V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K.

Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

Wind Integrated UPFC System with Cascaded Fuzzy Logic

Controller for Alleviation of PQ Issues
Vinay Kumar Polishetty1,*, G. Balamurugan1, and Kartigeyan Jayaraman1

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: A great deal of attention has been paid for improving Fault Ride-Through (FRT)
Received: 20 May 2023 capability of entire electric power system as a result of rising number of Doubly Fed
Revised: 24 June 2023 Induction Generator-based Wind Energy Conversion Systems (DFIG-WECS)
Accepted: 16 January 2024 installed around the world. Due to variation in operating conditions at load side, the
Online: 20 June 2024 performance of DFIG is highly sensitive to variations as well as disturbance events.
However, it is quite common for electrical systems to encounter problems caused by
unstable nature and power quality owing to large number of nonlinear load charges in
Keywords: the system. It is therefore essential to limit the inner difficulties and bring about fine
Power Quality voltage quality distresses within the load. The aim of this research is to develop a
DFIG-WECS Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), that improve overall dynamic performance
IHHO-PI of DFIG-WECS under wind gusts as well as enhances the FRT capability of DFIG in
UPFC case of various disruption events occurring. The proposed series and shunt converters
CFLC is controlled by implementing a Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller (CFLC) in order to
evaluate their effectiveness. Moreover, to strengthen the DC voltage of DFIG-WECS,
Improved Harris Hawks Optimized Proportional Integral (IHHO-PI) controller is
introduced. Henceforth, the proposed work contributes in providing harmonics free
supply to the load. The proposed framework is validated using MATLAB with two
criteria. The outcomes reveals that, system established offers good response towards
Power Quality (PQ) issues with improved THD value of 2.12%, which is
comparatively low than state-of-art techniques.

1. INTRODUCTION plant [4]. In this way, DG is able to fulfill customer's

requirements in both stand-alone and grid-tied mode,
The progress of economy and society depends heavily on
depending on circumstances, and surplus power production
energy. As fossil fuels run out and threat of temperature
is fed into load, increasing the consistency of power supply
change grows, resources and ecosystem are becoming more
as a result. In spite of this, wind [5] and PV power generation
of a barrier to energy production. Green economy, energy
are unreliable and suffer from poor performance quality due
ecological conservation, and sustainable energy production
to undesirable environmental characteristics of
are the three main goals towards which the world is currently
dissimilarities in wind speed and solar radiation. In the
focusing. Power usage is steadily rising as a result of
future, smart grids will rely heavily on wind energy as most
population increase and urbanization. The only way to stop
promising renewable sources of energy. Throughout past
this calamity is to worldwide develop sustainable energy
two decades, WECS have been increasingly integrated into
worldwide [1, 2].
existing electricity loads. 2018 saw a global growth of 600
Advancements in DG technologies, comprising fuel
GW from wind power, or 6% of global electricity
cells, wind turbines, photovoltaics (PV) [3], and the
consumption [6]. The superiority and dependability of
invention of new power electronics have caused increasing
power supply is improved by integrating these sources with
electricity requirement, a restructuring of utilities, an
mainstream power generation sources [7, 8].
ecological policy, the increasing price of fuel, exhaustion of
As modern power networks develop, there is an
fossil fuels, and a growing demand for superior PQ and
increasing demand for power by virtue of finite resources. A
dependability from consumers are causing power industry to
variation in load demand and integration of renewable
utilize these as alternative energy source to central power
energy [9] with the grid power flow do not remain constant,

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India.
*Corresponding author: Vinay Kumar Polishetty; Email: [email protected].
138 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

which negatively affects power network stability. To meet more time [22]. Hence the proposed work utilizes an
the rising need for electrical energy, the construction of new advanced bio-inspired algorithm termed IHHO-PI
lines of the transmission network has also been restrained controller, owing to its behavior towards high voltage
due to commercial and substantial restrictions. In profile and time consuming characteristics.
consequence, the supply services are forced to utilize actual Similarly, effective controlling of UPFC is required,
assets in an excellent manner, resulting in overloaded approaches like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and
transmission networks, low stability and looped power Genetic Algorithm (GA) are widely utilized [23]. PSO,
flows. To advance the performance of power network, however, has more favorable performances than GA. PSO
network planners looked for new techniques [10, 11]. seems to require less generations than GA to reach its final
However, for the effective implementation and operation of parameter values. PSO offers a more well-balanced
variable renewable energy production, ancillary services mechanism and greater adaptation to capacities for both
like reactive power assistance and voltage stability local and global investigation. Also, it is utilized to address
mechanisms are necessary to establish technical viability a diversity of optimization issues in electrical power system,
and commercial feasibility [12]. including issues with improving stability of system and
To increase the reliability of electricity systems and placing capacitors [24]. Likewise, Fuzzy logic controller
power quality, FACTS devices are frequently used. FACTS (FLC), is introduced to improve power quality of UPFC [25-
devices come in a variety of forms, each having unique 27]. However, it is does not has the ability to handle non-
capabilities, benefits, and drawbacks. To offer control of liner operations with greater accuracy. As a result, this work
transmission parameters that are important for load's presents CFLC, which has the ability to control both reactive
effective functioning, FACTS device is utilized either alone and active power flow, regulate line voltage, and improve
or in conjunction with some other FACTS device [13, 14]. transient stability due to its superior performance towards
Numerous FACTS devices are used to improve load voltage non-linearities.
profile and power quality, including the Static VAR In the proposed work, WECS based UPFC is established
Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Series for solving problems associated with power disturbances.
Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series For stabilizing the voltage generated from WECS, IHHO-PI
Capacitor (TCSC), Static Synchronous Compensator controller is accomplished, while the reference signal
(STATCOM) and D-STATCOM [15, 16]. The aforesaid generated by UPFC is controlled by 𝑑𝑞 theory based CFLC.
approaches show advantages of reactive power control, Utilizing MATLAB Simulink, the proposed system's
improvement of voltage stability, increased transient performance is evaluated.
stability and power factor corrections. However, limited
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
ability to handle rapid voltage fluctuations, increased
complexity and challenges during dynamic circumstances Power quality issues are the most serious difficulties a power
makes those system fail. Hence forth in the proposed work, system faces because of their variety and frequent
UPFC [17] is established for solving PQ issues, which occurrence. In the meantime, the growth of renewable
comprises of series and shunt converters in its configuration energy has increased the need for an integrated system
enabling system stability. which combines the advantages of improving power quality
The traditional PI controllers are still in use today in a and producing sustainable energy. Accordingly, an
wide variety of applications relating to the electrical integrated WECS-UPFC and its control approach are
producing industry. This is because they are simple and easy discussed in this work, as seen in Fig. 1.
to use. In order to link WECS with load, PI controllers were This research proposes a UPFC topology, which offers a
employed. However, even with all these characteristics, PI flicker system with a steady voltage output, to overcome PQ
controllers cannot perform their assigned function if their concerns. Moreover, it stops network voltage fluctuations
hyperparameters are not properly determined. This paved from impacting the voltage at load. For the controller circuit,
the path for development of contemporary optimization CFLC is utilized to provide the best possible outcomes
techniques [18]. Many applications for optimization in together with PWM generator with dq theory; the dq theory
electrical systems have been presented, in recent times. is used to analyze and control the electrical quantities in a
Heuristic methods are optimization techniques that allow to synchronous rotating reference frame. Moreover, it
quickly derive an approximation of value of ideal solution. simplifies the representation of three-phase electrical
The objective is to resolve a number of issues in various variables into two orthogonal components: 𝑑 (direct) and 𝑞
contexts without altering the fundamentals of algorithm. (quadrature). This facilitates precise control of actual and
WECS uses existent metaheuristic algorithms such the complex power flow, voltage regulation, and PQ
Artificial Neural Network [19], Whale Optimization improvement in the system. The PWM rectifier uses the
Algorithm (WOA) [20], and Grey Wolf Optimization IHHO, a recently discovered metaheuristic optimizer, to
(GWO) [21] to achieve system stability. However, the modify the output of DFIG-based WECS.
aforesaid approaches fail to stabilize voltage and require
V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 139

Fig. 1. Proposed Block Diagram.

The topology of suggested WECS-UPFC system arrangement depicted in Fig. 1. While the other is a series
comprises of four portions namely, WECS, series converter, converter connected by a series transformer, the first is a
shunt converter and DC bus. The series compensator is shunt converter connected by a shunt transformer. A
intended to address voltage quality issues like voltage sags widespread DC link capacitor couples the converters back to
and swells, whereas the parallel connection of shunt back. This configuration unifies three main circuit functions
compensator at load side is employed to address current of series, shunt and phase angle regulation. The primary job
power quality issues like reducing the load's major reactive of a shunt converter, like a shunt compensator, is to provide
and harmonic power degradation. To carry out the WECS's or absorb active power from line. A DC link capacitor
purpose, the shunt converter is also meant to draw active is charged by shunt converter, which also uses it to
electricity from wind system. A dc-bus is connected to series power series converter. To make up for any losses and real
and shunt compensators, and the DC-link capacitor serves as power generated or consumed by the series branch, a shunt
a power energy buffer. The effectiveness of proposed work branch is therefore required. 𝑉𝑑𝑐 cannot maintain an
is examined utilizing MATLAB software and by displaying identical voltage if balance of power is not ensured.
load voltage waveforms in instances of voltage sag, swell, By including a series voltage with the correct phase
transient, harmonics, and flickering for UPFC systems, the relationship, series converters provide both series and phase
usefulness of UPFC is demonstrated. angle control. Reactive power cannot have a closed circuit
between two converters connected by a DC link capacitor,
2.1. Modelling Of UPFC
whereas active power can have a closed channel through the
In recognition of its numerous benefits over other FACTS converter. Voltage at series converter is specified as 𝑉𝑠𝑒 ∠𝜎,
devices, UPFC is employed among a variety of FACTS in which controllable magnitude of voltage 𝑉𝑠𝑒 is 𝑉𝑠𝑒 (0 ≤
devices. It is comprised of SSSC and STATCOM. A DC link 𝑉𝑠𝑒 ≤ 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) and 𝜎(0° ≤ 𝜎 ≤ 360°) is the phase angle
is used to connect these two converters one after the other. with respect to voltage at sending end and is send to the
All the variables, including phase angle, voltage and series transformer. Line current is used to access this voltage
impedance, that have an impact on transmission of power source, which results in the transfer of both reactive and real
is controlled concurrently or individually. After injection of power in line. Real power transferred at the AC terminal is
voltage by UPFC in transmission line, it autonomously converted by the inverter into DC power, which appears at
regulates the flow of actual and complex power thru line. the DC connection as required real power. Reactive power
The UPFC improves power systems' transient stability and produced internally by the inverter gets transmitted at the
voltage regulation. UPFC effectively regulates damping to AC terminal.
prevent oscillations in power system.
2.1.1. Operating Principle of UPFC
Two voltage source converters (VSC) were used in UPFC
140 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

Fig. 2. UPFC configuration.

After transformation, the expression for voltage is given

2.1.2. Source Modelling
by
The bus 1 is coupled to a 3Φ source. Once the current and
𝑒𝑑 ′ − 𝑣𝑑′ 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 −𝜔𝐿 𝑖𝑑
voltage components have been translated to d-q frame of [ ]=[ ][ ] (10)
𝑒𝑞 ′ − 𝑣𝑞′ 𝜔𝐿 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 𝑖𝑞
references,
where, synchronously rotating frequency is denoted as 𝜔.
𝑣𝑑 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 (1)
2.2. Design of Shunt Converter
𝑣𝑞 = −𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (2)
The representation of shunt converter is shown in Fig. 3. In
[𝐶] = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
] (3) most cases, shunt inverters run in automatic voltage control
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
mode. Shunt inverter reactivity current, which has preset
The reactive power component is expressed as drooping characteristics, maintains the transmission voltage
𝑄 = −𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑞 (4) constant at the point of link in voltage control mode. The
actual voltage is measured on shunt transformer's receiving
The component at real power is end bus. The regulated quantity in control strategy is
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑞 (5) the current 𝑖𝑠ℎ that shunt converter draws.
𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ
The V-I relation of balanced 3Φ system is, 𝑣𝑑𝑠ℎ = 𝑣1𝑑 + 𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑠ℎ + 𝐿𝑠ℎ − 𝜔𝐿𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ (11)
𝑑𝑡

𝑣𝑟𝑦𝑏 = 𝑍𝑟𝑦𝑏 × 𝑖𝑟𝑦𝑏 (6) 𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ

𝑣𝑞𝑠ℎ = 𝑣1𝑞 + 𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑠ℎ + 𝐿𝑠ℎ + 𝜔𝐿𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ (12)
𝑑𝑡
Let 𝑖𝑟𝑦𝑏 be column vector of current that flows Transform the equations into unit form.
through 𝑍𝑟𝑦𝑏 impedance column matrix and 𝑣𝑟𝑦𝑏 is
𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ
specified as column vector of voltage sag across series 𝑣𝑑𝑠ℎ = 𝑣1𝑑 + 𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑠ℎ + − 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ (13)
𝜔 𝑑𝑡
connected of reactance and resistance in all 3 phases.
𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ
𝑣𝑞𝑠ℎ = 𝑣1𝑞 + 𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑠ℎ + + 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ (14)
𝑒𝑎′ − 𝑣𝑎′ 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 0 0 𝑖𝑎 𝜔 𝑑𝑡
[𝑒𝑏 ′ − 𝑣𝑏′] = [ 0 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 0 ] [𝑖𝑏 ] (7)
2 2
𝑒𝑐 ′ − 𝑣𝑐′ 0 0 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑣𝑠ℎ𝑑 + 𝑣𝑠ℎ𝑞 (15)

The first column matrix in Expression (7) represents 𝑃𝑠ℎ = 𝑣𝑑𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ + 𝑣𝑞𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑞𝑠ℎ (16)
matrix of voltage drops on each side of impedances
throughout all 3 phases. The controller that controls AC bus voltage provides
∗
On transformation to 𝛼𝛽 component the equation shunt current 𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑞 for reactive power bearing portion, while
becomes the controller that controls the DC bus voltage
∗
provides reference for actual power bearing current 𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑝 . For
𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 0
𝑍𝛼𝛽 = [ ] (8) sending end voltage, a PI control scheme is built assuming
0 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿
that the shunt converter is off. Main function of a shunt
Change now into reference frame that rotates voltage calculator is to measure and calculate the required
synchronously voltage for controlling the shunt converter. It ensures proper
𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿 −𝜔𝐿 voltage regulation and stabilization in power system,
𝑍𝑑𝑞 = [ ] (9) facilitating effective control of complex power flow and
𝜔𝐿 𝑅 + 𝑝𝐿
voltage profile enhancement.
V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 141

Fig. 3. Block Representation of Shunt Converter.

Fig. 4. Series Converter Block Diagram.

2.3. Design of Series Converter

𝑣1𝑑 + 𝑣𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑣2𝑑 (17)
Typically, a series inverter runs in automated power
𝑣1𝑞 + 𝑣𝑞𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑣2𝑞 (18)
flow manner. This mechanism uses a synchronous reference
frame, where control values are represented as dc quantities, 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒
𝑣3𝑑 = 𝑣2𝑑 − 𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑠𝑒 − + 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑞𝑠𝑒 (19)
𝜔 𝑑𝑡
to control the transmission line current. The PI controller,
which has inputs 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 , determined real and 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑠𝑒
𝑣3𝑞 = 𝑣2𝑞 − 𝑖𝑞𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑠𝑒 − + 𝑥𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒 (20)
𝜔 𝑑𝑡
reactive power amounts, configure the relative real and
reactive components. The power at bus 3 is evaluated using values
The power system dynamics and shunt converter are not of 𝑣2𝑑 , 𝑣2𝑞 , 𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒 , 𝑖𝑞𝑠𝑒 .
taken into consideration while designing series converters.
2.4. Dynamic Equation of DC Link Capacitance
The schematic diagram o series controller is displayed in
Fig. 4. The sensing delay block in the presented series Power balance theory is used to design DC link capacitance
converter is used to introduce a controlled delay in the on the AC side of inverter. The main use of power balance
sensing of system parameters. This delay allows for accurate theory is to ensure the equilibrium between power
measurement and analysis of the system dynamics, enabling generation, power flow, and power consumption within the
proper time alignment for control actions. By incorporating system. By accurately monitoring and controlling power
the sensing delay block, the series converter effectively balance, the theory facilitates efficient utilization of
responds to changes in the system and provide appropriate renewable energy, enhances system performance, and
control signals, enhancing stability and performance. mitigates power quality issues. A PI control regulates the
Expressions of voltage and current decoupled is expressed actual 𝑉𝐷𝐶 and 𝑉𝐷𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 at capacitor terminal, regulating
as internal bus of UPFC, that is power difference between 𝑃𝑠𝑒
and 𝑃𝑠ℎ .
142 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

Fig. 5. Structure of CFLS

𝑑𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝜔𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑔𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝜔 minimizes the size of rule base. Thus, improved control is
=− + (𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ − 𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒 ) (21)
𝑑𝑡 𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑝
achieved with effective utilization of CFLC system with
As a result, more power is extracted from the source to reduced rules and quicker response.
compensate for power drawn by the load. A line current's d-
q components correspond to those of 𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑒 and 𝑖𝑞𝑠𝑒 . Table 1. CFLC Rules

2.5. Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller FUZZY e

RULES NB NS ZE PS PB
In general, fuzzy expert systems function mostly based
on their rule bases. As an expert system's rule base grows, NB ZE ZE PB PB PB
its execution time also increases. It is possible to develop the
NS ZE ZE PS PS PS
enactment of an expert system by reducing its complexity.
In this case, a cascade strategy is suggested to lessen the ce ZE PS ZE PS PS NS
complexity of rule base. The proposed methodology depicts PS NS NS NS ZE ZE
a hierarchical, cascading fuzzy interface of Mamdani type.
The use of an appropriate controller, such as CFLC, PB NB NB NB ZE ZE
gives necessary error correction and enhances its dynamic *Zero (ZE), Positive Big (PB), Negative Big (NB), Positive
performance. Cascaded control is used to provide overall Small (PS) and Negative Small (NS).
system control and offers speedy reactions to interruptions. 2.6. Modelling Of DFIG-WECS
Stabilizing output and consistently ensuring that it is free
from fluctuations is the primary objective of the CFLC in 2.6.1. Wind Turbine
UPFC. As already indicated, CFLC's ability to provide The kinetic energy of the wind is transformed into
quick and precise dynamic reaction attests to its selection as mechanical energy by wind turbines. Its mechanical energy
a suitable controller. Two FLCs are a part of CFLC is quantified in terms of the wind's aerodynamic power. The
structure, and they are linked in series as shown in Fig. 5. electricity extracted from wind turbine is incapable of being
FLC 1 reduces the range of duty ratio for FLC 2. as much as its total capacity because wind speed is
The FLC mimics the actions of a knowledgeable human unpredictable. The aerodynamic power is described as
operator. It mimics human reasoning to produce a clear follows:
answer for issues with incomplete and inaccurate data.
1
Cascaded fuzzy systems have outputs that become inputs 𝑃 = 𝜌𝜋𝑅2 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽)𝜐 3 (22)
2
for other systems. A new fuzzy system is created by
combining the output of the previous one with the new From above equation, density of air is specified as 𝜌,
inputs and inputs of the new fuzzy system. Cascaded radius of rotor as 𝑅, wind speed as 𝜐, co-efficient of power
evaluations are performed on the entire system. Four as 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽), depending on shape and geometry of blades of
variables are considered in this fuzzy system, along with five rotor. Also, the pitch angle and speed ratio is characterized
membership functions. The maximum count of fuzzy rules as 𝛽 and 𝜆. Speed ratio at tip is provided as
will be 75, which is equal to FIS1 + FIS2 + FIS3 𝛺𝑡 𝑅
𝜆= (23)
(52 + 52 + 52 ).Hence, the entire system may encompass 75 𝜐
rules, while utilizing the fuzzy cascading technique it just The wind turbines angular shaft speed is denoted as Ω𝑡 .
needs(52 + 52 ) 50 rules, as seen in Table 1. So, it Similarly, the interrelated function 𝐶𝑝 and 𝜆 is written as
is discovered that a hierarchical or cascade technique
V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 143
−𝑐3 𝑑 1 𝑀 𝑑
𝑐
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑐1 ( 2 − 1) 𝑒 𝜆 (24) 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑞𝑟
=
𝜎𝐿𝑟
(𝑉𝑞𝑟 − 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑞𝑟 + 𝑠𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝜔𝑠 𝐼𝑑𝑟 − 𝑠𝜔𝑠
𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝜑𝑑𝑠 )
𝜆
(30)
The positive constants are indicated as 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 . The
voltage drawn from WECS is made operated at variable Hence, the suggested DFIG system achieves high
speed range with the adoption of suitable generator. performance and self-regulating control of both active and
Accordingly, this work established DFIG system and the reactive power. The voltage generated is converted into DC
construction is as follows. utilizing PWM rectifier. To control the rectifier voltage
enhanced control approach is necessary, and is described as
2.6.2. DFIG System Design
follows.
Due to its tight coupling, asynchronous machines are
2.7. Improved Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm
challenging to model in three phases. The following is a
DFIG paradigm in dq-synchronous reference frame. The voltage transformed into DC requires stabilization,
𝑑
which is achieved in this work by adopting IHHO. In the
𝑉𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝜑𝑑𝑠 − 𝜔𝑠 𝜑𝑞𝑠 proposed work, HHO algorithm is enhanced by introducing
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 improvements to its search mechanism and exploration-
𝑉𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝜑𝑞𝑠 + 𝜔𝑠 𝜑𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡 exploitation balance. The algorithm incorporates enhanced
𝑑
𝑉𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝜑𝑑𝑟 − (𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑟 )𝜑𝑞𝑠 strategies for the selection of leader hawks, local search
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 (25) operators, and adaptive control parameters. These
𝑉𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝜑𝑞𝑟 − (𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑟 )𝜑𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡 improvements lead to increased convergence speed,
𝜑𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑𝑠 + 𝑀𝐼𝑑𝑟 improved exploration of the search space, and enhanced
𝜑𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑞𝑠 + 𝑀𝐼𝑞𝑟 global optimization capabilities. The use of the Improved
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜑𝑑𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝑑𝑟 + 𝑀𝐼𝑑𝑠 Harris Hawks Optimized Proportional Integral (IHHO-PI)
{ { 𝜑𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝑞𝑟 + 𝑀𝐼𝑞𝑠 controller is essential in wind energy systems due to its
From Equation (25) stator and rotor current components significance in achieving improved system performance and
is specified as 𝐼𝑑𝑠 , 𝐼𝑞𝑠 and 𝐼𝑑𝑟 , 𝐼𝑞𝑟 , similarly, rotor and stator stability. By leveraging nature-inspired optimization
techniques, IHHO-PI controller provides a robust and
voltage as 𝑉𝑑𝑟 , 𝑉𝑞𝑟 and 𝑉𝑑𝑠 , 𝑉𝑞𝑠 , likewise stator and rotor flux
efficient solution for strengthening the DC voltage of
is denoted by 𝜑𝑑𝑠 , 𝜑𝑞𝑠 and 𝜑𝑑𝑟 , 𝜑𝑞𝑟 , consequently, stator
WECS, ensuring reliable operation and improved power
and rotor resistance is indicated as 𝑅𝑠 and 𝑅𝑟 . Also, the quality. The flow diagram of IHHO approach is depicted in
angular velocity of stator and rotor is represented as 𝜔𝑠 and Fig. 6. The sections that follow provide a derivation of the
𝜔𝑟 and inductance of rotor and stator as 𝐿𝑟 and 𝐿𝑠 and governing equations:
number of pairs of poles as 𝑝.
The following factors determine the dynamics of rotating 2.7.1. Exploration Phase
generator portions: The ultimate focus of Harris hawk hunting is to take down
𝑑 its prey, which is typically a rabbit. Hence, hawks search
𝐽 𝛺𝑟 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚 − 𝑇𝐿 − 𝑓𝑟 𝛺𝑟 (26)
𝑑𝑡 for rabbit in the beginning. There are two ways to express
Here, the electromagnetic and load torque is indicated the exploring procedure. According to the first, hawks'
by 𝑇𝑒𝑚 , 𝑇𝐿 , inertia as 𝐽, and co-efficienct of viscous friction positions ought to be close to their families and their prey.
as 𝑓𝑟 . The expression for electromagnetic torque is The second method, however, relies on hawks being spread
expressed as out among different trees. These methodologies'
𝑀𝑉𝑠
mathematical applicability is represented by the following
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 𝑝 (𝜑𝑞𝑠 𝐼𝑑𝑟 − 𝜑𝑑𝑠 𝐼𝑞𝑟 ) (27) model:
𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑠

Establishing the reference frame with stator flux's d-axis, 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) =

the above equation gets simplified and becomes 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) − 𝑟1 |𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) − 2𝑟2 𝑋(𝑡)| 𝑞 ≥ 0.5
{
(𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝑋𝑚 (𝑡)) − 𝑟3 (𝐿𝐵 + 𝑟4 (𝑈𝐵 − 𝐿𝐵)) 𝑞 < 0.5
𝑀𝑉𝑠
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = −𝑝 𝜑𝑠 𝐼𝑞𝑟 (28) (31)
𝜔𝑠 𝐿𝑠

Therefore, the rotor current is expressed as follows in Here, iteration at present is specified as 𝑡, hawk’s
relation of stator flux: position at iteration 𝑡 and 𝑡 + 1 is expressed as 𝑋(𝑡)
and 𝑋(𝑡 + 1), location of rabbit as 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡), and position of
𝑑 1 𝑀 𝑑
𝐼 = (𝑉𝑑𝑟 − 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑑𝑟 + 𝑠𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝜔𝑠 𝐼𝑞𝑟 − 𝜑𝑑𝑠 ) hawks selected at random is represented as 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡). The
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑠 𝑑𝑡
(29) parameters 𝑟1 to 𝑟4 be numbers at random ranging
within [0,1], 𝑈𝐵 and 𝐿𝐵 are the upper and lower search
limits. Using random variable q the exploration techniques
144 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

are switched between [0,1]. The location of hawks mean specifies the escaping chance for rabbit, and thus exploration
position is specified as phase is continued by Hawks. Similarly, when 𝐸 < 1,
1 weakness of rabbit is predicted and hawks begin to exploit
𝑋𝑚 (𝑡) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 (𝑡) (32) the position of rabbit.
𝑛

From equation above, hawk at position 𝑖 is specified 2.7.3. Exploitation Phase

as 𝑋𝑖 (𝑡), and number of hawks in total as 𝑛.
The exploitation phase of HHO is based on 𝑟, that is the
2.7.2. Exploitation vs. Exploration chance that rabbit will escape, and 𝐸 is the escaping energy.
In the HHO, it is possible to change between exploration and The rabbit can successfully escape when 𝑟 < 0.5 and
exploitation by making use of the escaping energy of the unsuccessfully escape when 𝑟 ≥ 0.5. Using the escaping
rabbit E during the chasing process. This can be further energy, hawks rely on a soft besiege if |𝐸| ≥ 0.5 hard
expressed as follows: besiege if |𝐸| < 0.5 as appropriate. As a result, it is possible
to mathematically model the exploitation process of the
𝑡
𝐸 = 2𝐸0 (1 − ) (33) HHO based on four chases that take place within besieges.
𝑇

Initial energy of rabbit at random between [−1,1] is

denoted as 𝐸0 and maximum iteration as 𝑇. When 𝐸 ≥ 1

Fig. 6. Flow Chart Representation of IHHO.

V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 145

2.7.4. Soft Besiege to (41), LF is employed to state this besiege, but Y is

estimated as follows:
It appears that the rabbit tries to escape with the assistance
of random jumps despite the hawks surrounding it softly 𝑌 = 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝐸|𝐽𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝑋𝑚 (𝑡)| (43)
when 𝑟 ≥ 0.5 and |𝐸| ≥ 0.5. This is mathematically
2.7.8. Improved HHO Algorithm
formulated as follows:
The HHO method uses the following expression to send
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = ∆𝑋(𝑡) − 𝐸|𝐽𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝑋(𝑡)| (34)
hawks back if their position exceeds the limits:
𝐽 = 2(1 − 𝑟5 ) (35)
𝑋(𝑡 + 1), 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) ≤ 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝑋(𝑡) (36) 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = { 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) < 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 (44)
From the expressions above random jumps of rabbit to 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) > 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥
escape is specified as 𝐽 and distance between rabbits position Here minimal and maximal optimization issue variables
as ∆𝑋(𝑡). are represented as 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Moreover, to enhance
2.7.5. Hard Besiege HHO, it is proposed that in case of hawks surpasses, it
should return back to rabbit position 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 , which is assumed
It is possible for the hard besiege to occur when 𝑟 ≥ 0.5 as optimal solution and the expression is determined by,
and |𝐸| < 0.5. The hawks have barely surrounded the rabbit
in that case. In this case, the action would be as follows: 𝑋(𝑡 + 1), 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) ≤ 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥
(𝑡 + 1) = {𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) < 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 (45)
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝐸|∆𝑋(𝑡)| (37) 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) > 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥
2.7.6. Progressive Rapid Dives in Soft Besiege Thus, by utilizing improved strategy enhanced voltage
In this besiege, Intelligence differentiated HHO from other stabilization is achieved thereby resulting in enhanced
swarm methods with respect to the HHO's intelligence system performance. To assess the efficacy of the proposed
strategy. The rabbit is able to run away when 𝑟 < 0.5 work, a MATLAB examination is performed. Following is
and|𝐸| ≥ 0.5, and the hawks surround it softly. Based on the a description of the results obtained.
Levy flight (LF) concept, the following besiege has been 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
formulated:
The UPFC is tested utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝐸|𝐽𝑋𝑟𝑎𝑏 (𝑡) − 𝑋(𝑡)| (38) platform demonstrating improving voltage instability, swell,
According to LF, hawks dive is written as and transients. Moreover, the system's THD state is also
shown. Table 2 discusses the parameters used
𝑍 = 𝑌 + 𝑆 × 𝐿𝐹(𝐷) (39) in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
The dimension problem is specified as 𝐷, and vector of Case 1: Step Magnitude -0.2
random values having size 1 × 𝐷 is denoted as 𝑆. The LF is
given by, UPFCs that operate with WECS feed are tested to evaluate
𝜇×𝜎
their effectiveness both under voltage sag conditions and
𝐿𝐹(𝑥) = 0.01 × 1 (40) when voltage swell occurs. The first case evaluates the
|𝑣|𝛽
feasibility and suitability of WECS fed UPFC, with a step
1
𝛽
magnitude value of -0.2 when it encounters voltage sag and
𝜋𝛽
𝛤(1+𝛽)×𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ) the waveforms for concerned voltage sag are shown in Fig.
𝜎=( 𝛽−1 ) (41) 7 and 8. Accordingly, a 400V source results in 0.2 p.u
1+𝛽 ( )
𝛤( )×𝛽×2 2
2 voltage between 0.1s and 0.2s. In a voltage sag scenario, the
From the above equation, a constant value of 1.5 is input current increases to 50A. To get a clear picture of
assigned to 𝛽, and random values between [0,1] are used source voltage and current waveform, case 1 also takes into
for 𝜇 and 𝑣. Therefore, the position of hawks at preceding account a single phase of the source voltage and current.
iteration is portrayed as After analyzing load voltage and load current waveforms, it
is determined that the proposed WECS-based UPFC design
𝑌, 𝐹(𝑌) < 𝐹(𝑋(𝑡)) can effectively compensate for voltage sag. Additionally,
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = { (42)
𝑍 𝐹(𝑍) < 𝐹(𝑋(𝑡)) accurate voltage sag compensation maintains unity power
2.7.7. Rapid Dives with Hard Besiege factor. Moreover, real and reactive power waveform is also
depicted in Fig. 9, where reactive power is minimized
The rabbit is exhaustion and is surrounded hardly by the effectively by the adoption of proposed approach.
hawks at r = 0.5, |E| = 0.5 in this case. As in Equation (38)
146 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

Fig. 7. Simulated output with step magnitude -0.2.

According to Fig. 8, the CFLC assisted DQ theory is
Table 2. Parameter Specification utilized for generating reference current signal for the shunt
compensator. Additionally, Fig. 8 displays the reference
Parameter Specification
voltage generated using DQ theory for the series
Load Inductance 10mH compensator signal. The Fig. 8 also displays the actual
Load Resistance 100Ω
current waveform of the shunt compensator as well as the
voltage waveform of the series compensator. Consequently,
Source Voltage 330 − 480𝑉 WECS-UPFC compensates both the quality of current and
Source Current 0 − 30𝐴 voltage in system.
V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 147

Fig. 8. Voltage sag waveform of series and shunt compensator.

issue is lessened by Series compensator, which injects a

Case 2: Step Magnitude +0.2
voltage of magnitude 70V.
Case 2 evaluates WECS-dynamic UPFC's operation in a The output voltage obtained using DFIG is demonstrated
voltage swell scenario, and relevant waveforms are shown in Fig. 11 (a) along with PWM rectified output in Fig. 11(b).
in Fig. 9. In scenario 2, source voltage waveform exhibits a it is noted that, the DFIG output is not stable, owing to
voltage surge of magnitude +0.2 p.u. throughout a time variations in wind speed at initial stage. After 0.15 seconds,
range of 0.1 to 0.2s. The following waveform demonstrates a distortion-free stable voltage of 600V is attained.
the associated input current waveform, whose magnitude Similarly, a stable voltage of 600V is maintained with only
decreases in response to voltage swell. The waveforms for a slight variations at the rectifier output's first stage according
single phase source voltage and current under voltage swell to the proposed IHHO algorithm. Hence stabilized voltage
circumstance are also taken into consideration. Similar to of 600V is sustained constant.
case 1, case 2 likewise achieves a unity power factor. The THD is a critical metric for assessing the degree of
outstanding compensating performance of series and shunt harmonic distortion in voltage or current waveforms. The
compensators of suggested UPFC allows for the THD outcomes obtained in the proposed is depicted in Fig.
maintenance of a constant and predictable voltage and 12. An improved THD value of 2.12% is noted, fulfilling the
current on load side. specifications of the IEEE standard.
The UPFC's series and shunt compensators generate the The comparison of controllers like PI, FLC and CFLC for
necessary compensation current and voltage signals to UPFC system in terms of THD is illustrated in Fig. 13. The
lessen the effects of voltage swell conditions. DQ theory is proposed CFLC system is found to have a THD value of
employed to generate reference voltage for series 2.12%, whereas PI and FLC reach 4.3 and 3.21%,
compensator, while CFLC-assisted DQ theory is utilized to respectively. Therefore, it can be said that using CFLC leads
provide the reference current signal for shunt compensator. to an enhanced THD value of 2.12%, along with less
A harmonics-free reference current signal is generated via harmonics and best possible system performance.
CFLC assisted dq theory, as seen in Fig. 10. Voltage sag
148 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151

Fig. 9. Simulated Voltage Swell Waveforms with Step Magnitude +0.2.

V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151 149

Fig. 10. Voltage Swell Waveforms for Series and Shunt Compensator.

Fig. 11. (a) DFIG Output (b) PWM Rectifier Output.

Fig. 12. THD Waveform.

150 V. K. Polishetty, G. Balamurugan, and K. Jayaraman/ GMSARN International Journal 19 (2025) 137-151
Energy Systems 62: 753-762.
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[8] Bharti, O.P.; Verma, A.; Saket, R.K.; and Nagar, S.K.
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