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Maths Project 2

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Vansh Ruparelia
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Maths Project 2

Uploaded by

Vansh Ruparelia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHS PROJECT 2

Regression
Regression Variables
In regression models, we have independent
variables which are of two types’ dependent
and independent variable. We can show the
relationship between two variables on the
graph.
We use regression equations for the
prediction of values of the independent
variable. The dependent variable is an
outcome variable. Independent variable for
the gross data is the predictor variable.
Regression Equations
A regression equation can be defined as a
statistical model, used to determine the
specific relationship between the predictor
variable and the outcome variable. A model
regression equation allows predicting
outcome with a very small error.
Yi=b0 +b1xi +e
In this equation, Yi represents an outcome
variable and Xi represents its corresponding
predictor variable. It is an equation which
contains numerical relationships between
the predictor and the outcome.
Here the term b0 is the intercept for the
model if the predictor is of zero value. We
can consider it as a baseline or control
point. The term bi represents the numerical
relationship between the predictor variable
and the outcome of the term.
Least Square Method
Suppose there is a researcher who decides
that the variable X is an independent
variable and it has some influence on
dependent variable Y. it does not imply that
Y is directly caused by X.
Researchers consider some reasons for X
to be an independent variable. X can occur
before Y, from which the researcher
conclude X influence Y.
If there are n observations on each X and Y.
All these can be plotted in a scatter
diagram. All the independent variables on
the horizontal axis and all the dependent
variable on the Vertical axis.

By using the scatter diagram, the


researchers make an observation of
scattering of points. According to the
observation, they decide whether it will
form a straight line or not by connecting the
two variables. It provides a ready way to
estimate the regression line.
Although, it is not a systematic approach
since the same data can show a different
line, which makes a different judgment. It
concerns to have a straight line between
the variables.
So, in order to provide a systematic
estimate of line, various statisticians have
devised some procedure which gives an
estimate of the line, which may fit the
points better than other possible lines.
Some call this the least square criterion
and the regression line from this method is
known as the least squares regression
lines.

Q. Consider the following set of points :


{(-2,-1),(1,1),(3,2)}
Find the least square regression line for
given data points.
Solution:

x y xy x2

-2 -1 2 4

1 1 1 1

3 2 6 9

Σx = 2 Σy = 2 Σxy = 9 Σx2 = 14

a = (nΣx y – ΣxΣy) / (nΣx2 – (Σx)2)


(3*9 – 2*2) / (3*14 – 22) = 23/38
b = (1/n)(Σy – a Σx)
(1/3)(2 – (23/38)*2) = 5/19

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