Chapter 1:

Problem 1: (Problem 1.15 from Source 1)

Consider the magnetic circuit shown in Fig. 1.28. This structure, referred to as a pot-core, is typically
constructed in two halves. The N-turn coil is wound on a cylindrical bobbin, which can be easily placed
over the central post of the core during assembly. Due to the internal placement of the air gap, the core
minimizes magnetic flux leakage, provided it is not excessively saturated. This design makes it highly
suitable for various applications, including inductors (as illustrated in Fig. 1.27) and transformers.

Given the following parameters:

 Core permeability: μ=2500μ0μ=2500μ0

 Number of turns: N=200N=200

 Dimensions:

 R1=1.5 cmR1=1.5cm

 R2=4 cmR2=4cm

 l=2.5 cml=2.5cm

 h=0.75 cmh=0.75cm

 g=0.5 mmg=0.5mm

Tasks:

1. Flux Density Matching: Determine the value of R3 such that the flux density in the outer wall of
the core matches the flux density within the central cylinder.

2. Inductance Calculation: Although the flux density in the radial sections of the core (with
thickness hh) decreases with radius, assume it remains uniform.
(i) Derive an expression for the coil inductance.
(ii) Compute the inductance for the given dimensions.

3. Core Operation at 60 Hz: The core is to operate at a peak flux density of 0.8 T at 60 Hz.
Calculate:
(i) The rms voltage induced in the winding.
(ii) The rms coil current.
(iii) The peak stored energy.

4. Core Operation at 50 Hz: Repeat the calculations from part (3) for a frequency of 50 Hz.
Problem 2: (Problem 1.20 from Source 1)

Figure 1.31 illustrates an inductor wound on a laminated iron core with a rectangular cross-section.
Assume the permeability of the iron is infinite. Neglect magnetic leakage and fringing effects in the two
air gaps (with a total gap length gg). The NN-turn winding is made of insulated copper wire with
resistivity ρΩ⋅m. Assume that a fraction fw of the winding space is allocated to copper, with the
remaining space used for insulation.

Figure 1.31 Iron-core inductor for Problem 1.20.

Tasks:

a. Calculate the cross-sectional area and volume of the copper in the winding space.

b. Derive an expression for the flux density BB in the inductor as a function of the current density Jcu in
the copper winding.

c. Write an expression for the copper current density Jcu in terms of the coil current II, the number of
turns NN, and the coil geometry.

d. Derive an expression for the electric power dissipation in the coil as a function of the current
density Jcu.

e. Develop an expression for the magnetic stored energy in the inductor in terms of the applied current
density Jcu.

f. Using parts (d) and (e), derive an expression for the L/RL/R time constant of the inductor. Note that
this expression should not depend on the number of turns in the coil and should remain unchanged if
the inductance and coil resistance are altered by varying the number of turns.
 Chapter 2

Problem 3:

The nameplate of a 50-MVA, 60-Hz single-phase transformer indicates that it has a voltage rating of 8.0
kV:78 kV. An open-circuit test is conducted from the low-voltage side, and the instrument readings are:

 Voltage: 8.0 kV8.0kV

 Current: 62.1 A62.1A

 Power: 206 kW206kW.

Similarly, a short-circuit test from the low-voltage side gives the following readings:

 Voltage: 674 V674V

 Current: 6.25 kA6.25kA

 Power: 187 kW187kW.

Tasks:

(a) Calculate the equivalent series impedance, resistance, and reactance of the transformer as referred
to the low-voltage terminals.

(b) Calculate the equivalent series impedance of the transformer as referred to the high-voltage
terminals.

(c) Using appropriate approximations, draw a TT-equivalent circuit for the transformer.

(d) Determine the efficiency and voltage regulation if the transformer is operating at rated voltage and
load (unity power factor).

(e) Repeat part (d), assuming the load has a power factor of 0.9 leading.

Problem 4: (Pair Unit System) (Problem 2.35 from Source 1)

A 7.97-kV:460-V, 75-kVA, single-phase transformer has a nameplate indicating a series reactance of 12

percent (0.12 per unit).

Tasks:

(a) Calculate the series reactance in ohms as referred to:

(i) The low-voltage terminal.
(ii) The high-voltage terminal.

(b) If three of these transformers are connected in a three-phase Y-Y configuration, determine:
(i) The three-phase voltage and power rating.
(ii) The per-unit impedance of the transformer bank.
(iii) The series reactance in ohms as referred to the high-voltage terminal.
(iv) The series reactance in ohms as referred to the low-voltage terminal.

(c) Repeat part (b) if the three transformers are connected in a Y configuration on their high-voltage
(HV) side and in a delta (Δ) configuration on their low-voltage (LV) side.

3-Phase Systems

Problem 5:

////

Chapter 4

Problem 6: (Problem 5.17 from Source 1)

A 25-MVA, 11.5 kV synchronous machine is operating as a synchronous condenser, as discussed in

Appendix D (Section D.4.1). The generator has a short-circuit ratio of 1.68, and the field current at rated
voltage, no load is 420 A. The generator is connected directly to an 11.5 kV source.

Tasks:

(a) Calculate the saturated synchronous reactance of the generator in per unit and in ohms per phase.

The field current is adjusted to 150 A.

(b) Draw a phasor diagram, indicating the terminal voltage, internal voltage, and armature current.

(c) Calculate the armature current magnitude (in both per unit and amperes) and its relative phase angle
with respect to the terminal voltage.

(d) Under these conditions, does the synchronous condenser appear inductive or capacitive to the 11.5
kV system?

(e) Repeat parts (b) through (d) for a field current of 700 A.

Problem 7: (Problem 5.20 from Source 1)

Superconducting synchronous machines are designed with superconducting field windings that can
support high current densities and generate large magnetic flux densities. Since the operating flux
densities often exceed the saturation flux densities of iron, these machines are typically designed
without iron in the magnetic circuit, resulting in no saturation effects and low synchronous reactances.

Consider a two-pole, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV, 10-MVA superconducting generator. It achieves the rated open-
circuit armature voltage with a field current of 842 A, and it reaches rated armature current in a three-
phase terminal short circuit with a field current of 226 A.

Tasks:

(a) Calculate the per-unit synchronous reactance of the generator.

The generator is connected to a 13.8 kV distribution feeder with negligible impedance, and it is
operating at an output power of 8.75 MW at a 0.9 power factor (lagging).
(b) Calculate:

 The field current in amperes.

 The reactive power output in MVA.

 The rotor angle for this operating condition.

(c) Calculate the resultant rotor angle and the reactive power output in MVA if the field current is
reduced to 842 A, while the shaft power supplied by the prime mover to the generator remains
constant.

Chapter 6

Problem 8: (Problem 6.22 from Source 1)

The following data apply to a 125-kW, 2300-V, three-phase, four-pole, 60-Hz squirrel-cage induction
motor:

 Stator resistance between phase terminals = 2.23 Ω

 No-load test at rated frequency and voltage:

 Line current = 7.7 A

 Three-phase power = 2870 W

 Blocked-rotor test at 15 Hz:

 Line voltage = 268 V

 Line current = 50.3 A

 Three-phase power = 18.2 kW

Tasks:

(a) Calculate the rotational losses.

(b) Calculate the equivalent-circuit parameters in ohms. Assume X1=X2.

(c) Compute the following when the motor is operating at rated voltage and frequency at a slip of 2.95
percent:

 Stator current

 Input power and power factor

 Output power and efficiency

Problem 9: (Problem 6.29 from Source 1)

A 100-kW, three-phase, 60-Hz, 460-V, six-pole wound-rotor induction motor develops its rated full-load
output at a speed of 1158 r/min when operated at rated voltage and frequency with its slip rings short-
circuited. The maximum torque the motor can develop at rated voltage and frequency is 310 percent of
full-load torque. The resistance of the rotor winding is 0.17 Ω per phase. Neglect any effects of
rotational and stray-load loss and stator resistance.

Tasks:

(a) Compute the rotor I2RI2R loss at full load.

(b) Compute the speed at maximum torque in r/min.

(c) Calculate the resistance that must be inserted in series with the rotor windings to produce maximum
starting torque.

Now, the motor is run from a 50-Hz supply, with the applied voltage adjusted so that the air-gap flux
wave is essentially equal to that at rated 60-Hz operation.

(d) Compute the 50-Hz applied voltage.

(e) Compute the speed at which the motor will develop a torque equal to its rated 60-Hz value with the
slip rings short-circuited.