Features of Java:- The primary objective of Java programming language creation was to make it portable, simple and secure

programming
language. Apart from this, there are also some excellent features which play an important role in the popularity of this language.
The features of
Java are also known as java buzzwords. A list of most important features of Java language is given below. 1. Simple 2. Object-
Oriented 3. Portable
4. Platform independent 5. Secured 6. Robust 7. Architecture neutral 8. Interpreted 9. High Performance 10.
Multithreaded 11. Distributed
12. Dynamic
1. Simple Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand. According to Sun, Java
language is a simple programming language because: Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after
C++). Java has removed many complicated and rarely- used features, for example, explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc.
There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an
Automatic Garbage Collection in Java. Object-oriented Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an
object.
2. Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporates both
data and behavior. Object- oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software development and
maintenance by providing some rules. Basic concepts of OOPs are: 1. Object 2. Class 3. Inheritance 4. Polymorphism 5.
Abstraction 6. Encapsulation
4.Platform Independent Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages like C, C++, etc. which are
compiled into platform specific machines while Java is a write once, run anywhere language. A platform is the hardware or
software environment in which a
program runs. There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides a software-based platform.
The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it is a software-based platform that runs on the top of other
hardware-based platforms. It has two components: 1. Runtime Environment 2. API(Application Programming Interface)
Java code can be run on multiple platforms, for example, Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS, etc. Java code is compiled by the
compiler and converted into bytecode. This bytecode is a platform-
independent code because it can be run on multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA). Classloader:
Classloader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime Environment(JRE) which is used to load Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine
dynamically. It adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local file system from those that are imported from
network sources. Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to objects.
Security Manager: It determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing to the local disk. Java language
provides these securities by default. Some security can also be provided by an application developer
explicitly through SSL, JAAS, Cryptography, etc.
Robust - simply means strong. Java is robust because: - It uses strong memory management. There is a lack of pointers that
avoids security problems. There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of
objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore. There are exception handling and the type checking
mechanism in Java. All these points make Java robust.
Architecture-neutral Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features, for example, the
size of primitive types is fixed. In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of
memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java.
Portable Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It doesn't require any
implementation.
High-performance Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is "close"
to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++). Java is an interpreted language that is why it is
slower than compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.
Distributed Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for
creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine
on the internet.
Multi-threaded A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with
many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for
each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
Dynamic Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand. It also
supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and C++. Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory
management (garbage collection).
Secured Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems. Java is secured because: oNo
explicit pointer oJava Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox
Objects and Classes Object: An object in Java is the physical as well as a logical entity, whereas, a class in Java is a logical
entity only. An entity that has state and behaviour is known as an object e.g., chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car, etc. It can be
physical or logical (tangible and intangible). The example of an intangible object is the banking system. An object has three
characteristics: State: represents the data (value) of an object. Behaviour: represents the behaviour (functionality) of an object
such as deposit, withdraw, etc. Identity: An object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the ID is not
visible to the external user. However, it is used internally by the JVM to identify each object uniquely. For Example, Pen is an
object. Its name is Reynolds; color is white, known as its state. It is used to write, so writing is its behaviour. An object is an
instance of a class. A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. So, an object is the instance(result) of a
class. Object Definitions: oAn object is a real-world entity. An object is a runtime entity. The object is an entity which has state
and behavior. The object is an instance of a class. CLASS A
class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. It is a
logical entity. It can't be physical. A class in Java can contain: Fields(Variable) , Methods; Fields : A variable which is created
inside the class but outside the method is known as an instance variable. Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile
time. It gets memory at runtime when an object or instance is
created. That is why it is known as an instance variable. Methods: In Java, a method is like a function which is used to
expose the behavior of an object Syntax of Class:
class classname
Access specifiers: The access specifiers in Java specifies the accessibility or scope of a field, method, constructor, or class. We
can change the access level of fields, constructors, methods, and class by applying the access modifier on it. There are four
types of Java access specifiers: 1. Private: The
access level of a private specifier is only within the class. It cannot be accessed from outside the class. 2. Default: The access
level of a default specifier is only within the package. It cannot be accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any
access level, it will be the default.
3. Protected: The access level of a protected specifier is within the package and outside the package through child class. If
you do not make the child class, it cannot be accessed from outside the package. 4. Public: The access level of a public
specifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the
package.
Constructors :- Java allows objects to initialize themselves when they are created. This automatic initialization is performed
through the use of a constructor. A constructor initializes an object immediately upon creation. It has the same name as the class
in which it resides and is syntactically
similar to a method. Once defined,the constructor is automatically called immediately after the object is created, before the new
operator completes. There are two types of constructors in Java: no-arg constructor, and parameterized constructor. Rules for
creating Java constructor. There are three rules defined for the constructor. 1. Constructor name must be the same as its class
name. 2. A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3. A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized. Types of Java constructors :- There are two types of
constructors in Java:
1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor):- , 2. Parameterized constructor