Cópia Traduzida de Monarquia Inglesa

The monarchy of England
Early history and foundations:

- Anglo-Saxon Period: Before the unification of England, the region was divided
into several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, such as Wessex, Mercia and
Northumbria.
- The concept of a unified English monarchy began with Alfred the Great
(871-899), who is credited with defending his kingdom against Viking
invasions.
Plantagent Dynasty:
- The signing of MAGNA CARTA by King John at Runnymede was a turning
point in limiting the power of the monarchy and establishing the principle that
the king was subject to the law.
- MAGNA CARTA: Magna Carta is a historical document that was produced in
1215 during the reign of the English king João Sem Terra and which
established limits on monarchical power in medieval England. Issued in a
context of conflict between the king and the English barons, this letter
represented a watershed in constitutional history. It established clear limits on
royal power and recognized certain fundamental rights of nobles, including
protection against arbitrary arrests and the right to a fair trial.
- Hundred Years' War: The Plantagenet period also saw the Hundred Years'
War (1337-1453) between England and France, marked by figures such as
Joan of Arc and battles such as Agincourt. The war had significant impacts on
English national identity and territorial claims in France.
Tudor dynasty
- Wars of the Roses: Conflicts between the houses of Lancaster and York
culminated in the rise of the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII's victory at the Battle of
Bosworth Field in 1485 marked the end of the war and the beginning of the
Tudor era.
- Henry VIII: English Reformation, he broke with the Roman Catholic Church
and founded the Church of Enlgand. Henry had his wife Anne Boleyn killed
because she “gave him no male heirs” to take the throne.
- Elizabeth I: With the death of Mary I, Elizabeth I came to the throne, who at
the age of 25 was crowned Queen of England. He soon reestablished the
Anglican structure for the Church. In 1562, he restored the Act of Supremacy,
which established the sovereign as head of the Anglican Church.
- In 1563, the new ecclesiastical body defined the 39 basic points of
Anglicanism. The resurrection of Anglicanism was applauded by many nobles
who reconquered lands confiscated by the Church of Rome. Eight years later,
the queen was excommunicated by the Catholic Church.
- Loved and respected, Elizabeth I began her work of aggrandizing England.
The queen centralized power by having sheriffs and justices of the peace
represent her in all parts of the kingdom. He rarely convened Parliament,
taking all decisions for himself. He fully established absolutism.
- He maintained a mercantilist economic policy, intervening in the private
economy. At that time, the shipbuilding, iron, tin, lead, sulfur, etc. industries
emerged.
- In 1564, he authorized adventurous merchants to trade with the Netherlands
and Germany. He gave the Russian Company rights to extend its commercial
activities through Moscow to Persia. In 1559, the queen created the London
Stock Exchange and granted a monopoly for the commercial exploitation of
the colonies.
Stuart Dynasty and the English Civil War:

- James I: His belief in the divine right of kings led to conflicts with Parliament.
- Charles I's tensions with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War
(1642–1651), leading to his execution and the temporary Republic of
Cromweel.
- Cromwell Republic: Cromwell's Republic was an exceptional period in the
history of the monarchy of the United Kingdom, characterized by a revolt by
Parliament in the face of a monarch who did not tolerate objections to his
wishes and who ended up being executed for treason.
- The Puritan Revolution was one of the movements of the so-called English
Revolutions, a process that began with the establishment of the Cromwell
Republic and ended with the Glorious Revolution.
- Between 1641 and 1649, the revolt that took the name of Puritan Revolution,
and from 1649 to 1658 was the brief period in which England became a
Republic, with the abolition of the monarchy in force at the time and the public
execution of the king.
- Oliver Cromwell, an English soldier and politician who converted to
Puritanism, was the most important leader of the Puritan Revolution and
responsible for giving its name to the only republican period in English history.
At the end of this entire process, England experienced the consolidation of
bourgeois mercantilism and laid the foundations for the industrial Revolution
that would happen in the following century.
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

- Charles II: The monarchy was restored in 1660 with Charles II, who brought a
period of relative stability and cultural revival, known as the Restoration. His
reign saw the re-establishment of the Church of England and a vibrant cultural
scene.
- James II and the Glorious Revolution: James II's attempts to promote
Catholicism led to the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which resulted in his
dismissal and the invitation to William and Mary to rule.
- The 1689 Bill of Rights established parliamentary sovereignty and further
limited royal power.
- Bill of rights: The Bill of Rigths was created in the context of the end of the
Glorious Revolution (1688 – 1689), which limited the king's power in England,
increasing the power of Parliament.
The Hanoverians and the Modern Monarchy:

- Georgian Era: The Georgian period saw the establishment of a constitutional
monarchy, with increasing power vested in Parliament.
- The American Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire were
significant events of this era.
- Victorian Era: Queen Victoria's long reign (1837-1901) witnessed the height of
the British Empire, industrialization, and significant social and technological
changes. Their influence and the values of the time shaped much of modern
British culture and institutions.
- Queen Victoria (1819-1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom and Ireland
from 1837 to 1901 and Empress of India from 1876 to 1901.
- His reign lasted 63 years and was a time of great industrial development.
Likewise, the United Kingdom became the British Empire, with colonial
possessions from Africa to India.
20th and 21st centuries:

- World Wars: George V and George VI led Britain through the tumultuous
periods of World War I and World War II respectively, with the latter
symbolizing national unity and resilience.
- Elizabeth II: Queen Elizabeth II's reign saw immense changes, including the
decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean, the transformation of the British
Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, and significant social changes in
the United Kingdom. Her long reign provided stability and continuity, making
her one of the most loved and respected monarchs.
- Charles III: Charles III, ascending the throne in 2022, emphasized
modernization, environmental sustainability, and addressing contemporary
social issues.

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Cópia Traduzida de Monarquia Inglesa

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The monarchy of England

Early history and foundations:

Stuart Dynasty and the English Civil War:

The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

The Hanoverians and the Modern Monarchy:

20th and 21st centuries:

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