KPSC Prelims Test -13_(General Science) English Synopsis

KPSC Prelims Test - 13 (General Science) English Synopsis
1.Answer: 1
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Ribosomes are essential for the cell as they are the sites where
proteins are synthesized from amino acids, following the instructions encoded in the cell's
genetic material. This process is crucial for the cell's structure, function, and regulation.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The storage of genetic information is not a function of ribosomes;
this role is primarily fulfilled by the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid region in
prokaryotic cells, where DNA is located. Ribosomes, on the other hand, are involved in the
process of translating genetic information into proteins.
2. Answer: 1
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct as the cell membrane is known for its selective permeability, allowing
certain substances to pass while blocking others. This regulation is crucial for maintaining
the internal environment of the cell, enabling nutrient uptake, waste removal, and
communication with other cells.
Statement 2 is incorrect because the cell membrane is not solely composed of lipids. It is
primarily made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol, and it
also contains carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins and lipids on its exterior surface.
These components work together to provide structure, facilitate communication and
transport, and contribute to the membrane's fluidity and functionality.
3. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Vitamin C plays a vital role in the synthesis of collagen, an essential
protein for wound healing, skin health, and the maintenance of connective tissues throughout
the body.
Statement 2 is also correct: Vitamin C significantly enhances the body's ability to absorb iron
from plant-based sources, such as fruits and vegetables, which is beneficial in preventing
iron-deficiency anemia.
4. Answer: 2
Explanation
The human immune system has two types of responses to pathogens: the primary and
secondary immune responses. The primary immune response occurs as a result of the first
exposure to a pathogen, and it is slower because the body is learning to recognize and respond
to a new foreign invader. The secondary immune response, however, is faster and more
intense due to the memory cells that were created during the primary exposure. Vaccinations
mimic an infection, triggering the secondary immune response without causing the actual
disease, preparing the immune system for future encounters with the pathogen. T-cells are a
type of lymphocyte that play a crucial role in the immune response, including helping to
activate other immune cells, but it is B-cells that are primarily responsible for the production
of antibodies.
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5. Answer: 4
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: The enzyme lipase, which the pancreas secretes, plays a pivotal role
in the digestion of lipids. It breaks down triglycerides (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids,
facilitating their absorption in the small intestine.
Statement 2 is accurate: Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in the carbon chain
of their fatty acid molecules. This structural feature reduces the number of hydrogen atoms
attached to the carbon chain, making these fats liquid at room temperature. The presence of
double bonds can create cis or trans configurations, influencing the fat's properties and effects
on health.
Statement 3 is also correct: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good"

cholesterol because it helps transport cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the
liver, where it can be processed and excreted. This process is beneficial because it helps reduce
the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, thereby lowering the risk of heart disease and
stroke. HDL is contrasted with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is considered "bad"
cholesterol due to its association with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
6. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Parenchyma tissue does not provide structural support to make
the plant hard and rigid; that role is more typically associated with sclerenchyma and
collenchyma tissues, which contribute to the mechanical strength and support of the plant.
Statement 2 is correct: Parenchyma tissue in plants is versatile and serves various
functions, including the storage of nutrients and water, photosynthesis (especially in leaves
where it contains chloroplasts), and playing a role in wound repair and regeneration.
Parenchyma cells are generally alive, have thin cell walls, and are capable of cell division,
contributing to the plant's growth and healing processes.
7. Answer: 1
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Collagen is not an example of a globular protein; it is actually a
fibrous protein. Fibrous proteins, like collagen, are characterized by their long, filamentous
structure and are primarily involved in structural support and tensile strength in various
tissues such as skin, bone, and connective tissue. This makes collagen the most abundant
protein in mammals, providing essential structural support rather than the more dynamic
roles typically associated with globular proteins.
Statement 2 is correct: Proteins are indeed polymers, consisting of amino acids linked
together by peptide bonds. This structural characteristic is fundamental to protein function,
allowing them to perform a vast array of functions within the body, including catalyzing
metabolic reactions, facilitating DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting
molecules.
Statement 3 is also correct: Triglycerides are a type of fat found in various foods, including
butter and oils. Comprised of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids, they serve as the
main form of stored energy in the body. The digestion, absorption, and metabolism of
triglycerides provide a critical source of energy and play roles in insulation and protection of
the body.

8. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys and,
to a lesser extent, by the liver. It regulates the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in
the bone marrow. The release of erythropoietin is stimulated by low oxygen levels in the
blood, a condition known as hypoxia, ensuring that sufficient erythrocytes are available to
transport oxygen throughout the body.
Statement 2 is accurate: Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell (leukocyte)
but play a significant role in the body's immune response. They release histamine, which
dilates blood vessels and makes vessel walls permeable, facilitating the movement of
protective white blood cells to sites of infection or injury. Basophils are also involved in
allergic reactions, where their histamine release contributes to inflammation and the allergic
symptoms.
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, do not have the capability to divide. They are produced in the
bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis and lack nuclei and organelles, which
means they cannot undergo mitosis. Once matured, erythrocytes are released into the
bloodstream, where they have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. The replenishment of
erythrocytes is entirely dependent on the production process in the bone marrow, not through
division in peripheral tissues.
9.Answer: 1
Explanation
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process where cells convert nutrients into
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), releasing waste products. This process is not limited to
eukaryotic cells; prokaryotic organisms also perform cellular respiration, but they do not use
mitochondria for this process. Instead, they carry out cellular respiration across their cell
membrane. Thus, statement 1 is correct as it accurately describes the purpose of cellular
respiration across all living organisms, while statement 2 is incorrect because it mistakenly
suggests that only eukaryotic organisms can perform cellular respiration.
10. Answer: 4
Explanation
 A (Pepsin): Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into
smaller peptides.
 B (Lactase): Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar found in milk,
into glucose and galactose, making it digestible for those with lactase persistence.
 C (Lipase): Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils)
into fatty acids and glycerol, primarily occurring in the small intestine.
 D (Amylase): Amylase is an enzyme produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas
that helps in the digestion of starches into sugars like maltose and dextrin.

11. Answer: 1
Explanation
Option (a) is correct: The diaphragm, a large, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the
lungs, is fundamental to the process of breathing. Its contraction and relaxation change the
volume of the thoracic cavity, which in turn affects the air pressure inside the lungs relative
to the outside atmosphere (A). The reason (R) correctly explains this mechanism: When the
diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic
cavity. This volume increase leads to a decrease in internal air pressure compared to the
external air pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs (inhalation). Conversely, when the
diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity,
increasing internal air pressure and pushing air out of the lungs (exhalation).
12. Answer: 1
Explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct regarding the functions of different parts of the brain. The
cerebrum, indeed, is the largest part of the brain and plays a key role in processing
information from the sensory organs, initiating voluntary movements, and facilitating
complex cognitive processes including reasoning, problem-solving, and emotion (1). The
brainstem is crucial for regulating involuntary life-sustaining functions, such as heartbeat
and breathing, along with other autonomic functions (2). Statement 3 is incorrect; the
hippocampus is not involved in muscle coordination and balance. Instead, it is primarily
associated with memory formation and spatial navigation. The regulation of muscle
coordination and balance is primarily the function of the cerebellum, not the hippocampus.

13. Answer: 4
Explanation
Option (d) is correct because both the assertion and the reason contain inaccuracies
regarding blood pressure measurements:
Assertion (A) is incorrect: Systolic pressure is actually the pressure in the arteries when
the heart muscles contract and pump blood out of the heart, not when the heart is at rest.
This is the highest pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle.
Reason (R) is correct. Diastolic pressure indeed measures the lowest level of arterial
pressure, but it occurs during the relaxation phase of the heart, not the resting phase as
implied to explain systolic pressure. Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries when
the heart is at rest between beats and reflects the minimum pressure to which arteries are
subjected.
14.Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Pollen does not serve as a nutrient source for developing seeds.
Instead, nutrients for the developing seed are primarily provided by the parent plant,
particularly through the ovule and surrounding tissues.
Statement 2 is correct: Pollen plays a crucial role in the reproductive process of many
plants by containing male gametes (sperm cells). During pollination, pollen is transferred
from the male part of the plant (anther) to the female part (stigma), where it can fertilize
the ovule by delivering male gametes to the ovule's female gametes (eggs), leading to seed
formation.
15. Answer: 2
Explanation
A (Auxins): Auxins are a group of plant hormones that regulate various aspects of plant
growth and development, including cell elongation. They play a critical role in the directional
growth of plants towards light (phototropism) and against gravity (gravitropism), which is
achieved by extending the growth of cells (4).
B (Gibberellins): Gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate several aspects of growth
and development, such as stem elongation, germination, and flowering. They are particularly
known for their ability to enhance stem elongation and seed germination (3).
C (Cytokinins): Cytokinins are involved in plant cell division, shoot and root growth, and the
differentiation of tissues. They promote cell division and growth, especially in the shoots and
roots of plants, by stimulating cytokinesis (the process of cell division) (1).
D (Ethylene): Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that plays a key role in regulating a wide
range of processes, including fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf abscission (the process of
shedding leaves). It is well-known for its role in stimulating the ripening of fruit, making it
softer and altering its color (2).

16. Answer: 1
Explanation
Vitamin B12 is crucial for the production of red blood cells; its deficiency can lead to anemia,
characterized by a lack of energy and paleness. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting, and
its deficiency can result in bleeding disorders due to the inability of blood to coagulate
properly. Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency causes pellagra, which is marked by dermatitis,
diarrhea, and dementia. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency can lead to angular cheilitis,
which causes cracking at the corners of the mouth, along with skin rashes and eye issues.
17.Answer: 4
Explanation
 A (Malaria) is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans
through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, leading to fever, chills, and flu-like
illness (3).
 B (Diabetes Mellitus) is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged
period, either because of insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes) or an inability to produce
insulin (type 1 diabetes), leading to symptoms like frequent urination, increased thirst,
and increased hunger (2).
 C (Tuberculosis) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
affecting the lungs primarily but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread
through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or
sneeze (1).
 D (Alzheimer's Disease) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes
brain cells to waste away and die, leading to a continuous decline in thinking,
behavioral, and social skills, affecting a person's ability to function independently (4).
18.Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: The regulation of calcium levels in the blood is primarily the
function of the parathyroid hormone, not thyroid hormones.
Statement 2 is correct: Thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3), play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolic rate. They affect various metabolic
processes, influencing how the body uses energy, generates heat, and consumes oxygen.
Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development, as well as the proper
functioning of many systems within the body.
19. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: The reabsorption of glucose and amino acids primarily occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule, not in the Loop of Henle. The primary role of the Loop of Henle
is related to the regulation of water and sodium chloride in the urine, which affects the urine's
concentration but is not directly involved in glucose and amino acid reabsorption.

Statement 2 is correct: The Loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the kidney's ability to produce
urine of varying concentrations, particularly in conserving water and excreting concentrated
urine. It does this by creating a concentration gradient in the renal medulla through the
countercurrent multiplier mechanism. This gradient allows for the reabsorption of water
from the collecting ducts, leading to the production of concentrated urine, thereby conserving
water in the body.
20. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Carbohydrates are a major macronutrient and serve as the body's
main source of energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is used by the body's cells
for energy to perform various functions, including physical activity and maintaining bodily
operations. This is why consuming an adequate amount of carbohydrates is essential for
overall health and energy levels.
Statement 2 is correct: While carbohydrates do have various roles in the body, including
in some structural components (such as in cell walls of plants and in the glycoproteins of
animal cells), the primary structural components of cells in animals are proteins and lipids
rather than carbohydrates. Proteins, not carbohydrates, are primarily responsible for
building cell structure and function in the human body, along with lipids that make up cell
membranes and other structures. Carbohydrates, especially dietary fibers, can contribute to
the structural health of the digestive system but are not the main building blocks of cell
structure.
21. Answer: 2
Explanation
Frequency determines the pitch of a sound wave. Pitch is a measure of how high or low a
sound is perceived, which depends on the frequency of the sound waves. High-frequency
sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, whereas low-frequency sound waves are
perceived as low-pitched sounds. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) and is a key property
in the study of sound waves, affecting how sound is produced, transmitted, and received.
22. Answer: 1
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: This example accurately describes the Doppler effect, a phenomenon
observed when the source of sound waves moves relative to an observer. As the ambulance
approaches the listener, the sound waves are compressed, leading to a higher frequency and

a higher-pitched sound. Conversely, as the ambulance moves away, the sound waves are
stretched, resulting in a lower frequency and a lower-pitched sound. This change in pitch is
a direct consequence of the Doppler effect on the frequency of the sound waves.
Example 2 is incorrect in its description of the direction of the frequency shift: When a star
moves away from Earth, the frequency of its light waves actually decreases, causing the light
to shift towards the red end of the spectrum, not the blue. This phenomenon is known as
"redshift" in the context of astrophysics and cosmology. A shift towards the blue end of the
spectrum, or "blueshift," would occur if the star were moving towards Earth, leading to an
increase in the frequency of the light waves.
23. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Newton's first law, known as the law of inertia, indeed states that an
object will not change its motion unless a force acts upon it. This means an object at rest stays
at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an external force.
Statement 2 is correct: Newton's third law, which states that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction, applies to all interacting objects, whether they are in motion or
at rest. This law explains the interactions between two objects and does not limit its
application solely to objects already in motion.
24. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: The formation and stability of soap bubbles are indeed due to surface
tension. Soap bubbles form because the soap film tends to minimize its surface area, creating
a spherical shape, which has the least surface area for a given volume. Surface tension acts
along the surface of the bubble, allowing it to maintain this minimal surface area shape and
giving it its characteristic round form.
Statement 2 is correct: Surface tension plays a crucial role in the process of capillary action,
which is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in
opposition to, external forces like gravity. This phenomenon is observed in plants, where
water moves upward through the tiny tubes in the stem and reaches the leaves, a process
essential for plant nutrition and hydration. Surface tension, along with adhesion (the
attraction between the water molecules and the walls of the plant's tubes), drives capillary
action, enabling water to travel from the roots to the rest of the plant.
25. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Kinetic energy is indeed the energy an object has because of its motion,
which can be quantified by the formula KE=1/2mv2, where m is the mass of the object and v
is its velocity. Potential energy, on the other hand, is the energy stored in an object due to its
position relative to other objects, its state of compression, or its configuration. Gravitational

potential energy, for example, can be calculated using the formula PE=mgh, where m is mass,
g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height above a reference point.
Statement 2 is also correct: The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in
an isolated system (with no non-conservative forces like friction doing work), the total
mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic and potential energy) remains constant over time. This
principle is a cornerstone of classical mechanics and allows the prediction of an object's speed
and position at any point during its motion when only conservative forces (like gravity) act
upon it. It explains phenomena such as the oscillation of a pendulum or the motion of a roller
coaster, where kinetic and potential energies are converted into each other, but their total
remains constant in the absence of energy losses to the environment.
26. Answer: 1
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: The colorful patterns observed on the surface of a soap bubble are a
result of light interference. This occurs when light waves from different paths overlap, leading
to regions of constructive interference (where waves enhance each other, resulting in bright
colors) and destructive interference (where waves cancel each other out, resulting in dark
areas). The variation in the soap film's thickness changes the path length of the light waves,
producing the observed color patterns due to interference.
Example 2 is incorrect: Viewing a mirage on a hot day is not an example of dispersion but
rather an example of refraction. A mirage occurs when light bends due to the variation in air
temperature and, consequently, the variation in the refractive index of air. This bending of
light creates the illusion of water on the road or the appearance of the sky on the ground.
Mirage phenomena are due to the refraction of light in layers of air of different temperatures,
not due to the dispersion of light into its component colors.
27. Answer: 1
Explanation


Statement 1 is correct: In cameras, convex lenses are indeed used to focus light onto the film
or digital sensor. The convex lens converges light rays from the object being photographed,
forming a real, inverted image on the film or sensor, allowing for the capture of sharp and
clear photographs. This application of convex lenses is fundamental to both traditional and
digital photography.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Telescopes primarily use convex lenses (or mirrors in the case of
reflecting telescopes) to magnify distant objects. The objective lens or mirror collects light
from a distant object and focuses it to create an image. An eyepiece lens then magnifies this
image. Concave lenses, on the other hand, diverge light rays and are not typically used to
magnify distant objects in telescopes. They can be used in some optical instruments for
specific purposes, such as correcting myopia in eyeglasses or in Galilean telescopes, but the
common application in astronomical telescopes involves convex lenses or mirrors to converge
light and magnify images.
28. Answer: 2
Explanation

No of images formed =360/angle−1

=360/90−1
=4−1=3
29.Answer: 4
Explanation
X-rays are typically used in airport security scanners to inspect the contents of luggage and
to screen passengers for prohibited items. X-rays can penetrate various materials, allowing
for detailed images of a bag's contents without the need for manual inspection.
30. Answer: 2
Explanation
Example 1 is incorrect due to the mischaracterization of the force involved: The force
described in the scenario is actually the centripetal force, not the centrifugal force. In the
context of a car turning around a curve, the friction between the tires and the road acts as
the centripetal force, which is directed towards the center of the circular path, allowing the
car to maintain its path. The statement incorrectly labels this force as centrifugal, which is a
common misconception.
Example 2 remains correctly described in the context of a non-inertial (rotating) frame of
reference, where the term "centrifugal force" refers to the apparent force that seems to push
an object outward on a rotating platform, such as a merry-go-round. This example correctly
illustrates the perceived effect of centrifugal force due to inertia from the perspective of
someone within the rotating system.
31. Answer: 1
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: In a series circuit, the current flowing through each component is the
same because there is only one path for the current to flow. In a parallel circuit, the voltage

across each component is the same because each component is directly connected across the
power supply, creating multiple paths for the current to flow.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The total resistance of a circuit actually decreases when resistors
are added in parallel because it provides multiple paths for the current, effectively reducing
the overall opposition to current flow. Conversely, the total resistance increases when
resistors are added in series since the resistances add up directly, increasing the overall
opposition to current flow.
32. Answer: 1
Explanation
Scenario 1 is correct: This example accurately demonstrates the principle of conservation of
energy, where the potential energy (due to height) of the roller coaster at its highest point is
converted into kinetic energy (due to motion) as it descends. At the highest point, the roller
coaster has maximum potential energy and minimal kinetic energy. As it descends, the
potential energy decreases, and kinetic energy increases, reaching maximum kinetic energy
at the lowest point.
Scenario 2 is incorrect regarding the description of energy transformation. A soccer ball at
rest possesses minimal potential energy in the context of its position on the field (assuming
we're not considering gravitational potential energy significant at this scale). When the ball
is kicked, the muscular energy of the person kicking is converted into kinetic energy of the
ball, not potential energy into kinetic energy. The primary transformation is from the kinetic
energy of the foot at the moment of kicking to the kinetic energy of the ball, causing it to
move.
33. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Conduction is indeed the process of heat transfer through a material
without any actual movement of the material. This mode of heat transfer occurs via the
collision and diffusion of molecules, where energy is passed from a high-temperature area to
a low-temperature area within the material.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves and
does not require a medium to propagate. This means heat can be transferred through the
vacuum of space by radiation, as demonstrated by the heat from the Sun reaching the Earth.
34. Answer: 3
The Leidenfrost effect occurs when a liquid, in contact with a mass significantly hotter than
the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer keeping that liquid from boiling
rapidly. This is what causes the characteristic "sizzling" sound when water is dropped on a
hot surface, as the water droplets hover over the surface and evaporate slowly due to the
vapor layer.

35. Answer: 3
Explanation
C/5=F-32/9
70/5=F-32/9
14*9+32=F
158 F
36. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: The vertical component of velocity does not remain constant
throughout the motion due to the acceleration caused by gravity. An object in projectile
motion accelerates downwards at a constant rate (assuming uniform gravitational field and
neglecting air resistance), which affects its vertical velocity component, causing it to change
over time.
Statement 2 is also correct: This example illustrates the principle of independence of
horizontal and vertical motions in projectile motion. A bullet fired horizontally and a bullet
dropped from the same height (ignoring air resistance) will indeed hit the ground at the same
time. This is because the vertical motion (the free fall due to gravity) is independent of the
horizontal motion. Both bullets are subjected to the same gravitational acceleration, so they
fall at the same rate, regardless of the horizontal velocity of the fired bullet.
37. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Convex lenses, or converging lenses, have the property of converging
light rays to a point known as the focal point. This property makes them useful in applications
requiring the convergence of light for focusing, such as in cameras or as corrective lenses for
people with hyperopia (farsightedness).
Statement 2 is also correct: Concave lenses, or diverging lenses, spread out light rays away
from their original path. This property is utilized in corrective lenses for myopia
(nearsightedness), where the lens diverges light rays so that they can be focused correctly on
the retina, improving vision.
38. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Rod cells are actually responsible for vision in low light conditions
and do not perceive color; they are primarily responsible for night vision and peripheral vision
due to their high sensitivity to light.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Cone cells are responsible for color vision and function well in bright
light conditions. Humans typically have three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a different
wavelength of light (red, green, or blue), allowing for the perception of a wide range of colors.

Statement 3 is correct: The optic nerve plays a crucial role in vision by transmitting visual
information from the retina to the brain. This information is then processed in the brain,
allowing us to perceive shapes, colors, and movements. The optic nerve is essential for the
communication between the eye and the brain, enabling the sense of sight.
39. Answer: 3
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: This scenario accurately demonstrates the concept of specific heat
capacity. Metal has a lower specific heat capacity compared to wood, meaning it requires less
heat energy to increase its temperature by one degree Celsius. This is why, under the same
sunlight conditions, the metal bench heats up faster than the wooden bench. Specific heat
capacity explains why different materials heat up at different rates under the same
conditions.
Example 2 is also correct: The melting of ice in lemonade without causing an immediate
change in the lemonade's temperature exemplifies the latent heat of fusion. The heat energy
from the lemonade is absorbed by the ice to change its state from solid to liquid (melting)
without raising the temperature of the ice or the lemonade. This process consumes energy
equal to the latent heat of fusion of ice, demonstrating how phase changes can occur with
energy exchange but no temperature change.
40. Answer: 2
Explanation
Example 1 is incorrect: Bats actually use ultrasonic sounds, not infrasound, for navigation
and locating their prey. Ultrasonic sounds are sound waves with frequencies above the
human hearing threshold of 20,000 Hz. Bats emit these high-frequency sounds, which bounce
off objects and return as echoes, allowing them to "see" their environment through
echolocation. This correction identifies a common misconception about the acoustic abilities
of bats.
Example 2 is correct: Ultrasonic waves, with frequencies above 20,000 Hz, are indeed used in
medical imaging technologies such as ultrasounds. This application allows for the
visualization of internal structures of the body, such as fetuses in the womb, without the need
for invasive procedures, making it a safe and invaluable tool in prenatal care and diagnostics.
41. Answer: 3
Explanation
Energy (kWh)=Power (kW)×Time (hours)
Given that the radio set has a power consumption of 80 watts and it lasts for 50 hours, we
first convert the power from watts to kilowatts (1 kW = 1000 W):
Power (kW)=80/1000=0.08 kW
Now, calculate the energy consumed:
Energy (kWh)=0.08 kW×50 hours=4 kWh

42. Answer: 4
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: This scenario accurately demonstrates Charles's law, which states that
the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly proportional to its
Kelvin temperature. As the temperature inside the car increases, the air inside the balloon
heats up, causing its volume to expand because the increased kinetic energy of the gas
molecules pushes them further apart.
Example 2 is also correct: This example illustrates Boyle's law, which states that the pressure
and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional if the temperature is
kept constant. As the scuba diver descends, the external pressure on the air tank increases
due to the weight of the water above, causing the volume of the gas in the tank to decrease.
This is because the increased pressure forces the gas molecules closer together.
43. Answer: 3
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: The statement misrepresents the definition of isotopes. Isotopes of an
element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons, not electrons.
The number of electrons in neutral atoms of isotopes would be the same since it matches the
number of protons. The defining characteristic of isotopes relates to the nucleus (protons and
neutrons), not the electrons. Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes because they both have 6
protons but differ in their neutron count (6 for Carbon-12 and 8 for Carbon-14), not because
of their electron count.
Example 2 is correct: Argon-40 and Calcium-40 are indeed isobars, which means they have
the same atomic mass number (40) but different atomic numbers (18 for argon and 20 for
calcium), leading to different chemical properties. This distinction is accurate and reflects the
correct understanding of isobars in nuclear chemistry.
44. Answer: 4
Explanation
Option (d) is correct because the assertion (A) that rusting of iron is an example of a physical
change is incorrect. Rusting is actually a chemical change because it involves the reaction of
iron with oxygen in the presence of water or moisture to form iron oxide, a new substance
with different chemical and physical properties than iron. The reason (R) contradicts the
assertion by correctly identifying that a chemical change involves a change in composition,
which is true for rusting as it results in the formation of iron oxide.
45. Answer: 1
Explanation
Example 1 is correct: Water molecules are indeed formed through polar covalent bonds, where
the oxygen and hydrogen atoms share electrons. However, the sharing is unequal due to
oxygen's higher electronegativity compared to hydrogen. This unequal sharing results in a
partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen
atoms, making the bond polar covalent and contributing to water's unique properties.
Example 2 is incorrect: In a diamond, carbon atoms are bonded to each other through strong
covalent bonds, not metallic bonds. Each carbon atom forms a covalent bond with four other
carbon atoms, creating a rigid lattice structure that gives diamond its extreme hardness and

high melting point. Metallic bonds, characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons

surrounding positive ions, are typical of metals and their alloys, not covalently bonded
structures like diamond.
46. Answer: 3
Explanation
Example 1 is correct in the observation but incorrect in the conclusion: Blue litmus paper
does indeed turn red when dipped into vinegar, but this indicates that vinegar is an acid, not
a base. The acid in vinegar (acetic acid) causes the blue litmus paper to change color, which
is a characteristic reaction of acids.
Example 2 is correct: Red litmus paper turns blue in the presence of a base, not an acid. Soap
solution is basic due to the presence of alkaline compounds, so when red litmus paper is
introduced to a soap solution, it would correctly turn blue, indicating the basic nature of the
soap. The statement inaccurately describes soap as acidic when it is, in fact, basic.
47. Answer: 4
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Atomic size actually decreases as you move from left to right
across a period. This is because, within a period, electrons are added to the same energy level
while protons are added to the nucleus, increasing the positive charge and pulling the
electrons closer to the nucleus, which reduces the atomic size.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Electronegativity actually increases as you move up a group and
from left to right across a period. This is due to atoms having a stronger attraction for
electrons in chemical bonds as the atomic number increases within a period and as the atoms
have fewer energy levels (and thus are smaller) when moving up a group.
48. Answer: 3
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: In the reactivity series of metals, potassium (K) is placed above
sodium (Na), indicating that potassium is more reactive than sodium. This higher reactivity
is evident in potassium's more vigorous reaction with water and other substances compared
to sodium.
Statement 2 is correct: Iron (Fe) is also placed above copper (Cu) in the reactivity series,
indicating that iron is more reactive than copper. This is why iron corrodes more easily than
copper and is also more likely to displace copper from its compounds in displacement
reactions.
49. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Brass is actually an alloy made primarily of copper and zinc, not
iron and carbon. It is known for its malleability, durability, and resistance to corrosion,
making it suitable for musical instruments, fittings, and decorative items. The statement
incorrectly describes the composition and associated properties of brass.

Statement 2 is correct:: Stainless steel is indeed an alloy composed of iron, chromium, and
often nickel and other elements. The chromium provides a thin layer of oxide on the surface,
which helps prevent further corrosion, making stainless steel highly resistant to rust and
corrosion. This alloy is used in a wide range of applications, from cutlery and kitchen
appliances to medical instruments and construction materials, due to its strength and
corrosion resistance.
50. Answer: 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct:: Methane (CH4) is indeed a saturated hydrocarbon and belongs to

the alkanes group, characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms. However, the
description of methane as "highly reactive" is not accurate in the context of hydrocarbons.
Alkanes, including methane, are relatively less reactive compared to unsaturated
hydrocarbons due to the strength of their C-C and C-H single bonds, especially under
standard conditions.
Statement 2 is correct:: Benzene (C6H6) is correctly identified as an aromatic hydrocarbon,

notable for its stable ring structure and delocalized pi electrons across the ring. These
characteristics contribute to benzene's chemical stability and its distinct properties, including
its reluctance to participate in addition reactions typical of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their unique chemical behavior, largely due to the
electron delocalization within their ring structures.
51. Answer: 1
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Aqua regia is indeed a powerful mixture of concentrated
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3), typically in a 3:1 ratio. It is uniquely capable
of dissolving noble metals like gold and platinum, which do not dissolve in either acid alone.
This property makes aqua regia invaluable in metal processing and recovery, as well as in
laboratory analysis.
Statement 2 is incorrect:: Blue vitriol is actually copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4), not sodium
sulfate (Na2SO4). It is known for its bright blue crystals and is used for various applications,
including as an algaecide and fungicide, indeed due to its copper content. The presence of
copper gives blue vitriol its characteristic properties and uses, particularly in agriculture and
water treatment to control fungal and algal growth.
52. Answer: 2
Explanation
T cells are essential to the immune system and overall health. They send signals that control
the immune response or kill pathogens and infected cells directly. T cells are also direct
fighters of foreign invaders and produce cytokines, which are biological substances that help
activate other parts of the immune system.
B cells produce proteins called antibodies in response to antigens. Antibodies attach to a
specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cells to destroy the antigen.

53. Answer: 2
Explanation
Air bubbles in water shine due to total internal reflection. This is when a ray of light within
a medium, like water or glass, reflects back into the medium from the surrounding surfaces.
54. Answer: 3
Explanation
Copper and bronze articles slowly tarnish and turn green due to a chemical reaction between
copper and oxygen in the air.
Ethyl mercaptan is a chemical with a strong odour that is added to LPG to help detect leaks.
LPG is a colourless and odourless gas, so the addition of ethyl mercaptan helps people detect
leaks.
Red glass will allow only red light wavelengths to transmit through it. So green light reflected
by green flowers is completely absorbed by red glass, hence appears dark.
Silver iodide (AgI) is a compound used in cloud seeding to help form ice crystals and induce
rain.
55. Answer: 1
Explanation
Aqua Regia also known as Royal water can dissolve gold.
Aqua regia is a fuming liquid that's a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Aqua regia
dissolves gold because of the unique action of the two acids.
Gold is a soft, mostly unreactive metal, which is why it's used in jewellery. However, it reacts
with aqua regia because the hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and the free chlorine is a strong
oxidizing agent.
56. Answer: 3
Explanation
When hot water is poured into a thick glass tumbler, the inner surface of the glass expands
quickly. However, the outer surface of the glass doesn't expand quickly due to glass's low
thermal conductivity. This uneven expansion causes the glass to crack.
As the pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature for a constant volume.
Pressure difference also influences the glass crack.
57.Answer: 3
Explanation
The following cell components are found in both plant and animal cells:
1. Nucleus: The control center of the cell that contains the cell's DNA.
2. Cell membrane: A double-layer membrane that allows certain materials in and out of
the cell.
3. Cytoplasm: A fluid-filled compartment that contains organelles.
4. Mitochondria: Organelles that help the cell break down food and release energy.

58. Answer: 1
Explanation
During cyclones, high-speed winds can cause roofs to blow off due to low pressure above the
roof and high pressure below the roof.
According to Bernoulli's principle, high-speed winds create low pressure above the roof and
high pressure below the roof. This pressure difference creates an up thrust that blows the
roof off.
59. Answer: 4
Explanation
Shoot tip culture is the most commonly used method for producing virus-free plants.
Virus free plants can be obtained by shoot tip because the Meristem of the shoot is full of
meristematic tissue that has immense potential to divide and damage cells are replaced
quickly.
60. Answer: 3
Explanation
Curdling of milk in the stomach is due to the action of rennin, also known as chymosin.
Rennin is a protein-digesting enzyme that transforms caseinogen into insoluble casein.
When milk reaches the stomach, the milk protein casein reacts with the stomach acid and
rennin. This reaction causes the milk to coagulate and form curds. The curdling of milk is
important for young animals. If milk were not coagulated, it would quickly pass through the
stomach and not be digested. The curdling of milk also allows other milk proteins to be
properly digested.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce pain and fever by reducing the
production of prostaglandins. NSAIDs are the most commonly prescribed analgesics
worldwide. They work by blocking the production of prostaglandins (PGs) through the
inhibition of two cyclooxygenase enzymes. PGs are key factors in many cellular processes,
such as inflammation pain and fever.
61. Answer: 2
Explanation
Ear piercings, especially those in the cartilage area are less likely to bleed because the
Cartilage found in earlobe has lesser blood supply unlike other body parts and has fewer
blood vessels. Cartilage also receives less blood flow than the lobes.
62. Answer: 1
Explanation
A tendon is a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. Tendons can
also attach muscles to other structures, such as the eyeball.
The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
These hormones regulate many important functions in the body.
The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries in
the body that carry oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood.

Medulla oblongata is the lowermost part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the
brain. It is also a key conduit for nerve signals to and from the body. It helps control vital
processes like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
63. Answer: 1
Explanation
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 rewards the discovery and development of quantum
dots, nanoparticles so tiny that their size determines their properties. These smallest
components of nanotechnology now spread their light from televisions and LED lamps, and
can also guide surgeons when they remove tumor tissue, among many other things.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was awarded jointly to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten
Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal
chemistry" This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry
greener.
2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna
on discovering the method for genome editing and development of CRISPR-Cas9.
In 2021, Benjamin List and David MacMillan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their
work on asymmetric organocatalysis.
64. Answer: 1
Explanation
The acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface is denoted by the symbol g.
GM/R2 is the formula for g. G is a universal constant, M is Earth's mass, and R is its radius.
If the value of M on Earth rises, so will the value of g.
As the volume of the Earth expands, the radius increases resulting in a decrease in g. Hence,
statement B is incorrect.
65. Answer: 4
Explanation
The brightness of a star depends on its size, temperature and distance from the Earth. As the
size of a star increases, luminosity increases. This increased surface area allows more light
and energy to be given off. Temperature also affects a star's luminosity.
66. Answer: 3
Explanation
The twinkling of a star is due to the atmospheric refraction of the star's light. When the light
coming from a star enters the Earth's atmosphere, it undergoes refraction due to the varying
optical densities of air at various altitudes.
The atmosphere is continuously changing (due to which the optical densities of air at different
levels in the atmosphere keep on changing). The star-light reaching our eyes increases and
decreases continuously due to atmospheric refraction. And the star appears to twinkle at
night.

67. Answer: 3
Explanation
To an astronaut, the outer space appears black in colour. It is due to absence of any
atmosphere in the outer space,that can scatter the sunlight.
Stars do not twinkle for a person in spacecraft that are situated at the mid of Earth and Sun
because there is no atmosphere in that region of universe. Twinkling of stars is a phenomenon
associated with the atmosphere and it is absent above 50 km from the surface of Earth.
The temperature outside the spaceship is higher in comparison to Earth's surface because of
being nearer to Sun.
68. Answer: 3
Explanation
Sun's halo is produced by the refraction of light in ice crystals in Cirrus clouds.
A halo is a ring or light that forms around the Sun or Moon as the Sun or Moon light reflects
off ice crystals present in a thin vail of Cirrus clouds.
Sundogs, light pillars and other kinds of halos seen in the sky are atmospheric phenomena
that occur, when light, is reflected or refracted by ice crystals in the atmosphere.
69. Answer: 2
Explanation
On the surface of the Moon, two persons cannot listen each other as there is no atmosphere
on the Moon. Sound needs a medium to be transmitted thus a person on the Moon cannot
hear another person on the Moon. This is because there is no air on the Moon and it is a
vacuum thus there is no medium for sound waves to travel.

70. Answer: 2
Explanation
When an Iron box is dropped at a point from a moving aeroplane, then pilot observes that the
Iron box traverses a curved path and falls some distance ahead. This is because dropping of
Iron box from a moving aeroplane is similar to horizontal projectile motion from a given
height. Due to horizontal velocity of the Iron box, at the time of dropping, Iron box cover some
horizontal distance from the point of dropping, hence it will fall some distance ahead from
the point of dropping.
71. Answer: 3
Explanation
A boat moves forward in the water due to Newton's third law of motion. Newton's third law
of motion states that, to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. Thus,
when the boat pushes the water backward (action) with a force. This water pushes the boat
forward (reaction) with the same force. Hence, a boat moves forward.
72. Answer: 3
Explanation
A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at
the goal. This enables the goalkeeper to decrease the rate of change of momentum.
According to Newton's second law, F=m (v-u) t = rate of change in momentum So, by pulling
his hands backwards, the goalkeeper increases time to hold the ball. By increasing the time,
he decreases the force (the rate of the change of momentum) applied by the football on him.
73. Answer: 2
Explanation
The formula for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is given as g=GM/R square
Where G is universal gravitational constant and M is mass of the earth with R as the radius
of the earth.
If the radius is reduced to half ie R will become R/2
Which turns out to be four times of its original value.
Hence, If the radius of the earth is reduced to half of its present value, with no change in the
mass, the acceleration due to gravity will become Four times to that of the original value
which is option B.
74. Answer: 3
Explanation
Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. Hence, statement 1 is not
correct. They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or
on plant material rather than in sea or freshwater
A very small number of fungi cause diseases in animals. In humans these include skin
diseases such as athletes’ foot, ringworm and thrush. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

75. Answer: 4
Explanation
Chhattisgarh is the only Tin producing State in India.
https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/01312023160008Tin_2021.pdf
Tin plates are used to make a variety of containers, including food cans, beverage cans etc.
Tin plates are also used in pharmaceutical packaging, daily necessities packaging,
instrument packaging, and industrial packaging.
Tin is used as a protective coat for other metals. A thin coat of tin prevents corrosion,
oxidation, and erosion when exposed to the environment. For example, tin cans are made of
tin-coated steel.
Dental amalgam is a mixture of metals that includes tin. Amalgam is used to fill cavities
caused by tooth decay, trauma, or other factors. It's also called a "silver-filling" because of its
appearance.
76. Answer: 4
Explanation
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio electrochemical devices that generate electricity by using
microorganisms' metabolic activity. MFCs are also known as micro fuel cells.
MFCs can be used in wastewater treatment plants to convert the organic matter in
wastewater into electricity while also removing pollutants.
MFCs have the potential to be a sustainable and renewable energy source that is cost effective
and efficient.
77. Answer: 4
Explanation
Germany launched the world’s first fleet of fully hydrogen-powered trains, these are
emissions-free trains that can reach speeds of 140 kilometres per hour and can run about
1,000 km before the tank runs dry.
Recently, the Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas flagged off the country's first Green
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus in New Delhi. The fuel cell utilizes Hydrogen and air to generate
electricity to power the bus and the only by-product from the bus is water therefore making
it possibly the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation as compared to
conventional buses that run on diesel and petrol.
Hydrogen fuel cells have some disadvantages like:
 Expensive to manufacture due to the high cost of catalysts (platinum)
 Lack of infrastructure to support the distribution of hydrogen
 Hydrogen is expensive to produce and not widely available
78. Answer: 3
Explanation
If an object is released from an orbiting spaceship, it will move along with the spaceship at
the same speed, because any object falling from a moving spaceship will attain the same speed
as that of it. Due to which the same centripetal force and gravitational force will be acting on
the object at same height

79. Answer: 4
Explanation
The xylem in plants is responsible for transport of water. It is a part of vascular bundle of
pterido phytes angiosperms and gymnosperms. It has four elements; vessels (dead tissue),
tracheids, xylem fibre and xylem parenchyma.
80. Answer: 3
Explanation
Cardiac muscles do not undergo fatigue because they have numerous mitochondria, i.e. they
have up to 35% more mitochondria than skeletal muscles. This organelle supplies a
continuous energy to the cardiac muscles.
81. Answer: 1
Explanation
Calcium carbide ripens mango by reacting with moisture and releasing acetylene.
The calcium carbide reacts with the moisture emanated by the respiration of the fruit. It
liberates a gas called acetylene that helps in the ripening of the fruit.
Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more appetising in nature.
82. Answer: 4
Explanation
Proteins are called the building blocks of the body because they are essential for growth and
repair. They are a macronutrient that is found in every cell of the human body
Proteins are made up of amino acids. Proteins are large molecules made up of 20 different
amino acids that are arranged in a specific order.
Proteins can come from both plants and animals, but the number and type of amino acids in
each differ.
Proteins accounts for around 15 percent of our body weight. Rest of the statements are true
regarding proteins.
83. Answer: 4
Explanation
Vitamin-A is obtained by conversion of ẞ-carotene, which is a pigment found in fruits and
vegetables. If somebody stops taking green vegetable, he could suffer from vitamin-A
deficiency that may lead to night blindness but there are various other sources of vitamin-A
such as carrot, milk, cheese, egg, etc. So the person devoid of green vegetables not
necessarily suffer from night blindness.
84. Answer: 2
Explanation
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Vitamin-B12 is a water-soluble vitamin and is stored in the liver in substantial amounts,
mainly until the body needs it. The body's stores of vitamin B12 usually take about 3 to 5
years to exhaust if a person stops consuming it.
It is responsible for normal functioning of nervous system. It is an exception of water-
soluble vitamin.

85. Answer: 2
Explanation
The correct matching is A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of vitamin-C
and anaemia is caused by deficiency of folic acid. Anaemia is a blood disorder in which body
does not produce enough and healthy blood cells. Night blindness is caused due to the
deficiency of vitamin-A. It is an important component of rhodopsin, a protein that absorbs
light in the retinal receptors. Scurvy is a disease resulting from the deficiency of vitamin-C.
86. Answer: 4
Explanation
Not all vitamins are synthesised by the human body. Vitamins are organic molecules that
are essential for the normal metabolisms but either these are not produced in the body or
are generated in inadequate amount.
Also, vitamins are needed for growth and development and for maintaining good health.
87. Answer: 4
Explanation
Vitamin K is a group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting and wound healing.
It's a fat-soluble vitamin, so the body stores it in fat tissue and the liver.
It is a fat-soluble vitamin and found in green leaf.
88. Answer: 3
Explanation
Probiotic are foods or supplements that contain live microorganisms e.g., bacteria and
yeast, intended to maintain or improve the good bacteria in the body. These may contain a
variety microorganism. The most common are bacteria that belong to groups called
Lactobacillus and Befidobacterium.
Probiotic organisms naturally occur in our gut. The probiotic food contains live bacteria
which are considered to be beneficial to humans. These are found in yogurt, fermented
foods, dietary supplements, etc. Lactobacillus helps in the digestion of milk sugar.
89. Answer: 3
Explanation
Lemon grass is used to boost the production of red blood cells count and packed cell volume
of blood in the body.
This effect of lemon grass is possible due to the presence of nutrients like folic acid, copper,
thiamine, iron, zinc, etc.
90. Answer: 2
Explanation
In human body, most of the digestive process takes place in small intestine. Complete
digestion of carbohydrate, proteins and fats occurs in the small intestine and the final
products of digestion like glucose, fructose, fatty acid, glycerol and amino acids are absorbed
through the mucosa into the bloodstream and lymph.

91. Answer: 4
Explanation
Enzymes are commonly proteinaceous substance which are capable of catalysing chemical
reactions of biological origin without themselves undergoing any change. Therefore, they
are called biocatalysts. All enzymes are globular proteins with the exception of recently
discovered RNA enzymes or ribozymes. Amylases is an enzyme, digest starch into small
molecules, i.e. maltose.
Statement D is not correct because all enzymes are heat sensitive or thermolabile. Most
enzymes operate optimally between 25°-35°C. They become inactive at freezing temperature
and denatured at 50°-55°C.
92. Answer: 1
Explanation
Glucose level in liver is diminished on fasting for more than 10 days
During fasting, the liver produces glucose from its stored glycogen. When the glycogen reserve
gets depleted, glucose can be obtained from the breakdown of fats from adipose tissues. These
fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is then turned into glucose in the
liver by the process of gluconeogenesis. After some days even this glucose starts declining in
the liver, it starts producing ketone bodies.
93. Answer: 1
Explanation
Red blood corpuscle.
The cytoplasm of red blood cells have haemoglobin which is an iron containing biomolecule
that provides red colour to the cells and hence to the blood. They carry oxygen and deliver it
to the tissue of the body.
Not red blood cells but white blood cells provide immunity against certain disease not red
blood cells.
94. Answer: 2
Explanation
Among the given options, Heparin is an anticoagulant chemical used in laboratories to
prevent the clotting of the blood samples stored in glass containers. It works by inhibiting the
clotting factors in the blood, specifically by activating antithrombin III, which then
inactivates various clotting factors, such as thrombin and factor Xa. This prevents the blood
from clotting and allows the preservation of blood samples for further analysis.
95. Answer: 1
Explanation
People with AB blood groups are universal recipients. The red blood cells of blood group AB
have antigen A as well as antigen B.
Due to the presence of two types of antigens, the AB blood group can recognise the antigen
A as well as antigen B of two different donors. Thus, no antibodies are formed. Hence, no
agglutination occurs.
96. Answer: 3
Explanation
Son and daughter can donate blood because O blood group is said to be universal donor as
its erythrocytes lack both antigens, i.e. A and B. Also, son has same blood group A as father

and thus, it can be transferred in father's body as there are no antibodies for A in blood
group A.
A person with blood type AB can only donate blood to other people with blood type AB. This
is because people with blood type A only have antigen A, and people with blood type AB
have both antigen A and antigen B.
97. Answer: 4
Explanation
The kidneys help to maintain the pH balance by excreting H+ ions. If the blood is acidic, the
tubular cells of kidney reabsorb more bicarbonate from the tubular fluid and the cells of
collecting duct secretes more hydrogen and generate more bicarbonate.
If the blood is alkaline, kidneys may excrete more bicarbonate by decreasing hydrogen ion
secretion from the tubular epithelial cells.
98. Answer: 1
Explanation
Alcohol increases urine production and irritates the bladder. This occurs because alcohol
interferes with the production of the hormone, vasopressin and its secretion is stopped.
Vasopressin regulates fluid balance by increasing the reabsorption of water from waste
products.
Since, its production is stopped there is no reabsorption of water and the excess water is
removed via urine.
99. Answer: 4
Explanation
A ligament joins bone to bone. They stabilise the joint or hold the ends of two bones
together. For example, the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) attaches the thigh bone to the
shinbone, stabilizing the knee joint.
100. Answer: 1
Explanation
Pituitary gland secretes the milk ejection hormone oxytocin. This hormone is synthesised in
hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary. It is also known as birth hormone and
stimulates milk secretion in mammals.

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Statement 3 is also correct: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good"

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No of images formed =360/angle−1

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high melting point. Metallic bonds, characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons

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Statement 1 is correct:: Methane (CH4) is indeed a saturated hydrocarbon and belongs to

Statement 2 is correct:: Benzene (C6H6) is correctly identified as an aromatic hydrocarbon,

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