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    Phys 110 Ch.21

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    Phys 110 Ch.21

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    Phys 110 Ch.21

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    of 13

    Electrostatics

    21.2

    ELECTRIC CHARGE
    21.5 Chapter (21)

    ELECTROSTATIC
    FORCE- COULMB’S
    LAW 21.3

    INSULATORS, CONDUCTORS,
    SEMICONDUCTORS, AND
    SUPERCONDUCTORS
    Learning Objectives
    After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

    1- Define the two kinds of electric charge.

    2- Define the law of electric charges.

    3- Differentiate between insulators, conductors, and semiconductor

    4- Calculate the force between two stationary electric charges using

    Coulomb’s Law .

    5- Define the direction of the electrostatic force between different

    charges.
    Electric Charge
     Electric charge is a fundamental physical property that causes
    objects to feel attractive or repulsive force toward one another.
     There are two kinds of electric charge; positive and negative.

     Normally objects around us do not seem to carry a net charge.


    They have equal amounts of positive and negative charge and
    thus are electrically neutral.

     When negative and positive charge are not balanced, then we


    observe the effects of electric charge.
    Law of Electric Charges
    Law of Electric Charges:
    Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
    Charge of an Electron
     The unit of charge is the coulomb (C)
     We can define the unit of charge in terms of the charge of one
    electron.
     An electron is an elementary particle with charge q = -e where:
    e = 1.602 ×10-19 C.
     A proton is another elementary particle with a charge exactly the
    same magnitude as the electron but it is positive q = +e.
     A coulomb is a large amount of charge. So, we deal with smaller
    amounts of charge.
    1 microcoulomb = 1 μC = 1.0 × 10−6 C
    1 nanocoulomb = 1 nC = 1.0 × 10−9 C
    1 picocoulomb = 1 pC = 1.0 × 10−12 C
    Extra Exercise

    How many electrons does it take to make 1.00 C of


    charge?

    Solution: 1𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛 → 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶


    A. 1.60 × 1019 ?????  1 C
    B. 6.60 × 1019
    C. 3.20 × 1016 Number of electrons =
    D. 6.24 × 1018 1/(1.602 × 10−19 )= 6.24 × 1018
    E. 6.66 × 1017
    Insulators and Conductors
    The electronic structure of materials determines their ability to conduct electricity.

    Materials can be classified based on conducting electricity

    - conduct electricity well. - Poorly conduct electricity. - are materials that can be
    - Metals: Copper, gold, etc. - Glass, plastic, wood. switched between being an
    insulator and being a conductor.
    - Silicon and germanium.

     Superconductors are materials that have no resistance to the conduction of


    electricity.
    Electrostatic Force-Coulomb’s Law
     Consider we have two charges q1 and q2 at rest separated by a
    distance r r

     There is an electrostatic force on one charge due to another


    that acts along the line between the two charge.
     Coulomb’s Law gives the magnitude of this force as:

    𝑁.𝑚 2
    k is Coulomb’s constant given by: 𝑘 = 8.99 × 109 2
    𝐶
    • If the two charges q1 and q2 of the same signs
    The electrostatic force exerted by charge q2 on charge q1, will be denoted by 𝑭𝟐→𝟏

    The force exerted by q1 on q2, will denoted by 𝑭𝟏→𝟐

    𝐹1→2

    • If the charges have opposite signs then


    Extra Exercise

    ■ You place two charges a distance r apart. Then you


    double the distance between the charges. How does
    the force between the two charges change?
    A. The new force is twice as large.
    B. The new force is half as large.
    C. The new force is four times as large.
    D. The new force is four times smaller.
    E. The new force is the same.
    Extra Exercise
    What is the magnitude of the force between two 1.00 C charges 1.00
    m apart?

    Solution:

    1×1
    = 8.99 × 109 × 2
    1

    = 8.99 × 109 𝑁
    The END
    OF
    CHAPTER
    (21)

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