3

DC analysis
Question 1
Find the total resistance RAB of the one port AB shown in Fig. 1.
A
R1 R4 VS
R2
RAB i6 i7

R6 R7
R3 R5
B
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Compute the currents i6 and i7 in the circuit of Fig. 2
Data:
R1 = R3 = 10 Ω, R2 = R4 = R5 = 20 Ω, R6 = 15 Ω, R7 = 30 Ω, VS = 60 V.

Solution
To find the total resistance of the one-port AB we replace the -connection consisting of the
resistors R2, R3, R5 by Ү-connection (see Fig. 3)
A
R1 R4

R23 R25

R35

Fig. 3
The resistances R23, R25, R35 are as follows:

R2 R3
R23 = = 4
R2 + R3 + R5
R2 R5
R25 = = 8
R2 + R3 + R5
 4
R3 R5
R35 = = 4
R2 + R3 + R5

Hence, the total resistance is

R AB = R35 +
(R1 + R23 )(R4 + R25 ) = 13.33
R1 + R23 + R4 + R25

Now we consider the circuit of Fig. 2 repeated below.

iAB i6 i7
VS
R6 R7
RAB

Fig. 4

We compute the resistance faced by the voltage source

R6 R7
R = R AB +
R6 + R7

and the current flowing through the source

VS 60
i AB = = = 2.57 A
R6 R7 23.33
R AB +
R6 + R7

Since the resistors R6 and R7 are connected in parallel, then

R7
i6 = i AB = 1.72A
R6 + R7

Current i7 can be determined using KCL:

i7 = −i AB + i6 = −0.85A

Question 2
For the one-port AB shown in Fig. 3 determine Thevenin’s circuit.
(i) Compute the current flowing through the resistor R = 5Ω connected to terminals A and B.
(ii) Compute the voltage between terminals A and B when the parallel combination of R 0 = 6Ω
and I0 = 1A is connected to terminals AB.
 5

R3

E1 E2 A
R R0 I0
R1 R2
B

Fig. 5

Data:
R1 = R2 = 12Ω, R3 = 6Ω, E1 = 6V, E2 = 3V

Solution
To determine Thevenin’s circuit for the one-port AB we need voltage v0C between terminals A, B
(see Fig.6) and the input resistance Req of the one-port after setting to zero the source voltages (see
Fig.7).

R3 i R3
A A
E1 E2
C v0C R1 R2
R1 R2

B B

Fig. 6 Fig. 7

Note that the same current i traverses all elements in the circuit of Fig. 6. To find this current we
apply KVL and Ohm’s law:

(R1 + R2 + R3 )i − E1 + E2 = 0
E1 − E 2
i= = 0.1A
R1 + R2 + R3

Now we can determine v0C using KVL in the closed node sequence ACBA and Ohm’s law:

− E2 − R2i + v0C = 0

v0C = E 2 + R2 i = 4.2V
The total resistance of the one-port shown in Fig.7 is given by

Req =
(R1 + R3 )R2 = 7.2
R1 + R3 + R2
 6

The Thevenin circuit is depicted in Fig. 8

A
A
v0C=4.2V v0C=4.2V iR

Req=7.2Ω Req= 7.2 Ω R

B
B
Fig. 8 Fig. 9

(i) When the one-port AB is terminated by the resistor R = 5Ω, the current iR flowing through this
resistor can be computed using Thevenin’s circuit (see Fig. 9). Hence, we find

v0C
iR = = 0.34 A
Req + R

(ii) Now we connect to the one-port AB the parallel connection of R0 = 6Ω and I0 = 1A and replace
the one-port by Thevenin’s circuit. As a result we obtain the circuit shown in Fig. 10

A i’

vOC=4.2V

vAB R0=6Ω I0=1A

Req=7.2 Ω

B
Fig. 10

Let us replace the parallel connection of R0 and I0 by an equivalent series connection of the same
resistor R0 and a voltage source E0 = R0I0 = 6V (see Fig. 11).

A i’

vOC R0

vAB C
Req
E0

B
Fig. 11
 7
Next we compute current i’ using KVL and Ohm’s law:

(R eq + R0 )i '−vOC − E0 = 0

vOC + E0 4.2 + 6
i' = = = 0.77 A .
Req + R0 7.2 + 6

We apply KVL, to the closed node sequence ACBA, and Ohm’s law:

− R0 i'+ E0 + vAB = 0

and find voltage vAB

vAB = R0 i'− E0 = 6  0.77 − 6 = 1.38V

Question 3
Describe the circuit shown in Fig. 12 using the node method. Compute the currents i2, i3 and the
power consumed by the resistor R3.

IS2
i2

R2 i3
R1
R3
I S1

R4

Fig. 12
Data:
R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 30 Ω, R3 = 10 Ω, R4 = 10 Ω, I S1 = 1 A, I S2 = 4 A.

Solution
To write the node equations we introduce the node voltages e1, e2, e3 as shown in Fig. 13
 8

I S2
i2
2 3
R2
i3
I S1
R1 e2 e3
R3

1 R4
e1

Fig. 13

The set of the node equations is as follows:

e1 e1 − e2
+ = − I S2 ,
R4 R1

e2 − e1 e2 − e3
+ = I S1 ,
R1 R2
e3 − e2 e3
+ = I S2 .
R2 R3

Substituting the resistances we obtain

e1 e1 − e2
+ = −4 ,
10 20

e2 − e1 e2 − e3
+ = 1,
20 30

e3 − e2 e3
+ = 4.
30 10

We solve the set of these equations using the substituting method. As a result we find

e1 = −22.86 V ,
e2 = 11.42 V,
e3 = 32.85 V.

Next we express currents i2 and i3 in terms of the node voltages

e2 − e3
i2 = = −0.71 A,
R2
e3
i3 = = 3.29 A .
R3
Power consumed by the resistor R3 is
 9
P3 = R i = 107.9 W.
2
3 3

Question 4
In the circuit of Fig. 14 replace the Y-connected circuit consisting of resistors R2, R3, R4 by an
equivalent Δ- connected circuit.
For the one-port AB determine Thevenin’s and Norton’s circuits.

IS

R2 R4
A

R1 R3 R5

B
Fig. 14

Data: R1 = 2 , R2 = R3 = 1, R4 = 4 , R5 = 3 , I S = 1 A .

Solution
The circuit after transformation of the - connected circuit into Δ- connected circuit is shown in
Fig. 15.
IS

R24
A
R23 R34
R1 R5 VOC

B
Fig. 15

The resistances R24, R23, R34 are as follows:

R2 R4
R24 = R2 + R4 + = 9 ,
R3
R2 R3
R23 = R2 + R3 + = 2.25 ,
R4
R3 R4
R34 = R3 + R4 + = 9 .
R2
 10
To determine Thevenin’s circuit for the one-port AB we need the total resistance Req of the one-
port after the current source IS is set to zero (see Fig. 16) and the voltage VOC, between open
circuited terminals A,B, as indicated in Fig. 15.

R24
A
R23 R34
R1
R5

B
Fig. 16

The circuit of Fig. 16 can be reduced as depicted in Fig. 17, where

R1 R23
R123 = = 1.06 ,
R1 + R23
R34 R5
R345 = = 2.25.
R34 + R5

R24
A

R123 R345

B
Fig. 17

Hence, we have

Req =
(R24 + R123 )R345 = 1.84 .
R24 + R123 + R345

In order to find VOC we rearrange the circuit of Fig. 15 as shown in Fig. 18.
R24 ES
i
A

R123 R345 VOC

Fig. 18
 11
In this circuit the series connection of R24 and ES replaces the parallel connection of R24 and IS
appeared in Fig. 15. Hence, it holds

E S = I S R24 = 9 V .
We compute the current i

ES
i= = 0.73 A
R24 + R123 + R345

and the voltage VOC

VOC = R345i = 1.65 V .

Thus, the Thevenin circuit is as shown in Fig. 19

EOC=1.65 V

Req=1.84 Ω

B
Fig. 19

Norton’s circuit is depicted in Fig. 20, where

EOC
I SC = = 0.90 A .
Req

I SC Req = 1.84

B
Fig. 20

Question 5
In the circuit shown in Fig. 21 current i2 is given, i2 = 1.5 A .

(i) Compute the source voltage VS and the power consumed by the resistor R4.
'
(ii) Compute new current i 2 , flowing through R2, when the resistor R4 is short circuited.
 12

i1 R1 R3 i3

i2

VS v2 R2 R4

Fig. 21
Data:
R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 15 Ω, R4 = 5 Ω.

Solution
(i) At first we compute the voltage v2 across the R2:

v2 = R2 i2 = 30 V .

Since R3 and R4 are connected in series and the voltage across this connection is v2 then

v2
i3 = = 1.5 A .
R3 + R4
Using KCL at the top node we have

i1 = i2 + i3 = 3 A .

To find VS we apply KVL in the loop consisting of VS, R1 and R2

VS = R1i1 + R2 i2 = 60 V.

The power consumed by the resistor R4 is

P4 = R4 i32 = 11.25 W.

(ii) The circuit with the short circuited resistor R4 is shown in Fig. 22.

'
i1' R1 R3 i3

i2'

VS R2

Fig. 22
 13
In this circuit we find:
VS 60
i1' = = = 3.23 A ,
R2 R3 20  15
R1 + 10 +
R2 + R3 35

R3 15
i2' = i1' = 3.23 = 1.38 A .
R2 + R3 35

Question 6
In the circuit shown in Fig. 23 compute the current iR flowing through the resistor R in three cases:
(i) R = 2.5 Ω
(ii) R = 7.5 Ω
(iii) R = 20 Ω
Apply Thevenin’s theorem.
R2 A
iR
E3
I0 R1 R
R3

B
Fig. 23

Data:
R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 15 Ω, R3 = 25 Ω, E3 = 5 V, I0 = 1 A.

Solution
We replace the one-port AB, consisting of R1, R2, R3, I0, and E3, by the equivalent Thevenin circuit.
Thus, we need to compute voltage vOC (see Fig. 24) and the resistance Req (see Fig. 25)

iAB = 0 R2
A A
R2
E3
I0 R1 vOC R1 R3
R3

B B

Fig. 24 Fig. 25
Let us consider the circuit of Fig. 24 and replace the parallel connection of I0 and R1 by an
equivalent series connection of the voltage source E1 = R1I0 = 10 V and the same resistor R1 (see
Fig. 26).
 14

i iAB= 0
A
R2
E1 E3

vOC
R1 R3

B
Fig. 26

Since the terminals A,B are left open-circuited, it holds

E1 − E3 5
i= = = 0.1 A .
R1 + R2 + R3 50

Using KVL we obtain

v0C = E3 + R3i = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 V .

In order to find Req we consider the circuit depicted in Fig. 25 and compute the imput resistance of
the one-port AB

(R1 + R2 )R3 25  25
Req = = = 12.5  .
R1 + R2 + R3 50

Using the equivalent Thevenin circuit we replace the circuit of Fig. 23 by the circuit shown in Fig.
27.

VOC=7.5 V iR

R
Req=12.5 Ω

Fig. 27

In this circuit it holds

VOC
iR = .
Req + R

Hence, we obtain:
 15
7.5
(i) i R' = = 0.5 A
12.5 + 2.5

7.5
(ii) i R'' = = 0.375 A
12.5 + 7.5

7.5
(iii) i R''' = = 0.230 A.
12.5 + 20

Question 7

R4 i4

I S1
I S2
R1 R2 R3

i1 i2 i3

Fig.
Fig. 1 28

(i) In the circuit shown in Fig. 28 determine the branch currents i1, i2, i3, i4 using the node
method.
(ii) Write the node equations if the current source I S1 is replaced by series combination of a
voltage source E =12V, directed to the right, and a resistor R = 12Ω.
Data:
R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = R3 =20 Ω, R4 = 40 Ω, I S1 = 1A, I S2 = 3A.

Solution
To write the node equations we choose the bottom node as the datum node and introduce the node
voltages e1 and e2 as shown in Fig. 29

R4 i4
1 2
i1 i2 I S1 i3
I S2
R1 R2 e1 e2 R3

Fig. 29
 16
(i) The node equations have the form

e1 e1 e1 − e2
+ + = − I S1 ,
R1 R2 R4
e2 − e1 e2
+ = I S1 + I S 2 .
R4 R3

We substitute the resistance and source values and perform simple rearrangements. As a result we
obtain the following set of equations in two unknown variables e1 and e2:

-e2 = -407e1,
-e1 + 3e2 = 160 .

This set of equations is solved using the substituting method. As a result we obtain:

e1 = 2V e2 = 54V.

Using the node voltages we compute the branch currents as follows:

e1 e1 e2 e2 − e1
i1 = = 0.2 A , i2 = = 0.1 A , i3 = = 2.7 A , i4 = = 1.3 A .
R1 R2 R3 R4

(ii) The circuit with a new branch consisting of the resistor R and the voltage source E is shown in
Fig. 30.

R4
1 i 2
i1 i2 R E i3
I S2
R1 R2 e1 e2 R3

Fig. 30

Current i flowing through this branch is given by

e1 − e2 + E
i= .
R

Hence, the node equations are

 1 1  e1 − e2 e1 − e2 + E
e1  +  + + =0 ,
 R1 R2  R4 R
 17

e2 − e1 e2 − e1 − E e2
+ + = I S2 .
R4 R R3

Setting the resistance and source values we obtain:

31e1 – 13e2 = –120 ,

–13e1 + 19e2 = 480 .

Question 8

A
E R4
I
R3
R1
R2
B

Fig. 31
(iv) For the one-port AB, shown in Fig. 31, determine Thevenin’s and Norton’s circuits.
(v) Find the current flowing through the resistor R = 3 Ω connected to the terminals A and B.
Compute the power consumed by this resistor and voltage across the resistor R3.
Data:
R1 = R2 = 5 Ω, R3 = 10 Ω, R4 = 2 Ω, E = 10V, I = 1A .

Solution
(i) Thevenin’s and Norton’s circuits are shown in Fig. 32.

A A
VOC
ISC Req
Req

B B
(a) (b)
Fig. 32

To find Req we consider the circuit after the voltage source is short-circuited and the current source
is open-circuited (see Fig. 33)
 18

R4 A

R1 R3

R2 B

Fig. 33

Total impute resistance Req of this one-port is

R3 (R1 + R2 )
Req = R4 + = 7 .
R1 + R2 + R3

V0C is the voltage between the open-circuited terminals A, B as shown is Fig. 34

i4=0
A
E i3 R4
I
R3 VOC
R1
R2
B

Fig. 34

To find V0C we transform the one-port AB as depicted in Figs. 35 – 37.

i4=0
A
i3 R4
E
= 2A R1 I=1A
R1 R3 VOC

R2
B

Fig. 35
 19
i4=0
A
i3 R4
E
Iˆ = + I = 3A R1 R3 VOC
R1

R2
B
Fig. 36

i4=0
A
Eˆ = IˆR1 = 15V i3 R4

V3 VOC
R1 R3
R2
B

Fig. 37

In the circuit of Fig. 37 current i3 traverses the resistors R3, R2, R1 and the voltage source Ê . Hence,
it holds
Eˆ
i3 = = 0.75A .
R1 + R2 + R3

Since the voltage across the resistor R4 is zero, the voltage VOC is the same as V3 = R3i3. Thus, we
have

VOC = R3i3 = 7.5 V.

(iii) To determine current flowing through the resistor R connected to terminals A and B we replace
the one-port AB by Thevenin’s circuit (see Fig. 38).

A
VOC i

Req R

Fig. 38
 20
Using KVL and Ohm’s law we obtain

V0 C
i= = 0.75 A .
Req + R

Hence, the power consumed by R is

P = Ri 2 = 1.687 W .

To find voltage v̂3 across resistor R3 we consider the one-port AB terminated by the resistor R (see
Fig. 39)

i3 A i
E R4
I
R3 v̂3 R
R1
R2 B

Fig. 39

KVL and Ohm’s law lead to the relationship

vˆ3 = i(R4 + R ) = 3.75 V .

Question 9
In the circuit shown in Fig. 40 the power consumed by the resistor R5 is P5 = 10 W.

(i) Compute the source current IS.

(ii) Replace the resistor R5 by resistor R5' = 30 and compute the power consumed by this resistor.

Data:
R1 = R2 = R3 = 20 Ω, R4 = R5 = 10 Ω.

A R2 i2 C R4 i4
i1 i3

IS R1 R3 R5

B D
Fig. 40
 21
Solution
(i) Since the same current traverses resistors R4 and R5 then the power consumed by resistor R5 is
given by the equation
P5 = R5 i42 .
Hence, we find
P5
i4 = = 1A .
R5

Having i4 we compute the voltage between the nodes C and D

vCD = (R4 + R5 )i4 = 20V

and next current i3
vCD
i3 = = 1A .
R3
Applying KCL at node C we obtain
i 2 = i3 + i 4 = 2 A .
Hence, we have
v AC = R2 i2 = 40 V .

KVL applied to the loop ACDBA leads to the equation

v AB = v AC + vCD = 60 V .
Consequently, it holds
v AB
i1 = = 3A .
R1

Using KCL at node A we hawe

I S = i1 + i2 = 5 A .

(ii) We now consider the circuit shown in Fig. 41a and reduce it as depicted in Figs. 41b and c.

a)
A 20Ω C 10Ω

i4'

IS=5 A 20Ω 20Ω 30Ω

B D
Fig. 41a

Thus, the total resistor faced by the current source is RT = 12.5 Ω. Hence, using successively circuits
of Figs 41c, 41b, and 41a we find
 22
v '
AB = 12.5  5 = 62.5 V ,
'
v AB
'
vCD =  13.33 = 25 V ,
20 + 13.33
v' CD
i4' = = 0.625 A .
10 + 30

Since the same current traverses resistors R4 and R5' we obtain

( )
P5' = R5' i4'
2
= 11.72 W .

b) c)
A 20Ω C A

'
IS 20Ω vCD 13.33Ω IS '
vAB 12.5Ω

B D B

Fig. 41b Fig. 41c

Question 10
(i) Replace the one-port AB shown in Fig. 42 by the equivalent Thevenin circuit.
(ii) Compute the current flowing through the resistor R = 2 Ω connected to terminals A and B.
(iii) Determine the resistance of a resistor connected to terminals A and B knowing that the power
consumed by this resistor is 0.35W.

Data:
R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 2Ω, R4 = 4Ω, E1 = 1V, E2 = 3V.

R4
A
E1 E2

R3
R1 R2

Fig. 42
 23
Solution
(i) The equivalent Thevenin circuit consists of a voltage source VOC and a resistor Req connected in
series. To find Req we consider the circuit shown in Fig. 43 obtained from the original circuit by
setting E1 = 0 and E2 = 0.

A
R4

R3 R1 R2

Fig. 43

Resistance Req is as flows

 R1 R3 
 + R4  R2
R + R3
Req =  1  = 1.875  .
R1 R3
+ R4 + R2
R1 + R3

VOC is the voltage between terminals A and B that are left open-circuited (see Fig. 44).
It can be computed using the node method.

1 R4 2
A
E1 E2

R3 e1 e2 VOC
R1 R2

Fig. 44

The node equations are as flows

e1 e1 − E1 e1 − e2
+ + = 0,
R3 R1 R4

e2 − e1 e2 − E 2
+ = 0.
R4 R2
 24
We set the values of the resistances and voltage sources

e1 e1 − 1 e1 − e2
+ + = 0,
2 2 4

e2 − e1 e2 − 3
+ = 0.
4 3

To solve this set of equations we use the substituting method. After eliminating e1 we obtain

32
e2 = 22  e2 = 2.06 V .
3

Note that
VOC = e2 = 2.06 V .

(ii) To find the current flowing through the resistor R we exploit the equivalent Thevenin circuit as
shown in Fig. 45.

VOC=2.06 V i

R=2 
Req=1.875 

Fig. 45

Using KVL we obtain

VOC 2.06
i= = = 0.53A .
Req + R 1.875 + 2

(iii) We now consider the circuit of Fig. 46 where Rx is an unknown variable.

VOC ix

Rx
Req

Fig. 46
 25
The power consumed by the resistor Rx is

Px = 0.35 = Rx i x2 ,
where
VOC 2.06
ix = = .
Req + R x 1.875 + R x
Hence, we can write the equation
2
 2.06 
0.35 = Rx   ,
 1.875 + Rx 
which, after some rearrangements becomes

Rx2 − 8.374 Rx + 3.514 = 0 .

Solving this equations we obtain Rx1 = 7.931 , Rx2 = 0.443  .