2) +
2 0 8
.

4) Change of variables in triple integrals : Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on 𝐷 ⊆ ℝ2 .

Affine coordinates : Let 𝜑 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 , bijective . 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑥, 𝑦) we have :

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝜑(𝑢, 𝑣))|𝐽|𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 ; Δ = 𝜑 −1 (𝐷 ) , and 𝐽 = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 |
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐷 Δ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Example : 𝐼 = ∬(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 1}

𝐷

1
𝑢 =𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 = (3𝑢 + 𝑣) 1
Put : {𝑣 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ⇒{ 4 , { 𝐽=
1 4
𝑦 = (−𝑢 + 𝑣) Δ ∶ 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2 , −1 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1
4

2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
)
𝐼 = ∬(𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∬ 𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∬ 𝑣𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = (∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢) (∫ 𝑑𝑣 ) + (∫ 𝑑𝑢) (∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 )
8 8 8 8 1 −1 8 1 −1
∆ ∆ ∆

2 1 2 1
1 1 3
𝐼 = (∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢) (∫ 𝑑𝑣) + (∫ 𝑑𝑢) (∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 ) = .
8 1 −1 8 1 −1 8

15
 Polar coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
{ , 𝐽 = 𝑟 , ∆= 𝜑−1 (𝐷) ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃))𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝐷 Δ

Example : 𝐼 = ∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 }

𝐷

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝜋
{ , 𝐽 =𝑟 , ∆ ∶ 0≤𝑟 ≤1, 0≤𝜃≤
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 2
.

𝜋 𝜋
1 1
2
3
1 2 1 3
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ (𝑟 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃))𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = (∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) ( ∫ sin(2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 ) =
0 0 0 2 0 8
.

5) Area :

Let 𝐷 be a domain in ℝ2 . Area of 𝐷 is given by : 𝐴(𝐷) = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐷

Example : 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 0 < 𝑦 < 1 et 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝑦 }

1 𝑒𝑦 1
𝐴(𝐷) = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 − 1
0 0 0
𝐷

III. triple integrals :

Let 𝑓 be a continuous function over a domain 𝐷 ⊆ ℝ3 .

1) Definition 01 : We definite triple intégral of 𝑓 on 𝐷 by the real denoted :

𝐼 = ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝐷
.

Fubini’s theorem : Let 𝐷 = [𝑎 𝑏] × [𝑐 𝑑 ] × [𝑝 𝑞 ] ⊆ ℝ3

𝑏 𝑑 𝑞
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (∫ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑝
𝐷

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 𝑑 𝑞 𝑏
= ∫ (∫ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑝 𝑎

𝑞 𝑏 𝑑
= ∫ (∫ (∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑧
𝑝 𝑎 𝑐

2) Change of variables in triple integrals :

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
cylindrical Coordinates : 𝜑 ∶ { 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) , ∆= 𝜑(𝐷) , − 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 , 𝐽=𝑟
𝑧=𝑧

𝐼 = ∭ 𝑓(𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑧)|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

∆

Example : ∭ 𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 et 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑧 2 }

𝐷

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 et 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑧 2 }

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
0≤𝑟≤𝑧≤1
Let’s change to cylindrical coordinates : { 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) , 𝐽 = 𝑟, {
−𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝑧=𝑧

1 𝑧 𝜋 1 𝑧 𝜋 1
2𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑧 = (∫ 𝑧 (∫ 𝑑𝑟)) (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 =
0 0 −𝜋 0 0 −𝜋 0 3
.

sphérical Coordinates :

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)cos(𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜑 ∶ {𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos(𝑡) |𝐽| = 𝑟 2 cos(𝑡) , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, − ≤ 𝑡 ≤
2 2
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑓 (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)cos(𝑡), 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos(𝑡), 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡))|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑡

𝐷 ∆

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 Exemple : ∭ 𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1}
𝐷

𝜋
1 2𝜋
2 1
𝐼 = ∭ 𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑟 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑡 = (∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟) (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ sin(2𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
−𝜋 2
0 0
𝐷 ∆ 2

1 1 𝜋
= 2𝜋 =
4 2 4

3) volume :

Let 𝐷 be a domain in ℝ3 . Volume of 𝐷 is given by ∶ 𝑉 (𝐷) = ∭ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝐷

Example : The volume of a sphère of radius 𝑅 = 1.

𝑉 (𝐷) = ∭ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐷 ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 Utilisons les coordonnées sphériques :

𝐷

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)cos(𝑡) 𝜋 𝜋
{ 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos(𝑡) 0<𝑟 ≤1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, − ≤𝑡≤
2 2
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

𝜋
1 2𝜋
2 4𝜋
𝑉 (𝐷) = ∭ 𝑟 2 cos(𝑡) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑡 = (∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟) (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ cos(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) =
0 0 −
𝜋 3
∆ 2
.

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