Download the full version of the textbook now at textbookfull.

com

Australian guidebook for structural engineers

: a guide to structural engineering on a
multidiscipline project 1st Edition Lonnie
Pack
https://textbookfull.com/product/australian-
guidebook-for-structural-engineers-a-guide-to-
structural-engineering-on-a-multidiscipline-
project-1st-edition-lonnie-pack/

Explore and download more textbook at https://textbookfull.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Rotor and Structural Dynamics of Turbomachinery A

Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists 1st Edition
Raj Subbiah
https://textbookfull.com/product/rotor-and-structural-dynamics-of-
turbomachinery-a-practical-guide-for-engineers-and-scientists-1st-
edition-raj-subbiah/
textbookfull.com

Elementary Structural Analysis and Design of Buildings A

Guide for Practicing Engineers and Students 1st Edition
Dominick R. Pilla
https://textbookfull.com/product/elementary-structural-analysis-and-
design-of-buildings-a-guide-for-practicing-engineers-and-students-1st-
edition-dominick-r-pilla/
textbookfull.com

A First Course on Variational Methods in Structural

Mechanics and Engineering Sanjay Govindjee

https://textbookfull.com/product/a-first-course-on-variational-
methods-in-structural-mechanics-and-engineering-sanjay-govindjee/

textbookfull.com

Office 365 All-in-One for Dummies 1st Edition Peter

Weverka

https://textbookfull.com/product/office-365-all-in-one-for-
dummies-1st-edition-peter-weverka/

textbookfull.com
Families Intergenerationality and Peer Group Relations
Samantha Punch

https://textbookfull.com/product/families-intergenerationality-and-
peer-group-relations-samantha-punch/

textbookfull.com

Multisensory Perception From Laboratory to Clinic Krish

Sathian

https://textbookfull.com/product/multisensory-perception-from-
laboratory-to-clinic-krish-sathian/

textbookfull.com

Determined by Reasons: A Competence Account of Acting for

a Normative Reason 1st Edition Susanne Mantel

https://textbookfull.com/product/determined-by-reasons-a-competence-
account-of-acting-for-a-normative-reason-1st-edition-susanne-mantel/

textbookfull.com

Explore The Americas 1st Edition Lonely Planet

https://textbookfull.com/product/explore-the-americas-1st-edition-
lonely-planet/

textbookfull.com

Durum wheat chemistry and technology Second Edition

Abecassis

https://textbookfull.com/product/durum-wheat-chemistry-and-technology-
second-edition-abecassis/

textbookfull.com
Temple of the Grail The Search for the World s Greatest
Relic John Matthews

https://textbookfull.com/product/temple-of-the-grail-the-search-for-
the-world-s-greatest-relic-john-matthews/

textbookfull.com
Australian Guidebook for
Structural Engineers

A guide to structural engineering

on a multidiscipline project
Australian Guidebook for
Structural Engineers

A guide to structural engineering on a

multidiscipline project

Lonnie Pack
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03185-2 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for
the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission
to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be
reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work,

please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides
licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have
been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment
has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or regis-

tered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging‑ in‑ Publication Data

Names: Pack, Lonnie, author.

Title: Australian guidebook for structural engineers : a guide to structural
engineering on a multidiscipline project / Lonnie Pack.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016049432| ISBN 9781138031852 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315197326 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Structural engineering--Australia. | Multidisciplinary design
optimization--Australia.
Classification: LCC TA633 .P28 2017 | DDC 624.102/1894--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049432

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
SAI GLOBAL

This text includes detailed references to numerous standards produced by Standards

Australia Limited and the International Organization for Standardization. Permission to
reproduce the work has graciously been provided by SAI Global Limited. This text provides
a guide to the use of numerous standards and should not be used in place of the standards.
Full copies of the referenced standards are available online at https://www.saiglobal.com/.

DISCLAIMER

Effort and reasonable care have been taken to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data
contained in this text. The author, editors and publishers take no responsibility or liability
in any way for any loss, damage or cost incurred due to its content.
This text is created solely for the use of competent and professional engineers. Methods
presented are not always the most accurate or detailed options available. They represent a
balance of detail and complexity to provide tools which are applicable for a typical design
office.
Contents

Preface xvii
Author  xix

1 Setting up the project 1

1.1 Basis of design 1
1.2 Scope of works 2
1.3 Deliverables list 2
1.4 Budget 2
1.5 Schedule 4
1.6 Communications plan 4
1.7 Structural design criteria 4
1.7.1 Load factors and combinations 6
1.7.2 Construction category 6
1.8 Specifications 7

 2 Design 9
2.1 Limit states design 9
2.2 Standards and legislation 9
2.3 Actions 12
2.3.1 Wind 12
2.3.1.1 Wind pressure 16
2.3.1.2 Wind on piping 16
2.3.1.3 Wind on exposed steelwork 17
2.3.1.4 Wind on multiple items 19
2.3.2 Seismic 20
2.3.2.1 Earthquake design categories 21
2.3.2.2 Site subsoil class 21
2.3.2.3 Probability factor 21
2.3.2.4 Hazard factor 23
2.3.2.5 Design principles 23
2.3.2.6 Earthquake design category 1 (EDC1) 26
2.3.2.7 Earthquake design category 2 (EDC2) 26
viii Contents

2.3.3 Dead and live loads 31

2.3.3.1 Dead loads 31
2.3.3.2 Live loads 31
2.3.3.3 Buoyancy loads 33
2.3.3.4 Vehicle loads 33
2.4 Friction 35
2.5 Deflections 35
2.5.1 AS/NZS 1170 deflection requirements 35
2.5.2 AS 3600 deflection requirements 35
2.5.3 AS 4100 deflection requirements 35

3 Steel design 39
3.1 Material 39
3.1.1 Cost 40
3.1.2 Steel selection 41
3.2 Fabrication and erection 42
3.2.1 Framing system 42
3.2.2 Coating system 42
3.2.3 Transportation 44
3.3 Analysis 44
3.3.1 Section selection 45
3.3.2 Notional forces 45
3.3.3 Bracing 45
3.3.4 Connection eccentricity 46
3.4 Bending 46
3.4.1 Section capacity 46
3.4.1.1 Elastic section modulus 47
3.4.1.2 Plastic section modulus 49
3.4.1.3 Effective section modulus 51
3.4.2 Member capacity 55
3.4.2.1 Restraint types 55
3.4.2.2 Restraint element definitions 58
3.4.2.3 Members with full lateral restraint 59
3.4.2.4 Members without full lateral restraint   60
3.5 Shear 66
3.5.1 Unstiffened webs 66
3.5.1.1 Minimum web thickness 66
3.5.1.2 Web capacity 67
3.5.2 Combined bending and shear 68
3.5.3 Globally stiffened webs 68
3.5.4 Web bearing capacity 68
3.5.5 Web bearing stiffeners 69
3.5.6 Openings in webs 69
3.6 Tension 74
3.7 Compression 74
 Contents ix

3.7.1 Section compression capacity 75

3.7.1.1 Effective cross-section 75
3.7.2 Member compression capacity 76
3.7.2.1 Effective length 79
3.7.2.2 Braces 79
3.8 Combined actions 82
3.8.1 Combined section capacity 82
3.8.1.1 Axial load with uniaxial bending
about the major principal x-axis   82
3.8.1.2 Axial load with uniaxial bending
about the minor principal y-axis   83
3.8.1.3 Axial load with biaxial bending 83
3.8.2 Combined member capacity 84
3.8.2.1 Axial load with uniaxial bending: Elastic analysis 84
3.8.2.2 Axial load with uniaxial bending: Plastic analysis 86
3.8.2.3 Axial load with biaxial bending 86
3.9 Torsion 87
3.9.1 Uniform torsion 87
3.9.2 Warping torsion 88
3.9.3 Non-uniform torsion 88
3.9.4 Finite element analysis of torsion 88
3.9.5 Torsion calculations 89
3.9.5.1 Uniform torsion calculations 89
3.9.5.2 Warping torsion calculations 91
3.10 Connections 93
3.10.1 Minimum actions 93
3.10.2 Bolting 94
3.10.2.1 Bolt capacities 94
3.10.2.2 Bolt group analysis 97
3.10.2.3 General bolting requirements 99
3.10.3 Anchor bolts 103
3.10.3.1 Grout 103
3.10.3.2 Tension in anchor bolts 104
3.10.3.3 Shear in anchor bolts   106
3.10.3.4 Combined tension and shear in anchor bolts 108
3.10.4 Pin connections 108
3.10.5 Welding 109
3.10.5.1 Weld capacities 110
3.10.5.2 Weld group analysis 112
3.10.5.3 Weld symbols 116
3.10.5.4 General weld requirements 117
3.10.6 Plate analysis 118
3.10.6.1 Tension 118
3.10.6.2 Ply in bearing   119
3.10.6.3 Block shear   119
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
x Contents

3.10.6.4 Compression   120

3.10.6.5 Shear 120
3.10.6.6 Bending 120
3.10.6.7 Yield line analysis 122
3.10.6.8 Base plates in compression 124
3.11 Elastic stress analysis 128
3.11.1 Principal stresses 128
3.11.2 Shear stresses 128
3.11.3 Typical beam stresses 129
3.11.4 Combined stress   129
3.12 Steel detailing 133
3.12.1 Steel notes 133
3.12.1.1 General 133
3.12.1.2 Steel 134
3.12.1.3 Welding 134
3.12.1.4 Bolting 134
3.12.1.5 Surface protection 134
3.12.1.6 Grouting 134
3.12.2 Additional steel details 134
3.12.3 Coping 135
3.12.4 Bracing cleat 135
3.12.5 Web side plate 136
3.12.6 End plates 137
3.12.7 Bolted moment connections 137
3.12.8 Welded moment connections 137
3.12.9 Base plates 139

4 Concrete design 141

4.1 Material 141
4.1.1 Concrete 141
4.1.2 Reinforcement 142
4.1.3 Cost 142
4.1.4 Cover 144
4.1.5 Bar development 145
4.1.5.1 Bars in tension 147
4.1.5.2 Lapped splices in tension 150
4.1.5.3 Bars in compression 150
4.1.5.4 Lapped splices in compression 150
4.2 Beams 151
4.2.1 Reinforcement requirements 151
4.2.2 Crack control 151
4.2.3 Beams in bending 152
4.2.3.1 Minimum strength requirements 153
4.2.3.2 Ultimate strength in bending 153
 Contents xi

4.2.3.3 Singly reinforced beam 154

4.2.3.4 Doubly reinforced beam 155
4.2.3.5 Assumption method 156
4.2.4 Beams in shear 159
4.2.4.1 Ultimate shear strength 159
4.2.4.2 Area of shear reinforcement 159
4.2.4.3 Minimum shear strength 160
4.2.4.4 Concrete shear strength 160
4.2.4.5 Shear strength of ligatures 161
4.2.4.6 Maximum shear strength 161
4.2.5 Beams in torsion 164
4.2.5.1 Torsion in beams without closed fitments 164
4.2.5.2 Torsion in beams with closed fitments 165
4.3 Slabs 169
4.3.1 Reinforcement requirements 170
4.3.1.1 Tensile reinforcement detailing 170
4.3.2 Crack control 171
4.3.2.1 Reinforcement in the primary direction 171
4.3.2.2 Reinforcement in the secondary direction 171
4.3.3 Analysis 172
4.3.3.1 Negative moment calculation 172
4.3.3.2 Positive moment calculation 173
4.3.3.3 Transverse shear calculation 173
4.3.4 Bending 174
4.3.5 Shear 174
4.3.5.1 Standard shear 174
4.3.5.2 Punching shear 174
4.3.6 Deflection check 176
4.3.6.1 Deemed-to-comply span/depth procedure 176
4.4 Columns 180
4.4.1 Reinforcement requirements 180
4.4.2 Effective length 181
4.4.3 Short columns 181
4.4.4 Slender columns 182
4.4.5 Columns in compression and bending 183
4.4.5.1 Squash load point 183
4.4.5.2 Squash load point through to decompression point 184
4.4.5.3 Decompression point through to pure bending 184
4.4.5.4 Decompression point 185
4.4.5.5 Balanced point 185
4.4.5.6 Pure bending point 185
4.4.5.7 Rectangular cross-sections 185
4.4.5.8 Circular cross-sections 188
4.5 Elastic analysis 196
4.5.1 Calculate depth to neutral axis   196
xii Contents

4.5.2 Calculate moment of inertia 198

4.5.3 Calculate stress 198
4.5.4 Calculate strain 199
4.6 Strut and tie 201
4.6.1 Ties 201
4.6.2 Struts 202
4.6.3 Bursting reinforcement 203
4.6.4 Nodes 205
4.7 Concrete detailing 211
4.7.1 Concrete notes 211
4.7.1.1 General 212
4.7.1.2 Concrete 212
4.7.1.3 Reinforcement 212
4.7.2 Additional concrete details 212
4.7.3 Miscellaneous details 212

5 Geotechnical 217
5.1 Pad footings 217
5.1.1 Stability 217
5.1.2 Bearing capacity 220
5.1.2.1 Linear elastic bearing pressures 220
5.1.2.2 Plastic bearing pressures 221
5.1.2.3 Brinch– Hansen design method 222
5.1.3 Pad footing detailing 223
5.2 Piles 228
5.2.1 Structural requirements for piles 228
5.2.1.1 Concrete piles 228
5.2.1.2 Steel piles 230
5.2.2 Vertically loaded piles 231
5.2.2.1 Pile groups and spacing    232
5.2.2.2 Induced bending moment 232
5.2.3 Settlement 232
5.2.4 Laterally loaded piles 233
5.2.4.1 Short piles 235
5.2.4.2 Long piles 239
5.2.4.3 Pile deflections 239
5.2.5 Pile detailing 239
5.3 Retaining walls 242
5.3.1 Code requirements 243
5.3.1.1 Loads and surcharges 243
5.3.1.2 Material design factors 243
5.3.1.3 Load combinations    244
5.3.2 Rankine pressure method 244
5.3.3 Coulomb wedge method 246
5.3.4 Compaction-induced pressure 248
5.3.5 Stability 248
 Contents xiii

5.3.6 Bearing pressure 250

5.3.7 Typical soil properties 250
5.3.8 Retaining wall detailing 250
5.4 Slabs on grade 255
5.4.1 Preliminary sizing 256
5.4.2 Soil parameters 256
5.4.2.1 California bearing ratio (CBR) 256
5.4.2.2 Modulus of subgrade reaction 257
5.4.2.3 Young’ s modulus and Poisson’ s ratio 258
5.4.3 Loads 258
5.4.4 Analysis 260
5.4.4.1 Linear and non-linear analysis using
modulus of subgrade reaction 260
5.4.4.2 Finite element analysis using Young’ s
modulus and Poisson’ s ratio 261
5.4.5 Crack control 261
5.4.6 Joints 261
5.4.6.1 Control joints 262
5.4.6.2 Isolation joints 262
5.4.6.3 Construction joints 262
5.4.6.4 Expansion joints 264
5.4.6.5 Joint armouring 264
5.4.6.6 Joint movement 264
5.4.7 Dowels 267
5.5 Shrink-swell movement 268
5.5.1 Investigation 269
5.5.2 Calculation of characteristic surface movement 269
5.5.2.1 Swelling profile 269
5.5.2.2 Depth of cracking 271
5.5.2.3 Existence of cut or fill 271
5.5.2.4 Characteristic surface movement 271
5.5.2.5 Site classification 271
5.5.2.6 Soil structure interaction: Heave 273
5.5.2.7 Load combinations 275
5.5.2.8 Modelling 275
5.5.3 Shrink-swell detailing 276

6 Design items 277

6.1 Pipe racks (pipe stress) 277
6.1.1 Pipe stress 277
6.1.1.1 Support spacing 278
6.1.1.2 Technical requirements 278
6.1.1.3 Load cases 279
6.1.1.4 Load combinations 280
6.1.1.5 Support types 281
xiv Contents

6.1.2 Other pipe rack loads 282

6.1.3 Pre-assembled units (PAUs) 282
6.1.3.1 Transportation and load restraint 283
6.2 Vessels and tanks 285
6.3 Lifting lugs 289
6.3.1 Design factors 290
6.3.2 Placement of lugs 291
6.3.3 Marking 292
6.3.4 Dimensional requirements 292
6.3.5 Calculations 292
6.3.6 Lifting lug detailing 296
6.4 Machine foundations 297
6.4.1 Rule of thumb sizing 297
6.4.2 Natural frequency analysis 299
6.4.3 Harmonic response analysis 300
6.4.3.1 Damping 300
6.4.4 Dynamic load 301
6.4.5 Acceptance criteria 303
6.4.6 General design requirements 303
6.4.6.1 Construction requirements 304
6.4.7 Design methodology 305
6.5 Access (Stairs, ladders and handrails) 306
6.5.1 Walkways   306
6.5.2 Stairs 306
6.5.3 Ladders 308
6.5.3.1 Stair and ladder detailing 308
6.6 Temperature variation 311
6.6.1 Minimum temperature (AS 4100) 311
6.6.2 Steel grade selection 312
6.6.3 Temperature range (bridges) 312
6.6.4 Installation temperature and design range 314
6.6.5 Change in properties with high temperatures 315
6.7 Composite beams and slabs 316
6.7.1 Bending design 317
6.7.1.1 Case 1: Neutral axis in concrete slab 320
6.7.1.2 Case 2: Neutral axis in steel sheeting 320
6.7.1.3 Case 3: Neutral axis in top flange 321
6.7.1.4 Case 4: Neutral axis in web 321
6.7.2 Shear stud design 322
6.7.2.1 AS 2327.1 Shear stud design 322
6.7.2.2 AS 5100.6 Shear stud design 323
6.7.3 Elastic transformed stress analysis 324
6.8 Bunds 325
6.8.1 The storage and handling of flammable
and combustible liquids, AS 1940 326
 Contents xv

6.8.2 Substations and high-voltage installations

exceeding 1 kV a.c., AS 2067 326
6.9 Concrete structures for retaining liquids 327
6.9.1 Loads 328
6.9.1.1 Hydrostatic pressure 328
6.9.1.2 Temperature 329
6.9.1.3 Moisture variation 329
6.9.1.4 Seismic 330
6.9.1.5 Earth pressures 330
6.9.1.6 Wind 330
6.9.1.7 Buoyancy 331
6.9.2 Load combinations 331
6.9.2.1 Serviceability combination cases 331
6.9.2.2 Strength combination cases 331
6.9.3 Durability 332
6.9.3.1 Exposure classification 332
6.9.3.2 Concrete requirements 333
6.9.4 Crack control 335
6.9.5 Analysis 336
6.9.6 Serviceability 337
6.9.7 Design 339
6.9.8 Concrete structures for retaining liquids detailing 339
6.9.9 Construction and testing 340
6.10 Linear and non-linear analysis (Space Gass) 340
6.10.1 T-post design model 341
6.10.1.1 Create geometry of model 341
6.11 Finite element analysis (Strand7) 346
6.11.1 Linear analysis 346
6.11.1.1 Concrete slab model (linear) 346
6.11.2 Non-linear analysis 351
6.11.2.1 Steel connection model (linear and non-linear) 352

7 Design aids 359

7.1 Section calculations 359
7.2 Force diagrams 359
7.3 Design catalogues and capacity tables 359
7.3.1 Steel catalogues and capacity tables 360
7.3.1.1 Bolt capacity 360
7.3.1.2 Weld capacity 360
7.3.1.3 Steel plates 366
7.3.1.4 Steel flats 366
7.3.1.5 Steel square sections 369
7.3.1.6 Steel round sections 369
7.3.1.7 Plate capacities 369
7.3.1.8 Pin capacities 369
7.3.1.9 Steel sections (welded, hot rolled and cold formed) 370
xvi Contents

7.3.1.10 Members subject to bending 371

7.3.1.11 Members subject to axial compression 371
7.3.2 Concrete catalogues and capacity tables 467
7.3.2.1 Concrete reinforcement 467
7.3.2.2 Slabs 467
7.3.2.3 Beams 467
7.3.2.4 Columns 467

8 Vendor catalogues 477

9 Notations and abbreviations 479

References 481
Index 485
Preface

This text aims to bridge the gap between Australian Standards, textbooks and industry
knowledge. After years of work in the industry, many engineers will have created a library
of calculations, specifications and standards that can be used to help complete projects. It is
hoped that this compendium of resources helps to create a useful set of references that can
aid engineers in the expedient delivery of design projects. Many examples and information
in this document are drawn from the mining and oil and gas industries.
A multidiscipline engineering project requires close and coordinated work between engi-
neers and designers of the same and other disciplines. A clear scope and list of deliverables
is imperative, along with a structured formwork of how to achieve the desired outcome.
This book details each step of a project to be followed by a design engineer. The sequence
of information is provided roughly in the order in which it is required. The creation of proj-
ect documentation is outlined, including a scope, schedule and deliverables list. Calculation
methods and details are shown for actions (wind, seismic, dead and live). Details are then
provided for steel, concrete and geotechnical calculations. Design items are explained for
typical items of equipment found in the mining and oil and gas industries. Design aids are
provided, including guides and examples for popular engineering programs. Finally, vendor
product catalogue references are provided for commonly used industry items. This ensures
the suitability and availability of products.
An appropriate example is for an engineer tasked with designing a concrete bund (pit) to
capture any accidental spillage from a tank. The volume of a pit is sized using legislative and
Australian Standards requirements for storage volumes (‘ Storage and Handling of Workplace
Dangerous Goods’ , AS 1940: ‘ The Storage and Handling of Flammable and Combustible
Liquids’ and AS 2067: ‘ Substations and High Voltage Installations Exceeding 1 kV a.c.’ ).
Liquid pressures (AS 3735: ‘ Concrete Structures for Retaining Liquids’ ) and geotechnical
pressures (AS 4678: ‘ Earth Retaining Structures’ ) are calculated, along with many supple-
mentary requirements. Additional loads are then calculated and combined in accordance
with Australian Standards (AS/NZS 1170: ‘ Structural Design Actions’ ), and the strength of
the wall is calculated in accordance with the concrete code (AS 3600: ‘Concrete Structures’ ).
Typical details and vendor products are then commonly used to complete the design.
The number of books and standards required to thoroughly complete a simple design can
be daunting for many engineers. Necessary details and references required for designs, such
as technical calculations, legislative requirements and vendor products, make designs like
this difficult without extensive research. This often leads to designs which do not consider
all necessary requirements. Details within this book are provided to an appropriate level
for design engineers to understand the key aspects from each reference. Design items are
explained with details presented from local and international standards, supplements and
commentaries, common practices and available products. Australian Standards should be
referred to in full prior to the completion of each design.
Author

Lonnie Pack holds a bachelor degree in civil engineering with honours from the University
of Queensland. He is a chartered professional engineer through Engineers Australia and a
registered professional engineer of Queensland. His industry experience includes oil and
gas, mining, infrastructure and bridge design, with a focus on coal seam gas plant design.
Lonnie has designed and led teams of structural engineers and designers in the greenfield cre-
ation of upwards of 20 gas compression facilities, as well as numerous brownfield projects.
His projects have been delivered via traditional (stick-built) methods, as well as modular
(pre-assembled) designs. Lonnie’ s experience also includes designing more than 80 machine
foundations, including screw, reciprocating and centrifugal compressors.
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
Chapter 1

Setting up the project

This chapter details the typical requirements for a multidiscipline project in Australia.
Specific recommendations are based on mining or oil and gas examples. Although all proj-
ects are unique, this set of requirements can be consistently applied. The following aspects
should all be clearly documented and issued at the beginning of the project. They are essen-
tial for the successful completion of a project.

1. Basis of design
2. Scope of works
3. Deliverables list
4. Budget
5. Schedule
6. Communications plan
7. Structural design criteria
8. Specifications

1.1 BASIS OF DESIGN

Ideally, the basis of design has already been created by the client and is used as the basis for
the scope of works. A basis of design should outline the required functions of a project and
what is important for the client. Details should be provided for

1. What the project includes

2. How the project fits into the client’ s company
3. Important aspects of the project
4. Any client-driven requirements for the facility
5. How the facility functions
6. The design life of the facility

1
2 Australian guidebook for structural engineers

1.2 SCOPE OF WORKS

The scope of works should list each item from the basis of design and detail exactly what is
going to be delivered by your organisation. A list of inclusions and exclusions is important to
clearly delineate scope. Assumptions may also be listed if they are important for the project.
A clear deliverables list is necessary to outline exactly what is being delivered to the client.
Budget and schedule requirements may also be provided in a scope.

1.3 DELIVERABLES LIST

A clearly defined scope, along with experience in the field, should lead to an accurate and
well-set-out deliverables list. A structural deliverables list is generally split into two sections:
steel and concrete (Tables 1.1 and 1.2). The easiest way to create a deliverables list is to look
at a similar project from the past and use it to estimate the number of drawings and calcula-
tions required for each of the items listed in the scope of works. The following is a typical
example of what would normally be produced.
A typical document numbering system is adopted using the following identifiers: 1-2-3-
4_5 (e.g. A1-ST-IN-001_01) (Table 1.3). A system using sheet numbers, as well as drawing
numbers, is often beneficial, as it allows the user to add numbers at a later date without
losing sequence.
Care should be taken to ensure documentation (such as signed check prints, calculations
and drawings) is filed and scanned to ensure traceability of work.

1.4 BUDGET

Most companies have formal procedures for completing budget estimates. A common
method is to estimate the number of engineering hours and the number of drafting hours,

Table 1.1 Steel deliverables list

Document number Description
A1-ST-DC-0001_01 Structural design criteria
A1-ST-IN-0001_01 Steel drawing index
A1-ST-SD-0001_01 Steel standard notes
A1-ST-SD-0001_02 Steel standard drawing 2 – Bolted
connections
A1-ST-SD-0001_03 Steel standard drawing 3 – Base plates
A1-ST-SD-0001_04 Steel standard drawing 4 – Stairs and ladders
A1-ST-SD-0001_05 Steel standard drawing 5 – Grating and
handrails
A1-ST-PL-0001_01 Steel plot plan
A1-ST-AR-0001_01 Steel area plan 1
A1-ST-AR-0001_02 Steel area plan 2
A1-ST-DE-0001_01 Steel structure 1 – Sheet 1
A1-ST-DE-0001_02 Steel structure 1 – Sheet 2
A1-ST-DE-0002_01 Steel structure 2 – Sheet 1
A1-ST-DE-0003_01 Miscellaneous steel – Sheet 1
A1-ST-MT-0001_01 Steel material take-off
 Setting up the project 3

Table 1.2 Concrete deliverables list

Document number Description
A1-CN-IN-0001_01 Concrete drawing index
A1-CN-SD-0001_01 Concrete standard notes
A1-CN-SD-0001_02 Concrete standard drawing 2 – Piles and pad
footings
A1-CN-SD-0001_03 Concrete standard drawing 3 – Slabs
A1-CN-SD-0001_04 Concrete standard drawing 4 – Anchor bolts
A1-CN-SD-0001_05 Concrete standard drawing 5 – Joints and sealing
A1-CN-PL-0001_01 Concrete plot plan
A1-CN-AR-0001_01 Concrete area plan 1
A1-CN-AR-0001_02 Concrete area plan 2
A1-CN-AR-0001_03 Concrete area plan 3
A1-CN-DE-0001_01 Concrete structure 1 – Sheet 1
A1-CN-DE-0001_02 Concrete structure 1 – Sheet 2
A1-CN-DE-0002_01 Concrete structure 2 – Sheet 1
A1-CN-DE-0003_01 Miscellaneous concrete – Sheet 1
A1-CN-MT-0001_01 Concrete material take-off

Table 1.3 Document numbering system

Identifier location Identifier Description
1 A1 Project number
2 ST Steel discipline
2 CN Concrete discipline
3 DC Design criteria
3 IN Index
3 SD Standard drawing
3 PL Plot plan
3 AR Area plan
3 DE Detailed drawing
3 MT Material take-off
4 ### Drawing number
5 ## Sheet number

and then multiply each by the appropriate hourly rate. An allowance should also be included
for project management and any meetings and client reviews.
For example, a project may include the following typical allowances:

1. 1 h each week for each team member to attend team meetings

2. 2 h each week for the lead engineer to attend project meetings and model reviews
3. 1 h each week for the lead designer to attend model reviews
4. 2 h each fortnight for the lead engineer to attend client reviews
5. 8 engineering hours per drawing for standard items (40 h for complex items)
6. 12 drafting hours per drawing for standard items (24 h for complex items)

Team members also need to be considered on an individual basis if they have varying
rates (i.e. graduate engineer, engineer, senior engineer or principal engineer). Depending on
the project setup, an allowance may also need to be made for administration and document
control.
4 Australian guidebook for structural engineers

1.5 SCHEDULE

The schedule is the most important tracking tool for the project. It should be set up with
links to milestones, outputs from other disciplines and receipt of vendor data. Durations
need to be based on experience and discussion with engineering and drafting team mem-
bers. The duration should always allow the budgeted number of hours to be used within the
timeframe. It is important to ensure that all members have input to ensure engagement in
the project and ownership of deadlines.
Links in the schedule are important, as they create accountability. Without correctly associ-
ating items, a delay in the project will often reflect badly on the trailing disciplines (structural)
rather than leading disciplines (process and piping). However, if a schedule is correctly built and
updated, it will ensure that delays are highlighted early and that the culprit is found and fixed.
For example, the completion of drawings showing a pipe rack may be tied, FF + 5 (fin-
ish to finish plus 5 days) to receipt of the final pipe stress for all pipe systems resting on the
rack. This means that the drawings will be completed 5 days after receiving the final pipe
stress. This is because the rack would normally be designed and drafted using preliminary
stress, and then checked against the final loads. However, if there is no consultation in the
design, then (perhaps for vendor data) the link may be created as FS (finish to start), mean-
ing that the design cannot be started until the vendor data is received.

1.6 COMMUNICATIONS PLAN

Communication is the key to success. Ensure that a plan is in place for large projects to
detail the level and frequency of formal communication. Weekly formal meetings are a good
idea at most levels of reporting. The suggested schedule shown in Table 1.4 may be adopted
depending on the project requirements.

1.7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

For established clients, structural design criteria are usually based on previous projects. If this
is not the case, it may help to complete a form such as Table 1.5, in conjunction with the client,
to formally set out the unknown requirements prior to starting the structural design criteria.
The criteria should list all required design decisions, as well as project documentation,
standards and codes which are to be followed during design (refer to Section 2.2) and all rel-
evant specifications. All key decisions for the project need to be documented; therefore, any
that occur after completion and client approval of the design criteria should be documented
on formal ‘ technical queries’ (TQs) to the client.

Table 1.4 Meeting schedule

Meeting title Invitees Suggested recurrence
Project team Engineering manager, lead engineers, project Weekly
manager, project engineers
Model review Lead engineers, lead designers/draftsmen, Weekly
engineering manager
Structural team Structural engineers and structural designers/ Weekly
draftsmen
Client model Client representatives, lead engineers, lead designers/ Fortnightly
review draftsmen, engineering manager (depending on client)
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
When some beloved voice, that was to you
Both sound and sweetness, failed suddenly,
And silence against which you dare not cry,
Aches round you like a strong disease and new—
What hope, what help, what music will undo
That silence to your sense.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

Ours is a world of words; Quiet we call

“Silence,” which is the merest word of all.
All nature speaks, and ev’n ideal things
Flap shadowy sounds from visionary wings—
But ah! not so when, thus in realms on high,
The eternal voice of God is passing by,
And the red winds are withering in the sky!
E. A. Poe.
 SIN.
Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered.—Psalm
xxxii. 1.
I will declare my iniquity; I will be sorry for my sin.—Psalm xxxviii. 18.
Hide Thy face from my sins, and blot out all my iniquities.—Psalm li. 9.
I have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions, and, as a cloud, thy
sins: return unto me; for I have redeemed thee.—Isaiah, xliv. 22.
By one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed
upon all men, for that all have sinned.—Romans, v. 12.
All things are of God, who hath reconciled us to Himself by Jesus Christ.
For He hath made Him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be
made the righteousness of God in Him.—II. Corinthians, v. 18, 21.

Sin ever must

Be tortured with the rack of his own frame;
For he that holds no faith, shall find no trust,
But sowing wrong, is sure to reap the same.
Daniel.

O, how unsufferable is the weight

Of sin! how miserable is their state,
The silence of whose secret sin conceals
The smart, till justice to revenge appeals!

* * * * *

Who loves to sin, in hell his portion’s given;

Who dies to sin shall, after, live in heaven.
Quarles.
’Tis not to cry God mercy, or to sit
And droop, or to confess that thou hast failed:
’Tis to bewail the sins thou didst commit;
And not commit those sins thou hast bewailed.
He that bewails, and not forsakes them too,
Confesses rather what he means to do.
Quarles.

That sin does ten times aggravate itself,

That is committed in a holy place;
An evil deed done by authority,
Is sin and subornation; deck an ape
In tissue, and the beauty of the robe
Adds but the greater scorn unto the beast;
The poison shows worst in a golden cup;
Dark night seems darker by the lightning’s flash;
Lilies that fester smell far worse then weeds;
And every glory that inclines to sin,
The same is treble by the opposite.
Old Play. (1597.)

Much have we sinned to our shame,

But spare us who our sins confess;
And for the glory of Thy name,
To our sick souls afford redress.
Drummond.
 It is a shame, that man, that has the seeds
Of virtue in him springing unto glory,
Should make his soul degenerate with sin,
And slave to luxury; to drown his spirits
In lees of sloth; to yield up the weak day
To wine, to lust, and banquets.
Shackerly.

Sin, like a bee, unto thy hive may bring

A little honey, but expect the sting.
Watkyns.

Woe unto those who countenance a sin,

Siding with vice that it may credit win,
By their unhallowed vote; that do benight
The truth with error, putting dark for light,
And light for dark; that call an evil good,
And would by vice have virtue understood.
Bishop King.

O, the dangerous siege

Sin lays about us! And the tyranny
He exercises, when he hath expunged:
Like to the horror of a winter’s thunder,
Mixed with a gushing storm, that suffers nothing
To stir abroad on earth but their own rages,
Is sin, when it hath gathered head above us:
No roof, no shelter will secure us so,
But he will drown our cheeks in fear or woe.
Chapman.
To threats the stubborn sinner oft is hard,
Wrapped in his crimes, against the storm prepared;
But when the milder beams of mercy play,
He melts, and throws his cumbrous cloak away.
Dryden.

For he that but conceives a crime in thought,

Contracts the danger of an actual fault;
Then what must he expect, that still proceeds
To finish sin, and work up thoughts in deeds?
Dryden.

What if the sinner’s magazines are stored

With the rich spoils that Ophir’s mines afford?
What if he spends his happy days and nights
In softest joys, and undisturbed delights?
Where is his hope at last, when God shall wrest
His trembling soul from his reluctant breast?
Blackmore.

What havoc hast thou made, foul monster, Sin!

Greatest and first of ills! The fruitful parent
Of woes of all dimensions! But for thee,
Sorrow had never been!
Blair.
Lord! with what care hast Thou begirt us round!
Parents first season us; the schoolmasters
Deliver us to laws; they send us bound
To rules of reason; holy messengers:
Pulpits and Sundays; sorrow, dogging sin;
Afflictions sorted; anguish of all sizes;
Fine nets and stratagems to catch us in;
Bibles laid open; millions of surprises;
Blessings beforehand; ties of gratefulness;
The sound of glory ringing in our ears;
Without, our shame; within, our consciences;
Angels and Grace; eternal hopes and fears!
Yet all these fences and their whole array,
One cunning bosom sin blows quite away.
George Herbert.
As the fond sheep that idly strays,
With wanton play, through devious ways,
Which never hits the road of home,
O’er wilds of danger learns to roam,
Till, wearied out with idle fear,
And passing there, and turning here,
He will, for rest, to covert run,
And meet the wolf he strove to shun:
Thus wretched I, through wanton will,
Ran blind and headlong on in ill.

’Twas thus from sin to sin I flew,

And thus I might have perished too;
But mercy dropped the likeness here,
And showed and saved me from my fear,
While o’er the darkness of my mind
The sacred Spirit purely shined,
And marked and brightened all the way
Which leads to everlasting day;
And broke the thickening clouds of sin,
And fixed the light of love within.
Parnell.
On His pale brow the drops are large and red
As victim’s blood at votive altar shed—
His hands are clasped, His eyes are raised in prayer—
Alas, and is there strife He cannot bear,
Who calmed the tempest, and who raised the dead?
There is! there is! for now the powers of hell
Are struggling for the mastery—’tis the hour
When death exerts his last permitted power,
When the dead weight of sin, since Adam fell,
Is visited on Him who deigned to dwell—
A man with men, that He might bear the stroke
Of wrath divine, and break the captive’s yoke—
But O, of that dread strife, what words can tell?
Those, only those which broke, with many a groan,
From His full heart—“O, Father, take away
The cup of vengeance I must drink to-day—
Yet, Father, not My will, but Thine, be done!”
It could not pass away, for He alone
Was mighty to endure and strong to save:
Nor would Jehovah leave Him in the grave,
Nor could corruption taint His Holy One.
Dale.

When at first from virtue’s path we stray,

How shrinks the feeble heart with sad dismay!
More bold at length, by powerful habit led,
Careless and sered, the dreary wilds we tread;
Behold the gaping gulf of sin with scorn,
And plunging deep, to endless death are borne.
James Scott.
 SINAI.
The Lord came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; He shined forth
from Mount Paran, and He came with ten thousands of saints: from His right hand
went a fiery law.—Deuteronomy, xxxiii. 2.
The mountains melted from before the Lord, even that Sinai from before the
Lord God of Israel.—Judges, v. 5.

God from the Mount of Sinai, whose grey top

Shall tremble, He descending, will himself,
In thunder, lightning, and loud tempest’s sound,
Ordain them laws; part such as appertain
To civil justice, part religious rites
Of sacrifice, informing them by types
And shadows, of that destined Seed to bruise
The serpent, by what means He shall achieve
Mankind’s deliverance. But the voice of God
To mortal ear is dreadful! They beseech
That Moses might repeat to them His will,
And terror cease. He grants what they besought,
Instructed that to God is no access
Without Mediator, whose high office now
Moses in figure bears, to introduce
One greater, of whose day he shall foretell.
Milton.
 The mountain rocked round Sinai’s trembling sides;
In gloomy spires the dreadful smoke arose;
Angelic trumpets pierced the ethereal vault;
Wide-echoing thunder rent the conscious air;
Fierce lightning shot its terrors through the sky;
All nature spake, and with convulsive shock
Gave awful proof of the descending God.
Samuel Hayes.

Those laws which from Mount Sinai

Jehovah, clothed with terrors, while thick clouds
And darkness wrapt him round, pronounced, in sounds
Which chilled the hearts of those who heard, and froze
Their very blood. Beneath His awful feet
Earth trembled, and the lofty mountain shook;
Hoarse thunder growled, and livid lightnings flashed,
While sounds of horror and distress amid
The howling wilderness were heard.
William Hodson.
 SINGING—SONG.
O sing unto the Lord a new song: sing unto the Lord, all the earth.
Sing unto the Lord, bless his name; shew forth his salvation from day to day.—
Psalm xcvi. 1, 2.
And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb,
saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty.—Revelation, xv. 3.

Who is the Lord, then? Earth to me hath cried:

He, whose soul boundless everywhere is spread;
Who measures the Creation with a stride;
He, who with splendour e’er the sun hath fed.

He, who from nothingness all matter drew;

He, who built up the universe on nought;
He, who round shoreless seas a girdle threw;
He, whose sole look forth light from darkness brought.

He, who no heed to Time’s progression gives;

He, who draws being from his own command;
Who, in the future as the present lives;
And recalls years, departed from his hand.

’Tis He!—it is the Lord! Oh! may my tongue,

His countless glorious names to man repeat;
As the gold lamp before His altars hung;
I’ll sing to Him, while holds my life her seat!
Rev. W. Pulling, from Lamartine.
Thanks be to God! His grace has shown
How sinful man on earth
May join the songs which round his throne
Give endless praises birth:
He gave His Son for man to die!
He sent His Spirit from on high
To consummate the scheme:
O be that consummation blest!
And let Redemption be confest
A poet’s noblest theme.
B. Barton.

“Worthy the Lamb,” on earth we sing

“Who died our souls to save.”
Henceforth, O Death where is thy sting?
Thy victory, O Grave?
J. Montgomery.
 SKY.
Stand still, and consider the wondrous works of God.
Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten
looking-glass?—Job, xxxvii. 14, 18.
Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down
righteousness.—Isaiah, xlv. 8.
 When yonder glorious sky
Lighted with million lamps, I contemplate;
And turn my dazzled eye
To this vain mortal state,
All dim and visionary, mean and desolate,

A mingled joy and grief

Fills all my soul with dark solicitude;
I find a short relief
In tears, whose torrents rude
Roll down my cheeks, or thoughts which then intrude.

Thou bright, sublime abode!

Temple of light, and beauty’s fairest shrine:
My soul! a spark of God,
Aspiring to thy seats divine,
Why, why is it condemned in this dull cell to pine?

For there, and there alone,

Are peace, and joy, and never-dying love;
There, on a splendid throne,
’Midst all those fires above,
In glories and delights which never wane nor move.

Oh, wondrous blessedness!

Whose shadowy effluence hope o’er time can fling;
Day that shall never cease,
No night there threatening,
No winter there to chill joy’s ever-during spring.

Ye fields of changeless green

Covered with living streams and fadeless flowers,
Thou Paradise serene,
Eternal, joyful hours
My disembodied soul shall welcome in thy bowers.
Luis Ponce de Leon, Spanish.
 SLANDER.
For I have heard the slander of many: fear was on every side: while they took
counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life.—Psalm xxxi. 13.
He that uttereth a slander, is a fool.—Proverbs, x. 18.

That thou art blamed shall not be thy defect;

For slander’s mark was ever yet the fair;
So thou be good, slander doth but approve
Thy worth the greater.
Shakspere.

’Tis slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword; whose tongue
Out-venoms all the worms of Nile; whose breath
Rides on the posting wind, and doth belie
All corners of the world; kings, queens, and states,
Maids, matrons, nay, the secrets of the grave,
The viperous slander enters.
Shakspere.

Slander lives upon succession,

For ever housed when once it gets possession.
Shakspere.
 Imperfect mischief!
Thou, like an adder, venomous and deaf,
Hast stung the traveller, yet hear’st
Not his pursuing voice. E’en when thou think’st
To hide, the rustling leaves and bended grass
Confess and point the path where thou hast crept.
Congreve.

Forgot by those who in the grave abide,

And as a broken vessel past repair,
Slandered by many, fear on every side,
Who counsel take and would my life ensnare.

But Lord, my hopes on Thee are fixed: I said

Thou art my God, my days are in Thy hand;
Against my furious foes oppose thy aid,
And those, who prosecute my soul, withstand.
Sandys.

One who molests a harmless neighbour’s peace,

Insults fall’n worth or beauty in distress;
Who loves a lie, lame slander heaps about,
Who writes a libel, or who copies out.
Pope.
 SLAVERY.
Is Israel a servant? is he a home-born slave? why is he spoiled?—Jeremiah, ii.
14.

There is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart,

It does not feel for man; the natural bond
Of brotherhood is severed, as the flax
That falls asunder at the touch of fire.
He finds his fellow guilty of a skin
Not coloured like his own; and having power
T’ enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause,
Dooms and devotes him as a lawful prey.

* * * * *

Thus man devotes his brother, and destroys;

And worse than all, and most to be deplored,
As human nature’s broadest, foulest blot,
Chains him, and tasks him, and exacts his sweat
With stripes, that mercy, with a bleeding heart,
Weeps, when she sees inflicted on a beast.
Then what is man? and what man seeing this,
And having human feelings, does not blush,
And hang his head, to think himself a man.
Cowper.
Though cold as winter, gloomy as the grave,
Stone walls a Prisoner make, but not a Slave.
Shall man assume a property in man?
Lay on the moral will a withering ban?
Shame that our laws at distance should protect
Enormities, which they at home reject!
“Slaves cannot breathe in England”—a proud boast!
And yet a mockery! if from coast to coast,
Though fettered slave be none, her floors and soil
Groan underneath a weight of slavish toil,
For the poor many, measured out by rules
Fetched with cupidity from heartless schools,
That to an Idol, falsely called “the wealth
Of Nations,” sacrifice a People’s health,
Body, and mind, and soul, a thirst so keen
Is ever urging on the vast machine
Of sleepless Labour, ’mid whose dizzy wheels
The power least prized is that which thinks and feels.
Wordsworth.

Man seeks for gold in mines, that he may weave

A lasting chain for his own slavery;
In fear and restless care that he may live,
He toils for others, who must ever be
The joyless thralls of his captivity;
He murders, for his chief delight’s in ruin;
He builds the altar, that its idol’s fee
May be his very blood; he is pursuing,
O, blind and willing wretch! his own obscure undoing.
Shelley.
Lives there a savage ruder than the slave?
Cruel as death, insatiate as the grave,
False as the winds that round his vessel blow,
Remorseless as the gulf that yawns below,
Is he who toils upon the wafting flood
A Christian broker in the trade of blood;
Boist’rous in speech, in action prompt and bold,
He buys, he sells—he steals, he kills for gold.
J. Montgomery.
Hast thou ever asked thyself
What it is to be a slave?
Bought and sold for sordid pelf,
From the cradle to the grave.

’Tis to know thy transient powers

E’en of muscle, flesh, and bone,
Cannot, in thy happiest hours,
Be considered as thine own.

But thy master’s goods and chattels,

Lent to thee for little more
Than to fight his selfish battles
For some bits of shining ore.

’Tis to learn thou hast a heart

Beating in that bartered frame
Of whose ownership—no part
Thou canst challenge but in name;

For the curse of slavery crushes

Out the life-blood from its core,
And expends its throbbing gushes
But to swell another’s store.

God’s best gift from heaven above,

Meant to make a heaven on earth,
Hallowing, humanizing love!
With the ties which thence have birth,

These can never be his lot,

Who, like brutes, is bought and sold,
Holding such—as having not
On his own the spider’s hold.

’Tis to feel e’en worse than this,

If ht th thi b
 If aught worse than this can be,
Thou hast shrined, for bale or bliss,
An immortal soul in thee!

But that this undying guest

Shares thy body’s degradation,
Until slavery’s bonds unblest,
Check each kindling aspiration.

And what should have been thy light,

Shining e’en beyond the grave,
Turns to darkness worse than night,
Leaving thee a hopeless slave!

Such is Slavery! Couldst thou bear

Its vile bondage? Oh! my brother,
How, then, canst thou, wilt thou dare
To inflict it on another?
Bernard Barton.

Slave-mart!—
Oh, mart of blood!—but God for vengeance cries,
And man shall shrink when slaves in judgment rise;
The Power that moulds the lily’s snowy form,
Ordains the sunbeam, and propels the storm,
Whose boundless presence all creation fills,
Adorns the valleys, and surmounts the hills,
Designs for all, and yet creates alone,
Shall rise at last to vindicate His own!
J. Burbidge.
They are slaves who will not choose
Hatred, scoffing, and abuse,
Rather than in silence shrink
From the truth they needs must think;
They are slaves who dare not be
In the right with two or three.
Anon.
 SLEEP.
I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep: for Thou, Lord, only makest me
dwell in safety.—Psalm iv. 8.
He giveth His beloved sleep.—Psalm cxxvii. 2.

Come sleep, O sleep, the certain knot peace,

The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe,
The poor man’s wealth, the prisoner’s release,
Th’ indifferent judge between the high and low.
Sir Philip Sidney.

Sleep that knits up the revelled sleeve of care,

The death of each day’s life, sore labour’s bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature’s second course,
Chief nourisher in life’s feast.
Shakspere.
Why rather sleep liest thou in smoky cribs
Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee,
And hushed with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber,
Than in the perfumed chambers of the great
Under the canopies of costly state,
And lulled with sounds of sweetest melody?

* * * * *

Canst thou, O partial sleep! give thy repose

To the wet seaboy in an hour so rude;
And in the calmest and most stillest night
With all appliances and means to boot
Deny it to a king?
Shakspere.
Sleep on, my love! in thy cold bed
Never to be disquieted!
My last ‘Good night!’—thou wilt not wake
Till I thy fate shall overtake—
Till age, or grief, or sickness, must
Marry my body to the dust
It so much loves—and fill the room
My heart keeps empty in thy tomb.
Stay for me there! I will not fail
To meet thee in that hollow vale:
And think not much of my delay,
I am already on the way,
And follow thee with all the speed
Desire can make, or sorrows breed.
Each minute is a short degree,
And every hour a step towards thee.
At night when I betake to rest,
Next morn I rise nearer my West
Of life, almost by eight hours’ sail,
Than when sleep breath’d his drowsy gale.
Bishop King.
 How blessed was that sleep
The sinless Saviour knew!
In vain the storm-winds blew,
Till He awoke to others’ woes,
And hushed the billows to repose.

How beautiful is sleep!

The sleep that christians know:
Ye mourners! cease your woe.
While soft upon his Saviour’s breast,
The righteous sinks to endless rest.
Mrs. M’Cartee.

Good night!
Slumber till the morning light!
Slumber till the dawn of day
Brings its troubles with its ray!
Sleep without or fear or fright!
Our Father wakes! Good night!
Korner.

Sleep sweetly, tender heart, in peace!

Sleep, holy spirit, blessed soul,
While the stars burn, the moons increase,
And the great ages onward roll.

Sleep till the end, true soul and sweet,

Nothing comes to thee new or strange.
Sleep, full of rest from head to feet;
Lie still, dry dust, secure of change.
Tennyson.
O Thou, who in the garden’s shade
Didst wake Thy weary ones again,
Who slumbered at that fearful hour;
Forgetful of Thy pain;

Bend o’er us now, as over them,

And set our sleep-bound spirits free;
Nor leave us slumbering in the watch
Our souls should keep with Thee!
J. G. Whittier.
 SLOTH.
The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute.—
Proverbs, xii. 24.
Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an idle soul shall suffer hunger.—
Proverbs, xix. 15.
Be not slothful, but followers of them who through faith and patience inherit the
promises.—Hebrews, vi. 12.

He that outlives Nestor, and appears

To have passed the date of grey Methusalem’s years,
If he his life to sloth and sin doth give,
I say he only was, he did not live.
Thomas Randolph.
Two principles from the beginning strove
In human nature, still dividing man,—
Sloth and activity; the lust of praise,
And indolence that rather wished to sleep.

* * * * *

Sloth lay till mid-day, turning on his couch

Like ponderous door upon its weary hinge,
And having rolled him out with much ado,
And many a dismal sigh, and vain attempt,
He sauntered out, accoutred carelessly,—
With half-oped, misty, unobservant eye,
Somniferous, that weighed the object down
On which its burden hung,—an hour or two,
Then with a groan retired to rest again.
The one, whatever deed had been achieved,
Thought it too little, and too small the praise:
The other tried to think, for thinking so
Answered his purpose best, that what of great
Mankind could do had been already done;
And therefore laid him calmly down to sleep.
Pollok.

Why in sloth thy days consume?

Why anticipate the tomb?
Wasting thus thy youthful prime,
Slumbering before the time?
Sluggard up! there’s work to do,
Let not sloth thy soul ensnare;
Only the reward is due
Unto those the toil who share.
Egone.