partial derivatives-1

UNIT – 2 Partial derivatives and its applications
LECTURE-1
FUNCTION OF ONE OR MORE VARIABLES
FUNCTION OF ONE OR MORE VARIABLES
Functions of one variable
Examples: y = 1 + 2x, y = -2 + 3x. Let x and y be 2 variables.

When a unique value of y is determined by each value of x, this
relation is called a function.
General form of function:

y = f(x)
read “y is a function of x.”
Domain of a function:
The possible values of the independent variable x.
Range of a function:
The values of the dependent variables corresponding to the
values of the independent variable.
EXAMPLE:
a) y=1+2x, domain = all real number  Range = all real
numbers.
b) y= x2 , domain = all real number  Range = y ≥ 0.
c) y= 1 − 𝑥 , domain = x ≤ 1  Range = all real numbers.
y≥0
d) y= 1 − 𝑥2, domain = -1 ≤ x ≤ 1  Range = -1 ≤ y ≤ 1

0≤y≤1
The Graph of a function:
 The set of all points (x, f(x)).
Example:
Find some of the points on the graph of g(x)= 2x-1 and
sketch it.
SCALING AND SHIFTING OF A
FUNCTION
One way of obtaining one graph from another is by
scaling and shifting either x or y or both, so that the
graph y=f(x) becomes the graph y = af(bx + c) + d. The
way to see what happens to the graph is to understand
what happens in simple steps with just one change at a
time
TYPES OF A FUNCTION
Other Special Functions
+
Functions
The greatest integer function
is also known as the step
function. It rounds up the
number to the nearest
integer less than or equal to
the given number.
⌊x⌋ = n,
where n ≤ x < n + 1 and 'n' is
an integer.
Let us understand the functions of several variable
Volume V r h 2
V= f (r, h)
We see that if we change h , r remains unchanged and vice versa.

Therefore r and h are two independent variable, then volume V of the cylinder is a
function of several variable.
For Example:
The Ideal Gas Law:
nRT
It can also be written as P  P  f (V , T )
V
A Function of Two Variables
A function of two variables is a function, that is, to each input is associated
exactly one output.
The inputs are ordered pairs, (x,y).

The outputs are real numbers (each output is a single real number). The domain
of a function is the set of all possible inputs (ordered pairs); the range is the set of
all possible outputs (real numbers).
The function can be written z=f(x,y)
.
Limits and continuity
The limit of f (x), as x approaches a, equals L
written: lim f ( x)  L
xa
if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close to L by taking

x to be sufficiently close to a.
y
y  f ( x)
L
x
a
Limits describe how a
function behaves near a
point, instead of at that
point.
Limit of f(x)
Calculus - Precise definition of a limit
YouTube·MySecretMathTutor·26-Sept-2012
Calculus - Precise definition of a limit
YouTube·MySecretMathTutor·26-Sept-2012
Limit Theorems
If c is any number, lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  M , then
x a x a
a) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M b) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M
x a x a
c) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M
x a
d)
x a 
lim f ( x)
g ( x)   L , ( M  0)
M
e) lim  c  f ( x)   c  L f) lim  f ( x)   Ln
n
x a
x a
g) lim c  c h) lim x  a
xa
x a
i) lim x n  a n j) lim f ( x)  L , ( L  0)
x a x a
L’ Hospital Rule to Evaluate Limit
Continuity
Geometrical Meaning of DeRivative
y  ƒ  x  Continuous function
ƒ  c +h - ƒ  c 
lim = lim(slope of chord CB) = Slope of tangent at C
h0 h BC
 ƒ  c   the slope of the tangent at C  c, ƒ  c  
It means that the slope of the tangent line is

equal to the limit of the difference quotient
as h approaches zero. This is the
fundamental definition of derivatives. We
denote derivatives as dy\dx. This is called as
First Principle in Calculus.
Physical Meaning of Derivative
Distance s is travelled in time t
s = ƒ t
Distance s + δs is travelled in time t + δt
s+δs = ƒ  t+δt 
 δs = ƒ  t+δt  - ƒ  t 
δs ƒ  t + δt  - ƒ  t 
 Average velocity = =
δt δt
δs ƒ  t +δt  - ƒ  t 
Velocity at time t = lim = lim = ƒ t 
δt 0 δt δt 0 δt
Note:
1. If a function is differentiable (you can take the
derivative) at x = c, then it is continuous at x = c.
So, differentiability implies continuity.
1. It is possible for a function to be continuous at x = c
and NOT be differentiable at x =c.
So, continuity does not imply differentiability
(Sharp turns in graphs and vertical tangents).
Note:
1. If a function is differentiable (you can take the
derivative) at x = c, then it is continuous at x = c.
So, differentiability implies continuity.
1. It is possible for a function to be continuous at x = c
and NOT be differentiable at x =c.
So, continuity does not imply differentiability
(Sharp turns in graphs and vertical tangents).
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Composite functions are when the output of one function is used as the input of another.
which shows that the inner function must

be applied before the outer function
E.g.
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
which shows that the inner function must

be applied before the outer function
COMPOSTION BY ARR0W DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE

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UNIT – 2 Partial derivatives and its applications

Examples: y = 1 + 2x, y = -2 + 3x. Let x and y be 2 variables.

General form of function:

d) y= 1 − 𝑥2, domain = -1 ≤ x ≤ 1  Range = -1 ≤ y ≤ 1

 The set of all points (x, f(x)).

We see that if we change h , r remains unchanged and vice versa.

The Ideal Gas Law:

The inputs are ordered pairs, (x,y).

if we can make the value f (x) arbitrarily close to L by taking

 ƒ  c   the slope of the tangent at C  c, ƒ  c  

It means that the slope of the tangent line is

Distance s + δs is travelled in time t + δt

which shows that the inner function must

which shows that the inner function must

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