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    SUMMARY-PR2-2nd-Q

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    SUMMARY-PR2-2nd-Q

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    angelmagayanes28
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    here's the summary of pr2

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    here's the summary of pr2

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    3 views5 pages

    SUMMARY-PR2-2nd-Q

    Uploaded by

    angelmagayanes28
    here's the summary of pr2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

    Research design is defined as the logical and coherent overall strategy that the researcher
    uses to integrate all the components of the research study (Barrot, 2017, p 102).

    Types of Quantitative Research Design


    1. Descriptive Research. It is a design that is exploratory in nature. The purpose of
    descriptive research is basically to answer questions such as who, what, where, when,
    and how much.
    2. Correlational Research. The main goal of this design is to determine if variable
    increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases. This design seeks to
    establish an association between variables
    3. Ex Post Facto. If the objective of the study is to measure a cause from a pre-existing
    effects, then Ex Post Facto research design is more appropriate to use.
    4. Quasi-Experimental. The term means partly, partially, or almost – pronounced as
    kwahz-eye. This research design aims to measure the causal relationship between
    variables.
    5. Experimental Research. This research design is based on the scientific method
    called experiment with a procedure of gathering data under a controlled or manipulated
    environment.
    POPULATION AND SAMPLE
    The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and
    characteristics under consideration

    There are two types of population: target population and accessible population.

    Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the
    research study. The goal is to get information from a group that represents the target population.
    The representative subset of the population refers to the sample.

    Approaches in Identifying the Sample Size

    1. Heuristics
    2. Literature Review
    3. Formulas
    4. Power Analysis

    Probability Sampling in Quantitative Research

    Simple Random Sampling. It is a way of choosing individuals in which all members


    of the accessible population are given an equal chance to be selected.
    Stratified Random Sampling. The same with simple random sampling, stratified
    random sampling also gives an equal chance to all members of the population to be chosen.
    Cluster Sampling. This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies,
    geographical spread out of the population is a challenge, and gathering information will be very
    time-consuming.
    Systematic Sampling. This procedure is as simple as selecting samples every nth
    (example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of
    sample size.
    RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

    Research Instruments are basic tools researchers used to gather data for specific
    research problems.

    Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument


    1. Concise. A good research instrument is concise in length
    yet can elicit the needed data.
    2. Sequential. Questions or items must be arranged well. It is recommended to arrange
    it from simplest to the most complex.
    3. Valid and reliable. The instrument should pass the tests of validity and reliability to
    get more appropriate and accurate information.
    4. Easily tabulated.

    Ways in Developing Research Instrument


    1. Adopted
    2. Modified
    3. Self-made

    Common Scales Used in Quantitative Research


    Likert Scale. This is the most common scale used in quantitative research.
    Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale provided.
    Semantic Differential. In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the
    respondents. This scale seems to be more advantageous since it is more flexible and easy
    to construct.

    Types of Validity of Instrument

    1. Face Validity. It is also known as “logical validity.” It calls for an initiative judgment of the
    instruments as it “appear.” Just by looking at the instrument, the researcher decides if it is valid.
    2. Content Validity. An instrument that is judged with content validity meets the objectives
    of the study. It is done by checking the statements or questions if this
    elicits the needed information.
    3. Construct Validity. It refers to the validity of instruments as it corresponds to the
    theoretical construct of the study.
    4. Concurrent Validity. When the instrument can predict results similar to those similar
    tests already validated, it has concurrent validity.
    5. Predictive Validity. When the instrument is able to produce results similar to those
    similar tests that will be employed in the future, it has predictive validity.

    TYPES OF RELIABILITY
    1. Test-retest Reliability. It is achieved by giving the same test to the same group of
    respondents twice
    2. Equivalent Forms Reliability. It is established by administering two identical tests
    except for wordings to the same group of respondents.
    3. Internal Consistency Reliability. It determines how well the items measure the
    same construct. It is reasonable that when a respondent gets a high score in one item, he
    will also get one in similar items.
    THREE PHASES IN DATA COLLECTION
    The data gathering procedure is presented in a paragraph format in your research
    paper. Basically, the contents are the steps you are going to follow: (1) before you will
    gather the data, (2) what to do during the actual gathering of data, and (3) the things to
    consider after data has been gathered.

    DATA ANALYSIS
    Data analysis in research is a process in which gathered information are
    summarized in such a manner that it will yield answers to the research questions.

    Planning your Data Analysis


    Before choosing what statistical test is appropriate for your research study it is
    important to determine what statistical formation is applicable to your current study.
    Descriptive Statistical Technique provides a summary of the ordered or
    sequenced data from your research sample. Frequency distribution, measure of central
    tendencies (mean, median, mode), and standard deviation are the sets of data from
    descriptive statistics. Inferential Statistics is used when the research study focuses on
    finding predictions; testing hypothesis; and finding interpretations, generalizations, and
    conclusions.

    DATA COLLECTION

    Data Collection involves obtaining relevant information regarding the specified research
    questions or objectives.
    When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following steps are to be
    considered:
    1. Be clear with your research question.
    2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
    3. Use appropriate research instruments.
    4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
    5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
    6. Present your findings

    A questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a


    research topic to gather
    data from the participants. It consists of indicators that is
    aligned to the research questions.
    Gathering of information can be carried out in the following
    methods: face to face, by
    telephone, or through e-mail, messenger, social media
    post, or using computer programs or
    forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).

    Structured questionnaires employ closed-ended


    questions.
    Unstructured questionnaires the use open-ended questions in which the research participants
    can freely answer and put his thoughts into it
    Semi-structured questionnaires are combinations of both the structured and unstructured
    ones.

    Tests are used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for
    describing some characteristics.
    a. Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups. It is usually
    administered by institutions to assess a wide range of groups such as students and test-takers.
    It is considered as more reliable and valid. Examples are Achievement test, University
    Entrance Exam, Personality Tests, and the likes.
    b. Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain set
    of people.

    Observation is another method of collecting data that is frequently used in qualitative research.
    1) Controlled Observation. It is usually used in experimental research and is done
    2) under a standard procedure.
    3) Natural Observation. It is carried out in a non-controlled setting.
    4) Participant Observation. It allows the observer to become a member of the group or
    5) community that the participants belong to.

    DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION


    Techniques in Data Processing
    Editing is a process wherein the collected data are checked. At this stage, handling
    data with honesty should be employed.
    Coding is a process wherein the collected data are categorized and organized. It is
    usually done in qualitative research
    Tabulation is a process of arranging data. In many studies, table is used to do this
    process. Tabulation can done manually or electronically using MS Excel.

    Presentation and Interpretation of Data


    The next step after editing, coding, and tabulating the data is to present them into
    graphical or visual presentation called non-prose materials.
    1. Tables
    2. Graphs (pie graph, bar graph, line graph)

    DRAWING CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS


    Conclusions are statements drawn from the findings which present the implications of
    the results, and answer the research questions presented at the beginning of the paper.

    Research Implications are conclusions that you draw from your outcomes and describe
    how the results may be connected to a certain theory or practice.

    Practical Implication is realistic description of what the results of your study might
    imply.
    Theoretical implication is a description that supports or contradicts a theory, previous
    research results, or creates something completely new

    Recommendations are suggestions regarding the best course of action to take as a


    result
    of your data analysis and conclusion.

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