C programming Language

Programming Concept and logic

Introduction to C Programming
 C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972
by Dennis Ritchie.
 It was initially designed for programming UNIX operating system.
 Now the software tool as well as the C compiler is written in C
 Most of the part of major OS are developed using this language
 C seems so popular is because it is reliable, simple and easy to use
 Learning Steps
Alphabets Word Sentence Paragraph

Alphabets Constant
Instructions Program
Digits Variables
Special Symbols Keywords
Features Of C Programming
Features Of C Programming cont.…
 Procedural Language
 step by step predefined instructions are carried out
 C program may contain more than one function to perform a particular task, so is easy for
beginners
 Fast and Efficient
 been middle-level language provides programmers access to direct manipulation with the
computer hardware, so is fast and effective in comparison to other high level languages
 Modularity
 The concept of storing of C programming language code in the form of libraries for further future
uses is known as modularity
 C language has it’s own library to solve common problems like in this we can use a particular
function by using a header file stored in its library.
 Statically Type
 Meaning the type of variable is checked at the time of compilation but not at run time
 Means each time a programmer type a program they have to mention the type of variables used.
Features Of C Programming cont.…
 General Purpose Language
 From system programming to photo editing software, C programming language is used in various
applications
 Rich set of built-in Operators
 It is a diversified language with a rich set of built-in operators which are used in writing complex
or simplified C programs.
 Middle-Level Language
 As it is a middle-level language so it has the combined form of both capabilities of assembly
language and features of the high level language.
 Portability
 C language is portable as programs which are written in C language can run and compile on any
system with either none or small changes.
 Easy to Extend
 Programs written in C language can be extended means when a program is already written in it
then some more features and operations can be added into it.
Advantages of c programming
 Building block for many other programming languages: Many programming
languages such as Python, C++, Java, etc are built with the base of the C language
 Powerful and efficient language: contains many data types and operators to give
you a vast platform to perform all kinds of operations
 Portable language: flexible, machine independent that helps you to run your code
on any machine without making any change or just a few changes in the code
 Built-in functions: There are only 32 keywords in ANSI C, having many built-in
functions
 Structured programming language: complex problems are divided into smaller
blocks or functions
 Middle-level language: it supports high-level programming as well as low-level
programming
 Dynamic memory allocation: you are free to allocate memory at run time. For
example, if you don’t know how much memory is required by objects in your
Disadvantages of c programming
 Concept of OOPs: it does not support the concept of OOPs, it follows the procedural
programming approach.
 Run-time checking: compiler shows the errors after compiling whole program so its
difficult to detect the errors
 Its takes more time to design and implement the software
 C does not have any constructor or destructor, which is the main feature of OOP
 Does not provides "namespace features", so you are not able to use the same
variable name again in one scope
Structure of C program
 A program is a sequence of instructions
 A statement is known as instruction in c programming
 Semicolon ; determines the ends of statement
 Collection of statements forms a block of statements which are enclosed inside
braces { }
 here all the statements must be inside a function, where the function is a collection
of statements which performs specific tasks
 There may be present of one or more function in a program and every program
contain a special function named main ()
Simple example of C program code
 #include<stdio.h> /* input output header file */
 #include<conio.h> /*console input output header file ie takes input and gives output*/
 Void main() /*main function */
 {
 Printf(Hello World); /* display the content */
 Getch();
 }
Compiling Process
 Editor
 Word processor to write source code
 We write code in human unvendable form in editor and save it to specified location with
appropriate file extensions.
 We generally use .c extension to save c programming files
 Pre-processor
 It is not a part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the compilation process
 a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool and it instructs the compiler to do
required pre-processing before the actual compilation
 All preprocessor commands begin with a hash symbol (#)
 It must be the first nonblank character, and for readability, a preprocessor directive
should begin in the first column
 #define, #include, #if are some common examples
Compiling Process cont.
 Compiler
 Responsible to convert Source Code to Object Code
 Linker
 a linker is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated by
a compiler and combines them into one, executable program
 Often the program may be divided into small blocks and after compiling the source code
created by the user all those blocks along with the header files defined must be linked
together
 Finally it is responsible to create executable file with .exe extension
 Executable file
 We create .c source file in editor, convert it to .obj object file through compiling, and
finally produce .exe executable files by linker which on execution gives output if debug
is successful otherwise display the error message
Character set used in C
 Every language contains a set of characters used to construct words, statements, etc
 C language also has a set of characters which include alphabets, digits, and special
symbols.
 C language supports a total of 256 characters
 Every C program contains statements
 These statements are constructed using words and these words are constructed using
characters from C character set
 C language character set contains the following set of characters
 Alphabets
 Lower case letters - a to z
 UPPER CASE LETTERS - A to Z
 Digits 0123456789
 Special Symbols
 ~ @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = { } [ ] ; : ' " / ? . > , < \ | etc
Use of comment
 A comment is an explanation or description of the source code of the program
 it helps a developer explain logic of the code and improves program readability
 At run-time, a comment is ignored by the compiler.
 It starts with a slash asterisk /* and finishes with an asterisk slash */, we basically
call it as a multi line comment
 While Single-line Comments uses a double slash //
 // this is single line comment
 /* this is
 Multi line command */
C tokens

 the smallest unit in a 'C' program

 It is each and every word and punctuation that you come across in your C program
 The compiler breaks a program into the smallest possible units (tokens) and
proceeds to the various stages of the compilation
 A token is divided into six different types as Keywords, Operators, Strings,
Constants, variable, Special Characters, and Identifiers
Identifier
 name assigned to an element in a program
 Example, name of a variable, function, etc
 Identifiers are used to identify a particular element in a program
 like wise each identifier must have unique name and must follow following rules
 The first character must always be an alphabet or an underscore.
 It should be formed using only letters, numbers, or underscore.
 A keyword cannot be used as an identifier.
 It should not contain any whitespace character.
 The name must be meaningful.
 Note that C programming is case sensitive
Key words
 Reserved word in c programming which have per defined meaning which cannot be changed
is known as key word
 They act as a building block of a 'C' program
 There are total 32 keywords in ‘C’ and Keywords are written in lowercase letters.
 You can't use a keyword as an identifier in your C programs, its reserved words in C library
and used to perform an internal operation
 The meaning and working of these keywords are already known to the compiler
Identifier Key word
User defined Pre defined
Lower as well as upper case Lower case
Must be meaning full in program Pre defined meaning
Meaning is not defined to compiler Compiler knows the meaning
Alphanumeric character Alphabetic character
Required purpose Intended purpose
Underscore (_) is considered as a letter Underscore (_) is not considered as a letter
Data type in C Programming
 Data types specify how we enter data into our programs and what type of data we
enter
 C language has some predefined set of data types with different data storage
capacity to handle various kinds of data that we can use in our program
 Basically there are two different types of data type
 Primary data type: These are fundamental data types in C namely integer (int) , floating
point (float), character (char), and void
 Derived data type: Derived data types are nothing but primary datatypes but a little
twisted or grouped together like array, structure, union and pointers
 Integer type
 Used to store Integers are whole numbers that can have both zero, positive and negative
values but no decimal values and use int to declare integer variable
 May require 2 to 4 byte of memory
 Floating point type
 Floating types are used to store real numbers
 Requires 4 bytes of memory space and use float to declare floating variables
 Character type
 They are used to store character variables
 It requires 1 byte of memory space, can be signed or unsigned and use char to declare
character variables
 void type
 It means no value
 This is usually used to specify the type of functions which returns nothing
Constant and variables
 Their values can not be modified by the program once they are defined
 Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called as literals
 Constants may be belonging to any of the data type
 Types
 Integer constants
 Real or Floating point constants
 Character constants
 String constants
Integer constants

 An integer constant must have at least one digit.

 It must not have a decimal point.
 It can either be positive or negative.
 No commas or blanks are allowed within an integer constant.
 If no sign precedes an integer constant, it is assumed to be positive.
 The allowable range for integer constants is -32768 to 32767.
 Types
 Decimal
 Octal
 Hexadecimal
Real or Floating point constants
 A real constant must have at least one digit
 It must have a decimal point
 It could be either positive or negative
 If no sign precedes an integer constant, it is assumed to be positive.
 No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant.
CHARACTER AND STRING CONSTANTS IN C
 A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit or a single special symbol
enclosed within single quotes.
 The maximum length of a character constant is 1 character.
 String constants are enclosed within double quotes.
 Also we have
 Literal constant
 Symbolic constant: #define pi 3.14, #define max 500
Variable
 a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data
 To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name
(identifier)
 Variable names are just the symbolic representation of a memory location
 Every time we declare it we must state it type followed by its name
 E.g int a ; char ch; float p,q,r; int a=10; char c=‘Ram’
 Global and local variable
Types of specifiers
 The basic data type in c like int, char , float can have various specifiers preceding
them
 Basically they alter the meaning of data type more specifically according to the
need
 Basic specifiers are signed, unsigned, long, short, double
Statement in c programming
 statements is an executable part of the program capable of performing specified action
 In general all arithmetic actions and logical actions falls under Statements
 Basically there are two types of statements
 Simple statement
 The simple kind of statement in C is an expression followed by a semicolon capable of performing
some action
 E.g. int a=10;
 Compound statements
 A compound statement is a list of statements enclosed by braces { }
 They are also called a block
 If (x<5) {
 x=x+10;
 x++;
 }
Operator and expressions
 An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform a certain mathematical or
logical manipulation
 Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables
 Types of operators
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operators
 Bitwise operators
 Conditional operators
 Special operators
 Equality operator
 Increment/ decrement operator
Arithmetic operators
 Symbols used for basic mathematical calculations
 Following are the basic arithmetic operators

Operator Description
+ adds two operands
- subtract second operands from
first
* multiply two operand
/ divide numerator by
denominator
% remainder of division
++ Increment operator - increases
integer value by one
-- Decrement operator - decreases
integer value by one
Relational operators
 Used to define relations between two different operands
 Following are the basic types of relational operators

Operator Description
== Check if two operand are equal
!= Check if two operand are not
equal.
> Check if operand on the left is
greater than operand on the
right
< Check operand on the left is
smaller than right operand
>= check left operand is greater
than or equal to right operand
<= Check if operand on left is
smaller than or equal to right
operand
Logical operators
 Used to connect logical expressions
 Some of its common types with the assumption that a=1 and b=0 are as follow

Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND (a && b) is false
|| Logical OR (a || b) is true
! Logical NOT (!a) is false
Assignment Operators
 Use to assign a value or a result of an expression to an identifier
 Common type are

Operator Description Example

= assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to a+=b is same as
left a=a+b
-= subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the a-=b is same as a=a-
result to left operand b

*= mutiply left operand with the right operand and assign the a*=b is same as
result to left operand a=a*b

/= divides left operand with the right operand and assign the a/=b is same as
result to left operand a=a/b

%= calculate modulus using two operands and assign the result to a%=b is same as
left operand a=a%b
Bitwise operators
 Bitwise operators perform manipulations of data at bit level
 These operators also perform shifting of bits from right to left so are not applied to float of double data type
 Common types are as follow

Operator Description
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
<< left shift
>> right shift
Conditional operator
 Also called ternary operator or ? Operator
 Actually it’s the if condition that we use in c language decision making process
 Its syntax is: expression 1 ? Expression 2 : expression 3
 The question mark "?" in the syntax represents the if part.
 The first expression (expression 1) generally returns either true or false, based on
which it is decided whether (expression 2) will be executed or (expression 3)
 If (expression 1) returns true then the expression on the left side of " : " i.e
(expression 2) is executed.
 If (expression 1) returns false then the expression on the right side of " : " i.e
(expression 3) is executed.
Special operator
 The comma operator : helps to put multiple expressions in a single expression
where the comma separates one expression from others
 Size of an operator: returns the number of bytes that the operator occupies
Control Structures in c Programming
 In C programs, statements are executed sequentially in the order in which they appear in
the program.
 Sometimes it may happen that the programmer requires to alter the flow of execution, or to
perform the same operation for fixed iterations or whenever the condition does not satisfy.
 In such a situation control statements enable us to specify the order in which the various
instructions in the program are to be executed
 A statement that is used to control the flow of execution in a program is called control
structure
 They define how the control is transferred to other parts of the program
 Types of control structure in c programming are
 Sequence
 Decision
 Loop
 Jump
 Label
Sequence Structure
 Control flows form top to bottom of program
 Here the statements will execute one after another in sequential order
 Flow chart
 Syntax
 Statement 1
 Statement 2
 .
 .
 .
 Statement n
Decision making statements
 Decision making is about deciding the order of execution of statements based on
certain conditions or repeat a group of statements until certain specified conditions
are meet.
 Following are decision-making statements:
 The if statement
 The switch statement
Decision making with if statement
 The if statement may be implemented in different forms depending on the
complexity of conditions to be tested. The different forms are:
 Simple if statement
 The if...else statement
 Nested if...else statement
 The if-else-if statement
Simple if Statement
 if statement is the most simple decision making statement.
 It is used to decide whether a certain statement or block of statements will be
executed or not i.e. if a certain condition is true then a block of statement is
executed otherwise not
 Its general form is
 if (Test Expression) /* no semi-colon */
 {
 statement 1;
 ...........
 statement n;
 }
 statement x;
 Example: a program to find is a number is even or not?
The if...else Statement
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes
when the Test Expression is false.
 The general form of a simple if...else statement is:
 if(Test Expression)
 {
 statement block 1; // here the block may contain 1 or more statements
 }
 else
 {
 statement block 2;
 }
 statement x;
 Example: a program to read age from user and determine if he/she can vote or not?
Nested if…else Statement
 We can add if...else statement inside if block or else block. This is called nesting of if...else.
 The general form is
 if(Test Expression 1)
{
if(Test Expression 2)
{
statement block 1;
}
else
{
statement block 2;
}
}
else
{
if(Test Expression 3)
{
statement block 3;
}
else
{
statement block 4;
}
}

 Example: program to find the greatest number among given three numbers
The if-else-if Statement
 C language supports if-else-if statements to test additional conditions apart from the initial Test Expression.
 The if-else-if construct works in the same way as a normal if statement.
 Its construct is given below:
 if(Test Expression 1)
 {
 statement block 1;
 }
 else if(Test Expression 2)
 {
 statement block 2;
 }
 ...........................
 else
 {
 statement block x;
 }
 statement y;
 Example: program to determine if the given number is positive negative or zero
The switch statement
 The switch statement allows us to execute one code block among many alternatives
 Switch statement in C tests the value of a variable and compares it with multiple
cases
 Once the case match is found, a block of statements associated with that particular
switch (expression)
case is executed.
{
 Example: program to read arithmetic operator case constant1:
// statements
From user and perform the calculation accordingly break;

case constant2:
// statements
break;
.
.
.
default:
// default statements
}
Looping in c programming
 Also called iteration or repetition
 used for executing a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition returns
false
 consists of two parts
 a body of a loop and
 a control statement
 Basic purpose is to repeat the same code a number of times
 Types of looping statements are:
 For
 While
 Do ….while
For Statement
 most frequently used loop
 Basic syntax is as follow
 for (initialization; test condition; increment/decrement operator)
 {
 //Statement 1
 //Statement 2
 ………
 //Statement n
 }
 Consists of three expressions separated by ;
 Initialization: starts with it, where initialization of counter variable is done, execute only once
 Test Condition: value of counter variable is tested and if true, execute statements inside for loop
 Increment & decrement operator: helps to increase decrease counter variable end of iteration
 Example: program to print first 10 natural numbers and find their sum:
Nested for loop
 process of defining for loop inside a for loop is called nested for loop
 Example: write a program to produce following output

*****
****
***
**
*
While loop in c
 A loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition
returns false.
 Syntax
 while(condition) {
 statement(s);
 increment, decrement;
 }
 Example: program to print even number between first n natural number
Do ….. While loop in C
 Used when we need to repeatedly execute a block of statements
 Like while the do-while loop execution is also terminated on the basis of a test
condition
 The main difference between a do-while loop and while loop is in the do-while loop
the condition is tested at the end of the loop body
 i.e. do-while loop is exit controlled whereas the other two loops are entry
controlled loops
 Note that in do-while loop the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of
test condition.
 Syntax:
do
 Example: program to allow user enter {
// loop body
their name and number of time they update_expression;
}
Want to print and print it while (test_expression);
The jump statement in c programming
 It makes the control jump to another section of the program unconditionally when
encountered
 It is usually used to terminate the loop or switch-case instantly
 It is also used to escape the execution of a section of the program.
 Basically we have four types of jump statements
 Break
 Continue
 Go to
 Return
The Break Statement
 A break statement is used to terminate the execution of the rest of the block where
it is present and takes the control out of the block to the next statement
 It is mostly used in loops and switch-case to bypass the rest of the statement and
take the control to the end of the loop
 We have already discussed break statement in switch control statement
 lets take a simple example
Continue jump statement
 like any other jump statement it interrupts or changes the flow of control during the
execution of a program.
 It is commonly used in loop.
 Rather than terminating the loop it stops the execution of the statements
underneath and takes control to the next iteration
 Similar to a break statement, in the case of a nested loop, the continue passes the
control to the next iteration of the inner loop where it is present and not to any of
the outer loops
 Example: program to print even numbers present in between given list of natural
numbers
Go to Jump statement
 used to transfer the flow of control to any part of the program desired
 When the compiler reaches the goto statement, then it will jump unconditionally (
both forward and backward ) to the location specified in the goto statement (we
called it as a label)
 The programmer needs to specify a label or identifier with the goto statement
 Example: a program do display result on basis of marks entered by the users
Array Introduction
 An array is defined as finite ordered collection of homogenous data, stored in
contiguous memory locations.
 Where finite indicate that data range must be finite, ordered means data must be
stored in continuous memory address
 Homogeneous means data must be of similar data type
 They may be of one dimensional (list) or two dimensional (table)
Declaration of an array
 Before using array we need to declare it
 Array variables are declared identically to variables of their data type, except that
the variable name is followed by one pair of square [ ] brackets for each dimension
of the array
 data-type variable-name[size];
 Example
 int arra[10];
 Here int is the data type of array, arra is the name of array and 10 is the size of
array.
 It means arra is a array which can hols 10 different data of integer type
 Diagrammatically it can be represented as
 Arra [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Need of Array
 Codes are organized and readable
 Suppose we need to store marks of 100 students, then basically we need to create
100 different variables which will increase the size of our program as well as
program looks clustered and messy.
 The solution to this is creation of array
 Here we can create an array and store the consecutive marks corresponding to the
roll number.
Advantages of array
 Used to represent multiple data items of same type by using a single name
 Access to data in a given array is very fast
 2D makes it easy in mathematical applications and matrix implementation
 data are sored in contagious memory locations
 Array have elements of fixed size
Disadvantages of array
 Required time for insertion and deletion of items
 Wastage of memory because array are of fixed size
 It required free space in contagious form, so free space which are not in contagious
form cannot be used
 Its is not possible to increase size of array once we declare it
Examples
 Write a program to enter 10 different numbers and display them using array
 Write a program to enter salary of employees and compute the total salary using
array
 Write a program to enter marks of student in computer science and count the
number of student scoring marks between 70 to 95 using array
2 Dimensional Array
 Basic type of declaration of array
 Data_type name_of_the_array[X][Y];
 visualization of 2D array
 Lets consider an example int arr[4][5];

 Here [4] indicate rows and [5] indicates number of columns

 Multiplication of number of rows and columns gives the elements in ana array, so
size of above array is 20
Initialization and access of 2D array
 Basically we have 2 different methods
0 1 2
 int a[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; Method first 0 1 2 3
1 4 5 6

 int a[2][3]={ {1, 2, 3} , { 4, 5, 6} }; method second

 Using row index and column index we can access 2D array element
 For example we can access element stores in first row and second columns of above
array as a[0][1] ie 2
 Similarly a[0][2]=3
 Lets take an example:
For practical portion
Header file in C
 Files with extension .h containing c function declaration or definition
 Stdio.h: Standart input output
 Printf (), scanf (), getc(), putc(), getchar(). Putchar() etc
 Conio.h: consel input output
 Clrscr(), getch(),
 Math .h :
 Sqrt(), pow (x,y),
 String .h
 Strlen(), strcon()