SHS

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 – Week 7
Module 7A - Bernoulli’s Principle and Continuity
Equation
General Physics 1

Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 7A - Bernoulli’s Principle and Continuity

Equation

First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: KIMBERLY CASANILLO

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 – Week 7
Module 7A - Bernoulli’s
Principle and Continuity
Equation
 Target

Motions of fluid play a very important in our lives. The study of fluids in motion
is called Hydrodynamics. Fluids in motion can be seen in drinking water being
distributed to the consumers people by allowing it to flow from the main reservoir
through big and small pipes. Also, in steam that flows through pipes provides the
heat needed in manufacturing industries. Lastly in our blood flowing through our
blood vessels carries oxygen and nutrients that needed in the different systems of
our bodies.

In the previous lesson, you have learned the effects of area, force, density and
depth to pressure, Pascal’s principle and Archimedes principle. In this module, we
focus on Bernoulli’s principle and Continuity equation.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever appropriate, to

infer relations involving pressure, elevation, speed and flux (STEM_GP12FM-IIf46)
 Jumpstart

Before moving on, assess how much you know about this topic.
Answer the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

Direction: Read each statement carefully and choose the best answer that
corresponds each. Write the letter of best answer.

1. Which of the following is a unit of pressure?

A. Celsius C. Pascal
B. Newton D. Torricelli
2. Which unit of pressure is equivalent to 1 Pa?
A. dyne/cm C. N/m
B. dyne/cm 2 D. N/m2
3. Which principle states that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure
is low, and where the velocity of fluid is low, the pressure is high?
A. Archimedes’ principle C. Pascal’s principle
B. Bernoulli’s principle D. Torricelli’s principle
4. Which equation mathematically expressed that if the flow of velocity is high,
the cross-sectional area is small, and vice versa?
A. Archimedes’ equation C. Continuity equation
B. Bernoulli’s equation D. Torricelli’s principle
5. Which type of fluid flow refers to a condition where every particle passing a
given point follows the same patch as every particle passing that point?
A. Constricted C. Turbulent
B. Laminar D. Viscous
6. What type of fluid flow is marked by irregular motion of fluid?
A. Constricted C. Turbulent
B. Laminar D. Viscous
7. What is the basis of Bernoulli’s principle?
A. Second law of motion C. Conservation of momentum
B. Third law of motion D. Conservation of energy
8. Which statement is TRUE?
A. When the area of the tube is small, the speed of the fluid is great
B. When the area of the tube is large, the speed of the fluid is great
C. When the area of the tube is small, the speed of the fluid is less
D. None of the above
9. Two pipes, each of diameter d, converge to form a pipe of diameter D. What
should be the relation between d and D such that the flow velocity in the third
pipe becomes double of that in each of the two pipes?
A. D = d C. D = 3d
B. D = 2d D. D = 4d
10. The cross-sectional area of a small pipe at a point A is 6 cm2 and at another
point B is 2 cm2. If the velocity of the following liquid at A is 1 m/s, what is
the velocity of B?
A. Greater than 5 m/s C. same point as at point A
B. Less than 1 m/s D. 4 m/s
11. In a well-designed aircraft wing, the velocity of the air above the wing is great.
What happens to the pressure above the wing?
A. Greater than it is below C. Same as the pressure below
B. Less than it is below D. Remains constant
12. When streamlines are spread apart, what does this tell us about the fluid?
A. It is moving fast and has a low pressure
B. It is moving slowly and has a high pressure
C. It is moving fast and has a high pressure
D. It is moving slowly and has a low pressure
13. The density of a substance is 2500 kg/m 3. What volume will 250 kg of this
substance occupy?
A. 0.001 m3 C. 0.10 m3
B. 0.01 m3 D.1.0 m3
14. What is the volume rate of flow of water from a 1.50-cm-diameter faucet if the
speed of the fluid is 6 m/s?
A. 1.06 × 10−3 m3/s C. 1.06 × 10−5 m3/s
B. 1.06 × 10−4 m3/s D. 1.06 × 10−6 m3/s
15. Water flows from a pipe of diameter d to a large pipe of a diameter 2d. if the
speed of water in the larger pipe is 4.0 m/s, what is the speed of the water in
the narrower pipe?
A. 2.0 m/s C. 8.0 m/s
B. 4.0 m/s D. 16.0 m/s
 Discover

Characteristics of Fluid Flow

There are two types of fluid flow: streamline or laminar flow and turbulent
flow. It is in streamline or laminar flow when the flow of fluid is smooth, the path
taken by each particle does not cross over one another and the velocity of flow is
relatively small. Examples of laminar flow are water in smoothly flowing river and the
gentle movement of the wind. It is in turbulent flow when marked by irregular motion
of fluid, examples of which are flowing water that hits a rock with great force and the
wind on stormy days.

The flow of a fluid is governed by two equations: The Continuity Equation and
Bernoulli’s Equation.

Continuity Equation
The amount of fluid that passes through a pipe may be expressed in terms of
quantity called flow rate. It is defined as the mass ∆𝑚 of fluid that passes a given
point per unit time ∆𝑡:

∆𝒎
𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 =
∆𝒕

The equation for flow rate can be furtherly expressed as:

∆𝒎 𝝆∆𝑽𝟏 𝝆𝑨𝟏 ∆𝒍𝟏

= = = 𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

The volume of fluid passing point 1 (through area A 1) in a time ∆𝑡 is 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 ,

where ∆𝑙1 is the distance the fluid moves in each time ∆𝑡. The velocity of fluid (𝜌1 )
∆𝑙1
passing point 1 is .
∆𝑡

Since no fluid flows in or out of the sides of the pipe, the flow rates through
A1 and A2 is equal. In symbols,

∆𝒎𝟏 ∆𝒎𝟐
= , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

This is called the continuity equation. Where 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are the cross-sectional
areas of the pipe at sections A and B, respectively; 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are the velocities of the
flow of fluid at sections A and B, respectively. If the fluid is incompressible meaning
density 𝜌, then 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 . The equation ofc continuity becomes

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
 The product of A and v is called the volumetric flow or the volume of fluid
𝑚3
passing a given point per second, which in SI units of . The continuity equations
𝑠
states that if the flow of velocity is high, the cross-sectional area is small, and vice
versa.

The continuity equation is the reason why a river flows slowly through a
meadow where it is broad but speeds up to torrential speed when passing through a
meadow gorge.

Sample problem 1:

The blood flows from aorta of radius 1.0 cm to the millions of capillaries whose
total cross section area is 0.07 m 2. The average speed of the blood flowing in these
capillaries is 9 × 10−4 𝑚/𝑠. Calculate the speed flowing through the aorta.

Given:

𝑟 = 0.01 𝑚

𝐴2 = 0.07 𝑚2

𝑣2 = 9 × 10−4 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣1 = ?

Solution:

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

10−4 𝑚
(0.07 𝑚2 ) (9 × )
𝑠
𝑣1 =
(3.14)(0.01 𝑚)2

= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔

Bernoulli’s Principle
Have you ever wondered why an airplane can fly or how a sailboat can move
against the wind? These questions can be answered by the principle developed by
Daniel Bernoulli concerning fluids in motion.

Bernoulli’s principle states that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the
pressure is low, and where the velocity of fluid is low, the pressure is high. Bernoulli
developed an equation that expresses this principle quantitatively. It is an expression
of the law of energy conservation. We must assume the following: the flow is laminar
and steady; the fluid is incompressible, and the viscosity is small enough to be
ignored.

Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed mathematically as:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Where:

P = pressure, can be in P, atm, N/m2

𝜌= density, kg/m3

g= gravity, 9.8 m/s2

h= height, m

Since points 1 and 2 can be any two points along a pipe of flow. Bernoulli’s
equation can be written as:
𝟏
𝑷 + 𝒑𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐

Sample problem 1:

Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system. If the

water is pumped at a speed of 0.50 m/s through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe in the
basement under a pressure of 3.0 atm, what will be the flow speed and pressure in
a 2.6 cm diameter pipe on the second floor 5.0 above? Assume that the pipes do not
divide into branches.

Given:
𝑚
𝑣1 = 0.50 𝑃1 = 3.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑠

𝑑 = 4.0 𝑐𝑚 = 0.04 𝑚 ℎ2 = 5 𝑚

𝑑 = 2.6 𝑐𝑚 = 0.026 𝑚 𝑣2 and 𝑃2 = ?

Solution:

a. To find the flow sped on the second floor, use the continuity equation
𝑣1 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝜋𝑟12 𝑚 (0.020 𝑚)2
𝑣2 = = = (0.50 ) = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝐴2 𝜋𝑟12 𝑠 (0.013 𝑚)2
b. To find the pressure on second floor, use Bernoulli’s Equation
1
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝜌(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 )
2
= (3 × 10^5 𝑁/𝑚^2 ) + (1.0 × (10^3 𝑘𝑔)/𝑚^3 )(9.8 𝑚/(𝑠^ 2))(−5.0 𝑚)
+ 1/2(1.0 × (10^3 𝑘𝑔)/𝑚^3 )[(0.50𝑚/𝑠)2 − (1.2𝑚/𝑠)2 ]

𝑵
= 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒎𝟐
 Explore

Work on the following activities to master and strengthen the basic

concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Direction. Solve the following problems systematically. Use another sheet of paper
for your solution.

1. A 12-cm-radius air duct is used to replenish the air of a room every 12 min.
How fast does the air flow in the duct?
2. Water flows through a garden hose with inner diameter of 1.5 cm at a speed
of 2.0 m/s. What speed does the water escape from the nozzle if the opening
is reduced to a diameter of 0.50 cm?
3. How fast does water flow from a hole at the bottom of a very wide, 4.7-m-deep
storage tank filled with water?
4. A fish tank has dimensions 36 cm wide by 1.0 m long by 0.60 m high. If the
filter should process all the water in the tank once every 3.0 h, what should
the flow speed be in the 3.0-cm-diameter input tube for the filter?

Excellent! You have understood the lesson. Are you now ready to
summarize?
 Deepen

Paper Tent

Objectives:

After this activity, students should be able to:

• Explain that air pressure decreases as the speed of air increases.

• Explain that air pressure acts in all directions (not just down).
Materials

• One 3 ½” x 4” piece of paper

• One straight straw

Procedure

1. Fold the paper in half to make a paper tent.

2. Place the paper tent on a flat surface such as a table or a desk.

3. Position the straw about 2 inches away from the paper tent so that you will be
able to blow a steady stream of air across the surface of the table or desk and
through the tent.

4. Observe what happens.

5. Now, blow harder and observe what happens

Post-Laboratory Questions:

1. What happened when you blew on the tent? Was it what you expected?
2. Why do you think that happened?
3. Given what we have learned, how does the Bernoulli principle relate to
airplane flight?
 Gauge
Direction: Read each statement carefully and choose the best answer
that corresponds each. Write the letter of best answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT a unit of pressure?

A. Atm C. Pascal
B. N/m2 D. Torricelli
2. Which unit of pressure is equivalent to 1 Pascal?
A. dyne/cm C. N/m
B. dyne/cm2 D. N/m2
3. Which principle states that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure
is low, and where the velocity of fluid is low, the pressure is high?
A. Archimedes’ principle C. Pascal’s principle
B. Bernoulli’s principle D. Torricelli’s principle
4. Which equation mathematically expressed that the fluid velocity depends on
the cross-sectional area?
A. Archimedes’ equation C. Continuity equation
B. Bernoulli’s equation D. Torricelli’s principle
5. Which type of fluid flow refers to the flow of fluid that is smooth, the path
taken by each particle does not cross over one another?
A. Constricted C. Turbulent
B. Laminar D. Viscous
6. What type of fluid flow is marked by an example of flowing water that hits a
rock with great force?
A. Constricted C. Turbulent
B. Laminar D. Viscous
7. What is the basis of Continuity Equation?
A. Second law of motion C. Conservation of momentum
B. Third law of motion D. Conservation of mass
8. Which statement is TRUE?
A. When the area of the tube is small, the speed of the fluid is great
B. When the area of the tube is large, the speed of the fluid is great
C. When the area of the tube is small, the speed of the fluid is less
D. None of the above
9. If a liquid enters a pipe of diameter d with a velocity v, what will its velocity at
the exit if the diameter reduces to 0.5d?2v
A. 2v C. 4v
B. 3v D 5v
10. The cross-sectional area of a small pipe at a point A is 8 cm2 and at another
point B is 4 cm2. If the velocity of the following liquid at A is 1 m/s, what is
the velocity of B?
A. Greater than 5 m/s C. same point as at point A
B. Less than 1 m/s D. 2 m/s
11. In a well-designed aircraft wing, the velocity of the air above the wing is great.
What happens to the pressure above the wing?
A. Greater than it is below C. Same as the pressure below
B. Less than it is below D. Remains constant
12. When streamlines are narrow, what does this tell us about the fluid?
A. It is moving fast and has a low pressure
B. It is moving slowly and has a high pressure
C. It is moving fast and has a high pressure
D. It is moving slowly and has a low pressure
13. The density of a substance is 1500 kg/m3. What volume will 50 kg of this
substance occupy?
A. 0.001 m3 C. 0.10 m3
B. 0.01 m3 D.1.0 m3
14. What is the volume rate of flow of water from a 1.85-cm-diameter faucet if the
speed of the fluid is 5 m/s?
A. 1.33 × 10−3 m3/s C. 1.35 × 10−3 m3/s
B. 1.34 × 10−3 m3/s D. 1.36 × 10−3 m3/s
15. Water flows from a pipe of diameter 2d to a large pipe of a diameter 4d. if the
speed of water in the larger pipe is 8.0 m/s, what is the speed of the water in
the narrower pipe?
A. 2.0 m/s C. 8.0 m/s
B. 4.0 m/s D. 16.0 m/s
Jumpstart
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10.D
11.B
12.B
13.C
14.A
15.D
Explore
1. 4.4 m/s
2. 18 m/s
3. 9.6 m/s
4. 2.8 m/s
Deepen
Answers may vary according to students’ opinions and observations
Gauge
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. C
10.D
11.B
12.A
13.C
14.B
15.D
Key Answer:
References
Books:

Navaza, Delia C., Valdes, Bienvinido J. 2005. Physics. Quezon City. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
Santos, Gil C. 2018. General Physic 1. Quezon City. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Santos, Gil Nonato C., Ocampo, Jorge P. 2003. e-Physic. Sampaloc, Manila. Rex Book
Store, Inc.
Silverio, Angelina A.2017. General Physics 1. 927 Quezon, Quezon City. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.