Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1-1- Introduction

In high-temperature applications, the potential of using homogeneous materials appears to be

limited and in recent years the new trends in material design seem to be toward coating the
main load-bearing component by a heat-resistive layer, generally a ceramic. Specific
applications of this technology include advanced turbine systems, aircraft engines,
combustion engines [2], [26], [11], [4]. In addition to protecting metallic structures from
excessive temperatures (e.g., approximately 1260°C rotor inlet temperature in gas-fired
stationary turbines [46] ), other industrial applications of ceramic coatings may be found in
the area of prevention of corrosion, wear and oxidation. The use of homogeneous ceramic
coatings to shield metal substrates against excessive heat is not without disadvantages.
Because of the relatively high mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients, the bonded
structure develops generally very high residual and thermal stresses. As a result, the
composite medium becomes very susceptible to cracking, debonding and spallation [16].

Because of these problems, recently the materials research community has been exploring the
possibility of new concepts in coating design as an alternative to the conventional
homogeneous coatings. One such concept appears to be using coatings or interfacial zones
with graded ceramic/metal compositions and hence with varying thermo-mechanical
properties. These are essentially two-phase inhomogeneous particulate composites
synthesized in such a way that the volume fractions of the constituent materials (ceramic and
metal) vary continuously along a spatial direction (e.g. thickness of the coating) to give a
predetermined composition profile. The resulting inhomogeneous materials have come to be
known as functionally graded materials (FGMs) [24], [32], [47], [48], [39]. Not surprisingly,
in biological systems optimal performance through material inhomogeneity appears to be the
rule rather than the exception. Such components as bones, sea shells and bamboo stems, for
example, are all essentially inhomogeneous materials.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The application of FGMs as coatings or interfacial zones would allow to take advantage of
certain desirable features of each of the constituent materials, specifically the heat and
corrosion resistance of ceramics and the mechanical strength of metals. At the same time, the
residual and thermal stresses would be reduced [36] and the bonding strength along the
coating/substrate interface would be increased [34]. In addition, because of the gradual
increase of the metal content in the FGM coating thickness direction, the toughness of the
medium would also increase, thereby providing the graded material with a natural R-curve
behavior [49].

FGMs have promised attractive applications in a wide variety of thermal shielding problems
such as high temperature chambers, furnace liners, turbines, micro-electronics, space
structures [56], [25], [22]. Other important potential applications include their use as
interfacial zone to improve the bond strength and to reduce the residual and thermal stresses
in bonded dissimilar materials [34] and as wear resistant layers in such components as gears,
ball and roller bearings, cams and machine tools [16].

Coating technology is fundamentally dependent upon good adhesion between the coating and
the substrate, and in many cases adhesion is the limiting factor for the wider application of the
technology. Improved component performance will enhance the industrial competitiveness of
the component producer and end user and enable new technology, increase productivity and
reduce the burden on the environment. Several representative FGMs, obtained using different
fabrication methods, include Ni-ZrO 2 , SiC-C, TiC-Ni and W-ZrO 2 [59]. Many experiments
performed on these FGMs have revealed systematic improve of properties. So when used
instead of a homogeneous coating they will
- Reduce the magnitude of thermal stresses ;
- Significantly increase bonding strength ;
- Increase the fracture toughness in thickness direction.

1-2- Literature survey

Mechanics research on FGMs is needed mainly to provide technical support for material
scientists and design and manufacturing engineers. FGMs are new and are still very much at
the development stage. To take full advantage of their certain favorable properties in new
product development, fundamental studies on the mechanics of these materials must be

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

performed along with research on their processing. From the viewpoint of applied mechanics
and heat conduction, FGMs are considered to be inhomogeneous materials not only with
regard to their thermo-mechanical properties, but also in their strength related properties such
as yield strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue and creep behavior. As in any new material,
the mechanics research on FGMs, too, must be pursued along two parallel lines, namely
theoretical modeling and analysis and experimental verification. In the case of FGMs, a
considerable bulk of this research deals with the investigation of the effect of material
nonhomogeneity on various failure mechanisms.

In designing components involving FGMs, an important aspect of the problem is the question
of mechanical failure, specifically the fracture failure. Experimental observations of cracking
in FGMs were reported in recent tests especially in the ceramic rich part of the material [56],
[25], [35]. Very often the process begins with the formation of microcracks at location of
corrosion pits, surface flaws or severe stress concentrations. Generally a number of
microcracks coalesce and form a local dominant crack, which would then propagate
subcritically under cyclic or sustained mechanical or thermally induced loading [16].

The fatigue and fracture characterization of materials and the related analysis require the
solution of certain standard crack problems. Prior to working on FGM crack problems, few
researchers considered this type of problems in a nonhomogeneous media. [31] and [7]
studied the case of a cracked infinite nonhomogeneuous medium under respectively torsion
and shear loading.

[8] considered the mode I plane strain problem for an infInite nonhomogeneous medium and
showed that the relative dependence of the stress intensity factors on the nonhomogeneity
parameter may be quite significant. [15] considered the crack problem for two bonded
nonhomogeneous materials under mode ill loading conditions and investigated the nature of
the stress field singularity at the crack tip. The same problem was studied by [21] but under
mode I loading conditions.

[9] studied the mixed-mode crack problem for two bonded homogeneous planes with a
nonhomogeneous interfacial layer containing a crack parallel to the nominal interface. A
similar study was done by [18] except that they considered various crack locations in and
around the interfacial region and the crack was always perpendicular to the nominal

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

interfacial layer. [10] studied the interface crack between a homogeneous half- plane bonded
to a nonhomogeneous plane. [54] and [57] solved some crack problems in composites with a
nonhomogeneous interlayer. [23] studied the torsion of a nonhomogeneous cylinder slackened
by a circular cut. In most of these investigations, it was assumed that for a nonhomogeneous
solid, the material is isotropic and the mechanical properties depend on a space variable
following an exponential function (eg, [8], [15], [33], [19], [20]) or a power function (eg,
[54], [57], [23]).

Most of the studies on nonhomogeneous materials provided the basis for the fracture
mechanics research on FGMs. [16] gave a brief discussion of the elementary concepts of
fracture mechanics in nonhomogeneous materials and identified a number of typical problem
areas relating to the fracture of FGMs. [28] showed theoretically that for an FGM the stress
distribution near the crack tip is of the same form as for a homogeneous material (at least
asymptotically) provided the model used for the material gradient is a continuously
differentiable function. Linear elastic fracture mechanics theory could, therefore, be applied to
FGMs and the notion of stress intensity factors could be defined.

[6] studied the problem of interface fracture between an FGM coating and a metallic substrate
of finite thickness subject to mechanical loading. [45] considered the axisymmetric mixed-
mode crack problem in an infinite FGM medium with elastic properties varying in the axial
direction only.

The same problem was studied by [33] under the assumption of plane-strain and generalized
plane-stress conditions. [22] considered the problem of a semi-infinite crack in a strip of an
FGM medium subject to various types of edge loading. Because of the nature of the
techniques used in processing FGMs (plasma spray technique or electron beam physical
deposition technique), the graded materials are seldom isotropic and this motivated [46] to
consider the inhomogeneous medium to be orthotropic and to solve the mode I crack problem
under plane strain or generalized plane stress conditions. [50] and [51] tackled the problem of
multiple cracks in an infinite FGM medium. [20] considered the plane stress/strain problem of
an FGM layer with an embedded crack perpendicular to the boundaries and subject to
mechanical crack surface tractions.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The above analytical studies considered only the case of mechanical loading. Because FGMs,
being superheat resistive materials, have potential use in high temperature applications, few
other analytical studies were done considering thermal loading. [43] studied the crack
problem for an infinite FGM medium subject to a steady- state heat flux over the crack
surfaces by assuming continuously varying thermal properties. [30] considered the problem of
an edge crack in a semi-infinite nonhomogeneous medium subject to a steady-state heat flux.
[44] considered a crack at the interface of two bonded semi-infinite FGM plates under thermal
shock. The case of an internal fully insulated crack parallel to the boundary of a semi-infinite
FGM medium subject to a steady-state heat flux applied at the free surface was studied by
[27]. This problem was later extended to the case of transient heat flux by [29] .

The case of a fully insulated crack in an FGM layer subject to a steady-state thermal gradient
was investigated by [42]. [40] considered the problem of an edge crack in a semi-infinite
medium subject to a steady-state heat flux applied at its boundary and parallel to the crack
axis. This work was later extended to the case of a two-dimensional nonhomogeneous thermal
expansion coefficient by the same authors [41]. [19] studied the problem of an internal crack
in an FGM layer subject to a thermal gradient parallel to both the crack axis and the material
gradient axis.

All the studies listed above used analytical approaches to study the fracture mechanics of
nonhomogeneous and functionally graded materials. The use of such methods is rather limited
to simple crack problems and hence the need for the use of numerical methods. The most
versatile numerical method is the Finite Element method (FEM). There are essentially two
types of modeling schemes used in the literature. The first type models a functionally graded
medium as a multilayer with each layer having its own thermo-mechanical properties and
modeled by homogeneous elements [1], [5], [52], [55], [12].

The second modeling scheme uses the newly developed nonhomogeneous fmite elements
which account for the variation of the thermo-mechanical properties within an element [36],
[37], [3], [17], [38]. Extensive studies used the FEM, for example, to estimate and to optimize
the thermal residual stresses in graded ceramic coatings and graded ceramic metal interfaces
[36], [12], [52], [53], [55], [12].

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

[1] modeled multiple cracking using the multilayer finite element approach in functionally
graded ceramic/metal coatings subject to thermo-mechanical loading. They used the rules of
mixtures (ceramic and metal) to determine the effective properties of FGM. [37] considered a
partially insulated interface crack problem between an FGM coating and a metallic substrate
subject to a steady-state heat flow. The problem was solved under plane strain conditions
using enriched nonhomogeneous elements with a cubic interpolation allowing a cubic
variation of the properties within an element. [3] used nonhomogeneous quadratic [mite
elements to analyze a compact tension functionally graded fracture specimen allowing a
quadratic variation of the properties within an element.

[5] adopted the multilayer finite element approach to analyze a single edge notch functionally
graded fracture specimen under 3-point bending in addition to accounting for a probabilistic
distribution of FGM's strength. [17] studied the problem of spallation of an FGM coating
bonded to a semi-infinite homogeneous substrate with an interface crack in which the medium
is subjected to a mechanically or thermally induced compressive load. Using the same
modeling scheme as [37], [38] computed the mode I stress intensity factors for a functionally
graded solid cylinder with an embedded penny-shaped crack or an external circumferential
crack. The finite element modeling consisted of using nonhomogeneous quadratic
quadrilateral elements and triangular quarter-point crack tip elements.

1-3- Brief description of the current project

In this project, we consider a benchmark two-dimensional crack-contact of a ceramic-metal
functionally graded coating bonded to a metallic substrate under both thermal and mechanical
loading. A partially thermally insulated embedded crack is located at the interface crack
between the FGM coating and the metallic substrate. The FGM material gradient is
considered perpendicular to the crack axis. The incorporation of the contact problem consists
of a rigid stamp with an arbitrary profile acting on the ceramic side of the FGM coating. A
potential application of this problem is in the area of machining applications.

The objective of this project is to study both analytically and numerically, under plane strain
and generalized plane stress conditions, the effect of the FGM nonhomogeneity parameters on
the crack tip stress intensity factors for the purpose of gaining better understanding on the
behavior and design of graded materials.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The FGM medium is mathematically modeled as a nonhomogeneous elastic medium with an

isotropic stress-strain law. The material gradient is modeled by an exponential linear function.
The considered problem is solved using two separate approaches (analytical and numerical)
under both plane strain and generalized plane stress conditions.

The considered problem requires the solution of a thermal and a mechanical problem
considered mathematically as mixed-boundary value problems. It consists of solving,
respectively, the heat conduction partial differential equation under the assumption of no heat
generation and the two coupled Navier's partial differential equations subject to the
appropriate thermal and mechanical boundary conditions. Assuming no coupling between
thermo-mechanical effects, these problems can be uncoupled and solved separately and
subsequently (thermal problem first followed by the mechanical problem) to yield
respectively the temperature and the displacement fields in the medium. The equivalent
thermal stresses to be applied as crack surface tractions can also be obtained. Finally, we can
estimate the parameters that govern the crack growth such as the crack tip stress intensity
factors under both thermal and mechanical loading.

We undertake two different approaches to solve the heat equation and Navier’s equations, the
first being an analytical and the second being numerical. The analytical approach requires the
use of Fourier transforms to convert the three partial differential equations into two systems of
singular integral equations (SIEs) with a simple Cauchy kernel and Freholm kernels which are
solved numerically. The SIE for the thermal problem has the x-derivative of the temperature
jump across the crack as the unknown function known as density function (x and y
coordinates are oriented, respectively, parallel and perpendicular to the crack axis, Fig2.1).
The x-derivatives of the two crack opening displacements (along x and y) are the unknowns
of the SIEs for the mechanical problem.

The numerical approach consists of using the finite element method to solve the thermal and
the mechanical problems. The discretization technique used in the finite element model
requires a variational formulation of both problems. The discretization, which is based on an
isoparametric formulation, is achieved by expressing the temperature and the displacement
fields within an element in terms of nodal point temperatures and displacements as well as a
set of suitable interpolation functions. Because of severe changes in material

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

nonhomogeneities, we used higher order nonhomogeneous elements with a cubic

interpolation function in order to avoid mesh dependency problems. An existing finite
element program, called FRAC2D and developed at Lehigh University by [36] and [37], was
used in this study.

The advantage of this dual approach methodology is that it permits a direct comparison
between analytical and numerical results leading to the development of a faithful numerical
predictive capability. The significance of this methodology is that it allows for a promising
rigorous analytical and numerical framework for the computation of the crack driving forces
for a number of FGM benchmark problems. The developed predictive numerical tool can
provide the basis to model more complicated geometries involving functionally graded
coatings with various composition profile (not necessarily exponential models).

1-4- Outline of the report

Chapter 1 of this study deals with the introduction of the problem, and the related literature
survey.

Chapter 2 describes the statement of the problem and contains the derivation of the governing
partial differential equations.

Chapters 3 and 4 contain, respectively, the thermal and the fracture problem formulations
using the analytical approach.

Chapter 5 of this study contains the formulation and outlines the procedure for solving the
contact problem only using the analytical approach.

In chapter 6, the coupled fracture-contact problem is tackled and a possible resolution

procedure is proposed.

In chapter 7, the fracture problem is solved numerically using the finite element analysis
program FRAC2D.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Chapter 8 gives and comments the results obtained both analytically and numerically for the
uncoupled thermal and fracture problems that were considered in this study.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 2
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

In this chapter we will write the fundamental equations that we will use both in the thermal
and the fracture problem. For this reason, we will define the geometry of the problem and
then the governing equations.

2-1- Geometry of the problem

The problem under consideration consists of a plate containing a plane crack of length 2a at a
depth h beneath the free surface (Fig2.1)

−∞<y<h
y Crack surface tractions
m
Q0 : Steady-state w1 : tangential
Heat Flux m
(Applied Heating w2 : normal
−∞<x<+∞
FGM
h
layer
-a a x

Homogeneous Partially
substrate insulated crack

Q0 : Heat Flux

Fig2. 1: Crack problem geometry and applied loading

The stress state for this configuration is mixed mode, characterized by stress intensity factors,
k1 and k2 . The functionally graded coating lies to the positive y-axis while the homogeneous
substrate lies to the negative y-axis. The partially insulated crack of length 2a is located at the
center of the medium and oriented along the x-axis. The material gradient is directed along
the y-direction. For this graded medium, the Poisson’s ratio ν is assumed to be a
constant(Fig8.16) because the effect of its variation on the crack-tip stress intensity factors
was shown to be negligible [8,30] and is also shown in chapter 8. The remaining thermo-
mechanical properties depend on the y-coordinate only and are modeled as fo llows

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

k1 =k2 exp(δ y ) (2.1)

µ1 = µ2 exp(β y ) (2.2)

α1 =α 2 exp(γ y ) (2.3)

In equations (2.1), (2.2) and (2.3), k 1 , µ1 and α1 are, respectively, the heat conductivity, the
shear modulus and the thermal expansion coefficient in the FGM layer. k2 , µ2 and α 2 are,
respectively, the heat conductivity, the shear modulus and the thermal expansion coefficient
in the homogeneous substrate.

2-2- Governing equations

The basic equations of the plane problem for nonhomogeneous and homogeneous isotropic
elastic bodies consist of the steady-state heat equations, the equilibrium equations, the strain-
displacement relationships and the linear elastic stress-strain law. Note that the FGM material
is denoted by j=1, while the homogeneous material is denoted by j=2.

2-2-1- Steady-state heat equations

The steady state heat equation can be expressed as

( )
∂ k ∂T + ∂  k ∂T =0
∂x j ∂x ∂y  j ∂y 
(2.4)

Substituting the expression of the thermal conductivity k 1 given by (2.1) into the heat equation
(2.4) gives the following partial differential equation verified into FGM layer
2 2
∂ T ∂ T ∂T
+ +δ =0 (2.5)
∂x
2
∂y
2
∂y

For the homogeneous part of the problem, the steady-state heat equation can be expressed as
2 2
∂ T + ∂ T =0 (2.6)
2 2
∂x ∂y

2-2-2- Navier’s equations

The equilibrium equations for a two-dimensional problem (ignoring body forces) can be
expressed as
∂σ ∂σ
xx
+ xy =0 (2.7)
∂x ∂y

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∂σ xy ∂σ yy
+ =0 (2.8)
∂x ∂y
The strain-displacement relationships are given by
∂u
ε xx = (2.9)
∂x
∂v
ε yy = (2.10)
∂y

ε xy = 1  ∂u + ∂v  (2.11)
2  ∂y ∂x 

The relations between stresses and the Green- Lagrange strains can be stated as

σ xx =
µj
κ −1
(
(1+κ)( ε xx −α j T)+(3−κ)( ε yy −α jT) ) (2.12)

σ yy =
µj
κ −1
(
(3−κ)( ε xx −α j T)+(1+κ)(ε yy −α j T) ) (2.13)

σ xy =2µ jε xy (2.14)

3 −ν
Where κ =3−4ν for plane strain and κ = for generalized plane stress.
1+ν

Substituting (2.9) and (2.11) into (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14), we obtain the following relations
between stresses, temperature and displacements
µj 
σ xx = (1+κ) ∂u +( 3−κ) ∂v −4α j T 
κ −1
(2.15)
∂x ∂y 
µj 
σ yy = (3−κ) ∂u +( 1+κ) ∂v −4α jT 
κ −1
(2.16)
∂x ∂y 

σ xy =µ j  ∂u + ∂v  (2.17)
 ∂y ∂x 

Substituting (2.15-2.17) into (2.7) and (2.8), we obtain Navier’s equations for two-
dimensional elasticity problem for the FGM layer
2 2 2
(κ +1) ∂ u2 +(κ −1)∂ u2 +2 ∂∂x∂vy + β(κ −1) ∂∂uy + β (κ −1)∂∂vx =4α1 ∂∂Tx (2.18)
∂x ∂y

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

(κ −1) ∂ v2 +(κ +1) ∂ v2 + 2 ∂∂x∂uy + β (3−κ )∂∂ux + β(κ +1)∂∂vy =4α1(β +γ )T + ∂∂Ty 
2 2 2
(2.19)
∂x ∂y  

It can be seen that equations (2.18) and (2.19) are coupled partial differential equations of the
second order.

Navier’s equations for the homogeneous substrate can be derived from equations (2.18) and
(2.19) by letting β, δ and γ go to zero. We have thus the following differential equations in the
homogeneous substrate
2 2 2
(κ +1) ∂ u2 +(κ −1)∂ u2 +2 ∂∂x∂vy =4α 2 ∂∂Tx (2.20)
∂x ∂y
2 2 2
(κ −1) ∂ v2 +(κ +1) ∂ v2 +2 ∂∂x∂uy =4α 2 ∂∂Ty (2.21)
∂x ∂y
To solve Navier’s and heat conduction equations, we suppose that thermal and mechanical
problem are uncoupled.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 3
THERMAL PROBLEM

Assuming no coupling between thermo-mechanical effects, the thermal and mechanical

problems can be uncoupled and solved separately and subsequently. The objective of this
chapter is to solve the thermal problem (heat equations (2.5) and (2.6)) using the Fourier
transform and its inverse to yield the expressions for the temperature field in the FGM layer
and in the homogeneous substrate.

In order to solve the thermal problem, we suppose that our problem can be divided into two
problems:
- Problem 1 : we suppose that we have only steady heat flux. In this problem, we omit the
crack.
- Problem 2 : we suppose that we have only the partially insulated crack which will act as a
heat barrier.
Q0 Q0

Crack
surface
a
-a a = + -a
Partially
insulated
crack

Q0 Q0

Problem 1 Problem 2

Fig3.1 : Superposition of thermal and mechanical problems

3-1- Boundary conditions

The heat equations (2.5) and (2.6) are subject to the following thermal boundary cond itions:
• The conservation of the applied steady-state heat flux away from the crack region can be
expressed as follow

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∂T
k = −Q 0 y =h, x ≤+∞ (3.1)
∂y
∂T
k = −Q 0 y → −∞, x ≤ +∞ (3.2)
∂y
• The partial insulation of the crack surfaces which is modeled by assuming that the crack
allows some heat flux Qy that is only a certain percentage of the flux Qc corresponding to
the perfect conduction case, can be written as follows
∂T
k = k * Qc y = 0, x ≤ a (3.3)
∂y

In this equation, k * is the heat conductivity index assumed to be a constant, 0 ≤ k * ≤ 1 . The

limiting values k * = 0 and k * = 1 represent, respectively, perfect insulation and perfect
conduction along the crack surfaces.

• The continuity of the temperature field and the heat flux along the crack axis and away
from the crack
+ −
T ( x,0 ) = T ( x ,0 ) x >a (3.4)

∂T + ∂T −
( x,0 ) = ( x ,0 ) x >a (3.5)
∂y ∂y
Q0
For simplicity, we assume that a =1 and =1 (normalization)
k2

3-2- Expression of the temperature

As we said at the beginning the solution of the problem can be found by using the
superposition technique. So the temperature can be written as
T( x, y) =T1(y)+T2 (x, y) (3.6)

Where T1 is the solution of the problem 1 (uncracked medium) and T2 is the solution of
problem 2 (cracked medium).

3-2-1- Distribution of the temperature in the uncracked medium

3-2-1-1- Presentation of the problem
The medium is now supposed to be uncracked and subject to steady-state heat flux (Fig3.2).

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

y
−∞<y<h Q0 : Steady-state Heat Flux
(Applied Heating Source)

Material
Gradient x −∞<x<+∞

Metal

Q0 : Heat Flux

Fig3.2 : Uncracked medium : problem 1

3-2-1-2- Equations verified by the temperature

In the functionally graded layer T1 satisfies the following equation
2
d T1 dT1
2
+δ =0 y >0 (3.7)
dy dy

For the homogeneous substrate, the steady-state heat equation can be expressed as
2
d T1
2
=0 y <0 (3.8)
dy

3-2-1-3- Boundary conditions

Boundary conditions for the thermal problem in the uncracked medium can be written as:
Heat conduction
dT1
k = −Q0 y =h, x ≤+∞ (3.9)
dy
dT1
k = −Q0 y → −∞, x ≤ +∞ (3.10)
dy
Continuity of the temperature and the flux at the interface between the FGM layer and the
homogeneous substrate
+ −
T1 ( x,0 ) = T1 ( x,0 ) (3.11)

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

dT1 + dT1 −
( x ,0 ) = ( x,0 ) (3.12)
dy dy
3-2-1-4- Expression of temperature in the uncracked medium
The solution of the differential equation (3.7) can be expressed as
−δ y
T1 ( y) = A + Be y >0 (3.13)

The solution of the differential equation (3.8) can be expressed as

T1 ( y ) = C + Dy y <0 (3.14)

To determine A, B, C and D we need to apply four boundary conditions which are (3.9-3.12),
it follows that
1
B=− (3.15)
δ
D =1 (3.16)
1
C = A− (3.17)
δ
A is arbitrary. We need to fix it. For example we choose
1
A= (3.18)
δ
The solution can be then expressed as
−δy
1− e
T1 ( y ) = y >0 (3.19)
δ
T1 ( y ) = y y <0 (3.20)

3-2-2- Distribution of the temperature in the cracked medium

3-2-2-1- Presentation of the problem
The medium is now supposed to be cracked and without heat flux(Fig3.3)

y
−∞<y<h

Crack surface
tractions
Material
Gradient x −∞<x<+∞
-a a
Partially
Metal insulated crack

Fig3.3 : Cracked medium : problem 2

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

3-2-2-2- Equations verified by the temperature

In the functionally graded layer, T2 satisfies the following equation heat equation
2 2
∂ T2 ∂ T2 ∂T2
+ 2 +δ =0 y >0 (3.21)
2
∂x ∂y ∂y

For the homogeneous part of the problem the steady-state heat equation can be expressed as
2 2
∂ T2 ∂ T2
2
+ 2 =0 y <0 (3.22)
∂x ∂y

3-2-2-3- Boundary conditions

The boundary conditions at the cracked medium can be written as:
Heat conduction
∂T2
=0 y =h, x ≤+∞ (3.23)
∂y
∂T2
=0 y → −∞, x ≤ +∞ (3.24)
∂y
Continuity of the temperature and the flux at the interface between FGM layer and
homogeneous substrate
+ −
T 2 ( x,0 ) = T2 ( x,0 ) x >1 (3.25)

∂T2 + ∂T2 −
( x,0 ) = ( x ,0 ) x >1 (3.26)
∂y ∂y
• Note that Qc is the heat flux at the location of the crack and assumes full conduction, we
have
dT1
Qc = k (0) (3.27)
dy
Another boundary condition that expresses equation (3.3) is
∂T2 dT1
= ( k * −1) y =0, x ≤1 (3.30)
∂y dy

3-2-2-4- Expression of temperature

The nonhomogeneous and homogeneous parts are considered separately.
3-2-2-4-1- Nonhomogeneous part

Taking Fourier transform with respect to y, we can write the temperature as

18
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
− ixλ
T 2 ( x , y) = ∫ h( y , λ )e
−∞
dλ (3.31)

Substituting this equation into (3.21) and taking the inverse Fourier transform yields
d ²h dh
+δ − λ²h = 0 (3.30)
dy ² dy
This is a second order differential equation. The Characteristic polynomial for the
homogeneous form is
n ² + δn − λ ² = 0 (3.31)
The roots of this polynomial equation are

n1 =
1
2
(
− δ + δ ² + 4λ ² ) (3.32)

n2 =
1
2
(
− δ − δ ² + 4λ ² ) (3.33)

The solution of (3.30) can be written as

n1y n2 y
h ( y ) = A1 e + A2 e (3.34)

The expression of the temperature on the FGM layer can thus be expressed as
+∞

∫  A e
T2 ( x, y ) =
n1 y
+ A2 e
n2 y
e −i λx dλ (3.35)
−∞
1

3-2-2-4-2- Homogeneous part

Taking Fourier transform with respect to y, we can write the displacement as:
+∞
− ixλ
T 2 ( x , y) = ∫ h( y , λ )e
−∞
dλ (3.36)

Substituting this equation into (3.22) and taking the inverse Fourier transform yields
d ²h
− λ²h = 0 (3.37)
dy ²
This is a second order differential equation. The Characteristic polynomial for the
homogeneous form is
n² −λ²=0 (3.38)
The roots of this polynomial equation are
p1 = λ (3.39)

p2 =− λ (3.40)

19
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The solution of (3.37) can be written as

p1 y p 2y
h ( y ) = A3 e + A4 e (3.41)

The expression of the temperature on the homogeneous substrate can thus be expressed as
+∞
 A e p 1 y + A e p 2 y e −i λx dλ
T2 ( x, y ) = ∫ 3
−∞
4

(3.42)

3-3- Derivation of singular integral equation

3-3-1- Conditions at uncracked boundaries

Using equation (3.23), it may seen that
+∞

∫  n A e
n1 h
+ n 2 A2 e
n2 h
e −i λx dλ = 0 (3.43)
−∞
1 1

Taking now Fourier inverse transform, we have
n 1h n2h
n1 A1 e + n 2 A2 e =0 (3.44)
Thus we may obtain that
n1 (n1 − n 2 )h
A2 = − e A1 (3.45)
n2

Using equation (3.24), we may obtain regularity condition at infinity

A4 =0 (3.46)

Using equation (3.26), it may be seen that

+∞ +∞

∫ (n A + n 2 A2 )e ∫ (p A + p 2 A4 )e
− iλx −i λx
1 1
dλ = 1 3
dλ (3.47)
−∞ −∞

Taking now Fourier inverse transform, we have

n1 A1 + n 2 A2 = p1 A3 + p 2 A4 (3.48)

Substituting expressions (3.46) and (3.45) into (3.48), we obtain

n1  (n1 − n 2 )h 
A3 = 1 − e  A1 (3.49)
p1  

Substituting (3.45), (3.46) and (3.49) into equations (3.42) and (3.45), we obtain
+∞
 n1 y n1 (( n1 − n 2 ) h + n 2 y )  − iλ x
T2 ( x, y ) = ∫−∞ e − n e  A1 e dλ
 y >0 (3.50)
 2 
+∞
n1  ( n1− n2 ) h
e p1 y A e −i λx dλ
T 2 ( x , y) = ∫p
1 − e
  1
y <0 (3.51)
−∞ 1

20
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

3-3-2- Unknown density function

We introduce now the unknown density function of the temperature

ψ (t ) =
∂
∂x
[ + −
T ( x,0 ) − T ( x,0 ) ] (3.52)

From equation (3.12), we have

ψ (t ) =
∂
∂x
[ + −
T2 ( x,0 ) − T2 ( x,0 ) ] (3.53)

From the boundary condition (3.25), we have

1

∫ψ (t)dt = 0
−1
(3.54)

ψ(x) =0 x ≥1 (3.55)

Substituting (3.50) and (3.51) into equation (3.53), we obtain

+∞

∫ − iλ l (λ ) + l
ψ (x ) = (λ ) e
( n1 − n 2 ) h
 A e −i λx dλ x <1 (3.56)
−∞
1 2
 1

where
n1
l1 (λ ) = 1 − (3.57)
p1

n1 n1
l2 (λ ) = − (3.58)
p1 n2

Let’s take Fourier inverse transform of equation (3.56), we find

 ( n1− n2 ) h
 1 1 i λt
− i λ  l 1 ( λ ) + l 2 (λ ) e

 A1 =
 ∫
2π −1
ψ ( t ) e dt (3.59)

We find then that

1
i i λt

∫
A1 (λ ) = ψ (t ) e dt (3.60)
2πλ  l 1 ( λ ) + l 2 (λ ) e
( n1 − n 2 ) h
 −1
 
3-3-3- Mixed boundary conditions
Now we have to find the integral equation verified by the density function of the temperature.
For this reason we use the last boundary condition (3.29) which is verified at the crack, we
obtain
 ∂T   dT 
lim−  2  = lim −  ( k * −1) 1  x <1 (3.61)
y → 0  ∂y  y →0  dy 

Substituting (3.20) and (3.51) into equation (3.61), we obtain

21
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 +∞  
lim−  ∫ n1 1 − e 1 2 e 1 A1 e dλ  = lim− ( k * −1)
(n −n )h py −i λx
x <1 (3.62)
y→0
 −∞    y→0
Substituting (3.60) into the previous expression, it induces the following singular integral
equation
1

∫ K ( x, t)ψ (t )dt = 2π (k * −1)

−1
x <1 (3.63)

where the kernel of this singular integral equation is given by

 +∞ iλ(t − x) 
K(x,t )= lim − ∫ H(y,λ) e dλ  (3.64)
y→0  −∞ 
Where
(n1 − n 2)h
i (1−e )n p1 y
H( y,λ) = 1
e (3.65)
λ l1(λ)+l2 (λ)e 
(n1 −n 2 )h

 
Let’s now define two functions which are
M(y,λ)= H(y,λ)+ H(y,−λ) (3.66)
N(y,λ)=i(H(y,λ)− H(y,−λ)) (3.67)
The purpose of this transformation is to separate the even and the odd terms of the integral of
K, we find that

 +∞ +∞

K(x,t )= lim − ∫M (y,λ)cos( λ(t −x)) dλ + ∫ N( y,λ)sin( λ(t −x)) dλ 
 (3.68)
y→0  0 0 
It can be seen from the expressions of n1 ,n2 ,p1 , l1 and l2 that H is an odd function of λ, we
have then
M(y,λ) =0 (3.69)
N(y,λ)=2iH (y,λ) (3.70)
Substituting expression (3.69-3.70) into (3.68), we obtain

 +∞ 
K(x,t )= lim − ∫ N( y,λ)sin( λ(t −x)) dλ  (3.71)
y→0  0 
In (3.71), N is an analytical as λ goes to zero, but diverges as λ goes to infinity. The
dominant part of the kernel may be separated by taking the asymptotic expansion of H as λ
goes to infinity, we find that

N(y,λ)e
−λy
() () 5 7
()
=1+ 1 δ − 1 δ + 1 δ − 5 δ + 7 δ − 21
3 9
δ 11 +
4 λ 64 λ 512 λ 16384 λ 131072 λ 2097152 λ
()
33 ()
16777216 λ
() () ()
δ 13 + o δ 13 
λ 
 
(3.72)

Under another form we can write that

22
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

N a 2 k +1
+∑
λy λy
N ( y, λ ) = e 2 k +1
e (3.73)
k =0 λ
Substituting the asymptotic expansion in (3.71), it can be written
+∞ +∞
(t − x )
∫ N ( y , λ ) sin (λ (t − x))dλ = ∫ ( N ( y , λ ) − e ) sin (λ ( t − x ) )dλ +
λy
(3.74)
0 0
y ² + (t − x )²

Thus we have extracted the Cauchy singularity

+∞
1
K ( x,t ) = lim
y →0
− ∫ N ( y, λ ) sin (λ (t − x) )dλ = t − x + k ( x,t )
0
(3.75)

Where
a N +∞
sin( λ (t − x))
k ( x, t ) = ∫ ( N (0, λ ) − e ) sin (λ (t − x))dλ + ∑ a 2 k + 1 ∫
λy
2 k +1
dλ (3.76)
0 k =1 a λ
Substituting (3.75) into (3.63), we obtain the following singular integral equation

 1 
1

∫  t − x + k (x , t ) ψ (t )dt = 2π (k * −1)

−1
x <1 (3.77)

The density function can be expressed as [60]

Ψ( x)
ψ (x ) = (3.78)
1 − x²
1
Where w( x) = is the density function associated to Chebyshev polynomial of first
1 − x²
kind T j (x) =cos( jarcos( x)) .

We have then the new unknown continuous function Ψ (x ) as a series of Chebyshev

polynomial of first kind.
∞
Ψ (x) = ∑ bk Tk ( x) (3.79)
k =1

Substituting the expression ø(t) in the SIE and using a truncated Chebychev series (up to N)
yields a linear algebraic equation with unknowns b1 , b2 , b3 , ….:

2π ( k * −1)
∑ b [πU ( x ) + H n ( x )] =
N

n n
x p1 (3.80)
n =1 a0
where

U n ( x) =
sin [ (n + 1) arccos (x) ] (3.81)
2
1− x

23
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

1
k ( x , t )Tn (t )
H n ( x) = ∫ 2
dt (3.82)
−1 1−t
To solve the above equation, a set of N points (N values of x) are selected using the Method
of Collocation leading to a system of N Equations & N unknowns:

x m = cos 
(2m − 1)π  m = 1,..., N (3.83)
 2 N 
On the crack plane y=0:

+
+∞
 n1 ( n1 − n 2 ) h  − iλx
∫  e
n1 y
T2 ( x,0 ) = − e  A1 e dλ (3.84)
n2 
−∞  
+∞
− n1  ( n1 −n 2 ) h
 A e −i λx dλ
T2 ( x,0 ) = ∫− ∞ p  1 − e
 1
(3.85)
1

Conclusion
In this Chapter we have found the distribution of the temperature by introducing the density
function for the temperature. The density or the dislocation function is subject to a singular
integral equation. By using the collocation method we transform the integral equation to
linear system of equations whose unknowns are the coefficients of Chebyshev polynomial of
first kind.

24
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 4
FRACTURE PROBLEM

In chapter 2 the governing equations and the expressions of temperature, stresses and
displacements were derived. In chapter 3 the temperature has been obtained. In this chapter,
we will use those expressions of temperature to derive the singular integral equations for
fracture problem. Also, the singularities and the stresses intensity factors at the crack will be
identified.

The solution procedure involves finding equations for the nonhomogeneous part as well as
those for the homogeneous part. For simplicity, we will solve separately the uncracked
medium (Problem 1) and then the cracked medium(Problem 2). The nonhomogeneous and
homogeneous parts are considered separately.

4-1- Boundary conditions

The homogeneous boundary conditions are given on the free surface and the interface. On the
interface stresses and displacements are continuous(Fig2.1).
• Continuity of stresses and displacements at the interface, away from the crack : y =0, x >1
+ −
u(x,o )=u(x,o ) (4.1)
+ −
v(x,o )=v(x,o ) (4.2)
+ −
σ xy (x,o )=σ xy(x ,o ) (4.3)
+ −
σ yy (x,o )=σ yy (x,o ) (4.4)

• Mechanical stresses are supposed to be equal to zero at y=h, we obtain then

σ xy (x,h) =0 (4.5)

σ yy ( x, h) = 0 (4.6)

• The mechanical loading is equivalent to pressure at the plane crack. We have : y =0, x <1
m
lim −σ xy = w1 (x) (4.7)
y→0

25
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

m
lim −σ yy =w2 (x) (4.8)
y→0

m m
Where w1 ( x) and w2 ( x) are respectively the tangential and the normal mechanical stresses

at the surface of the crack.

4-2- Cracked medium

In this part, the medium is supposed to be cracked and without heat flux. So the temperature is
supposed equal to T2 given by equations (3.50) and (3.51)
+∞
 n1 y n1 (( n1 − n 2 ) h + n 2 y )  − iλ x
T2 ( x, y ) = ∫−∞ e − n e  A1 e dλ
 y >0 (4.9)
 2 
+∞
n1  ( n1− n2 ) h
e λ y A e −i λx dλ
T 2 ( x , y) = ∫λ 1 − e
  1
y <0 (4.10)
−∞

4-2-1- FGM layer

From Navier’s equations (2.18-2.19) at the homogeneous part of the problem, we have
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ − 1) 2 + 2 ∂ v + β (κ − 1) ∂u + β (κ − 1) ∂v = H 1 ( x, y )
∂ u ∂ u 2
(4.11)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u + β (3 − κ ) ∂u + β (κ + 1) ∂v = H 2 ( x , y )
∂ v ∂ v 2
(4.12)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y

Where
2 ∂T2
H 1 ( x, y ) = 4α 1 (4.13)
∂x
 ∂T 
H 2 ( x, y ) = 4α 1  (β + γ )T2 + 2 
2
(4.14)
 ∂y 

Substituting equations (4.9) and (4.10) into (4.11) and (4.12), we obtain
+∞

H 1 ( x, y ) = ∫  a1 e  A e − i λx dλ
2 (γ + n1 ) y (γ + n2 ) y
+ a2 e (4.15)
−∞
  1
+∞
 a e (γ + n1 ) y + a e ( γ + n 2 ) y  A e − i λx dλ
∫ 3
2
H 2 ( x, y ) = (4.16)
−∞
4
 1
Where
a1 =−4i λα2 (4.17)

n1 ( n1 − n 2 ) h
a 2 = 4iλα 2 e (4.18)
n2

26
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

a3 = 4α 2 ( β + γ + n1 ) (4.19)

n1 ( n1 −n 2 ) h
a 4 = −4α 2 ( β + γ + n 2 ) e (4.20)
n2

Let’s find the solution of (4.11) and (4.12). Taking Fourier transform with respect to y, we
can write the displacements as
+∞
− ixλ
u ( x, y ) = ∫ f ( y , λ )e
−∞
dλ (4.21)

+∞
−ixλ
v ( x, y ) = ∫ g ( y, λ )e
−∞
dλ (4.22)

Substituting these equations into (4.11) and (4.12) and taking the inverse Fourier transform
yields
d² f df dg 2
(κ −1) + β (κ − 1) − λ ²(κ + 1) f − 2iλ − i λβ (κ − 1) g = h1 ( y , λ ) (4.23)
dy ² dy dy

d ²g dg d f 2
(κ + 1) + β (κ + 1) − λ ²(κ − 1) g − 2i λ − i λβ (3 − κ ) f = h2 ( y , λ ) (4.24)
dy ² dy dy
Where
+∞
h1 ( y,λ) = 1 ∫ H1 (x, y)e dt
2 2 iλt
(4.25)
2π −∞
+∞
h2 ( y,λ) = 1 ∫ H2 (x, y)e dt
2 2 iλt
(4.26)
2π −∞

Equations (4.23) and (4.24) are coupled second order differential equations. Hence we should
uncouple them. They can be written in a matrix form as

b  f  h1 
2
a
  =   (4.27)
c d  g  h2 
 2
Where
a = (κ −1) D ² − λ ²(κ + 1) + β (κ −1) D (4.28)
b = −2iλD − i λβ (κ − 1) (4.29)
c = −2iλD − iλβ (3 − κ ) (4.30)
d = (κ + 1) D² − λ ²(κ − 1) + β (κ + 1) D (4.31)
Let’s inverse the previous linear system, we then obtain

27
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

  f   dh1 − bh2 
2 2
ad − bc 0
   = (4.32)
 0 ad − bc   g   − ch 2 + ah 2 
 1 2 

We obtain after development two ordinaries differentials equations

4 3 2
d f d f d f d f  4 3−κ  2
+ 2β + ( β ² − 2λ ²) − 2βλ ² +  λ + λ²β ²  f = v1 ( y , λ ) (4.33)
1+ κ 
4 3 2
dy dy dy dy 
4 3 2
d g d g d g d g  4 3 −κ  2
+ 2β + ( β ² − 2λ ²) − 2 βλ ² + λ + λ ² β ²  g = v2 ( y, λ ) (4.34)
1 +κ 
4 3 2
dy dy dy dy 

where
2 2
2 d h1 − b h2
v1 ( y, λ ) = (4.35)
κ ² −1
2 2
2 − c h1 + a h2
v2 ( y,λ ) = (4.36)
κ ² −1

4-2-1-1- Particular solution

In order to obtain a particular solution of (4.33) and (4.34), we have to compute the
2 2
expressions of v1 (y,λ) and v2 (y,λ) . We find that

2 ( γ + n1 ) y ( γ + n2 ) y
v1 ( y, λ ) = ξ 1 e + ξ 2e (4.37)
2 (γ + n 1 ) y (γ + n 2 ) y
v 2 ( y, λ ) = ξ 3 e +ξ 4e (4.38)
where

ξ1 = (A1
κ²−1
2
)
2
)
(κ +1)( γ + n1) + β( κ +1)( γ +n1) −λ ( κ −1) a1 +(2iλ(γ +n1)+i λβ(κ −1) )a3 (4.39)

ξ =
2
A
κ² −1
((κ +1)(γ +n ) + β(κ +1)(γ +n )−λ (κ −1))a +(2iλ(γ +n )+iλβ(κ −1))a )
1
2
2
2
2
2 2 4
(4.40)

ξ=
3
A
κ²−1
((2iλ(γ +n )+iλβ(3−κ))a +((κ −1)(γ +n ) + β(κ −1)(γ +n )−λ (κ +1))a )
1
1 1 1
2
1
2
3
(4.41)

ξ =
4
A
κ² −1
((2iλ(γ + n )+iλβ(3−κ))a +((κ −1)(γ + n ) + β(κ −1)(γ +n )−λ (κ +1))a )
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
4
(4.42)

As a consequence, we obtain a particular solution of (4.33) and (4.34) as

p ξ1 (γ + n1 ) y ξ2 (γ + n 2 ) y
f 2 ( y) = e + e (4.43)
D1 D2

28
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p ξ3 (γ + n1 ) y ξ4 (γ + n 2 ) y
g 2 ( y) = e + e (4.44)
D1 D2

where

D1 =(γ +n1) +2β(γ +n1) +(β²−2λ²)(γ +n1) −2βλ²(γ + n1)+ λ +λ²β² 3−κ
4 3

1+κ
2
( 4
) (4.45)

D2 =( γ + n2 ) + 2β( γ + n2 ) +(β²−2λ²)(γ +n2) −2βλ²(γ +n2) + λ +λ²β² 3−κ

4 3

1+κ
2
( 4
) (4.46)

4-2-1-2- Homogeneous solution

When the problem under consideration has not a second member, Navier’s equations at the
FGM layer can be written as
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ −1) 2 + 2 ∂ v + β (κ − 1) ∂u + β (κ − 1) ∂v = 0
∂ u ∂ u
(4.47)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u + β (3 − κ ) ∂u + β (κ + 1) ∂v = 0
∂ v ∂ v
(4.48)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y

The Fourier transforms of displacements verify

4 3 2
d f d f d f d f  4 3−κ 
+ 2β + ( β ² − 2λ ²) − 2βλ ² +  λ + λ²β ² f =0 (4.49)
1+κ 
4 3 2
dy dy dy dy 
4 3 2
d g d g d g d g  4 3 −κ 
+ 2β + ( β ² − 2λ ²) − 2 βλ ² +  λ + λ²β ² g = 0 (4.50)
1+ κ 
4 3 2
dy dy dy dy 

These are two uncoupled linear equations. The Characteristic polynomial for the
homogeneous form is
4 3 2  4 3 −κ 
m + 2 βm + ( β ² − 2λ ²)m − 2βλ ² m +  λ + λ ² β ² =0 (4.51)
 1+κ 
The roots of this polynomial equation are:

1  3 −κ 

m1 = − β + β ² + 4λ ² + 4iλβ (4.52)
2 1+ κ 
 

1  3−κ 

m2 = − β − β ² + 4λ ² + 4iλβ (4.53)
2  1+ κ 
 

1  3 −κ 

m3 = − β + β ² + 4λ ² − 4iλβ (4.54)
2 1 +κ 
 

29
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

1  3 −κ 

m4 = − β − β ² + 4λ ² − 4iλβ (4.55)
2 1 +κ 
 
The homogeneous solutions of (4.49) and (4.50) can be written as
h m1 y m2 y m3 y m4 y
f ( y ) = C1 e + C2e + C3 e + C4e (4.56)
h m1 y m2 y m3 y m4 y
g ( y) = C1 cc1 e + C 2 cc 2 e + C3 cc 3 e + C 4 cc 4 e (4.57)

Substituting (4.57) into (4.47), we obtain

2
(κ − 1) mk + β (κ − 1) mk − λ ²(κ + 1)
cck = k = 1,..,4
iλ (2mk + β (κ − 1) )
(4.58)

4-2-2- Homogeneous substrate

From Navier’s equations (2.20) and (2.21) at the homogeneous part of the problem, we have
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ −1) 2 + 2 ∂ v = H 1 ( x , y)
∂ u ∂ u
2
(4.59)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u = H 2 ( x, y )
∂ v ∂ v
2
(4.60)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

Where
2 ∂T2
H1 (x, y) =4α 2 (4.61)
∂x
2 ∂T2
H2 (x, y) =4α 2 (4.62)
∂y
Substituting equation (4.10) into (4.61) and (4.62), we obtain
+∞
H1 (x, y) = ∫  a5 e A e−i λx dλ
2 λy
 1 (4.63)
−∞  
+∞
H2 (x, y) = ∫  a6 e  A e− iλx dλ
2 λy
 1 (4.64)
−∞  
Where
n1  (n1 −n 2 )h 
a5 =−4i λα2 1−e  (4.65)
λ 

a6 =4α 2 n11−e 
(n1 − n2 )h
(4.66)
 
Let’s find the solution of (4.59) and (4.60). Taking Fourier transform with respect to y, we
can write the displacement as

30
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
− ixλ
u ( x, y ) = ∫
−∞
f ( y , λ )e dλ (4.67)

+∞
−ixλ
v ( x, y ) = ∫ g ( y, λ )e
−∞
dλ (4.68)

Substituting these equations into (4.59) and (4.60) and taking the inverse Fourier transform
yields
d² f dg 2
(κ −1) − λ ²(κ + 1) f − 2iλ = h1 ( y, λ ) (4.69)
dy ² dy
d ²g d f 2
(κ + 1) − λ ²(κ − 1) g − 2i λ = h2 ( y , λ ) (4.70)
dy ² dy
Where
+∞
1
∫H
2 2 iλt
h1 ( y, λ ) = ( x, y ) e dt (4.71)
2π −∞
1

+∞
1
∫H
2 2 iλt
h 2 ( y, λ ) = ( x, y ) e dt (4.72)
2π −∞
2

4-2-2-1- Particular solution

Now we have to find the particular solution of the following system
d² f dg iλ λ y
(κ −1) − λ ²(κ + 1) f − 2i λ = − a 6 A1 e (4.73)
dy ² dy λ

d ²g d f λ y
(κ + 1) − λ ²(κ − 1) g − 2iλ = a6 A1 e (4.74)
dy ² dy
We search the solution of the following form
p λ y
f 2 ( y ) = θ 1 ye (4.75)

p λ y
g 2 ( y ) = θ 2 ye (4.76)
Substituting these expressions into the previous coupled equations, we may obtain
iA1 a 6
θ1 = − (4.77)
2κλ
A1 a 6
θ2 = (4.78)
2κ λ

If we inject these two constants into the previous two particular solutions, we may obtain

31
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p iA1 a6 λ y
f 2 ( y) = − ye (4.79)
2κλ
p A1 a 6 λ y
g 2 ( y) = ye (4.80)
2κ λ

We can write the displacements as

+∞
iA1 a 6 λ y −i λx
∫−
p
u 2 ( x , y) = ye e dλ (4.81)
−∞ 2κλ
+∞
A1 a6 λ y − iλx
∫ 2κ λ
p
v 2 ( x, y ) = ye e dλ (4.82)
−∞

4-2-2-2- Homogeneous solution

When the problem under consideration doesn’t have a second member, Navier’s equations at
the homogeneous substrate can be written as
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ − 1) 2 + 2 ∂ v = 0
∂ u ∂ u
(4.83)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u = 0
∂ v ∂ v
(4.84)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

Equations (4.69) and (4.70) are coupled second order differential equations. Hence we should
uncouple them. They can be written in a matrix form as
a b  f  0
   =  (4.85)
c d  g  0
Where
a = (κ − 1) D² − λ ²(κ + 1) (4.86)

b = −2iλD (4.87)
c = −2iλD (4.88)
d = (κ + 1) D² − λ ²(κ − 1) (4.89)
Let’s inverse the previous linear system, we obtain

ad −bc 0 f  0

   =  (4.90)
 0 ad −bc  g  0
we obtain

32
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

4 2
d f d f 4
4
− 2λ ² 2
+λ f = 0 (4.91)
dy dy
4 2
d g d g 4
4
− 2λ ² 2
+λ g = 0 (4.92)
dy dy
We obtain two uncoupled linear equations (4.91) and (4.92). The Characteristic polynomial
for the homogeneous form is
4 2 4
O −2λ²O +λ =0 (4.93)
This polynomial equation has two double roots which are
O1 =O3 = λ (4.94)

O2 =O4 =−λ (4.95)

The homogeneous solutions can be written as

h λ y −λ y
f (y)=(C5 +C7 y)e +( C6 +C8 y)e (4.96)

g ( y)=((C5.dd1 +C7.dd2 ) +(C5.cd1 +C7.cd2 )y )e +((C6 dd3 +C8.dd4 )+( C6.cd3 +C8.cd 4) y )e
h λy −λ y
(4.97)

The displacements need to be bounded as y goes to infinity. This necessitates that C6 and C8
go to zero. Hence the solution can be written as
h λ y
f ( y ) = (C 5 + C 7 y) e (4.98)

g ( y) = (( C5 .dd 1 + C7 .dd 2 ) + ( C5 cd 1 + C7 .cd 2 ) y )e

h λ y
(4.99)
Substituting (4.99) into (4.83), we obtain
(κ −1) λ ((C5 +C7 y)λ +2C7 )−λ²(κ +1)(C5 +C7 y)−2iλ(λ (C5dd1+C7dd2 +y(C7cd2 +C5cd1))+C7 cd2 +C5cd1)=0 (4.100)

From the previous equation, we identify dd1 , dd2 , cd1 and cd2
iλ
dd 1 = (4.101)
λ

iκ
dd 2 = − (4.102)
λ
cd1 =0 (4.103)

iλ
cd 2 = (4.104)
λ

Substituting (4.101- 4.104) into (4.99), we obtain

33
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 λ κ λ  λ y
g ( y) = i  ( C5
h
− C7 ) + C7 y e (4.105)
 λ λ λ 

4-3- Uncracked medium

In this part the medium is supposed to be uncracked with steady-heat flux. So the temperature
is supposed equal to T1 , which was found in chapter 3(equations (3.19) and (3.20))
− δy
1− e
T1 ( x , y ) = y >0 (4.106)
δ
T1 ( x , y) = y y <0 (4.107)

4-3-1- FGM layer

From Navier’s equations (2.18-2.19) at the FGM layer, we have
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ − 1) 2 + 2 ∂ v + β (κ − 1) ∂u + β (κ − 1) ∂v = H 1 ( x , y )
∂ u ∂ u 1
(4.108)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u + β (3 − κ ) ∂u + β (κ + 1) ∂v = H 2 ( x , y )
∂ v ∂ v 1
(4.109)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y

Where

1 ∂T1
H 1 ( x, y ) = 4α 1 (4.110)
∂x
 ∂T 
H 2 ( x, y ) = 4α 1 ( β + γ )T1 + 1 
1
(4.111)
 ∂y 

Substituting equation (4.106) into (4.110) and (4.111), we may obtain

1
H 1 ( x, y ) = 0 (4.112)
1 γy ( γ −δ ) y
H 2 ( x, y ) = a 7 e + a 8 e (4.113)

Where
4α 2 ( β + γ )
a7 = (4.114)
δ
β +γ
a 8 = 4α 2 (1 − ) (4.115)
δ
Let’s now find the particular solution of (4.108) and (4.109). Assume that we have a solution
of the following form
p γy (γ − δ ) y
u1 ( x , y ) = F4 e + F5 e (4.116)

34
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p γy (γ − δ ) y
v1 ( x , y ) = D4 e + D5 e (4.117)

Substituting (4.116) and (4.117) into (4.108) and (4.109), we obtain

F4 = 0 (4.118)

a7
D4 = (4.119)
(κ + 1)γ ( β + γ )

F5 = 0 (4.120)

a8
D5 = (4.121)
(κ + 1)(γ − δ )( β + γ − δ )
Substituting (4.114) and (4.115) into the expression of D4 and D5 , we may obtain
4α 0
D4 = (4.122)
(κ + 1)δγ
4α 0
D5 = − (4.123)
(κ + 1)δ (γ − δ )

4-3-2- Homogeneous substrate

From Navier’s equations (2.18) and (2.19) at the homogeneous substrate, we deduce
2 2 2

(κ + 1) 2 + (κ − 1) 2 + 2 ∂ v = H 1 ( x, y)
∂ u ∂ u
1
(4.124)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
2 2 2

(κ − 1) 2 + (κ + 1) 2 + 2 ∂ u = H 2 ( x, y )
∂ v ∂ v
1
(4.125)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

Where
1 ∂T1
H 1 ( x , y) = 4α 2 (4.126)
∂x
1 ∂T1
H 2 ( x, y ) = 4α 2 (4.127)
∂y
Substituting equation (4.107) into (4.126) and (4.127), we may obtain
1
H1 (x, y) =0 (4.128)
1
H2 (x, y)=4α 2 (4.129)

Let’s now find a particular solution of (4.122) and (4.123). Assume that we have a solution of
the following form

35
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p
u1 (x, y)=0 (4.130)
p 2
v1 ( x , y) = D6 y (4.131)

Equation (4.124) is verified automatically. Substituting (4.130) and (4.131) into (4.125), we
obtain
2α 2
D6 = (4.132)
κ +1

4-4- Expression of displacements and stresses

4-4-1- FGM layer
By superimposing the two particular solutions found in uncracked and cracked medium and
the homogeneous solution, we obtain the displacements in the FGM layer as
+∞
 4 ξ (γ + n ) y ξ (γ + n ) y  − iλx
∫− ∞ ∑ C k e + 1 e 1 + 2 e 2 e dλ
mk y
u ( x, y ) = (4.133)
 k =1 D1 D2 

 +∞ 4 mk y ξ (γ + n1)y ξ (γ + n 2 )y  − i λ x
v(x, y)= ∫ ∑Ck cck e + 3 e
γy (γ − δ )y
+ 4e e dλ +D4 e + D5 e (4.134)
 −∞ k =1 D 1
D 2 
The stresses can be then written as
 +∞  4 (γ + n1 )y (γ + n 2 )y  − i λ x 
σ xy =µ1 ∫  ∑Ck qk e − E1e
mk y
− E2 e e dλ  (4.135)
 − ∞ k =1  

 +∞  4 (γ + n1)y (γ + n2 )y  − iλx (γ − δ )y 
 ∫  ∑Ck pk e − E3e
mk y γy
−E4e e dλ +(1+κ)γD4 e +( 1+κ)( γ −δ) D5 e 
µ1  − ∞ k =1  
σ yy =   (4.136)
κ −1
1−e
−δy +∞
n1
n1 y (n1 − n 2 )h + n2 y
A e dλ
−i λx 
 −4α1 δ −4α1 ∫ n  e −e  1 
 −∞ 2 
where

qk =(mk −iλcck ) k =1..4 (4.137)

pk =−i λ( 3−κ)+( 1+κ)cck mk ) k =1..4 (4.138)

−ξ1( γ + n1) +i λξ3

E1 = (4.139)
D1

−ξ 2 (γ +n2 ) +i λξ4
E2 = (4.140)
D2

iλ(3−κ)ξ1 −(1+κ)(γ +n1)ξ3  n 

E3 = +4α 2 A11− 1  (4.141)
D1  n2 

36
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

i λ( 3−κ)ξ2 −(1+κ)(γ +n2)ξ 4

E4 = (4.142)
D2

4-4-2- Homogeneous substrate

By superimposing the two particular solutions found in uncracked and cracked medium and
the homogeneous solution, we obtain the displacements in the homogeneous substrate as
+∞
 ξ  λ y −i λx
u(x, y)= ∫  (C5 +C7 y)+ 5 y e e dλ (4.143)
− ∞
D3 

+∞ 
  ξ 6  λ y −i λx
v(x, y)= ∫  C5 iλ +C7 iλ y − iκ + y² e e dλ +D6 y
2
(4.144)
λ λ 
−∞  λ  D3 
The stresses can be then written as

( )
+∞
σ xy =µ 2 ∫ C5 q5 +C7 (q5 y +q7 )+ E5 y+ E5 e e
' " λ y − iλx
dλ (4.145)
−∞

σ yy =
µ2 +∞
C p +(
κ −1−∫∞ 5 5 7 5
C ( p y + p 7
)+ E6
1
+ E6
2
y + E6
3
y² e e )
λ y −i λx
d λ + D6
'
y (4.146)

where
q5 =2λ (4.147)

p5 =2iλ(κ −1) (4.148)

q7 =1−κ (4.149)

p7 =(1−κ²)i λ (4.150)
λ

' λ ξ5 −i λξ6
E5 = (4.151)
D3

" 2 ξ5
E5 = (4.152)
D3

1 n1  (n1 −n 2 )h 
E6 =−4α 2 1−e A1 (4.153)
λ 

2 2ξ6
E6 = (4.154)
D3

3 λ (1+κ)ξ6 −iλ(3−κ) ξ5
E6 = (4.155)
D3

µ2
'
D6 =
κ −1
(2(1+κ)D6 −4α 2 ) (4.156)

37
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

4-5- Development of singular integral equations

4-5-1- Conditions at uncracked boundaries
Now we have to write the boundary condition at the uncracked boundaries. Using equations
(4.5-4.6), it may be seen that
+∞
 4 (γ + n1)h ( γ + n 2 )h  − i λ x

∫ ∑
mk h
 C q e − E e − E e e dλ =0 (4.157)
−∞  k =1 
k k 1 2

+∞
 4 (γ + n1 h (γ + n2 )h  −i λx

∫−∞ ∑
mk h γh
Ck pk e −E3e −E4e e dλ +( 1+κ)γD4 e
k =1 
(4.158)
γh (γ − δ)h
−4α 2 e −e
(γ − δ )h
+( 1+κ)( γ −δ) D5 e =0
δ
Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

∑C q e
4 mk h

k k
=G1 (4.159)
k =1

∑C
4 mk h '
k
pk e =G2 +G2 (4.160)
k =1

where
(γ +n1 )h (γ + n 2 )h
G1 = E1e + E2 e (4.161)

'   4α  γh  4α  (γ −δ )h 
G2 =  2 −(1+κ) γD4 e − 2 +(1+κ)(γ −δ)D5 e δ 0 (λ) (4.162)
 δ   δ  
(γ +n1 )h (γ + n 2 )h
G2 =E3e + E4 e (4.163)
+∞
with δ 0 (λ) = 1 ∫ e dt is Dirac function in zero
iλt

2π −∞

Using equations (4.3- 4.4), it may be seen that

+∞ +∞
 4  − iλ x
∫  ∑ C q − E − E e d λ = (
∫ 5 5 7 7 dλ
C q + C q )e
− iλx
(4.164)
−∞  k =1 
k k 1 2
−∞

+∞
 4 n A e− iλx dλ + (1+κ)γ D + (1+κ)(γ −δ )D =
Ck pk − E3 − E 4 − 4 α 2 1 1−e
(n − n )h
∫− ∞ ∑
1 2

k =1 n 2  1  4 5

(4.165)

∫ (C )
+∞
1 −i λx
5
p5 +C7 p 7 + E6 e dλ
−∞

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

∑C q −C q −C q =E
4

k k 5 5 7 7 5
(4.166)
k =1

38
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∑C
'
k
p k −C5 p5 −C7 p7 = E6 + E6 (4.167)
k =1

where
E5 =E1 + E2 (4.168)

1 n1  (n −n 2 ) h
 A
E6 = E3 + E4 + E6 + 4α 2 1 − e
1
(4.169)
n2   1

E 6 = − (1 + κ )(γD 4 + (γ − δ ) D5 )δ 0 (λ )
'
(4.170)

4-5-2- Density functions

We introduce the density functions

φ1 (x ) = [ ∂
∂x
+
] −
u ( x ,0 ) − u ( x,0 ) (4.171)

φ ( x) = [v ( x,0 ) − v ( x ,0 ) ]
∂ + −
(4.172)
2
∂x
From the boundary conditions (4.1) and (4.2), we have
φ1( x)=0 x ≥1 (4.173)

φ 2( x)=0 x ≥1 (4.174)

Substituting (4.133- 4.134) and (4.143- 4.144) into (4.171) and (4.172), we obtain
+∞
 4 ξ ξ  − iλx
φ1(x)= ∫ −iλ ∑Ck −C5 + 1 + 2 e dλ x <1 (4.175)
−∞  k =1 D1 D2 
+∞
 4 ξ ξ  − iλ x
φ 2( x)= ∫ −i λ ∑Ck cck − i λ C5 + iκ C7 + 3 + 4 e dλ x <1 (4.176)
−∞  k =1 λ λ D1 D2 

Taking now inverse Fourier transform, we obtain

∑C −C = F + F
4 '
k 5 1 1
(4.177)
k =1

∑C cc −C cc −C cc = F + F
4 '
k k 5 5 7 7 2 2
(4.178)
k =1

Where
+∞
F1 = i ∫ φ1( t)e dt
iλt
(4.179)
2πλ −∞

' ξ1 ξ 2 ξ5
F1 =− − + (4.180)
D1 D2 D3
+∞
F2 = i ∫ φ2 (t )e dt
iλ t
(4.181)
2πλ −∞

39
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

' ξ3 ξ 4 ξ6
F2 =− − + (4.182)
D1 D2 D3

cc5 = i λ (4.183)
λ

cc7 =− iκ (4.184)
λ
Equations (4.177-4.178), (4.166-4.167) and (4.159-4.160) can be written in a matrix form as
m
H C =Y (4.185)
where

G1 
 
G +G' 
 2 2
 
E5 
Y =  (4.186)
E +E ' 
 6 6
 ' 
F1 + F1 
 
F +F ' 
 2 2

 q em1h q2e
m 2h m3h
q3 e
m4h
q4 e 0 0 
 1 
 p em1h p2e
m 2h
p3 e
m3h
p4 e
m4h
0 0 
 1
 q −q7  m
H = 1
m q2 q3 q4 −q5
( )
 = hij 1 ≤i , j ≤ 6 (4.187)
 p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5 − p7 
 
 1 1 1 1 −1 0 
 
 cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5 −cc7 

C1 
 
C2 
 
C 
C = 
3
(4.188)
C4 
 
C5 
 
C7 

Now we have to find C5 and C7 functions

40
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

D53 ' D D ' D ' D ' D

C5 =G1 −( G2 +G2 ) 54 + E5 55 −( E6 + E6 ) 56 +(F1 + F1 ) 51 −(F2 + F2 ) 52 (4.189)
D D D D D D
D73 ' D D ' D ' D ' D
C7 =−G1 +( G2 +G2 ) 74 − E5 75 +(E6 + E6) 76 −(F1 +F1 ) 71 +(F2 + F2 ) 72 (4.190)
D D D D D D
where
m
D=det(H ) (4.191)
(D ) 5 k 1 ≤k ≤ 6
and (D )
7k 1 ≤k ≤6
are the determinant of a matrix 5x5. The expressions of these

determinants are given in appendix C.

4-5-3- Mixed boundary conditions
Now we have to find the integral equations verified by the density functions. For this reason
we use the last two boundary conditions (4.7-4.8) which are verified in the crack, we obtain
m
+∞

∫ (C q 5 + C7 (q 5 y + q7 ))e
λ y −i λx w1 ( x)
lim− e dλ = (4.192)
y→0
−∞
5
µ2

∫ (C )
m
+∞
(κ − 1) w 2 ( x )
p 5 + C 7 ( p5 y + p 7 ) + E 6 e
1 λ y − iλx
lim− e dλ = (4.193)
y→0
−∞
5
µ2

Substituting (4.189) and (4.190) into the previous expressions, we obtain

1 1

∫K
−1
11
( x, t )φ 1 (t ) dt + ∫ K 12 ( x, t )φ 2 ( t ) dt = p( x)
−1
x <1 (4.194)

1 1

∫K
−1
21
( x, t )φ 1 (t ) dt + ∫ K 22 ( x, t )φ 2 (t ) dt = q( x)
−1
x <1 (4.195)

where

 +∞ 
K11 ( x, t ) = lim −  ∫ (H 11 ( y , λ ) + yh11 ( y, λ ) )e
iλ (t − x )
dλ  (4.196)
y→0
 −∞ 

 +∞ 
K12 ( x, t ) = lim−  ∫ (H12 ( y , λ ) + yh12 ( y , λ ) )e
iλ ( t − x )
dλ  (4.197)
y →0
 −∞ 

 +∞ 
K 21 ( x, t ) = lim −  ∫ (H 21 ( y , λ ) + yh21 ( y, λ ) )e
iλ ( t− x )
dλ  (4.198)
y→0
 −∞ 

 +∞ 
K 22 ( x , t ) = lim−  ∫ (H 22 ( y, λ ) + yh22 ( y, λ ) )e
i λ (t − x )
dλ  (4.199)
y →0
 −∞ 

µ2
(
p( x) = 2π w1 (x)+ w1 (x)
m t
) x <1 (4.200)

41
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

q( x)=
2π( κ −1) m
µ2
t
(
w2 (x)+ w2( x) ) x <1 (4.201)

t t
w1 (x) and w2 (x) are thermal stresses, whose expressions are given by

( )
+∞
− iλx
w1 ( x)=µ 2 ∫ − E5 + β1 F1 + β2 F2 + β3G1 + β4 G2 + β5 E5 + β6 E6 e
t ' ' '
dλ +µ 2 ∆1( 0) (4.202)
−∞

t
w2 (x) =
µ2 +∞ 1
∫
κ −1 −∞
( ' '
)
−i λx µ
− E6 + β7 F1 + β8 F2 + β9 G1 + β10G2 + β11 E5 + β12 E6 e dλ + 2 ∆ 2( 0)
κ −1
(4.203)

where
−q5 D51 +q7 D71
β1 = (4.204)
D
q5 D52 −q7 D72
β2 = (4.205)
D
−q5 D53 + q7 D73
β3 = (4.206)
D
q5 D54 −q7 D74
β4 = (4.207)
D
−q5 D55 +q7 D75
β5 = (4.208)
D
q5 D56 −q7 D76
β6 = (4.209)
D
− p5 D51 + p7 D71
β7 = (4.210)
D
p5 D52 − p7 D72
β8 = (4.211)
D
− p5 D53 + p7 D73
β9 = (4.212)
D
p5 D54 − p7 D74
β10 = (4.213)
D
− p5 D55 + p7 D75
β11 = (4.214)
D
p5 D56 − p7 D76
β12 = (4.215)
D
  4α  γh  4α  (γ −δ)h 
∆1(λ)= β4   2 −(1+κ) γD4 e − 2 +( 1+κ)(γ −δ)D4 e  +β 6( 1+κ)(γD4 +(γ −δ)D5 ) (4.216)
 δ   δ  

42
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

  4α  γh  4α  (γ − δ )h 
∆ 2 (λ)= β10  2 −( 1+κ)γD4 e − 2 +(1+κ)(γ −δ)D4 e  +β12(1+κ)(γD4 +(γ −δ)D5 ) (4.217)
 δ   δ  
(H )
ij 1≤ i, j ≤ 2
are functions. They will provide Fredholm and Cauchy singularities whose

expressions are given by

 D D  λy
H11(y,λ)= i  q5 51 −q7 71 e (4.218)
λ D D 

 D D  λy
H12 (y,λ)= i  −q5 52 + q7 72 e (4.219)
λ D D 

 D D  λy
H21(y,λ)= i  p5 51 −+p7 71 e (4.220)
λ D D 

 D D  λy
H22 (y,λ)= i  − p5 52 + p7 72 e (4.221)
λ D D 

(h )
ij 1≤i , j ≤ 2
are functions whose expressions are given by

 D  λy
h11(y,λ)= i  −q5 71 e (4.222)
λ D 

 D  λy
h12 (y,λ) = i  −q5 72 e (4.223)
λ D 

 D  λy
h21(y,λ)= i  − p5 71 e (4.224)
λ D 

 D  λy
h22 (y,λ)= i  p5 72 e (4.225)
λ D 

It should be pointed out that the integrand in equations (4.196-4.199) are complex expressions
involving determinants of several 8 by 8 matrices the elements of which are also long
expressions of complex variables. But the boundedness of these integrands at λ=0, can be
seen by noting integrands vanish at λ=0. We also note that these integrands are continuous. It
then becomes clear that any singularities must come from the asymptotic behavior of the
integrands as λ approaches infinity.

Let us now try to separate the leading terms from equations (4.197-4.199). Separating the
infinite integral from -∞ to +∞ into two parts at 0 and making a change of variables for the
part from -∞ to 0 by inversing the sign of λ.

43
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 +∞ 
 ∫ ( Nij ( y, λ ) + ynij ( y, λ )) sin( λ ( t − x)) dλ + 
0 
K ij ( x , t ) = lim−   (4.226)
y → 0  +∞ 
 ∫ ( M ij ( y , λ ) + ymij ( y , λ )) cos( λ (t − x )) dλ 
0 
where
( )
M ij (y,λ)= Hij (y,λ)+ Hij (y,−λ) i, j =1,2 (4.227)

N (y,λ)=i(H (y,λ) −H ( y,−λ) )

ij ij ij
i, j =1,2 (4.228)

m (y,λ)=(h (y,λ)+ h (y,−λ) )

ij ij ij
i, j =1,2 (4.229)

n ( y,λ) =i(h (y,λ)−h (y,−λ))

ij ij ij
i, j =1,2 (4.230)

Let’s now analyze the parity of (H )ij 1≤ i, j ≤ 2

functions. For this reason, we have to analyze the

parity of D, D52 , D51 , D72 and D71 determinants.

We remark these relations :
m1( −λ) =m3 (λ) (4.231)

m2 (−λ)=m4 (λ) (4.232)

cc1(−λ) =−cc3( λ) (4.233)

cc2 (−λ) =−cc4( λ) (4.234)

q1(−λ)=q3(λ) (4.235)

q2 (−λ)=q4 (λ) (4.236)

p1(−λ)= −p3(λ) (4.237)

p2 (−λ) =−p4 (λ) (4.238)

cck (−λ)=−cck (λ) for k=5,7 (4.239)

pk (−λ)=−pk (λ) for k=5,7 (4.240)

qk (−λ) =qk ( λ) for k=5,7 (4.241)

D, D51 and D71 are then odd however D52 and D72 are even functions of λ. Thus H11 and H22
are odd functions and H12 and H21 are even functions. It can be seen easily then that for i=1,2,
we have
M ii ( y , λ ) = 0 (4.242)

N ii ( y , λ ) = 2iH ii ( y, λ ) (4.243)

44
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

M ij ( y , λ ) = 2 H ij ( y , λ ) j ≠i (4.244)

N ij ( y , λ ) = 0 j ≠i (4.245)

mii ( y , λ ) = 0 (4.246)

n ii ( y, λ ) = 2ihii ( y , λ ) (4.247)

mij ( y , λ ) = 2hij ( y, λ ) j ≠i (4.248)

n ij ( y, λ ) = 0 j ≠i (4.249)

Substituting (4.242-4.249) into equations (4.196-4.199), we obtain

 +∞ 
K ii ( x, t ) = lim−  ∫ (N ii ( y , λ ) + ynii ( y, λ ) )sin( λ (t − x )) dλ  i =1,2 (4.250)
y →0
0 

 +∞
( ) 
K ij ( x , t ) = lim−  ∫ M ij ( y, λ ) + ym ij ( y , λ ) cos( λ (t − x)) dλ  i , j = 1,2, i ≠ j (4.251)
y →0
0 
To eliminate the part containing y, we express the Taylor expansion at infinity of n11 , n22 , m12
and m21 . We obtain

 
n11(y,λ) e = 4λ +O 12 
−λy
(4.252)
1+κ  λ 
2
1) +O 1 
m12 (y,λ) e = 4λ + 4β 2 − 2β ( κ −
− λy
 2 (4.253)
1+κ (1+κ) 3
(1+κ) λ λ 
2 2
 
=− 4( κ −1) λ − 4β(κ −12 ) + 2β (κ −31) +O 12 
−λy
n22( y,λ)e (4.254)
1+κ (1+κ) ( 1+κ) λ λ 

− λy 4(κ −1)λ  1 
m21(y,λ)e = +O 2  (4.255)
1+κ λ 
Now using the inversion of the limit, we obtain
+∞ +∞
lim − ∫ y 4λ e sin( λ(t −x)) dλ
λy
lim − ∫ yn11( y,λ)sin( λ(t −x ))dλ = Alim (4.256)
y→ 0 A 1+κ
→+∞
y→0 0

+∞ +∞
4(κ −1) λ λy
lim − ∫ yn22(y,λ)sin( λ(t − x)) dλ =Alim lim− ∫ − y e sin( λ(t − x))dλ (4.257)
y→0 0
→ +∞
y →0 A
1+κ
+∞ +∞
lim− ∫ y 4λ e cos(λ(t −x)) dλ
λy
lim − ∫ ym12 (y,λ)cos( λ(t − x)) dλ = Alim (4.258)
y →0 A 1+κ
→ +∞
y→0 0

+∞ +∞
4(κ −1)λ λ y
lim − ∫ ym21(y,λ)cos(λ(t − x))dλ = Alim lim− ∫ y e cos( λ( t − x))dλ (4.259)
y→0 0
→+∞
y→ 0 A
1+κ

45
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Or we have
+∞
λy
lim − ∫ yλe sin( λ(t − x))dλ =0
y→0 A

+∞
λy
lim − ∫ yλe cos( λ( t − x))dλ =0
y→0 A

substituting the previous formulas in the (4.256-4.259), we can deduce by using the limit
inversion the following expressions
+∞
lim − ∫ yn11( y,λ)sin( λ(t − x))dλ =0 (4.260)
y→0 0

+∞
lim − ∫ yn22(y,λ)sin( λ( t − x))dλ =0 (4.261)
y→0 0

+∞
lim − ∫ ym12 (y,λ)cos( λ(t − x))dλ =0 (4.262)
y→0 0

+∞
lim − ∫ ym21(y,λ)cos( λ( t − x))dλ =0 (4.263)
y→0 0

Injecting expressions (4.260-4.263) into (4.250) and (4.251), we obtain

 +∞ 
Kii( x,t )= lim− ∫Nii (y,λ)sin( λ( t − x))dλ  i =1,2 (4.264)
y →0  0 

 +∞ 
K ij ( x , t ) = lim − ∫ M ij ( y , λ ) cos( λ (t − x )) dλ  i , j = 1,2, i ≠ j (4.265)
y →0
0 
In order to extract the singularity, we compute the asymptotic of N11 , N22 , M12 and M21
− λy β  
N11(y,λ)e = 4 + +O 1 
1+κ (1+κ)λ  λ2 
(4.266)

− λy β  
M12 (y,λ) e =− +O 12  (4.267)
( 1+κ)λ  λ 

− λy (κ −1)β  1 
M 21(y,λ)e = +O 2  (4.268)
(1+κ)λ λ 
3 2
 
= 4(κ −1) + β(κ +5κ 3−κ −5) +O 12 
− λy
N22 (y,λ)e (4.269)
1+κ (1+κ) λ λ 

In order to approximate the previous functions as λ goes to infinity, we take taylor expansion
at an order N big enough( in our case we choose N = 6)

46
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

ii
N ak
Nii (y,λ) =∑
∞ λy
k
e i =1,2 (4.270)
k=0 λ
ij
N bk
M ij ( y , λ ) = ∑
∞ λy
k
e i , j = 1,2, i ≠ j (4.271)
k =1 λ
In order to extract the singularities, we omit the first term and the second term of the odd
functions
ii
a ii
Bii(λ) =Nii (0,λ)−a0 − 1 (4.272)
λ
ii
N ak
Bii (λ) =∑
∞
k
(4.273)
k =2 λ
we can write the odd kernel (K 11 and K22 ) as
ii
+∞ +∞ +∞
ii λy a0 λy
Kii( x,t )= ∫ Bii(λ)sin( λ(t −x)) dλ + lim− ∫ a0 e sin( λ(t − x)) dλ + lim− ∫ e sin( λ( t − x))dλ (4.274)
0 y →0 0 y →0 0
λ
+∞

Now we have to compute the expression of ∫B ii

( λ ) sin( λ ( t − x)) dλ , we obtain
0

∫ (B )
+∞ A +∞
∞
∫B
0
ii
( λ ) sin( λ (t − x)) dλ = ∫ Bii (λ ) sin( λ ( t − x)) dλ +
0 A
ii
(λ ) − Bii (λ ) sin( λ (t − x)) dλ
(4.275)
+∞
∞
+ ∫ Bii (λ ) sin( λ (t − x )) dλ
A

Where A is as large as possible as we can assume that the asymptotic expansion is very closed
to the first expression.
or we have

∫ (B (λ)− B )
+∞
∞
ii ii
(λ) sin( λ( t − x))dλ ≈0 (4.276)
A

+∞ +∞
N
sin( λ(t − x))
∫ Bii (λ)sin( λ(t− x))dλ =∑ak
∞
∫
ii
k
dλ (4.277)
A k=2 A λ
To extract the singularity, we use the following expressions
+∞
λy
lim − ∫ e sin( λ( t − x))dλ = lim − t− x = 1 (4.278)
y→0 0 y →0 y²+(t − x)² t − x
+∞
sin( λ(t − x))
dλ =π sign (t − x)
λy
lim − ∫ e (4.279)
y→0 0
λ 2

Substituting the previous expressions into (4.274), we obtain

47
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

ii
a
Kii( x,t )= 0 + a1 π sign( t − x)+ kii( x,λ)
ii
(4.280)
t −x 2
Where
+∞
sin( λ( t − x))
A N
kii (x,t) =∫ Bii (λ)sin( λ(t − x)) dλ +∑ak ∫
ii
k
dλ (4.281)
0 k=2 0 λ
After extracting the singularity at odd functions, we should extract the singularity at even
functions. For this reason, we compute the asymptotic expansion of these functions
ij
N bk
M ij ( y , λ ) = ∑
∞ λy
k
e i ≠ j and i , j =1,2 (4.282)
k =1 λ
In order to extract the singularity, we omit the first term of the expansion
ij
b
Bij( λ) =M ij (0,λ) − 1 i ≠ j and i , j =1,2 (4.283)
λ

In order to approximate the previous functions as λ goes to infinity, we take taylor expansion
at an order N big enough( in our case we choose N = 6)

ij
N bk
Bij (λ)=∑
∞
k
(4.284)
k=2 λ
We can write the kernel for i ≠ j and i , j =1,2 as

∫ (B )
A +∞
∞
K ij ( x , t ) = ∫ M ij ( 0, λ ) cos( λ (t − x)) dλ + ij
(λ ) − Bij (λ ) cos(λ ( t − x)) dλ +
0 A
(4.285)
ii
+∞ +∞
b1 λy ∞
lim −
y→0
∫λA
e cos(λ ( t − x)) dλ + ∫B
A
ij
(λ ) cos( λ (t − x)) dλ

or we have for i ≠ j and i , j =1,2

∫ (B (λ)− B )
+∞
∞
ij ij
(λ) cos( λ(t − x)) dλ ≈0 (4.286)
A

+∞ +∞
N
cos( λ( t − x))
∫ Bij (λ)cos(λ(t −x))dλ =∑bk
∞
∫
ij
k
dλ (4.287)
A k=2 A λ
To extract the singularity, we use the following expression
+∞ +∞
λy cos( λ(t − x)) cos(λ(t −x))
lim − ∫ e dλ = ∫ dλ =−Ci( A( t − x)) (4.288)
y→0 0
λ 0
λ

so we obtain the logarithmic singularity of the kernel for i ≠ j and i , j =1,2

48
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
cos(λ(t − x))
A N
Kij (x,t )= ∫M ij (0,λ)cos( λ( t − x))dλ + ∑bk ∫
ij ij
k
dλ −b1 Ci(A(t − x)) (4.289)
0 k =2 0 λ

4-5-4- Integral equations

The singular integral equations can be written for x <1 as
1
φ 1 (t ) 1
π
∫ a0 dt + ∫ a1
11 11
sign (t − x )φ 1 (t ) dt +
−1
t−x −1
2
k 11
π (−1) a 2 k +1
N 1 1

∑ ∫ (2 k )! ∫ k11 ( x, t )φ1 (t )dt +

2k
(t − x ) sign ( t − x)φ1
( t ) dt + (4.290)
k =1 −1 2 −1

k 12
π (−1) b2 k
N 1 1

∑
2 k −1
∫
k =1 −1 2 ( 2 k − 1)!
(t − x) sign (t − x )φ 2
(t )dt + ∫ k12 ( x, t )φ 2 (t )dt = p( x)
−1

1
φ2 (t) 1
π
∫ a0 dt + ∫ a1
22 22
sign (t − x )φ 2 (t )dt +
−1
t −x −1
2
k 22
π ( −1) a 2 k +1
N 1 1

∑ ∫ (2 k )! ∫ k 22 ( x, t )φ 2 (t)dt +
2k
( t − x) sign (t − x )φ 2
(t )dt + (4.291)
k =1 −1 2 −1

k 21
π ( −1) b2 k
N 1 1

∑
2 k −1
∫
k =1 −1 2 ( 2k − 1)!
(t − x ) sign (t − x )φ1
(t ) dt + ∫ k 21 ( x, t )φ1 (t )dt = q (x )
−1

p and q are proportional to the normal and shear stresses that need to be applied across the
crack surface to close the gap in the elasticity problem and thermal problem. Fredholm kernel
of the singular integral equations can be expressed as
+∞
cos(λ(t − x))
A N
k12(x,t) =∫M 12( 0,λ)cos( λ(t − x)) dλ +∑b2 k +1 ∫
12
2k +1
dλ
0 k =2 A λ
(4.292)
 + ∞ cos( λ( t − x)) π sign (t − x) −b12Ci( A( t − x))
2 k −1
N k +1 (t − x)
∑ 
2 k ∫
12
b d λ + (− 1 )
λ
2k
(2k −1)! 2  1
k =1
0 

+∞
cos(λ(t − x))
A N
k 21( x,t )=∫ M 21(0,λ)cos( λ( t − x))dλ + ∑b2 k +1 ∫
21
2k +1
dλ
0 k =2 A λ
(4.293)
 +∞ cos(λ(t −x)) π sign (t −x) −b21Ci(A(t − x))
2 k −1
N k +1 (t − x)
∑ 
2k  ∫
21
b d λ + (− 1 )
λ
2k
(2 k −1)! 2  1
k =1
0 

49
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
sin( λ(t − x))
A N
k11( x,t )=∫ B11(λ)sin( λ( t − x))dλ +∑ a2 k ∫
11
2k
dλ +
0 k =1 A λ
(4.294)
11 
π sign ((t −x)) 
+∞ 2k
N
sin( λ(t − x)) k (t − x)
∑ 
a2 k +1 ∫
A 2 k +1
d λ + (− 1 )
(2k)! 2 
k =1
 λ 

+∞
sin( λ( t − x))
A N
k 22(x,t) =∫ B22(λ)sin( λ(t −x)) dλ +∑a2 k ∫
22
2k
dλ +
0 k =1 A λ
(4.295)
22 
π sign ((t −x)) 
+∞ 2k
N
sin( λ(t − x)) k (t − x)
∑ 
a2 k +1 ∫
A 2 k +1
d λ + (− 1 )
(2k)! 2 
k =1
 λ 
where

+∞ 2 n −1 j +1 2 (j − 1 )
cosλ(t −x) (t − x) π n
( −1) (t −x) (2n−2j )!
sign (t −x) =cos A(t − x)∑
n +1
∫A λ
2n
dλ +(−1)
(2n−1)! 2 j =1 ( 2n−1)!A
2 n − 2j +1
+

(4.296)
j 2 j −1 2 n −1
n −1
(−1) (t −x) (2n−2j −1)! (t − x)
sin A( t − x)∑
n +1
+(−1) Si(A(t − x))
j =1 (2n −1)!A
2n −2 j
(2n−1)!

+∞ 2 n −2
sin λ ( t − x) n +1 (t − x ) π
∫ λ
2 n −1
dλ + ( −1)
( 2n − 2)! 2
sign ( A(t − x)) = cos A(t − x)
A

j +1 2 ( j −1 ) j +1 2 ( j −1 )
n −1
(−1) (t − x ) ( 2n − 2 j − 2)! n −1
( −1) (t − x ) ( 2n − 2 j − 1)!
∑ 2 n − 2 j −1
+ sin A( t − x) ∑ 2 n− 2 j
+ (4.297)
j =1 ( 2n − 2)! A j =1 ( 2n − 2)! A
2 n −2
n +1 ( t − x)
( −1) Si ( A( t − x))
( 2n − 2)!

+∞ j +1 2(j −1 )
cosλ(t −x) n −1
(−1) ( t − x) ( 2n−2j −1)!
∫ 2n −1
dλ =cos A(t − x)∑ 2 n − 2j
+
A λ j =1 (2n−2)!A
(4.298)
j 2 j −1 2n− 2
n −1
(−1) (t − x) (2n −2j −2)! n (t − x)
sin A( t − x)∑ +( −1) Ci(A(t −x))
j =1 (2n−2)! A
2 n − 2j −1
(2n−2)!

50
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞ j +1 2 j −1
sin λ(t − x) n −1
(−1) (t − x) (2n −2j −1)!
∫ 2n
dλ =cos A( t − x)∑ 2n− 2j
+
A λ j =1 (2n−1)!A
(4.299)
j +1 2(j −1 ) 2n −1
n
(−1) ( t − x) ( 2n−2j)! (t − x)
sin A( t − x)∑
n
+(−1) Ci(A(t − x))
j =1 (2n−1)!A
2 n − 2 j +1
(2n −1)!

Where n is a positive integer. Here we have derived expressions for infinite integrals with a
definite lower limit of integration whose integrand involves cosine functions with even
algebraic decaying power functions as well as for similar integrals with integrands that have
sine functions and odd algebraic decaying power functions.
+∞
si( x)=− ∫ sin t dt (4.300)
x
t
+∞ x
Ci(x) =− ∫ cost dt =γ 0 +log x + ∫ cost −1 dt (4.301)
x
t 0
t

where γ 0 =0.57721566490 , is Euler’s constant.

4-6- Solution of singular integral equations

Each of the previous singular integral equations has a Cauchy kernel and two Fredholm
kernels. The two unknowns to be solved are the density functions which are the derivatives of
the difference of the two displacements components. In this part we will use the method of
collocation with the unknown functions represented by Chebyshev polynomials.

4-6-1- Nature of the stress singularity

Our problem now is to determine the weight function which can deal with the solution.

In working with the mixed boundary value problem, it is often advantageous to keep in mind
that the physical system has generally two types of quantities, namely, the potential and the
flux, type quantities. In potential theory the meaning of these concepts is unambiguous a
clear. They are, for example, identified by temperature, velocity potential, electrostatic
potential, mass concentration, or displacement(in anti-plane shear problems) as the potential
type quantities, and heat flux, velocity, electrostatic charge, mass rate of diffusion, or stress,
as the corresponding flux type quantities. Similarly, in solid mechanics one may classify the
displacements and the stresses(or strain ) as respectively the potential and the flux type
quantities. The physics of the problem requires that the potential be bounded and continuous
everywhere including the points of both geometric and flux singularity.

51
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

In considering the solution of a given mixed boundary value problem perhaps the simplest
technique is the direct application of the method of complex potentials provided the problem
admits such potentials and the domain and the boundary conditions are suitable for such an
application. In this case the problem is reduced to a Rieman-Hilbert problem for a sectionally
holomorphic function which may be solved in a straightforward manner. On the other hand if
one applied a more standard technique such as, the separation of variables, integral
transforms, or the method of Green’s function, the mixed boundary conditions invariably lead
to a formulation involving dual series equations, dual integral equations or singular integral
equations.
We express the fundamental function :
−1 / 2 +α 1 −1 / 2 +α 2
w( x) = (1 + x) (1 − x) , −1< x <1 (4.302)

where α1 and α 2 are integers and I = −(α1 + α 2 ) is known as the index of the integral
equation. The first step in the numerical procedure is the determination of the integers α1 and
α2 or the index of the problem. This is not possible without referring to the physics of the
problem.
In our problem, the leading edges of the stamp are sharp and a and b are known. Thus, since
the contact stress at these end points is known to be unbounded, it follows that α1 = 0 and
α 2 = −1 . So the weight function can be expressed as
1
w( x) = (4.303)
1 − x²

4-6-2- Collocation method

Let us express our unknown functions in the singular integral equation in terms of Chebyshev
polynomial of first kind Tj (x)
Φ1(x)
φ1(x)= (4.304)
1− x²
Φ2 (x)
φ 2( x)= (4.305)
1− x²
where
∞
Φ1(x) =∑akTk (x) (4.306)
k =1

∞
Φ 2 (x) =∑bkTk (x) (4.307)
k =1

52
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Tj(x) is defined as follows

T j (x) =cos( jarcos( x)) (4.308)

Injecting the expression of these new continuous unknown functions into the singular integral
equations, we may obtain a linear equation of the coefficients of the Chebyshev polynomial of
first kind. Now using the collocation method at the roots of these polynomials, we obtain a
linear system of theses coefficients.

4-7- Computation of stress intensity factors

The stress intensity factors at both crack tips can be estimated from the expressions of the
stress field as follows

k 1 (1) = lim 2( x − 1)σ yy ( x,0 ) (4.309)

x →1

k 1 ( −1) = lim 2(− x − 1)σ yy ( x,0 ) (4.310)

x → −1

k 2 (1) = lim 2(x − 1)σ xy ( x,0 ) (4.311)

x→ 1

k 2 (−1) = lim 2(− x − 1)σ xy ( x,0 ) (4.312)

x → −1

From the integral equations, we may obtain the expression of shear and normal stresses away
from the crack as

2µ2 1  1 φ (t ) dt + k ( x , t )φ (t ) dt  ∀ x > 1
1

π (1 + κ ) −∫1  t − x 11 ∫ 12
σ xy ( x ,0) =   + k ( x, t )   (4.313)

1 2
−1 

2µ 2 1 1 φ (t ) dt + k ( x, t )φ (t ) dt  ∀ x > 1
1

π (1 + κ )  −∫1 t − x ∫ 21
σ yy ( x,0) =   + k ( x, t )   (4.314)

22 2 1
−1 
Substituting the expression of stresses at stress intensity factors expressions, we have
2µ2 +∞

(1 + κ ) ∑
k 1 (1) = − bk (4.315)
k =1

2µ 2 +∞

(1 + κ ) ∑
k
k 1 ( −1) = ( −1) bk (4.316)
k =1

2µ 2 +∞

(1 + κ ) ∑
k 2 (1) = − ak (4.317)
k =1

53
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

2µ 2 +∞

(1 + κ ) ∑
k
k 2 (−1) = (−1) ak (4.318)
k =1

Conclusion
Using the Fourier transform, we have written two singular integral equations verified by the
mechanical dislocation functions. The collocation method transforms these two singular
integral equations to a linear system of equations. The unknowns of this system are the
coefficients of Chebyshev polynomial of first kind. The determination of these coefficients
leads to the determination of the density functions, displacements, stresses and stress
intensity factors.

54
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 5
CONTACT PROBLEM

In order to solve the coupled problem contact-fracture, we have solved the fracture problem.
In this chapter, we will consider only the contact problem.
We consider the problem of a flat rigid punch of length 2b in contact with an elastic half
space (y<0) under the assumptions of no slip and plane strain conditions(Fig5.1). The flat
rigid punch is subject to two concentrated forces P and Q.

P Flat rigid punch

h
x

Fig5.1: Elastic half space with a flat rigid punch

The primary unknowns of this problem are the displacements u and v along the x and y-axes.
These equations are subject to the following mechanical boundary conditions:

5-1- Boundary conditions

The first boundary condition is the displacement along the surface of the contact − b ≤ x ≤ b

55
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∂u '
lim − (x , y ) = u x (5.1)
y→0 ∂x
∂v '
lim − ( x, y) = v x (5.2)
y→0 ∂x
Away from the contact the surface of the FGM layer is unloaded x < −b or x>b

σ xy ( x, h ) = 0 (5.3)

σ yy ( x, h) = 0 (5.4)

The distribution of the load in the surface of the contact − b ≤ x ≤ b

σ xy ( x , h) = −q( x) (5.5)

σ yy ( x, h) = − p( x) (5.6)

The final boundary or the subsidiary conditions can be written as

b

∫ q (x )dx = Q (5.7)
−b

∫ p (x )dx = P (5.8)
−b

Continuity of the stresses and displacements at the interface FGM-Homogeneous substrate

+ −
σ xy ( x ,0 ) = σ xy ( x,0 ) (5.9)
+ −
σ yy ( x,0 ) = σ yy ( x,0 ) (5.10)
+ −
u ( x,0 ) = u ( x,0 ) (5.11)
+ −
v ( x,0 ) = v ( x ,0 ) (5.12)

5-2- Expression of displacements and stresses

5-2-1- FGM layer
The displacements are the solution of the Navier’s equations without second member. we
obtain the displacements in the FGM layer as
+∞ 4

∫∑C e
mk y − iλ x
u ( x, y ) = k
e dλ (5.13)
− ∞ k =1

+∞ 4

∫ ∑ C cc e
mk y − iλx
v ( x, y ) = k k
e dλ (5.14)
− ∞ k =1

The stresses can be then written as

56
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞ 4

σ xy = µ 1 ∫ ∑ Ck qk e
mk y −i λx
e dλ (5.15)
− ∞ k =1

µ1 +∞ 4

∑C
− iλx

κ −1 ∫
mk y
σ yy = p e
k k
e dλ (5.16)
− ∞ k =1

5-2-2- Homogeneous substrate

The displacements are the solution of the Navier’s equations without second member. we
obtain the displacements in the homogeneous substrate as
+∞

∫ (C + C7 y )e
λ y −i λx
u ( x, y ) = 5
e dλ (5.17)
−∞

+∞  iλ  iλ iκ   λ y − iλx
C  e e dλ
v ( x, y ) = ∫− ∞ 5 λ 7  λ y − λ
+ C  (5.18)
 
The stresses can be then written as
+∞

∫ (C q + C7 (q 5 y + q 7 ))e
λ y − iλx
σ xy = µ 2 5 5
e dλ (5.19)
−∞

µ2 +∞

(C p5 + C7 ( p5 y + p 7 ))e
λ y − iλx

κ −1 ∫
σ yy = 5
e dλ (5.20)
−∞

5-3- Development of singular integral equations

5-3-1- Continuity of stresses and displacements
Now we may express the continuity of stresses. Using (5.9) and (5.10), it may imply
+∞ 4 +∞

∫ ∑ C k qk e ∫ (C q + C7 q 7 )e
−i λx − iλx
dλ = 5 5
dλ (5.21)
−∞ k =1 −∞

+∞ 4 +∞

∫ ∑ Ck p k e ∫ (C p 5 + C 7 p 7 )e
−i λx − iλx
dλ = 5
dλ (5.22)
− ∞ k =1 −∞

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

4

∑C k
q k − C5 q 5 − C7 q7 = 0 (5.23)
k =1

∑C
k =1
k
pk − C 5 p5 − C 7 p7 = 0 (5.24)

Now we may express the continuity of displacements. Using (5.11) and (5.12), it may imply
+∞
 4  −i λx
∫−∞ ∑
k =1
Ck − C5 e dλ = 0

(5.25)

57
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
 4 iλ iκ  −i λx
 ∑
∫−∞ k =1 k k λ 5 λ 7 e dλ = 0
C cc − C + C (5.26)
 
Taking now inverse Fourier transform, we obtain
4

∑C k
− C5 = 0 (5.27)
k =1

∑ C cc k k
− C5 cc5 − C 7 cc7 = 0 (5.28)
k =1

5-3-2- Mixed boundary conditions

Now we have to formulate the mixed boundary condition. From equations (5.3-5.6), we may
deduce that
4

∑C
mk h
qe
k k
= Z1 ' (5.29)
k =1

∑C
mk h '
k
pk e = Z2 (5.30)
k =1

where
b
1 isλ
Z '1 = −
2πµ 2 e
βh ∫ q(s )e ds (5.31)
−b

κ −1 b
is λ
∫ p(s )e
'
Z2 = − βh
ds (5.32)
2πµ 2 e −b

Equations (5.23-5.24) and (5.27-5.30) can be written in a matrix form as

m contact
H C =Y (5.33)
where

Z ' 
 1
 '
Z2 
 
 
= 0 
contact
Y (5.34)
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 

Now we have to find (C k )1≤ k ≤ 4 functions

58
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 ' Dk 3 ' D 
Ck = (− 1)
k +1
 Z1 − Z 2 k 4  (5.35)
 D D 

(D )
kn 1≤ k ≤ 4 , n =3 , 4
are the determinants of a matrix 5x5. The expressions of these determinants are

given in appendix D.
The displacements can then written as
+∞ 4
 ' Dk 3 ' D  m k y − iλx
∫ ∑ (− 1)
k +1
u ( x, y ) =  Z 1 − Z 2 k 4 e e dλ (5.36)
− ∞ k =1  D D 
+∞ 4
 ' Dk 3 ' D 
∫ ∑ (− 1)
k +1 m k y −i λx
v ( x, y ) =  Z 1 − Z 2 k 4 cc k e e dλ (5.37)
− ∞ k =1  D D 

In order to apply the final boundary condition, we look for the variation of displacements
along the axis of the contact

k  m k y −i λx
+∞ 4
∂u ' D ' D
( x, y ) = ∫ ∑ i λ (− 1)  Z1 k 3 − Z 2 k 4 e e dλ (5.38)
∂x −∞ k =1  D D 

k 
+∞ 4
∂v ' D ' D
( x , y ) = ∫ ∑ iλ (− 1)  Z 1 k 3 − Z 2 k 4  cck e e dλ
m k y − iλx
(5.39)
∂x − ∞ k =1  D D 

Applying (5.1) and (5.2), we obtain two singular integral equations

b c
( 
lim −  ∫ K11 ( x, s) p ( s ) + K12 ( x, s) q ( s) ds  = u x
c '
) (5.40)
y→0
 −b 

b c
( 
lim −  ∫ K 21 ( x, s) p ( s) + K 22 ( x, s ) q( s ) ds  = v x
c '
) (5.41)
y→0
 −b 
where
+∞ 4
Dk 3
∫ ∑ iλ (− 1)
c 1 k +1 mk y iλ ( s− x )
K11 ( x, s ) = βh
e e dλ (5.42)
2πµ 2 e − ∞ k =1
D

+∞ 4
κ −1 Dk 4
∫ ∑ iλ (− 1)
c mk y iλ ( s− x )
K12 ( x , s ) = dλ
k
βh
e e (5.43)
2πµ 2 e −∞ k =1
D

+∞ 4
Dk 3
∫ ∑ iλcc (− 1)
c 1 k +1 mk y iλ ( s− x )
K 21 ( x, s ) = βh k
e e dλ (5.44)
2πµ 2 e −∞ k =1
D

+∞ 4
κ −1 Dk 4
∫ ∑ iλcc (− 1)
c mk y i λ ( s − x)
K 22 ( x , s) = dλ
k
βh k
e e (5.45)
2πµ 2 e −∞ k =1
D

c
We can write K ij function in the following form 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2

59
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞
iλ ( s − x )
∫ H ij ( y, λ )e
c c
K ij ( x, s ) = dλ (5.46)
−∞

where
4 Dk 3 mk y
∑ iλ (− 1)
c 1 k +1
H11 ( y, λ ) = βh
e (5.47)
2πµ 2 e k =1 D

κ −1 4 Dk 4 mk y
∑ iλ (− 1)
c
H12 ( x, s ) = k
βh
e (5.48)
2πµ 2 e k =1 D

4 Dk 3 mk y
∑ iλcc (− 1)
c 1 k +1
H 21 ( x, s ) = βh k
e (5.49)
2πµ 2 e k =1 D

κ −1 4 Dk 4 mk y
∑ iλcc (− 1)
c
H 22 ( x, s ) = k
βh k
e (5.50)
2πµ 2 e k =1 D

Let us now try to separate the leading terms from equations (5.40) and (5.41). Separating the
infinite integral from -∞ to +∞ into two parts at 0 and making a change of variables for the
part from -∞ to 0 by inverting the sign of λ
+∞ +∞

∫ N ij ( y , λ ) sin (λ (x − x))dλ + ∫ M ij ( y, λ ) cos(λ ( x − x))dλ

c c c
K ij ( x, y ) = (5.51)
0 0

where
c
( c
)
M ij ( y, λ ) = H ij ( y, λ ) + H ij ( y ,−λ )
c
i, j =1,2 (5.52)

N ( y, λ ) = i (H ( y, λ ) − H ( y ,−λ ) )
c c c
ij ij ij
i, j =1,2 (5.53)

Let’s now analyze the parity of (H )

c
ij 1≤i , j ≤ 2
functions. For this reason, we have to analyze the

parity of (Dkn )1≤ k ≤ 4 , n =3 , 4 determinants.

We note these relations

m1( −λ) =m3 (λ) (5.54)

m2 (−λ)=m4 (λ) (5.55)

cc1(−λ) =−cc3( λ) (5.56)

cc2 (−λ) =−cc4( λ) (5.57)

q1(−λ)=q3(λ) (5.58)

q2 (−λ)=q4 (λ) (5.59)

60
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p1(−λ)= −p3(λ) (5.60)

p2 (−λ) =−p4 (λ) (5.61)

cck (−λ)=−cck (λ) for k=5,7 (5.62)

pk (−λ)=−pk (λ) for k=5,7 (5.63)

qk (−λ) =qk ( λ) for k=5,7 (5.64)

It can be seen easily then that for i=1,2, we have

c
M ii ( y , λ ) = 0 (5.65)
c c
N ii ( y, λ ) = 2iH ii ( y , λ ) (5.66)
c c
M ij ( y, λ ) = 2 H ij ( y, λ ) j ≠i (5.67)
c
N ij ( y, λ ) = 0 j ≠i (5.68)

Injecting expressions (5.65-5.68) into (4.250) and (5.51), we obtain

 +∞ c 
K ii ( x, t ) = lim − ∫ N ii ( y , λ ) sin( λ (t − x )) dλ 
c
i =1,2 (5.69)
y →0
0 

 +∞ c 
K ij ( x, t ) = lim −  ∫ M ij ( y, λ ) cos( λ (t − x)) dλ 
c
i , j = 1,2, i ≠ j (5.70)
y→0
0 
In order to extract the singularities, we compute the asymptotic expansion of N11 , N22 , M12
and M21
 1 1 + κ 1 (1 + κ )β  1  − λ y
N11 ( y, λ ) =  − + O 2  e
c
− (5.71)
 4 µπ
 8 µπλ  λ  

 1 1 + κ 1 (5 + κ )β  1  − λ y
N 22 ( y , λ ) =  − + O 2  e
c
− (5.72)
 4 µπ 8 µπλ 
  λ 

 1 κ − 1 1 (1 + κ )β  1  − λ
M 12 ( y , λ ) = −  e
c y
+ + O 2 (5.73)
 4 µπ 8 µπλ 
 λ 

 1 κ − 1 1 (1 + κ )β  1  − λ
M 21 ( y, λ ) =  + O 2  e
c y
+ (5.74)
 4 µπ 8 µπλ 
  λ 
If we assume that b = 1, the resulting singular integral equation with unknowns being the
contact stresses are finally given by

B 1 1  4 µπ '
1

∫ + k11 ( x , t )  p( t ) dt − iAq ( x ) + ∫ k12 ( x, t ) q( t ) dt = −

c c
 u (5.75)
π −1  t − x  −1 1+κ x

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

B 1 1  4 µπ '
1

iAp ( x ) − ∫ k 21 ( x, t ) p (t ) dt +
π −∫1  t − x
c c
 + k ( x , t )  q ( t ) dt = − v (5.76)
−1
22
 1+κ x
where
κ −1
A = iπ (5.77)
1+κ
B =π (5.78)
c
k ij ( x , t ) are the Fredholm kernel for the contact problem. In these singular integral equations,

we have three types of singularities which are : cauchy singularity, logarithmic singularity and
potential singularity.

5-4- Solution of singular integral equations

Each of the previous singular integral equations has a Cauchy kernel, potential kernel and
two Fredholm kernels. The two unknowns to be solved are the contact stresses. In this part we
will use the method of collocation with the unknown functions represented by Jacobi
polynomial.
5-4-1- Nature of the stress singularity
Noting that Fredholm kernels are regular functions, we can practically assume that the choice
of the weighting function is not affected by these kernels. Therefore, for the sake of obtaining
a weight function, we can omit the Fredholm kernels and combine both SIEs. For this reason,
these previous two singular integral equations can be written as

B 1 f (s)
Af ( x ) + ∫ ds = h( x ) −1 < x < 1 (5.79)
π −1 s − x
where
f = p + iq (5.80)
4πµ ' '
h (x ) = (v x ( x) − i u x ( x )) (5.81)
1+κ
This singular integral equation is the same if we have the half homogeneous space
(AppendixE).
In order to look for the weight function, we define

1 1 f (s)
F ( z) = ∫ ds (5.82)
π −1 s − z
F(z) is holomorphic in the upper half-plan S-.

62
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Noting that, if z ∈S − and z → s + i 0+ then z ∈S + and z → s + i0− , taking the boundary values,
we obtain according the Plemej formulas, we may reduce the integral equation to the
following Riemann-Hilbert problem for the sectionally holomorphic function F(z) :
+ A − iB − 2ih( x)
F ( x) − F ( x) = (5.83)
A + iB A + iB
Considering the corresponding homogeneous equation
+ A − iB −
X (x ) − X ( x) = 0 (5.84)
A + iB
We may obtain the fundamental solution X(z) and the fundamental function w(x) as
α β
X ( z ) = ( z − 1) ( z + 1) (5.85)
α β
w( x) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1) (5.86)
where
A − iB 
log 
1
α= + N (5.87)
2πi  A + iB 
A − iB 
log 
1
β =− +M (5.88)
2πi  A + iB 
Where N and M are arbitrary integers. We have then
+ −
 F ( x)   F ( x )  2ih ( x)
  −   = +
, −1 < x < 1 (5.89)
 X (x )   X (x )  ( A + iB ) X ( x )
The solution of which is
1
F (z) 1 f (s)
=
x (z) π ∫ ( A + iB )(s − z ) X
−1
+
(s)
ds + C (5.90)

where C is an arbitrary constant. The solution of the problem may be expressed as

B w( x ) 1 h ( s) ds A
f (x ) = − ∫
A² + B ² π −1 ( s − x ) w( s )
+ C0 w( x ) +
A² + B²
h( x ) (5.91)

where the constant C0 is given by the following expression

πi α
BCe
C0 = − (5.92)
A − iB
The index of the integral equation is again defined by
I = −(α + β ) = −( N + M ) (5.93)
The first step in the numerical procedure is the determination of the integers N and M or the
index of the problem. This is not possible without referring to the physics of the problem.

63
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The second stage is the determination of α and β , we have these expressions

A
cot g (πβ ) = (5.94)
B
A
cot g (πα ) = − (5.95)
B
We obtain then

ar cot g   + N
1 A
α =− (5.96)
π B

ar cot g   + M
1 A
β= (5.97)
π B
In our problem, the leading edges of the stamp are sharp and the extremities are known. Thus,
since the contact stress at these end points is known to be unbounded, it follows that N = 0
and M = −1 . So the weight function can be expressed as
log(κ )
1 1− s 
i
2π
w( s ) =   (5.98)
1 − s²  1 + s 
5-4-2- Collocation method
Observing that w(s) is the weight of Jacobi polynomials, we may express the solution as
p ( s ) = P( s) w( s ) (5.99)
q ( s ) = Q( s) w( s ) (5.100)
P(s) and Q(s) are expressed as some of the orthogonal polynomials associated to the weight
function w(s). Or the associated orthogonal polynomial of w(s) are the Jacobi polynomial
(α , β )
Pn ( s ) . It can be seen easily that we write P(s) and Q(s) as
+∞
P( s ) = ∑ c n Pn
(α , β )
(s) (5.101)
n =0

+∞
Q(s ) = ∑ d n Pn(α , β ) (s) (5.102)
n =0

Where c n and d n are the unknowns of the problem. We consider now the following property

of Jacobi polynomial

Γ(α )Γ(1 − α ) − I ( −α , − β )
1
1 (α , β ) α β ds
π ∫P
−1
n
( s )(1 − s ) (1 + s )
s− x
=−
π
2 Pn − I (s) (5.103)

Using the collocation method at these points

64
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 (2 k − 1) π 
x k = cos   k = 1,..., m (5.104)
 m
and injecting the expression of the stresses in the singular integral equations, we obtain a
linear system of equations
c c c
H X =L (5.105)
where
 h1 ( x1 ) h2 ( x1 ) ... ... hm ( x1 ) 
 
 h1 ( x 2 ) h2 ( x2 ) ... ... ... 
 
H =  ... ... 
c
... ... ... (5.106)
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
h ( x ) ... ... ... hm ( x m )
 1 m

l ( x1 ) 
 
l ( x2 ) 
 
L = ... 
c
(5.107)
 
... 
 
l ( x )
 m 
The coefficients of the matrix and the vector are given by these two functions. Injecting the
expression of the unknown function, we obtain
Γ(α ) Γ(1 − α ) ( −α , − β ) (α , β )
hk ( x ) = − Pk −1 − icPk ( x) (5.108)
2π

( ' '
)
l ( x) = d u y ( x) − i u x ( x ) + ic
( P + iQ ) w( x )
π
(5.109)

In this final stage we have used the final boundary condition which is the subsidiary
condition.

Conclusion
In order to identify the contact stresses, we use, as we do in the fracture problem, the Fourier
transform. This transformation leads to two singular integral equations verified by the contact
stresses. The weight function of these two unknowns are the Jacobi polynomials. Using the
collocation method we transform our problem in a linear system. Th unknowns are now the
coefficients of the Jacobi polynomials.

65
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 6
COUPLED PROBLEM : FRACTURE AND CONTACT

In this chapter we suppose that we have both a contact and a fracture problem. For this reason
we suppose that we have flat rigid punch between x=c and d and a crack at the interface FGM
and homogeneous substrate(Fig6.1). As we supposed at the beginning, we have FGM layer
and homogeneous substrate.

Flat rigid punch

−∞< y<h P y

Q0 : Steady-state Heat Flux

Q (Applied Heating Source)

FGM c d
h
−∞<x<+∞
layer
-a a x

Homogeneous Partially
substrate insulated crack

Q0 : Heat Flux

Fig6.1: Coupled problem : fracture and contact

In order to solve this problem, we may at first omit heat flux and the crack then we evaluate
the equivalent stresses generated by the contact at the location of the crack. For this reason,
we solve the so-called Flamant problem for each type of loading : normal and shear loading.

66
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

y y

P
Q

h h
x x

Fig6.2: Flamant problem for each case : normal and shear loading

6-1- Flamant problem

6-1-1- Boundary conditions
6-1-1-1- Case of normal loading
The homogeneous boundary conditions are given on the free surface and the interface. On the
interface stresses and displacements are continuous.
• The loading at the upper face of the FGM layer y = h

σ xy ( x, o − ) = 0 (6.1)

σ yy ( x, o − ) = δ 0 ( x ) P (6.2)

• Continuity of stresses and displacements at the interface : y = 0

+ −
u(x,o )=u(x,o ) (6.3)
+ −
v(x,o )=v(x,o ) (6.4)
+ −
σ xy (x,o )=σ xy(x ,o ) (6.5)
+ −
σ yy (x,o )=σ yy (x,o ) (6.6)

• Regularity condition: stresses vanish at infinity

lim σ xy = 0 (6.7)
y → −∞

lim σ yy = 0 (6.8)
y → −∞

67
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

6-1-1-2- Case of shear loading

The homogeneous boundary conditions are given on the free surface and the interface. On the
interface, stresses and displacements are continuous.
• The loading at the upper face of the FGM layer y = h
−
σ xy ( x, o ) = δ 0 ( x) Q (6.9)
−
σ yy ( x, o ) = 0 (6.10)

• Continuity of stresses and displacements at the interface : y = 0

+ −
u(x,o )=u(x,o ) (6.11)
+ −
v(x,o )=v(x,o ) (6.12)
+ −
σ xy (x,o )=σ xy(x ,o ) (6.13)
+ −
σ yy (x,o )=σ yy (x,o ) (6.14)

• Regularity condition: stresses vanish at infinity

lim σ xy = 0 (6.15)
y → −∞

lim σ yy = 0 (6.16)
y → −∞

6-1-2- Expression of displacements and stresses

6-1-2-1- FGM Layer
the homogeneous solution, we obtain the displacements in the nonhomogeneous part as
+∞ 4

∫∑C e
mk y − iλ x
u ( x, y ) = k
e dλ (6.17)
− ∞ k =1

+∞ 4

∫ ∑ C cc e
mk y − iλx
v ( x, y ) = k k
e dλ (6.18)
− ∞ k =1

The stresses can be then written as

 +∞ 4 
= µ  ∫ ∑ Ck qk e e dλ 
m k y −i λx
σ xy (6.19)
 − ∞ k =1 

µ  +∞ 4 
 ∫ ∑ C k p k e k e dλ 
m y −i λx
σ yy = (6.20)

κ − 1  −∞ k =1 


µ  +∞ 4 
 ∫ ∑ C k rk e k e dλ 
m y −i λx
σ xx = (6.21)
κ − 1  −∞ k =1 


68
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

where
q k = ( mk − iλcc k ) k = 1,..,4 (6.22)

p k = −i λ (3 − κ ) + (1 + κ )cc k mk k = 1,..,4 (6.23)

rk = −iλ (1 + κ ) + (3 − κ )cc k mk k = 1,..,4 (6.24)

6-1-2-2- Homogeneous substrate

we obtain the displacements in the homogeneous medium as
+∞
λ y −i λx
u ( x, y ) = ∫ (C5 + C7 y )e
−∞
e dλ (6.25)

+∞  iλ  iλ iκ   λ y − iλx
C  e e dλ
v ( x, y ) = ∫− ∞ 5 λ 7  λ y − λ
+ C  (6.26)
 
The stresses can be then written as
+∞

∫ (C q + C7 (q 5 y + q 7 ))e
λ y − iλx
σ xy = µ 2 5 5
e dλ (6.27)
−∞

µ2 +∞

(C p5 + C7 ( p5 y + p 7 ))e
λ y − iλx

κ −1 ∫
σ yy = 5
e dλ (6.28)
−∞

 +∞ 
σ xx = µ 2  ∫ (C5 r5 + C7 ( r5 y + r7 ) )e e dλ 
λ y − ixλ
(6.29)
 −∞ 
where
q5 = 2 λ (6.30)

p5 =2iλ(κ −1) (6.31)

r5 = −2iλ (6.32)

q7 =1−κ (6.33)

p7 =(1−κ²)i λ (6.34)
λ

iλ
r7 = −(3 − κ ) (6.35)
λ

6-1-3- Flamant Problem solution

6-1-3-1- Case of normal loading
Now we have to write boundary condition. Using equations (6.1-6.2), it may be seen that

69
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 +∞ 4 
µ 2 e  ∫ ∑ C k q k e e dλ  = 0
βh m k h − iλx
(6.36)
 −∞ k =1 
βh
µ 2e  +∞ 4 
 ∫ ∑ Ck p k e k e dλ  = δ 0 ( x ) P
m h −i λx
(6.37)

κ − 1  − ∞ k =1 

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain
4

∑C
mk h

k
qk e =0 (6.38)
k =1

4
κ − 1 − βh
∑C
mk h
p e = e P (6.39)
k =1
k k
2πµ 2
Using equations (6.5- 6.6), it may be seen that
+∞ +∞
 4  −i λx
∫−∞ ∑ Ck q k e dλ = ∫ (C 5 q 5 + C 7 q7 )e dλ
−i λx
(6.40)
k =1  −∞

+∞ +∞
 4  − iλx
∫− ∞ ∑ C k p k e dλ = ∫ (C 5 p 5 + C 7 p 7 )e d λ
−i λx
(6.41)
k =1  −∞

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

4

∑C k
q k − C5 q 5 − C7 q7 = 0 (6.42)
k =1

∑C
k =1
k
pk − C 5 p5 − C 7 p7 = 0 (6.43)

Substituting (6.17- 6.18) and (6.25- 6.26) into (6.3) and (6.4), we obtain
+∞
 4  −i λx
∫−∞ ∑
k =1
Ck − C5 e dλ = 0

(6.44)

+∞
 4 iλ iκ  −i λx
∫−∞ ∑ Ck cc k − C5 + C 7 e dλ = 0
λ λ
(6.45)
 k =1 
Taking now inverse Fourier transform, we obtain
4

∑C k
− C5 = 0 (6.46)
k =1

∑ C cc k k
− C5 cc5 − C 7 cc7 = 0 (6.47)
k =1

cc5 = i λ (6.48)
λ

cc7 =− iκ (6.49)
λ

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Equations (6.38-6.39), (6.42-6.43) and (6.46-6.47) can be written in a matrix form as

m P P
H C =Y (6.50)
where

0 
 
 (κ − 1)e − βh 
 P
 2πµ 0 
 
= 0 
P
Y (6.51)
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
− βh
(κ − 1)e D54
C5 = − P (6.52)
2πµ 2 D
− βh
(κ − 1) e D74
C7 = P (6.53)
2πµ 2 D

We deduce finally the stresses distribution as

− βh
(κ − 1)e +∞
 D  λ y − iλx
P ∫  − 54 q5 + 74 (q 5 y + q7 )e e dλ
D
σ xy = (6.54)
2π − ∞
D D 
− βh
+∞
 D  λ y − iλx
P ∫  − 54 p5 + 74 ( p 5 y + p7 )e e dλ
e D
σ yy = (6.55)
2π − ∞ D D 
− βh
(κ − 1) e  +∞ D D  λ y − ixλ 
σ xx = P ∫  − 54 r5 + 74 ( r5 y + r7 ) e e dλ  (6.56)
2π  −∞ D D  

6-1-3-2- Case of shear loading

Now we have to write boundary condition of the shear loading case. Using equations (6.9)
and (6.10), it may be seen that

 +∞ 4 
µ 2 e  ∫ ∑ C k q k e e dλ  = δ 0 ( x )Q
βh m k h − iλx
(6.57)
 −∞ k =1 
βh
µ 2e  +∞ 4 
 ∫ ∑ Ck pk e k e dλ  = 0
m h −i λx
(6.58)

κ − 1  − ∞ k =1 

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

71
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∑C
mk h 1 − βh
qk e = e Q (6.59)
k =1
k
2πµ 0
4

∑C
mk h

k
pk e =0 (6.60)
k =1

Using equations (6.13) and (6.14), it may be seen that

+∞ +∞
 4  −i λx
 ∑
∫−∞ k =1 k k 
C q e d λ = (
∫−∞ 5 5 7 7 dλ
C q + C q )
e
−i λx
(6.61)

+∞ +∞
 4  − iλx
∫− ∞ ∑ C k p k e dλ = ∫ (C 5 p 5 + C 7 p 7 )e d λ
−i λx
(6.62)
k =1  −∞

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

4

∑C k
q k − C5 q 5 − C7 q7 = 0 (6.63)
k =1

∑C
k =1
k
pk − C 5 p 5 − C 7 p7 = 0 (6.64)

Substituting (6.17- 6.18) and (6.25- 6.26) into (6.11) and (6.12), we obtain
+∞
 4  −i λx
∫−∞ ∑
k =1
Ck − C5 e dλ = 0

(6.65)

+∞
 4 iλ iκ  −i λx
 ∑
∫−∞ k =1 k k λ 5 λ 7 e dλ = 0
C cc − C + C (6.66)
 
Taking now inverse Fourier transform, we obtain
4

∑C k
− C5 = 0 (6.67)
k =1

∑ C cc k k
− C5 cc5 − C 7 cc7 = 0 (6.68)
k =1

Equations (6.59-6.60), (6.63-6.64) and (6.67-6.68) can be written in a matrix form as

m Q Q
H C =Y (6.69)
where

72
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 e − βh 
 Q
 2πµ 2 
 
0 
 
= 0 
Q
Y (6.70)
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
− βh
e D53
C5 = Q (6.71)
2πµ 2 D
− βh
e D73
C7 = − Q (6.72)
2πµ 2 D

Finally the stresses at the homogeneous substrate are given by

−βh+∞
D  λ y − iλx
Q ∫  53 q 5 − 73 (q5 y + q7 )e e dλ
e D
σ xy = (6.73)
2π −∞ D D 
− βh
+∞
D  λ y −i λx
Q ∫  53 p5 − 73 ( p5 y + p 7 )e e dλ
e D
σ yy = (6.74)
2π (κ − 1) −∞ D D 
− βh
+∞
D  λ y −i λx
Q ∫  53 r5 − 73 (r5 y + r7 )e e dλ
e D
σ xx = (6.75)
2π −∞ D D 

6-1-4- Distributed load

6-1-4-1- One distributed load
In our problem we consider the case of flat rigid punch. So the load is distributed. In this part
we suppose that we have one distributed load between c and d.

73
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

p(x)

q(x)

c d
h
x

Fig6.3: One distributed load of Flamant problem

The aim of this part is to find the equivalent pressure at the surface of the crack. So we have
to find out the stresses at the surface where the crack will appear (y = 0 and -a < x < a).
Using the expression of the stresses at both cases when we have punctual normal and shear
loading, we can deduce the following stresses expressions

 d +∞  D D  
(κ − 1) − 54 q 5 + 74 q 7  p( s )e
−i λ ( x + s )

− βh
 ∫ ∫  D D 
dλds +
e  c −∞ 
σ xy = d +∞  (6.76)
2π   D D73  − iλ ( x + s ) 
 ∫ ∫  D q 5 − D q7 q ( s) e dλds
53

 c −∞  
 d +∞ D54 D  −i λ ( x + s ) 
− βh
 ∫ ∫  − p 5 + 74 p 7  p ( s )e dλds + 
e  c − ∞ D D  
σ yy =  d +∞  (6.77)
2π  1  D53 D73  − iλ ( x + s ) 
 ∫ ∫ κ − 1  D p5 − D p7 q ( s )e dλds 
 c −∞   

74
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

 d +∞  D54 D  
 (κ − 1) −
−i λ ( x + s )

− βh ∫ ∫
r5 + 74 r7  p( s )e dλds +
e  c −∞  D D  
σ xx =  d +∞  (6.78)
2π   D D  − λ + 
∫ ∫  − D r5 + D r7  q( s )e
i ( x s )
53 73
dλds 
 c −∞  

6-1-4-2- Two distributed loads

In this part we suppose that we have one distributed load between (c1 and d1 ) and (c2 and d2 ).

p1 (x) p2 (x)
q2 (x)

c1 d1 c2 d2
h
x

Fig6.4: Two distributed loads of Flamant problem

The aim of this part is to find the equivalent pressure at the surface of the crack. So we have
to find out the stresses at the surface where the crack will appear (y = 0 and -a < x < a).
Using the expression of the stresses at both case when we have punctual normal and shear
loading, we can deduce the following stresses expressions

75
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

  d1 + ∞  
  (κ − 1) − D54 q + D74 q  p ( s) e − iλ ( x + s ) dλds +  
  c∫ −∫∞  D 5
 D 7  1  
 1
+
  d1 + ∞  
   D53 q − D73 q q ( s ) e −i λ ( x + s ) dλds  
∫ ∫  D 5 7 1
 
e   c1 − ∞ 
− βh D

σ xy =   (6.79)
2π   d 2 + ∞  
 D54 D74 
  ∫ ∫ (κ − 1) −
−i λ ( x + s )
q5 + q 7  p 2 ( s )e dλds +  
  c 2 −∞  D D   
  
  d 2 + ∞ D D  − λ +
 
 ∫ ∫
  
i ( x s )
53
q − 73
q7  q 2 ( s) e dλds  
  c −∞ D 5 D   
 2

  d1 + ∞  D D74   
 − iλ ( x + s)

  ∫c −∫∞  D 5 D 7  1
 − 54
p + p  p ( s) e d λ ds + 
 
 1
 + 
  d1 + ∞ 
 1  D53 D73 
dλds  
− iλ ( x + s )


− βh 
∫ ∫ 
κ − 1 D
p5 −
D
p7 q1 ( s )e
  
e   c1 − ∞
σ yy =
2π   d 2 + ∞  (6.80)
 D54 D74  − iλ ( x + s )  
  ∫ ∫  − p5 + p  p ( s )e dλds +  
  c2 − ∞  D D 7  2  
  
 d 2 +∞ 1  D D  − iλ ( x + s)
 
 ∫ ∫  53 p5 − 73 p7 q2 ( s ) e dλds  
  c −∞ κ −1 D D   
 2

  d1 + ∞  D54 D74   
 ( )
− iλ ( x + s )

  c∫ −∫∞
κ − 1  − r +
 D 5 D 7 1 r  p ( s )e d λds + 
   
 1
 + 
  d1 + ∞ 
  D53 D73 
 
− iλ ( x + s )


− βh 
∫ ∫ 
 − r + r q
7 1
( s )e d λ ds
 
e   c1 − ∞ 
5
D D 
σ xx =
2π   d 2 + ∞  (6.81)
 D D   
  ∫ ∫ (κ − 1) − 54 r5 + 74 r7  p2 ( s ) e
− iλ ( x + s)
dλds +  
 c2 −∞  D D   
  
  d2 + ∞  D D  − iλ ( x + s)
 
  ∫ ∫  − 53 r5 + 73 r7  q2 ( s ) e dλds  
 c −∞  D D   
 2

6-2- Singular integral equations

In this part we have 4 unknowns which are the density functions and the stresses at the surface
of the contact. We have equations that belong to the contact problem, which are

76
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

B 1 1  4 µπ '
1

π −∫1  t − x 11 ∫−1 12
c c
 + k ( x , t )  p ( t ) dt − iAq ( x ) + k ( x, t ) q ( t ) dt = − u (6.82)
 1+κ x

B 1 1  4 µπ '
1

iAp ( x ) − ∫ k 21 ( x, t ) p (t ) dt +
π −∫1  t − x
c c
 + k ( x , t )  q ( t ) dt = − v (6.83)
−1
22
 1+κ x

The two other singular equations belong to the fracture problem which can written as

a  a11  a
 0 + k ( x, t ) φ (t )dt + k ( x, t )φ (t )dt +
∫  t − x 11  1 ∫ 12 2
−a
  −a
(6.84)
2π t
d d

∫k 13
( x, t ) p( t ) dt + ∫ k14 ( x , t )q (t )dt = w (x )
µ2 1
c c

a  a 22a 
 0 + k ( x, t ) φ ( t ) dt +
∫ 21
k ( x, t )φ1
(t ) dt + ∫  t − x 22  2
−a −a
  (6.85)
2π (κ − 1) t
d d

∫ k 23 ( x, t ) p(t )dt + ∫ k 24 (x, t)q(t)dt = µ2

w2 ( x)
c c

where

(κ − 1)e
− βh + ∞
 D54 D  − iλ ( x +t )
k 13 (x , t ) =
µ2 ∫ 
D
q5 − 74 q7 e
D 
dλ (6.86)
−∞

− βh +∞
e  D53 D  −i λ ( x + t )
k 14 ( x, t ) =
µ2 ∫  −
−∞
D
q 5 + 73 q 7 e
D 
dλ (6.87)

− βh +∞
(κ − 1)e  D54 D  − iλ ( x +t )
k 23 ( x , t ) =
µ2 ∫ 
D
p 5 − 74 p7 e
D 
dλ (6.88)
−∞

− βh +∞
e  D53 D  − iλ ( x +t )
k 24 ( x, t ) =
µ2 ∫  −
D
p 5 + 73 p7 e
D 
dλ (6.89)
−∞

We have to solve 4 singular integral equations (6.82), (6.83), (6.84) and (6.85) with 4
unknowns. For this reason, we have to find the weight functions associated to the density
functions and to the stresses at the contact. We can suppose that both fracture and contact
problems are uncoupled. So we can deduce that the weight function of the density functions is
1
w( s ) = (6.90)
1 − s²

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The weight function associated with the contact problem is

log(κ )
 1− s 
i
c 1 2π
w (s) =   (6.91)
1 − s² 1 + s 

Conclusion
In this part, we have considered a number of benchmark two-dimensional crack problems
involving coupled fracture-contact problems of ceramic-metal functionally graded materials,
with a metallic substrate, under both thermal and mechanical loading. Using the same
technique we have obtained four singular integral equations. We have two associated weight
functions characterizing the singularity nature.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 7
NUMERICAL APPROACH : FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In this study the embedded interface crack problem between an FGM layer and homogeneous
substrate under shear and normal stresses is considered. Modes I and II stress intensity
factors are calculated for various FGM thickness and inhomogeneity parameters. The main
variables in the problem are the inhomogeneity parameter of the FGM coating and the layer
thickness. The finite element method is used to solve the problem. The material property
grading is accounted by developing special inhomogeneous elements and the stress intensity
factors are calculated by using enriched crack tip elements. For this reason, a finite element
program FRAC2D developed at Lehigh University [61, 62]is used.

7-1- Finite element method

7-1-1- Discretization technique
The numerical approach consists of using the finite element method to solve the thermal and
the mechanical problems. The discretization technique used in the finite element model
requires a variational formulation of both problems which are briefly described in this section.

It may be easily shown that the heat differential equation and the boundary conditions in the
heat transfer problem can be satisfied by minimizing the following functional
1
∫ 2 kT T dΩ − ∫ Q TdΓ
t
Π = ,i ,i o
(7.1)
Ω ΓQ

where j = 1 refers to FGM layer and j = 2 refers to the homogeneous substrate. k1 and k2 are,
respectively, the conductivity at the FGM medium and the homogeneous substrate. T is the
temperature, Q0 is the heat flux, Ω is the domain under consideration, ΓQ is the boundary of
the domain where the normal component of the heat flow is applied. The standard notation
( ) , i = ∂ / ∂xi ( ) and repeated indices refer to summation.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Minimizing the above equation gives the following expression

δΠ t = ∫ kT, i δT, i dΩ + ∫ Qo δTdΓ = 0 (7.2)

Ω ΓQ

Using Green’s theorem and after rearranging the terms, we obtain the following equation:

t
( )
δΠ = −∫ kT, i δT, i dΩ +
,i ∫ (kT ,n
)
+ Qo δTdΓQ = 0 (7.3)
Ω ΓQ

where n is the outward normal to ΓQ.

The temperature field T is written in terms of the element nodal temperatures {Te } and from it

compute the required temperature gradients {T∂ }

T = [N ] {Te } (7.4)

{T∂ } = [B] {Te } (7.5)

where [N] is a set of interpolation functions and [B] = {∂} [ N ] .

The discretization is achieved by inserting equation (7.3) into (7.2) to yield the following
discretized form for the thermal problem

[K ]{T }= {R }
t
g g
(7.6)

where K t = [ ] ∫ [B ] [κ ][B ]dΩ

T
is the global conductivity matrix, {Tg} is the global nodal
Ω

temperature vector, {RQ } = − ∫ [ N ] Q0 dΓ is the global nodal heat flux vector, and [κ ] is a
T

ΓQ

diagonal matrix containing the thermal conductivity k in each of its diagonal terms.

A similar formulation for the mechanical problem yields the following discretized form

80
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

[K ]{U } = {F }
m
g g
(7.7)

[ ] ∫ [B] [D][B ]dΩ

where K m =
T
is the global stiffness matrix, {Ug} and {Fg} are respectively
Ω

the global nodal displacement and force vector, and [D] is the material elasticity matrix.

The program FRAC2D used at Lehigh University by [36] and [37] uses the above
formulation. To evaluate the global conductivity and stiffness matrices, FRAC2D uses a
Gaussian quadrature integration technique with the matrices [κ ] and [D] specified at each
Gaussian integration point. To handle severe material nonhomogeneities, the 12 node
quadrilateral isoprametric elements with a cubic interpolation function and with a 4 by 4
quadrature seem to give satisfactory results [36], [37].

7-1-2- Enriched elements

The stress intensity factors are calculated by using enriched crack tip elements. For this reason
the integration order for enriched elements is specified also the transition elements.
A significant difference between enriched and conventional finite element formulations is that
enriched elements do not automatically satisfy inter-element compatibility conditions between
the crack tip elements and the surrounding regular elements.
Another important difference between enriched and regular elements is that enriched elements
require higher order integration, since the “embedded” analytic solution contains a strain
singularity at the crack tip. In addition, this integration is best performed in polar coordinates
instead of the usual Cartesian coordinates. Special integration techniques were incorporated
into a finite element program (FRAC2D), to generate the numerical results.

7-2- Problem definition

A homogeneous substrate is coated by an FGM layer of thickness h. We consider two types of

loads. The first is a normal pressure at the surface of the crack(Fig7.1). And the second is a
shear stress at the surface of the crack(Fig7.2).

y
81
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig7. 1: Crack problem geometry : normal stress

Crack surface
tractions

FGM
h
layer
-a a

Homogeneous H
Partially
substrate
insulated crack
x −∞<x<+∞
Fig7.2 : Crack problem geometry : shear stress

The stress state for this configuration is mixed mode, characterized by stress intensity factors,
k1 and k2 . The homogeneous substrate is modeled as a layer of thickness H as large as
possible.

The functionally graded coating and the homogeneous substrate lie to the positive y-axis. The
partially insulated crack of length 2a is located at the center of the medium and oriented along
the x-axis. The material gradient is directed along the y-direction. For this graded medium, the
Poisson’s ratio ν is assumed to be a constant because the effect of its variation on the crack-
tip stress intensity factors was shown to be negligible and the remaining thermo-mechanical
properties depend on the y-coordinate only and are modeled as follows
k 1 = k 2 exp (δ ( y − H ) ) (7.9)

µ1 = µ 2 exp ( β ( y − H ) ) (7.10)

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

α 1 = α 2 exp (γ ( y − H ) ) (7.11)

In equations (7.8-7.10), k 1 , µ1 and α1 are, respectively, the heat conductivity, the shear
modulus and the thermal expansion coefficient. k2 , µ2 and α 2 correspond to the values of k, µ
and α on the homogeneous part.

7-3- Boundary conditions and Mesh generation

7-3-1- Boundary conditions
When the load is normal, the semi-infinite plane can be supposed as a quarter plane. The
problem is equivalent to an edge crack problem as shown in the following figure.

Fig7.3 : Geometry and Boundary conditions definition for the normal load

When the load is tangential, we loose the symmetry. So we can transform our problem into
the following problem(Fig7.4).

83
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig7. 4: Geometry and Boundary conditions definition for the shear load

7-3-2- Mesh generation

To generate the mesh, we may specify the different mesh control parameters for each edge.
For this reason, we select a refined mesh at the edges near the crack.
The minimum selected element angle and the maximum element angle should be near 45°.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig7. 5: Mesh generation for the shear load

Fig7.6 : Mesh generation for the normal load

We may also select the mesh refinement at the crack type points. For this reason an enriched
element must be used as in the following figure.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig7.7 : Mesh refinement near the crack

Conclusion
In this part, we have pointed out a numerical method to solve the fracture problem for
functionally graded material. The problem here is that the FRAC2D doesn’t consider the heat
flux as a boundary condition.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CHAPTER 8
NUMERICAL RESULTS

This chapter provides numerical solutions for various crack configuration and loading
conditions. The loading can be divided into two main classes : mechanical loading and
thermal loading. In the mechanical loadings, two types of loading are considered. First
loading is a normal pressure loading at the surface of the crack. Second mechanical loading is
a shear pressure. In the thermal loading we consider only the case of steady-heat flux.
The results of interest are the temperature distribution at the crack, the thermal stresses and
the stress intensity factors at the crack tips. The stress intensity factors show the propensity
for the crack to grow. The thermal stresses provide information whether the temperature has a
big or a small effect on the opening of the crack.

8-1- Analytical results interpretation

Typical results for the problem considered are shown in Fig8.3 to Fig8.22. Fig8.3 to Fig8.22
illustrate the temperature distribution along the crack axis (y=0+ and y=0-) for different crack
insulation factors. Fig8.6 and Fig8.7 illustrate the temperature distribution along the crack
axis (y=0+ and y=0-) for various values of the nonhomogeneity parameter δ. The horizontal
axis represents, the crack axis normalized with respect to half the crack length a (ie, the crack
is located in the interval [-1,1]). As expected, the temperature jump across the crack becomes
more pronounced as the crack surfaces become more insulated (Fig8.2-Fig8.5). This jump
increases for increasing values of the nonhomogeneity parameter δ (Fig8.6 and Fig8.7). This
result is different from [43] where it was assumed for the same medium that the heat flux is
applied from within the crack and concluded that the temperature jump decreases with
increasing values of the nonhomogeneity parameter δ.

For the FGM medium, the temperature distribution is not symmetric with respect to the x-
axis. This asymmetry can be explained by noting that the crack being partially insulated is
playing the role of a heat barrier in addition to the fact that the heating source is located in the

87
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

upper half of the medium. The temperature distribution was obtained in closed-form for the
infinite homogeneous medium and was plotted in Fig8.2 to Fig8.7 in order to compare with
the FGM medium. In case of Homogeneous medium the expression of the temperature is
given by

( ) = y + (1 − k ) a² − x²
T x,0
+ *
x ≤a (8.1)

T (x,0 ) = y
+
x ≥a (8.2)

T (x,0 ) = y − (1 − k ) a ² − x²
− *
x ≤a (8.3)

T (x,0 ) = y
−
x ≥a (8.4)

The distribution of the equivalent thermal tangential and normal crack surface stresses are
plotted respectively in Fig8.8 to Fig8.11 for fixed values of δ and γ and different values of
β and in Fig8.12 to Fig8.15 for fixed values of β and δ and different values of γ. To our
knowledge, the distribution of these crack surface stresses were not plotted in any of the
previous studies. Closed-form expressions of these stresses were derived for the case of the
homogeneous medium in order to provide a basis of comparison with the FGM medium. In
case of Homogeneous medium the expression of thermal stresses is given by
T 2 * a²
w1 ( x) = − α 2 µ 2 (1 − k ) x ≥a (8.5)
π x + x² − a²
T 2 *
w1 ( x) = − α 2 µ 2 (1 − k ) x x ≤a (8.6)
π
T
w2 ( x) = 0 (8.7)

Fig8.8 to Fig8.15 indicate that the distribution of the tangential crack surface stress is linear
and the distribution of the normal stress is zero for the case of the homogeneous medium. It is
also clear from these figures that the distribution of the crack surface stresses is rather
sensitive to the choice of the nonhomogeneity parameter β.

The effect of the parameter β on the opening and sliding mode stress intensity factors is
shown respectively in Fig8.17 Fig8.20 for a fixed value of δ and different values of γ. Fig8.17
and Fig8.19 indicate that the mode I stress intensity factor is relatively sensitive to the choice
of the nonhomogeneity parameter β. When the load is normal and FGM layer is supposed to

88
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

be homogeneous medium the stress intensity factors are given by

k1( a) = 0 (8.8)

k1 ( −a) = 0 (8.9)

k 2 (a ) = − a (8.10)

k 2 (− a ) = − a (8.11)

The mode I stress intensity factor under normal and shear loadings exhibits a downward trend
as the nonhomogeneity constant β increases from negative to positive. Large β on the
negative side means the crack is closer to the free surface.

The mode II stress intensity factor was almost insensitive to this parameter β. When the load
is tangential and FGM layer is supposed to be a homogeneous medium, the stress intensity
factors are given by

k 1 (a ) = − a (8.12)

k1 (− a) = − a (8.13)

k2 ( a) = 0 (8.14)

k 2 ( −a) = 0 (8.15)

The mode I stress intensity factor under normal and shear loadings exhibits a downward trend
as the nonhomogeneity constant β increases from negative to positive. Large β on the
negative side means the crack is closer to the free surface.

We know that when β <0, the homogeneous material is stiffer than the nonhomogeneous
material. Whereas the reverse is true when β >0. We can envision the change of sign in shear
stress as β goes from negative to positive as if the geometry of the problem has been rotated
180 degrees. Because what used to be stiffer when β <0 is softer when β >0, the sign of the
shear stresses at x = -a when β <0, which is positive, is exactly what it should be at x = a
when β > 0.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

But as thickness of the layer gets thinner, the tendency of this mode II stress intensity factor
under normal stress to change sign as β goes from negative to positive because of the relative
material stiffness. As result the tendency to change sign is less as h becomes thinner.

8-2- Crack contact algorithm

Fig8.19 shows that when the crack is subject to shear loading, negative values of the mode I
stress intensity factors can be obtained, which is physically meaningless. The negative value
of k1 indicates that the crack surfaces may be in contact. To avoid this problem, a crack
contact algorithm similar to the one developed by [58] is utilized.
The main question here is : What happens when k1 at a given crack tip becomes negative ?
- The crack faces become in contact over a certain part of the crack length. To
model this, we suppose that: ψ 1 ( x ) ≠ 0 ∀ x ∈ [− 1,1] and ψ 2 ( x ) ≠ 0 ∀ x ∈ [c, d ]

(Fig8.1) ;
- Iterate until the crack interval goes from [-1, 1] to [c, d]. Stop when k1 at the new
crack tip equals zero.

Crack
c d
-1 1

bL = ? bR = ?
Fig8.1 : Crack closure

The singular integral equations (4.300) and (4.301) to be solved become

[ ]
+1
 1  2π M
∫−1  t − x 11  1  ∫c [k12 (x , t )ψ 2 (t)]dt = a11 ω1 ( x) + ω1 (x )
ψ
d
T
+ k ( x, t ) (t ) dt + (8.16)
0

[
2π (κ − 1) M
]
+1
 1 
∫ [k ]
d

∫c  t − x + k 22 ( x, t ) ψ 2 (t) dt = a 22 ω 2 (x ) + ω 2 ( x)
T
21
( x, t )ψ 1
( t ) dt + (8.17)
−1
0

8-3- Numerical results

In order to validate the stress intensity factors values obtained by the analytical method, we
have used a numerical method which described in chapter 7. The stress intensity factors are

90
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

calculated for different value of the nonhomogeneity parameters and for two types of
geometry : FGM semi-infinite medium (thickness h=20a) and FGM layer (thickness h=2a)
bonded to a homogeneous half-space. These results are shown in (Tab8.1-Tab8.4). We remark
that the numerical results are very close to the analytical results.

91
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

k* = 0
1.5

Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

k* = 0.25

1 k* = 0.50

k* = 0.75

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.2 : Effect of varying crack insulation factor on crack surface temperatures

for δ = -10-3 and h =100a

2
k* = 0
1.5
k* = 0.25
Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

k* = 0.50
1
k* = 0.75

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.3 : Effect of varying crack insulation factor on crack surface temperatures

for δ = -10-3 and h =2a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

2
k* = 0
1.5 k* = 0.25

Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

k* = 0.50
1
k* = 0.75
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.4 : Effect of varying crack insulation factor on crack surface temperatures

for δ = -1 and h =100a

2
k* = 0

1.5 k* = 0.25
Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

k* = 0.50
1
k* = 0.75

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.5 : Effect of varying crack insulation factor on crack surface temperatures

for δ = -1 and h =2a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

3
δ = -3
δ = -2
2 δ = -1

Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

δ= 1
δ= 2 δ = -0.001

1 δ= 3

-1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.6 : Effect of varying heat conductivity nonhomogeneity parameter δ

on crack surface temperatures for the case of the fully insulated crack
and for h = 100a

3
δ = -3
δ = -2
2 δ= 1 δ = -1
Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0-)

δ= 2 δ = -0.001

1 δ= 3

-1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.7 : Effect of varying heat conductivity nonhomogeneity parameter δ

on crack surface temperatures for the case of the fully insulated crack
and for h = 2a

94
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

0.3

0.2
β = -3

0.1

Shear stress β = -2

-0.1
β = -1

-0.2
β = -0.001

-0.3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.8 : Effect of varying shear modulus nonhomogeneity parameter β on

equivalent shear thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, γ =-1 , ν = 0.3)
(δ
h = 100a

0.03
β = -3

0.02 β = -2
β = -1

0.01 β = -0.001
Normal stress

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.9 : Effect of varying shear modulus nonhomogeneity parameter β on

equivalent normal thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, γ =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 100a)
(δ

95
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

0.3

0.2
β = -3

0.1
Shear stress
β = -2
0

-0.1 β = -1

-0.2
β = -0.001

-0.3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.10 : Effect of varying shear modulus nonhomogeneity parameter β on

equivalent shear thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, γ =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 2a)
(δ

0.02

β = -3
β = -2
0.01
Normal stress

0 β = -1

-0.01

β = -0.001
-0.02

-0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.11 : Effect of varying shear modulus nonhomogeneity parameter β on

equivalent normal thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, γ =-1, ν = 0.3 , h = 2a)
(δ

96
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

0.3

0.2 γ = -3

0.1
Shear stress

γ = -2
0

-0.1
γ = -1

-0.2
γ = -0.001

-0.3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.12 : Effect of varying thermal expansion nonhomogeneity parameter γ on

equivalent shear thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, β =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 100a)
(δ

0.01
γ = -3
0.005
γ = -2

0 γ = -1
Normal stress

-0.005
γ = -0.001

-0.01

-0.015

-0.02

-0.025

-0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.13 : Effect of varying thermal expansion nonhomogeneity parameter γ on

equivalent normal thermal crack surface stresses

97
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

(γγ =-1, β =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 100a)

0.3

0.2 γ = -3

0.1
Shear stress

γ = -2

-0.1

γ = -1
-0.2
γ = -0.001

-0.3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.14 : Effect of varying thermal expansion nonhomogeneity parameter γ on

equivalent shear thermal crack surface stresses
δ =-1, β =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 2a)
(δ

0.01
γ = -3
0.005 γ = -2
γ = -1
0 γ = -0.001
Normal stress

-0.005

-0.01

-0.015

-0.02

-0.025

-0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

98
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8.15 : Effect of varying thermal expansion nonhomogeneity parameter γ on

equivalent normal thermal crack surface stresses
(γγ =-1, β =-1 , ν = 0.3 , h = 2a)

Stress intensity factors 2

1.5 Mode I

0.5

Mode II
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ν : Poisson's ratio

Fig8.16 :Effect of varying Poisson’s ratio on mode modes I and II stress intensity factors.
δ =-1, β =-1, γ =-1)
(δ

Loading : σ yy ( x,0 ) = −σ 0 and σ xy (x ,0) = 0 , x ≤ a

2.5
Mode I Stress Intensity Factor (k ( a ) = k (-a))
1

h=a
1

2 h = 2a
h = 100a

1.5

0.5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Nonhomogeneity parameter (β a)

99
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8.17 : Effect of material nonhomogeneity and thickness on the mode I stress intensity factor
δ =-1, γ =-1. ν = 0.3)
(δ

Loading : σ yy ( x,0 ) = −σ 0 and σ xy (x ,0) = 0 , x ≤ a

Mode II Stress Intensity Factor (k (a)=-k (-a))

0.2
2

0
2

-0.2

-0.4

h = a
-0.6 h = 2a
h = 100a

-0.8

-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Nonhomogeneity parameter (β a)

Fig8.18 : Effect of material nonhomogeneity and thickness on the mode II stress intensity factor
δ =-1, γ =-1. ν = 0.3)
(δ

Loading : σ yy ( x,0 ) = −σ 0 and σ xy (x ,0) = 0 , x ≤ a

100
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Mode I Stress Intensity Factor (k (a)=-k (-a))

0.4

1
0.3 h=a
h = 2a

1
h = 100a

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Nonhomogeneity parameter (β a)

Fig8.19 : Effect of material nonhomogeneity and thickness on the mode I stress intensity factor
δ =-1, γ =-1. ν = 0.3)
(δ

Loading : σ yy ( x,0) = 0 and σ xy ( x,0) = −τ 0 , x ≤ a

Mode II Stress Intensity Factor (k ( a ) = k (-a))

1.3
2

h=a
1.2
h = 2a
2

h = 100a

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Nonhomogeneity parameter ( β a)

101
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8.20 : Effect of material nonhomogeneity and thickness on the mode II stress intensity factor
δ =-1, γ =-1. ν = 0.3)
(δ

Loading : σ yy ( x,0) = 0 and σ xy ( x,0) = −τ 0 , x ≤ a

0.4
Temperature: T(x,0+) & T(x,0 - )
0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

Fig8.21 : Temperature distribution when the crack is between –0.75a and 0.5a
(γ = -10-3, h = 100a)

0.1
Normal stress
Normal and shear stresses

Shear stress

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Crack axis (x/a)

102
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8.22 : Thermal and shear stresses when the crack is between –0.75a and 0.5a
(γ = -10-3, h = 100a)

h = 20a

-a a
H=20a

x
− 20a < x < 20a

Fig8. 23: Shear stress for FGM medium

103
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

βa k1 ( a ) k1 ( a ) Absolute k 2 (a ) k 2 (a ) Absolute
FE value relatif
FE value relatif
τ0 a τ0 a τ0 a τ0 a
error (%) error (%)
3 0.15 0.147 2.040 0.805 0.78 3.205
2.5 0.137 0.133 3.007 0.81 0.799 1.376
2 0.123 0.12 2.5 0.829 0.821 0.974
1.5 0.107 0.105 1.90 0.854 0.848 0.707
1 0.085 0.084 1.190 0.889 0.883 0.679
0.5 0.051 0.051 0 0.938 0.93 0.86
0.1 0.012 0.012 0 0.989 0.983 0.61
0.001 0 0 0 1.004 1 0.4
-0.001 0 0 0 1.004 1 0.4
-0.1 -0.012 -0.012 0 1.019 1.015 0.394
-0.5 -0.065 -0.066 1.515 1.068 1.068 0
-1 -0.131 -0.135 2.962 1.116 1.12 0.357
-1.5 -0.196 -0.199 1.507 1.157 1.162 0.430
-2 -0.249 -0.255 2.352 1.191 1.199 0.667
-2.5 -0.292 -0.296 1.351 1.226 1.233 0.567
-3 -0.315 -0.319 1.253 1.252 1.265 1.027

Tab8.1 : Stress intensity factors for FGM medium and shear stress

h = 2a

-a a
H=20a

x
− 20a < x < 20a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8. 24: Shear stress for FGM layer of thickness h = 2a

βa k1 ( a ) k1 ( a ) Absolute k 2 (a ) k 2 (a ) Absolute
FE value relatif
FE value relatif
τ0 a τ0 a τ0 a τ0 a
error (%) error (%)
3 0.145 0.14 3.571 0.81 0.81 0
2.5 0.124 0.122 1.639 0.852 0.84 1.428
2 0.105 0.103 1.941 0.882 0.874 0.915
1.5 0.083 0.081 2.469 0.917 0.912 0.548
1 0.052 0.051 1.96 0.955 0.954 0.104
0.5 0.013 0.013 0 1.005 0.998 0.701
0.1 -0.022 -0.022 0 1.038 1.034 0.386
0.001 -0.032 -0.032 0 1.047 1.043 0.383
-0.001 -0.033 -0.032 3.125 1.047 1.043 0.383
-0.1 -0.043 -0.043 0 1.055 1.052 0.285
-0.5 -0.085 -0.087 2.298 1.087 1.087 0
-1 -0.144 -0.146 1.369 1.124 1.128 0.354
-1.5 -0.198 -0.205 3.414 1.159 1.165 0.515
-2 -0.249 -0.257 3.112 1.19 1.2 0.833
-2.5 -0.294 -0.296 0.675 1.218 1.233 1.216
-3 -0.33 -0.3199 3.157 1.244 1.265 1.66

Tab8.2 : Stress intensity factors for FGM layer of thickness h = 2a and shear stress

h = 20a
105
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Fig8. 25: Normal stress for FGM medium

βa k1 ( a) k1 ( a) Absolute k 2 ( a) k 2 ( a) Absolute
FE value relatif
FE value relatif
σ0 a σ0 a σ0 a σ0 a
error (%) error (%)
3 0.71 0.692 2.601 0.132 0.128 3.125
2.5 0.721 0.71 1.549 0.122 0.12 1.666
2 0.736 0.731 0.683 0.119 0.11 8.181
1.5 0.767 0.76 0.921 0.103 0.097 6.185
1 0.821 0.8 2.625 0.081 0.078 3.846
0.5 0.87 0.866 0.461 0.049 0.048 2.083
0.1 0.972 0.963 0.934 0.011 0.011 0
0.001 1 1 0 0 0 0
-0.001 1.006 1 0.6 0 0 0
-0.1 1.043 1.04 0.288 -0.013 -0.013 0
-0.5 1.199 1.206 0.580 -0.073 -0.074 1.351
-1 1.401 1.411 0.708 -0.161 -0.168 4.166
-1.5 1.627 1.635 0.489 -0.271 -0.279 2.867
-2 1.848 1.859 0.591 -0.391 -0.406 3.694
-2.5 2.075 2.09 0.717 -0.529 -0.549 3.642
-3 2.327 2.33 0.128 -0.695 -0.706 1.558

Tab8.3 : Stress intensity factors for FGM medium and normal stress

106
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

h = 2a

-a a
H=20a

x
− 20a < x < 20a

Fig8. 26: Normal stress for FGM layer of thickness h = 2a

βa k1 ( a) k1 ( a) Absolute k 2 ( a) k 2 ( a) Absolute
FE value relatif
FE value relatif
σ0 a σ0 a σ0 a σ0 a
error (%) error (%)
3 0.753 0.736 2.309 0.131 0.125 4.8
2.5 0.792 0.771 2.723 0.117 0.114 2.631
2 0.82 0.816 0.49 0.11 0.1 10
1.5 0.9 0.873 3.092 0.087 0.08 8.75
1 0.947 0.947 0 0.056 0.052 7.692
0.5 1.055 1.043 1.15 0.015 0.014 7.142
0.1 1.142 1.143 0.087 0.011 0.011 0
0.001 1.166 1.163 0.257 -0.036 -0.036 0
-0.001 1.167 1.163 0.343 -0.036 -0.036 0
-0.1 1.192 1.19 0.168 -0.048 -0.048 0
-0.5 1.303 1.309 0.458 -0.102 -0.103 0.97
-1 1.473 1.479 0.405 -0.181 -0.188 3.723
-1.5 1.662 1.67 0.479 -0.284 -0.292 2.739
-2 1.867 1.878 0.585 -0.399 -0.414 3.623
-2.5 2.095 2.1 0.238 -0.524 -0.554 5.415
-3 2.292 2.335 1.841 -0.698 -0.708 1.412

Tab8.4 : Stress intensity factors for FGM layer of thickness h = 2a and Normal stress

107
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

CONCLUSION

The Functionally Graded Materials require a big importance to protect material from thermal
an mechanical loading. In this study, the interface embedded crack problem between the
functionally graded coating and a homogeneous substrate under thermal or mechanical
compressive stress is examined. For this reason, two methods are used. The first method is an
analytical method. The solution is given by a system of singular integral equations. This
method leads to the determination of the temperature distribution at the crack interface,
thermal stresses and stress intensity factors.
The second method use the finite element method. For this reason a finite element code
FRAC2D, adapted to the use of FGM material, is used. Various layer thickness subjected to
shear and normal stresses are considered. The obtained numerical results are compared to the
values found using the analytical approach.

The results of interest are :

(a) the temperature distribution at the crack : as the conductivity nonhomogeneity grows, the
temperature discontinuity at the crack grows. As the gradient of the FGM layer is small,
the coating requires a small role of a barrier ;
(b) the thermal stresses : as the nonhomogeneity grows the temperature requires a big effect
on the opening of the crack ;
(c) the stress intensity factors at the crack tips : the propensity for the crack to grow, is more
important if the gradient of FGM layer is higher. The tendency to change sign, for the
mode II, is less as the thickness of the layer becomes thinner ;
(d) the crack closure : a crack contact algorithm has been developed to detect the closure of
the crack.

Possible future extensions of this work include:

(a) implementation of the coupled contact-fracture problem which has been formulated in
this study ;
(b) incorporation of second error effects in the analysis to study the buckling and the
spallation of functionally graded coatings.

108
Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

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Nakarnura, M., Asahina, T. and Igarashi, T ., "Optimization method of FGM compositional
distribution profile design by genetic algorithm", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 308-311,
pp. 1006-1011, 1999.

[53] Teixeira, V., Andritschky, M. and Stover, D., "Modeling of thermal residual stresses in
graded ceramic coatings", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 308-311, pp. 930-945, 1999.

[54] Wang, X.Y., Zou, Z.Z., and Wang, D.,"On the penny-shaped crack in a nonhomogeneous
interlayer of adjoining two different elastic materials", International Journal of Solids and
Structures, Vol. 34, pp. 3911-3921,1997.

[55] Williamson, R.L., Rabin, B.H., and Drake, J.T., "Finite element analysis of thermal
residual stresses at graded ceramic-metal interfaces. Part I. Model description and geometrical
effects.", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 74, No.2, pp. 1310-1320,1993.

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

[56] Yamanouchi, M., Koizumi, M., Hirai, T. and Shiota, I. (Editors), FGM-90, Proceedings
of the First International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials, FGM Forum, Sendai,
Japan, 1990.

[57] Zou, Z.Z., Wang, X.Y., and Wang, D., "On the modeling of interfacial zone containing a
Griffith crack: Plane problem", Key Engineering Material, Vol. 145-149, pp. 489-494,1997.

[58] F. Erdogan and B.H. Wu, ″Crack problems in FGM layers under thermal stresses,″
Journal of Thermal Stresses, 19, 237-265 (1996).

[59] Serkan, D., “Crack problems in a functionally graded layer under thermal stresses”,
Master of Science in the department of mechanical engineering, September 1997.

[60] F. Erdogan, G.D. Gupta and T.S. Cook, ″Numerical solution of singular integral
equations″; pp. 368-425 in Mechanics of Fracture, Edited by G.C. Sih. Norrdhoff, Leyden,
(1973).

[61] B. Yildirim, ″ Nonlinear Thermal Stress/Fracture Analysis of Multilayer Structures using

Enriched Finite Elements″; Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Mechanics, Lehigh University, (2000).

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Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, (1999).

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

APPENDIX A
HOMOGENEOUS MEDIUM

The problem under consideration is the homogeneous medium with steady heat flux and
mechanical stresses at the crack. We carry out this study in order verify the numerical
procedure when we have an FGM layer.

A-1- Thermal problem

A-1-1- Boundary conditions
The heat equations (2.5) and (2.6) are subject to the following thermal boundary cond itions:
• The conservation of the applied heat flux away from the crack region, can be expressed as
follows

k ∂T =Q0 y → +∞, x ≤ +∞ (A.1)

∂y

k ∂T =Q0 y → −∞, x ≤ +∞ (A.2)

∂y
• The partial insulation of the crack surfaces which is modeled by assuming that the crack
allows some heat flux Qy that is only a certain percentage of the flux Qc corresponding to
the perfect conduction case, can be written as follows
∂T
k = k * Qc y = 0, x ≤ a (A.3)
∂y

• The continuity of the temperature field and the heat flux along the crack axis and outside
the crack
T (x, 0+ ) = T (x, 0− ) x >a (A.4)
∂T ∂T
( x,0 + ) = ( x, 0 − ) x >a (A.5)
∂y ∂y

Q0
For simplicity, we assume that a=1 and =1
k
A-1-2- Expression of temperature
A-1-2-1- Boundary condition and basic equations
The temperature can be written as
T( x, y) =T1(y)+T2 (x, y) (A.6)

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Where T1 is the solution of the problem 1 (uncracked space)and T2 is the solution of problem
2(cracked space).
T1(y )= y (A.7)

T2 satisfy the following equation

2 2
∂ T2 ∂ T2
2
+ 2
=0 (A.8)
∂x ∂y

Boundary conditions at the cracked space can be written as:

• Heat conduction
∂T2
=0 y → +∞, x ≤ +∞ (A.9)
∂y
∂T2
=0 y → −∞, x ≤ +∞ (A.10)
∂y
• Continuity of temperature and the flux at the interface between FGM layer and
homogeneous substrate
+ −
T2 (x,0 )=T2 (x,0 ) x >1 (A.11)

∂T2 + ∂T −
(x,0 )= 2 (x,0 ) x >1 (A.12)
∂y ∂y
• Note that Qc is the heat flux at the location of the crack assumes full conduction, we have
dT1
Qc =k( 0) (A.13)
dy
An other boundary condition that relate the first and the second problem is
∂T2 dT
=(k *−1) 1 y = 0, x ≤ 1 (A.14)
∂y dy

Taking Fourier transform with respect to y, we can write the temperature as:
+∞
−ixλ
T2 (x, y)= ∫ h(y,λ)e dλ (A.15)
−∞

Substituting this equation into (A.8) and taking the inverse Fourier transform yields
d ²h
− λ²h = 0 (A.16)
dy ²
This is a second order differential equation. The Characteristic polynomial for the
homogeneous form is

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

n² − λ² = 0 (A.17)

The roots of this polynomial equation are

p1 = λ (A.18)

p2 = − λ (A.19)

The solution of (A.8) can be written as

λ y −λ y
h ( y ) = A1 e + A2 e y>0 (A.20)
λ y −λ y
h ( y ) = A3 e + A4 e y <0 (A.21)

The expression of the temperature on the FGM layer can thus be expressed as
+∞

T2 ( x, y ) = ∫  A1 e + A2 e e − iλx dλ
λ y −λ y
y>0 (A.22)
−∞
 
+∞

T2 ( x, y ) = ∫  A3 e + A4 e e − iλx dλ
λ y −λ y
 y <0 (A.23)
−∞
 

In conclusion the temperature can be written as

+∞

T ( x, y) = y + ∫  A1 e + A2 e e − iλx dλ
λ y −λ y
 y>0 (A.24)
−∞
 
+∞

T2 ( x, y ) = y + ∫  A3 e + A4 e e −i λx dλ
λ y −λ y
y <0 (A.25)
−∞
 

Regularity flux condition can be written as

A1 = 0 (A.26)

A4 =0 (A.27)

Using the equation on the flux continuity condition, it may be seen that
+∞ +∞
− iλ x −i λx
∫− λ A e
−∞
2
dλ = ∫λAe
−∞
3
dλ (A.28)

Taking now Fourier inverse transform, we have

A3 = − A2 (A.29)
+∞ −λ y −i λx
T2 ( x, y ) = ∫ A e e dλ y>0 (A.30)
−∞

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

+∞ λ y − i λx
T2 ( x, y ) = −∫ A e e dλ y <0 (A.31)
−∞

A-1-2-2- Density function

We introduce the density function of the temperature

ψ (t ) =
∂
∂x
[ + −
T ( x ,0 ) − T ( x,0 ) ] (A.32)

From equation (A.7) we have

ψ (t ) =
∂
∂x
[ + −
T2 ( x,0 ) − T2 ( x,0 ) ] (A.33)

Substituting (A.30) and (A.31) into equation (A.33), we obtain

+∞ −i λx
ψ ( x ) = −2 i ∫ Aλ e dλ x <1 (A.34)
−∞

Let’s take Fourier inverse transform of equation (A.34), we find

i
∫ ψ (t) e
1 iλt
A= dt (A.35)
4πλ −1

A-1-2-3- Mixed boundary conditions

Now we have to find the integral equation verified by the density function of the temperature.
For this reason we use the last boundary condition which is verified in the crack, we obtain

 ∂T   dT 
lim − 2 = lim − (k *−1) 1  x <1 (A.36)
y → 0  ∂y  y → 0  dy 

Substituting (A.7) and (A.31) into equation (A.36), we obtain

−1 a
lim − ∫ − λ  ψ (t ) e i λt dt  e λ y e −i λx dλ = k * − 1
+∞

y→0 − ∞
 4i πλ
∫− a

(A.37)

We obtain then a singular integral equation as

ψ (t)
∫
1 *
dt = 2π ( k − 1) x<1 (A.38)
−1 t−x

A-1-2-4- Solution of the singular integral equation

We have only Cauchy singularity then the solution of the previous singular integral equation
can be expressed as
Ψ( t )
ψ (t) = (A.39)
1− t2

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

Where Ψ (t ) is a bounded and continuous function in the interval [-1, 1]. A suitable choice of
Ψ (t ) would be a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind (Tn )n .

By remarking that Ψ (t ) is an odd function (such as ψ (t ) ), it obtain that

∞
Ψ (t ) = ∑ a 2 n +1T2 n +1 (t ) (A.40)
n =0

Let's then use the property of Chebyshev polynomials

1 Tn (t )
∫
1
dt = U n −1 ( x ) n=1,2… (A.41)
π −1
(t − x) 1 − t 2

Where (Un )n denotes the series of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.

Substituting this new expression of the density function into the singular integral equation, we
obtain the following linear system
∞

∑a U 2 n − 2 ( x ) = 2 ( k * − 1)
2 n −1 ∀x, x ≤ 1 (A.42)
n =1

Or, all the polynomials Un depend on the variable x, except U0 which is a constant (= 1). We
have then
*
a1 = 2( k − 1) (A.43)

an = 0 ∀n ≠ 1 (A.44)

We obtain then the expression of the density function as

2( k * − 1) t
ψ (t ) = (A.45)
1− t 2

Let's now consider the function:

2( k * − 1) t
ψ (t ) = (A.46)
a2 − t 2
Thus, we have

i ( k * − 1) a t
A=
2πλ ∫− a
a −t
2 2
e iλt dt (A.47)

Applying the variable transform t = a.p to (A.47), it comes that

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

*
a (1 − k )
A= .I (A.48)
2πλ
Where I is given by
p
I =∫
1
sin( λap ) dp (A.49)
−1
1− p 2
If we integrate by part the previous integral, we may obtain I as
I = π J 1 ( aλ ) (A.50)

Where J1 is the Bessel function that corresponds to ν = 1 .

Finally, it comes, according to (A.49) and (A.50), that

a (1 − k * )
A= . J 1 ( aλ ) (A.51)
2λ
Injecting the expression of A, we may obtain the expression of the temperature at uncracked
space as follows
+∞ J 1 ( aλ ) − λ
T2 ( x, y ) = a (1 − k * ) ∫ e −i λx dλ
y
. e for y>0 (A.52)
−∞ 2λ
By noticing that the Bessel function is odd, we conclude that
+∞ J 1 ( aλ ) −λ y
T2 ( x, y ) = a (1 − k ) ∫
*
. e cos( λx) dλ (A.53)
0 λ
Consequently
+ +∞ J 1 ( aλ )
T2 ( x,0 ) = a (1 − k ) ∫
*
. cos( λx ) dλ (A.54)
0 λ

The table of integral also gives

+∞ J ν ( aλ ) 1  x 
∫−∞ 2λ
cos(λx )dλ =
ν
cosν arcsin( ) 
 a 
x ≤a (A.55)

ν π
+∞ Jν ( aλ ) a cos(ν )
∫ cos(λx )dλ = 2 x ≥a (A.56)
2λ
ν  x + x − a 
−∞ 2 2 ν

 

Taking ν = 1 into equations (A.55) and (A.56), it comes that:

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading


) (

)  x 
 1 − k a cos  arcsin  a   = 1 − k ( ) a ² − x² x ≤a
(
* *

T2 x,0 + =    (A.57)
0 x ≥a


( 
)  x 
− 1 − k a cos  arcsin  a   = − 1 − k ( ) a² − x² x ≤a
( )
* *

T2 x,0 − =    (A.58)
0 x ≥a


A-2- Fracture problem

A-2-1- Expression of the displacements
The expression of the displacements are given by

u (x , y ) = ∫ (C + C 2 y) e
+∞ −λ y −i λx
1
e dλ y>0 (A.59)
−∞

v (x , y ) = ( λ C1 + κ C2 + λ C2 y ) e − λ y e − iλx dλ
+∞ i
∫−∞
−
λ
y>0 (A.60)

u (x , y ) = ∫ (C3 + C4 y ) e λ y
+∞
e −i λx dλ y <0 (A.61)
−∞

v (x , y ) = ∫ ( λ C3 − κ C 4 + λ C4 y ) e λ y e −iλx dλ
+∞ i
y <0 (A.62)
−∞ λ

A-2-2- Boundary conditions application

Let's now verify the boundary conditions. Applying the boundary conditions we obtain the
following four linear equations
2 λ (C 3 + C1 ) + (1 − κ ) (C 4 − C 2 ) = 0 (A.63)

κ +1
2 (C1 − C 3 ) + (C2 + C4 ) = F3 (A.64)
λ

C1 − C3 = F1 (A.65)

λ (C1 + C3 ) + κ (C 2 − C4 ) = F2 (A.66)

Where

φ 1 (t ) e dt
i +a i λt
F1 =
2πλ ∫− a
(A.67)

−1 +a
φ 2 (t ) e dt
i λt
F2 = ∫
2π − a
(A.68)

1 +a i λt
F3 =
2iπλ ∫−a
φ 3 (t ) e dt (A.69)

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

8α * x
φ 3 ( x) = (1 − k ) a cos(arcsin ) (A.70)
κ −1 a

This Cramer system permits to calculate the four unknowns C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 as follows

1  1 − κ F2 
C1 = F + (A.71)
2  1 1 + κ λ 

1  λ 
C2 =  F2 − λ F1 + F3  (A.72)
1+κ  
 2 

1  1 − κ F2 
C3 = − F1  (A.73)

2  1+ κ λ 

1 λ 
C4 =  F3 − F2 − λ F1  (A.74)
1+κ 2 
 

Let's now introduce w1M ( x) and w2M ( x) for x ≤ a

 ∂u ∂v 
( )
σ xy x,0 + = lim+ µ  +  = w1M ( x) (A.75)
y →0
 ∂y ∂x 

M
 − 2 λ   λ   −i λx
 F1 +  1 − κ
w1 ( x) +∞

µ
= ∫− ∞  1 + κ 

 1 + κ 2  F3  e dλ (A.76)
    
Replacing F1 and F2 by their expressions, it may be seen that

w1M ( x ) +∞ − 2λ +∞ 1−κ λ
µ
= ∫−∞ 1+κ
F1 e −i λx dλ + ∫
−∞ 1+κ 2
F3 e −i λx d λ (A.77)

The second term of the sum corresponds to the thermal stress

+∞ λ  + a  t  e iλt dt  e −i λx d λ
T
2α a
2
w1 ( x ) 
(1 − k ) ∫
− ∞ λ  ∫− a
*
= 1 −   (A.78)
µ 1 + κ iπ a 
 
The expression of the thermal stress also becomes
T
w1 ( x ) 8α a +∞ 1
(1 − k ) ∫
*
=− J (aλ ) sin( λx ) d λ (A.79)
µ 1+κ π 0 λ 1
We then have:
x x ≤a
T 2  *
w1 ( x) = − αµ1 (1 − k )  a² (A.80)
π  x ≥a
 x + x ² − a ²

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

On the another hand, the calculation of the first integral in equation (A.80) gives
2π M
µ1
( +a 1
w1 ( x) + w1 ( x) = ∫− a
T

t−x 1
)
φ (t ) dt (A.81)

The same calculations permit to introduce the mechanical stress w2M by the relation

 ∂u ∂v 
( )
σ yy x,0 + = lim + µ  +  = w2M ( x) (A.82)
y →0
 ∂x ∂y 
It comes that
1 +a 1 4α +a
F3 =
2iπλ ∫−a
φ 3 (t ) e i λt dt =
2iπλ κ − 1 ∫− a
(T2 ( x,0 + ) − T2 ( x,0 − )) e i λt dt (A.83)

T2 ( x,0 + ) = −T2 ( x,0 − ) (A.84)

We can deduce that
+∞ F3 − iλx 4α
∫−∞
(i λ )
2
e dλ =
κ −1
T2 ( x,0 + ) (A.85)

We then notice that the term corresponding to the thermal stress wT2 is equal to zero. We have
then
T
w2 ( x) = 0 (A.86)

On the other hand, we have

w2M ( x) +∞ 2 F2 − iλx
= ∫− ∞ (iλ ) e dλ (A.87)
µ 1+κ λ

We finally obtain this singular integral equation

2π M
φ (t ) dt
+a 1
w2 ( x) = ∫−a (A.88)
µ1 t−x 2

A-3- Stress intensity factors

The stress intensity factors (SIF) characterize the ability of the crack to be stretched according
to the longitudinal and the transverse directions. They are expressed by the formula.

k1 (a ) = lim 2( x − a)σ yy ( x, 0) (A.89)

x→ a

k1 (−a) = lim 2(− x − a)σ yy ( x,0) (A.90)

x→ −a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

k 2 (a) = lim 2( x − a)σ xy ( x,0) (A.91)

x→ a

k 2 (−a) = lim 2( − x − a)σ xy ( x,0) (A.92)

x→ − a

k1 is the opening-mode SIF and k2 is the sliding-mode SIF. Both of them express the strength
of the singular elastic stress field.

To calculate the stress intensity factors, we use the superposition principle of the loading

cases. For each case we have to determine the loading functions φ1 and φ 2 . These loading

functions remain also convenient outside the crack domain (i.e. for x ∉ [−a, a]). Thus, it
becomes possible to calculate the stresses that appear in the expressions of the SIF.
Consequently, k1 and k2 would be determined. Let’s then consider the mechanical stresses and
then the thermal stresses.

A-3-1- Normal load

w1M ( x) = 1 , w2M ( x) = 0 , w T ( x ) = 0

In this case it can be seen that

φ2 (t ) = 0 (A.93)

Φ 1 (t )
φ 1 (t ) = (A.94)
2
1−t

The choice of the function φ1 (t ) should be a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials of the
first kind
∞
Φ1 (t ) = ∑ a nTn (t ) (A.95)
n= 0

Using the important property

1 Tn (t )
∫
1
dt = U n −1 ( x ) n=1,2… (A.96)
π −1
(t − x) 1 − t 2

It comes that

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

∞
2π
∑a U
n =1
n n −1
( x) =
µ
(A.97)

That gives
2
a1 = (A.98)
µ

an = 0 ∀n ≠ 1 (A.99)
We have also

2 t
φ1 (t ) =
µ 2 (A.100)
a² − t
To determine the stress intensity factors, we need to evaluate the stresses σ xy and σ yy outside
of the crack domain.
Thus, we use:
2π
φ (t ) dt
+ +a 1
µ1
σ xy ( x,0 ) = ∫ −a t − x 1
(A.101)

2π
φ (t ) dt ,
+ +a 1
σ yy ( x,0 ) = ∫ x >a (A.102)
µ1 −a t − x 2

Where the loading functions are given by the equations (A.93) and (A.94). We have then,
away from the crack
+
σ yy ( x,0 ) = 0 (A.103)

µ1 +a1 1 +a t
( )
+
σ xy ( x,0 ) =
2π ∫−a t − x 1
φ t dt = ∫
π (t − x) a² − t ²
− a
dt (A.104)

We use then the important property that gives, away from the crack we have
n n
 r   x 
r − r ² − 1  x − x ² − a ² 
 r   x 
1 +1 Tn (t )   = − 
∫
π (t − r) 1 − t ²
−1
dt = −
r x
(A.105)
r² −1 x² − a²
r x

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

x
Where r = ; we obtain also
a

 x 
x − x ² − a ² 
 
+ 1 +a t  x 
σ xy ( x,0 ) = ∫ dt = − (A.106)
π − a (t − x ) a ² − t ² x
x² − a²
x
Thus we obtain that

k1 (a ) = lim 2( x − a)σ yy ( x, 0) =0 (A.107)

x→ a

k1 (−a) = lim 2(− x − a)σ yy ( x,0) =0 (A.108)

x→ −a

k 2 (a ) = lim 2( x − a)σ xy ( x,0) = − a (A.109)

x →a

k 2 (− a) = lim 2( − x − a)σ xy ( x,0) = − a (A.110)

x→ −a

A-3-2- Shear load

w M ( x) = 1 , w M ( x) = 0 , wT ( x ) = 0
2 1

The same calculations permit to calculate the loading functions φ1 and φ 2 as follows

φ1 (t ) = 0 (A.111)

2 t
φ 2 (t ) =
µ1 2 (A.112)
a² − t
These functions permit to calculate the stresses σ xy and σ yy outside of the crach domain

 x 
x− x ² − a ² 
 x 
σ yy ( x,0 ) = −  
+
(A.113)
x
x² − a²
x
+
σ xy ( x,0 ) = 0 (A.114)

Thus we obtain that

k1 (a) = lim 2( x − a)σ yy ( x,0) = − a (A.115)

x →a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

k1 (− a) = lim 2(− x − a)σ yy ( x,0) = − a (A.116)

x → −a

k 2 ( a) = lim 2( x − a )σ xy ( x, 0) = 0 (A.117)
x →a

k 2 ( −a ) = lim 2(− x − a)σ xy ( x, 0) = 0 (A.118)

x → −a

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

APPENDIX B
FLAMANT PROBLEM : THE CASE OF THE HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTRATE

In this appendix, we try to verify the method used to find the equivalent stresses at the crack.
For this reason we use the same techniques to find the solution of the Flamant problem in the
case of Homogeneous substrate.
For this reason we consider separately the case of normal and shear loading(FigB.1).

y y

P
Q
x x

FigB.1: Flamant problem for each case : normal and shear loading

B-1- Boundary conditions

B-1-1- The case of normal loading
The homogeneous boundary conditions are given on the free surface and the interface. On the
interface stresses and displacements are continuous.
Continuity of stresses and displacements at the interface : y =0, x >1

σ xy ( x, o − ) = 0 (B.1)

σ yy ( x, o − ) = δ 0 ( x ) P (B.2)

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Regularity condition: stresses vanish at infinity

lim σ xy = 0 (B.3)
y → −∞

lim σ yy = 0 (B.4)
y → −∞

B-1-2- The case of shear loading

The homogeneous boundary conditions are given on the free surface and the interface. On the
interface stresses and displacements are continuous.

Continuity of stresses and displacements at the interface : y =0, x >1

σ xy ( x , o − ) = δ 0 ( x) Q (B.5)

σ yy ( x, o − ) = 0 (B.6)

regularity condition: stresses vanish at infinity

lim σ xy = 0 (B.7)
y → −∞

lim σ yy = 0 (B.8)
y → −∞

B-2- Expression of displacements and stresses

B-2-1- Expression of the displacements
We obtain the displacements in the homogeneous medium as
+∞

u ( x, y ) = ∫ (C
−∞
1 + C3 y )e λ y e − iλx dλ (B.9)

+∞  iλ  iλ iκ  
v ( x, y ) = ∫  C λ
+ C 3  y −   e λ y e −i λx dλ
λ  
(B.10)
λ
1
−∞ 

B-2-2- Expression of the stresses

The stresses can be then written as

 +∞ 
σ xy = µ  ∫ (2 λ C1 + ((1 − κ ) + 2 λ y) C3 )e λ y e −ixλ dλ  (B.11)
 −∞ 
 +∞ iλ  
σ yy = µ ∫  2iλC1 + (−(1 + κ ) + 2iλy)C3 e λ y e −ixλ dλ  (B.12)
 −∞ λ 
   

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 +∞  3−κ  
σ xx = µ  ∫ − i λ 2C1 + ( + 2 y )C 3  e λ y e −ixλ dλ  (B.13)
 −∞ λ 
   

B-3- Stresses for homogeneous medium

B-3-1- The case of normal loading
Now we have to write the boundary conditions. Using equations (B.1) and (B.2), it may be
seen easily that

 +∞ 
µ 0  ∫ (2 λ C1 + (1 − κ )C3 )e − ixλ dλ  = 0 (B.14)
 −∞ 

 +∞ iλ  
µ 0  ∫  2iλC1 − (1 + κ ) C3 e −ixλ dλ  = δ 0 ( x) P (B.15)
 −∞ λ  
  

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

2λ
C3 = C1 (B.16)
κ −1
iλ 1
2i λC1 − (1 + κ ) C3 = P (B.17)
λ 2πµ 0

We can deduce then the expression of C1 and C3

κ −1 1
C1 = − P (B.18)
4iλ 2πµ 0

λ 1
C3 = − P (B.19)
2iλ 2πµ 0

The stresses can be then written as

P  +∞ 
σ xy =  ∫ i λye λ y e − ixλ dλ  (B.20)
2π  
 −∞ 

 +∞ 
 ∫ (1 − λ y)e λ y e −ixλ dλ 
P
σ yy = (B.21)
2π  
 −∞ 

P  +∞ 
σ xx =  ∫ (1 + λ y)e λ y e −ixλ dλ  (B.22)
2π  −∞ 


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After integration we may obtain

2P xy 2
σ xy = − (B.23)
(
π x2 + y2 ) 2

2P y3
σ yy =− (B.24)
(
π x2 + y2 ) 2

2P x2 y
σ xx = − (B.25)
(
π x2 + y 2 ) 2

B-3-2- The case of shear loading

Now we have to write the boundary conditions. Using equations (B.5) and (B.6), it may be
seen easily that

 +∞ 
µ 0  ∫ (2 λ C1 + (1 − κ )C3 )e − ixλ dλ  = δ 0 ( x )Q (B.26)
 −∞ 

 +∞ iλ  
µ 0  ∫  2iλC1 − (1 + κ ) C3 e −ixλ dλ  = 0 (B.27)
 −∞ λ  
  

Taking now Fourier inverse, we obtain

Q
2 λ C1 + (1 − κ ) C3 = (B.28)
2πµ 0

2λ
C3 = C1 (B.29)
1+κ

We can deduce then the expression of C1 and C3

1+κ Q
C1 = (B.30)
4 λ 2πµ 0

1 Q
C3 = (B.31)
2 2πµ 0
The stresses can be then written as

 +∞ 
 ∫ (1 + λ y )e λ y e −ixλ dλ 
Q
σ xy = (B.32)
2π  
 −∞ 

Q  +∞ 
σ yy =  ∫ i λye λ y e −ixλ dλ  (B.33)
2π  
 −∞ 

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Q  +∞  2  λ y −ixλ 
e e dλ 
2π  −∫∞  λ
σ xx = − iλ + y (B.34)
 
 

After integration we may obtain

2Q x2 y
σ xy = − (B.35)
(
π x2 + y 2 ) 2

2Q xy2
σ yy = − (B.36)
(
π x2 + y2 ) 2

2Q x3
σ xx = − (B.37)
(
π x2 + y2 ) 2

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APPENDIX C
M ATRIX EXPRESSIONS FOR FRACTURE PROBLEM

In this appendix we set the expression of the matrixes (D5 k )1 ≤k ≤ 6 and (D7k )1 ≤k ≤6 . They are the

determinants of a matrix 5x5.

• Expression of (D7k )1 ≤k ≤6

m1 h m2h m3 h m4 h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0

q1 q2 q3 q4 −q5
D73 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5 (C.1)

1 1 1 1 −1

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5

m1h m 2h m3h m4h

q1e q2e q3 e q4 e 0

q1 q2 q3 q4 −q5
D74 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5 (C.2)

1 1 1 1 −1

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5

m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
q1e q2 e q3e q4 e 0
m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0
D75 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5 (C.3)

1 1 1 1 −1

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5

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m1h m2h m 3h m4 h
q1e q2 e q3 e q4 e 0
m1h m2h m 3h m4 h
p1e p2 e p3 e p4 e 0
D76 = q1 q2 q3 q4 −q5 (C.4)

1 1 1 1 −1

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5

m1h m2h m3h m4h

q1e q2e q3e q4 e 0
m1h m2h m3h m4h
p1e p2e p3e p4 e 0
D71= q1 q2 q3 q4 −q5 (C.5)

p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc5

m1h m2h m 3h m4 h
q1e q2 e q3 e q4 e 0
m1h m2h m 3h m4 h
p1e p2 e p3 e p4 e 0
D72 = q q2 q3 q4 −q5 (C.6)
1

p1 p2 p3 p4 − p5

1 1 1 1 −1

• Expression of (D5 k )1 ≤k ≤ 6

m1 h m2h m3 h m4h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0

q1 q2 q3 q4 −q7
D53 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p7 (C.7)

1 1 1 1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc7

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m1h m2 h m 3h m4h
q1e q2 e q3 e q4 e 0

q1 q2 q3 q4 −q7
D54 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p7 (C.8)

1 1 1 1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc7

m 1h m2h m3 h m4 h
q1e q2 e q3e q4 e 0
m 1h m2h m3 h m4 h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0
D55 = p1 p2 p3 p4 − p7 (C.9)

1 1 1 1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc7

m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
q1e q2 e q3e q4 e 0
m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0
D56 = q q2 q3 q4 −q7 (C.10)
1

1 1 1 1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc7

m1h m 2h m3h m4h

q1e q2e q3 e q4 e 0
m1h m 2h m3h m4h
p1e p2e p3 e p4 e 0
D51 = q1 q2 q3 q4 −q7 (C.11)

p1 p2 p3 p4 − p7

cc1 cc2 cc3 cc4 −cc7

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m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
q1e q2 e q3e q4 e 0
m 1h m2h m3 h m4h
p1e p2 e p3e p4 e 0
D52 = q q2 q3 q4 −q7 (C.12)
1

p1 p2 p3 p4 − p7

1 1 1 1 0

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APPENDIX D
M ATRIX EXPRESSIONS FOR CONTACT PROBLEM

In this appendix we set the expression of the matrixes (D )

kn 1≤ k ≤ 4 , n =3 , 4
. They are the

determinants of a matrix 5x5.

m2h m3h m4h

p2 e p3e p4 e 0 0

q2 q3 q4 − q5 − q7
D13 = p2 p3 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.1)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc2 cc3 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

m2h m3 h m4 h
q2 e q3 e q4 e 0 0

q2 q3 q4 − q5 − q7
D14 = p2 p3 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.2)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc2 cc3 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

m1 h m3h m4 h
p1 e p3 e p4 e 0 0

q1 q3 q4 − q5 − q7
D23 = p1 p3 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.3)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc3 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

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m1 h m3h m4h
q1e q3 e q4 e 0 0

q1 q3 q4 − q5 − q7
D24 = p1 p3 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.4)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc3 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

m 1h m2 h m4h
p1 e p2 e p4 e 0 0

q1 q2 q4 − q5 − q7
D33 = p1 p2 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.5)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc2 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

m1h m 2h m4h
q1 e q2 e q4 e 0 0

q1 q2 q4 − q5 − q7
D34 = p1 p2 p4 − p5 − p7 (D.6)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc2 cc4 − cc5 − cc7

m1 h m 2h m3h
p1 e p2 e p3e 0 0

q1 q2 q3 − q5 − q7
D43 = p1 p2 p3 − p5 − p7 (D.7)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 − cc5 − cc7

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m1 h m 2h m3h
q1e q2 e q3e 0 0

q1 q2 q3 − q5 − q7
D44 = p1 p2 p3 − p5 − p7 (D.8)

1 1 1 −1 0

cc1 cc2 cc3 − cc5 − cc7

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APPENDIX E
CONTACT PROBLEM FOR HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTRATE

In this appendix, we will study the contact problem in the case of homogeneous substrate. We
consider the problem of a flat rigid punch of length b+a in contact with an Homogeneous
elastic half space (y<0) under the assumptions of no slip and plane strain conditions(Fig.1).
The flat rigid punch is subject to two concentrated forces P and Q.

P Flat rigid punch

Q
x
-b a

FigE.1: Homogeneous elastic half space with a flat rigid punch

E-1- Boundary conditions

The unknowns of this problem are the displacements u and v along the x and y-axes.
These equations are subject to the following mechanical boundary conditions:
If the surface of the solid adheres completely to the punch during indentation then the
displacements at the punch can be written as
u ( x ,0) = u x (E.1)

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v ( x,0) = v x (E.2)

Where u x and v x are the specified displacement of the punch.

Away from the contact the surface of the FGM layer is unloaded x < −b or x>a

σ xy ( x ,0) = 0 (E.3)

σ yy ( x,0) = 0 (E.4)

The distribution of the load in the surface of the contact − b ≤ x ≤ a

σ xy ( x,0) = −q ( x) (E.5)

σ yy ( x,0) = − p( x ) (E.6)

The subsidiary condition boundary condition can be written as

b

∫ q (x )dx = Q (E.7)
−b

∫ p (x )dx = P (E.8)
−b

E-2- Expression of the stresses

The displacements in the homogeneous medium are
+∞
λ y − iλx
u ( x, y ) = ∫ (C
−∞
1
+ C3 y )e e dλ (E.9)

+∞  iλ  iλ i κ   λ y −i λx
C
v ( x, y ) = ∫  1 λ 3  λ λ  e e dλ
− ∞
+ C  y − (E.10)

The stresses can be then written as
+∞

σ xy = µ ∫ (C1 2 λ + C3 (2 λ y + (1 − κ )))e
λ y −i λx
e dλ (E.11)
−∞

µ +∞  iλ   λ y −i λx
σ yy = ∫ C1 2iλ (κ − 1) + C3  2i λ (κ − 1) y + (1 − κ ²)   e e dλ (E.12)
κ − 1 −∞  λ 


 +∞  iλ  λ y − ixλ 
σ xx = µ  ∫ −  C1 2iλ + C3 ( 2i λy + ( 3 − κ ) ) e e dλ  (E.13)
 −∞ λ  
  
The unknowns of the problem are C1 and C3 .

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E-3- Development of singular integral equations

Let’s now take the inverse Fourier of the shear and normal stresses
+∞

(2 λ C + ((1 − κ ) + 2 λ y) C3 )e
λ y 1 isλ
1
=
2πµ ∫ σ xy e ds
−∞
(E.14)

  λy +∞
 2(κ −1)iλC1 + ((1 −κ ²) iλ + 2iλ(κ −1) y)C3 e = κ − 1 ∫ σ yye ds
isλ
(E.15)
 λ  2πµ −∞
 
For y = 0 we obtain

iλ 1 a isλ

2πµ −∫b
2iλC1 − (κ +1) C3 = − p (s )e ds = F1 (E.16)
λ
a
1 isλ
2 λ C1 + (1 − κ )C3 = −
2πµ ∫ q (s)e ds = F2 (E.17)
−b

Thus we obtain a system of two linear equations

 iλ  C1   
2iλ − (1 + κ )
λ  
=
 F1 
   

(E.18)
2 λ 1−κ  C3   F 
 2 

By inverting the system we obtain the expressions of C1 and C3 function of λ

1−κ κ + 1 iλ
C1 = F1 + F (E.19)
4iλ 4iλ λ 2

2λ 2iλ
C3 = − F1 + F (E.20)
4iλ 4iλ 2
Our problem has as variable two functions p and q, so we must find two equations. For this
reason we write the other boundary conditions.
Injecting the expression of C1 and C3 into (E.9) and (E.10), we obtain

 +∞  1 − κ λ  a  λ y −ixλ 
  isλ
e e dλ + 
∫
   4iλ
− y ∫
2i λ − b
p ( s ) e ds
 
1  −∞   
u ( x, y ) = − (E.21)

2πµ +∞  
   κ + 1 1 
a  λ y −ixλ 
is λ

 ∫   4 λ + 2 y  ∫ q( s )e ds e e dλ 
 −∞   −b  

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 +∞  κ + 1 1  a  λy 
   p ( s )e isλ ds e e −ixλ dλ + 
∫
  4λ
− y ∫
2 − b  
1  −∞   
v ( x, y ) = − (E.22)

2πµ +∞  
   (1 − κ )i i λ 
a  λ y −ixλ 
isλ

 ∫   4λ + λ y  ∫ q ( s )e ds e e dλ 
 −∞  − b  
∂u ∂v
Now we have to calculate ( x, y ) and ( x, y )
∂x ∂x
∂u 1 a +∞
 1− κ λ λ y iλ ( s− x )

∂x
( x, y ) =
2πµ ∫ ∫ 
−b −∞ 4
−y  p ( s )e e
2 
dλds +

(E.23)
1 a +∞
 (κ + 1) iλ iλ  λ y iλ ( s− x )

2πµ −∫b −∫∞ 4 λ

 + y q( s )e e dλds
2 

∂v 1 a +∞ (κ + 1) iλ i λ  λ y iλ ( s − x )

2πµ −∫b −∫∞ 4 λ

(x , y ) = − y  p( s ) e e dλds +
∂x 2 
(E.24)
1 a +∞
κ −1 λ λ y iλ ( s − x )

∫ ∫ 
2πµ − b −∞ 4
− y q ( s )e e
2 
dλds

Using now (E.1) and (E.2) boundary conditions, we may obtain two singular integral
equations

a a

lim − ∫ K11 ( x , s) p ( s) ds + ∫ K12 ( x, s) q ( s) ds  = u x ' ( x) (E.25)
y→0
 −b −b 

a a

lim −  ∫ K 21 ( x, s ) p( s ) ds + ∫ K 22 ( x, s )q ( s )ds  = v x ' ( x) (E.26)
y→0
 −b −b 

Where
+∞
iλ ( s− x )
K ij ( x , s ) = ∫H
−∞
ij
( y , λ )e dλ i , j = 1, 2 (E.27)

1  1 − κ λ  λy
H11 ( y, λ ) =  − y e (E.28)
2πµ  4 2

1  (κ + 1) iλ i λ  λ
y e
y
H12 ( y, λ) = + (E.29)
2πµ  4 λ 2 

1  (κ + 1) iλ i λ  λ
y e
y
H 21 ( y, λ ) = − (E.30)
2πµ  4 λ 2 

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1  κ − 1 λ λ
− y e
y
H 22 ( y, λ ) =  (E.31)
2πµ  4 2

We have now to extract the singularity, for this reason we compute the expressions of the
kernels

1 +∞
1−κ λ λ y iλ ( s − x )
K11 =
2πµ −∞
∫(4
− y )e e
2
dλ (E.32)

+∞
1 (1 + κ ) iλ iλ λ y iλ ( s− x )
K12 =
2πµ ∫( 4 λ
+ y )e e
2
dλ (E.33)
−∞

+∞
1 (1 + κ ) i λ iλ λ y i λ ( s − x)
K 21 =
2πµ ∫( 4
− y )e e
λ 2
dλ (E.34)
−∞

1 +∞
κ −1 λ λ y iλ ( s − x )
K 22 =
2πµ ∫ 4
−∞
( − y
2
)e e dλ (E.35)

After doing an integral transformation, we obtain

1 1 − κ y y ( y ² − ( s − x)²) 
K11 =  −  (E.36)
2πµ  2 y ² + ( s − x)² ( y ² + ( s − x )²)² 
1  (κ + 1)( s − x ) y ²(s − x ) 
K12 = −  +  (E.37)
2πµ  4( y ² + ( s − x)²) ( y ² + ( s − x )²)² 
1  (κ + 1)( s − x) y ²(s − x ) 
K 21 = −  −  (E.38)
2πµ  4( y ² + ( s − x)²) ( y ² + ( s − x )²)² 
1  κ −1 y y( y ² − ( s − x )²) 
K 22 =  −  (E.39)
2πµ  2 y ² + ( s − x )² ( y ² + ( s − x)²)² 

 a
 a

 − ∫ 11
lim K ( x , s ) p ( s ) ds  − ∫ K 21 ( x, s ) p ( s )ds
lim
 y→0
− b  y → 0 −b
We must now calculate the  and 
 a
 a

 − ∫ 12
lim K ( x , s ) q ( s) ds  − ∫ K 22 ( x, s) q( s ) ds
lim
 y → 0 −b  y → 0 −b
For this reason we have to search the limit of sparely :
a a

A/ lim − ∫ K 11 ( x , s ) p( s ) ds and lim − ∫ K 22 ( x, s) p( s ) ds

y→0 y→0
−b −b

a a

B/ lim − ∫ K 12 ( x, s) p ( s) ds and lim − ∫ K 21 ( x, s) q ( s) ds

y→0 y→0
−b −b

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

s−x
A/ if we make a variable change u = , we obtain
−y

1−κ y ( y ² − ( s − x)²) 
a
y
lim − ∫  −  p( s ) ds =
y→0
−b 
2 y ² + ( s − x)² ( y ² + ( s − x )²)² 
a −x (E.40)
−y
 κ −1 1 1 − u² 
lim − ∫  −  p( − yu + x) du
y → 0 −b − x  2 1 + u ² (1 + u ²)² 
−y

 κ −1 y( y ² − ( s − x )²) 
a
y
lim − ∫  − q ( s) ds =
y→0
−b 
2 y ² + ( s − x)² ( y ² + ( s − x)²)² 
a −x (E.41)
−y
 1 −κ 1 1 − u² 
lim −
y→0
∫ 
−b − x  2 1 + u ²
−
(1 + u ²)²
 p ( − yu + x )du

−y

we obtain thus :

1−κ y ( y ² − ( s − x)²) 
a
y
lim − ∫  −  p( s ) ds =
y→0 − 
b
2 y ² + ( s − x)² ( y ² + ( s − x )²)² 
(E.42)
+∞
κ −1 1 1 − u²  (κ − 1)π
∫−∞ 2 1 + u ² (1 + u ²)² du p (x ) = 4 p (x )
 −

 κ −1 y( y ² − ( s − x )²) 
a
y
lim − ∫  − q ( s) ds =
y → 0 −b  2 y ² + ( s − x)² ( y ² + ( s − x)²)² 
(E.43)
+∞
 1− κ 1 1 − u²  (κ − 1)π
∫−∞ 2 1 + u ² (1 + u ²)² duq( x) = − 4 p( x)
 −

We obtain then the expression of the two first limits as

κ −1
a

lim − ∫ K 11 ( x, s) p ( s) ds = p (x ) (E.44)
y→0
−b
8πµ

κ −1
a

lim − ∫ K 22 ( x, s) q ( s) ds = − q (x ) (E.45)
y→0
−b
8πµ

B/ The limit of the other quantities is more evident. For this reason, we make the limit under
the integral sign. We obtain the following expressions

κ + 1 q( s )
a a

lim − ∫ K12 ( x, s ) q( s ) ds = −
4πµ −∫b s − x
ds (E.46)
y→0
−b

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

κ + 1 p( s )
a a

lim − ∫ K 21 ( x , s) p ( s) ds =
4πµ −∫b s − x
ds (E.47)
y→0
−b

To formulate two-dimensional problems of an elastic half-space in which displacements are

specified over the interval [-b,a], we use conclude

1−κ 4πµ '

a
q( s )
∫ x − s ds = −π 1 + κ p (x ) + u (x )
κ +1 x
(E.48)
−b

1 −κ 4πµ '
a
p( s )
∫ x − s ds = π 1 + κ q (x ) − v ( x)
κ +1 x
(E.49)
−b

E-4- Problem resolution

In this part we have to solve two singular integral equations verified by the stresses at the
punch. For this reason, we suppose that
π 1 −κ
c= (E.50)
2 1+ κ
4π
d= (E.51)
1 +κ
a=b (E.52)
x
x= (E.53)
a
We can so write the problem under a new form
1
q( s )
∫ x − s ds = −c p( x ) + du
'
x
( x) (E.54)
−1

1
p( s )
∫ x − s ds = c q( x) + dv
'
x
(x ) (E.55)
−1

We have to solve two coupled singular integral equation. In order to uncouple these equation,
we introduce a new complex function
f = p + iq (E.56)
We can so write the problem under a new form
1
f (s )
∫ s − x ds = icf ( x) + d (v
' '
x
( x) − i u x ( x)) (E.57)
−1

So we can write our problem under another form

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

B 1 f (s)
π −∫1 s − x
Af ( x ) + ds = h( x), − 1 < x < 1 (E.58)

Where
B =π (E.59)
κ −1
A = iπ (E.60)
1+ κ
4πµ ' '
h (x ) = (v x ( x) − i u x ( x )) (E.61)
1 +κ
Or the weight function has the following form
α β
w( s ) = (1 − s ) (1 + s) (E.62)
where
A − iB 
log 
1
α= + N (E.63)
2πi  A + iB 
A − iB 
log 
1
β =− +M (E.64)
2πi  A + iB 
In the previous expressions we have N=-1 and M=0.
So the expressions of theses constant are
1 log( κ )
α = − +i (E.65)
2 2π
1 log( κ )
β =− −i (E.66)
2 2π
The weight functions for these two coupled singular integral equations have the following
expressions
log(κ )
1 1− s 
i
2π
w( s ) =   (E.67)
1 − s²  1 + s 
Our problem is to find the solution of the problem under the conditions
'
u x' ( x ) = 0 and v x ( x ) = 0

So the problem is to find f satisfied to the following condition :

1
f (s)
∫ s − x ds = icf ( x)
−1
(E.68)

with the subsidiary condition

1

∫ f (s)ds = P + iQ
−1
(E.69)

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Cracking of Functionally Graded Coating under thermo-mechanical loading

The solution of the problem

1+κ     
 P cosη log  1 + x   − Q sin η log  1 + x   
1
p (x ) = (E.70)
2 κ π 1 − x²    1 − x    1 − x  

1+κ     
 P sin η log  1 + x   + Q cos η log  1 + x   
1
q (x ) = (E.71)
2 κ π 1 − x²   1 − x     1− x  
log( κ )
where : η =
2π
So we must now find the variation of p and q. For this reason we have to draw the variation of
p and q.

FigE.2 : Variation of p and q

We observe that we have effectively a singularity at –1 and 1. We remark also that p is a even
function but q is an odd one.

147