MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT- NOTES

CHAPTER 13-MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Magnet is an object that attracts objects made of iron, cobalt and nickel. Magnet comes to rest
in North – South direction, when suspended freely.
Use of Magnets: Magnets are used

 in refrigerators.
 in radio and stereo speakers.
 in audio and video cassette players.
 in children’s toys and;
 on hard discs and floppies of computers.
Magnetic field : The area around a magnet where a magnetic force is experienced is called
the magnetic field. It is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude, (i.e., Vector quantity).
The SI unit for magnetic field (B) is the Tesla.
Magnetic field lines: The imaginary lines represent the magnetic field around a magnet are
called magnetic field line or field line of magnet.
Direction of field line: Outside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken from
North pole to South Pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken from
South pole to North pole.
Q: List the properties of magnetic field lines (or magnetic lines of force)
(i) They do not intersect each other.
(ii) magnetic field lines emerge from North pole and merge at the South pole. Inside the magnet,
their direction is from South pole to North pole.
(iii magnetic field lines are closed curves.
(iv) The degree of closeness of the field lines shows magnetic field strength.
Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Q: Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?

Magnetic field lines do not intersect as there will be two tangential magnetic field
directions associated with the same point, which does not occur. If a compass needle is
placed at that point, it will show two different directions of the magnetic field which is
absurd.
Q: Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar
magnet?
A compass needle is, in fact, a small bar magnet. When the compass needle is brought
close to the bar magnet, the magnetic field associated with the bar magnet which has
influenced the compass needle.
Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Conductor

When electric current flows through a current carrying conductor, it produces a
magnetic field around it. The more the current, the higher the deflection. If the direction
of current is reversed, the direction of deflection is also reversed.
Q: On which factors does the magnetic field produced by a current carrying conductor at a given point
depend?
Answer:
The magnetic field produced by a given current in a conductor depends on(1) the distance from the
conductor and(2) the amount of current through the conductor.
State Right-Hand Thumb Rule: Imagine that you are holding a current
carrying conductor in your right hand such that the thumb points towards the
direction of electric current. Then the fingers will wrap around the conductor will
show the direction of magnetic field.
( it is used to find the direction of magnetic field around a current carrying
conductor)
Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor

A current carrying straight conductor has magnetic field in the form of concentric
circles, around it. The magnetic field around a current carrying straight conductor
depends upon
(1) Magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the amount (strength) of current flowing in
the conductor. (Bα I)
(2) Magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. (Bα 1/r)
Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a current carrying straight conductor.
Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular loop
The strength of the magnetic field around a current carrying circular loop
depends on:
(i) The radius of the coil: The strength of the magnetic field is inversely
proportional to the radius of the coil. If the radius increases, the magnetic
strength at the centre decreases
(ii) The strength of the current flowing in the coil: As the strength of
the current increases, the strength of the magnetic fields also increases.
Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a current carrying circular loop.
( text book fig: 13.8)

Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
The strength of the magnetic field around a current carrying circular coil
depends on :
(i) The radius of the coil: The strength of the magnetic field is inversely
proportional to the radius of the coil. If the radius increases, the magnetic
strength at the centre decreases
(ii) The strength of the current flowing in the coil: As the strength of
the current increases, the strength of three magnetic fields also increases.
(iii) The number of turns in the coil : As the number of turns in the coil
increase, the magnetic strength at the centre increases, because the current
in each circular turn is having the same direction, thus, the field due to each
turn adds up.
Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a current carrying circular coil.
( text book fig: 13.9)
Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper

wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called a
solenoid.
The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of
parallel straight lines. This indicates that the magnetic
field is the same at all points inside the solenoid.
Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a current carrying solenoid.
(text book fig: 13.10)
Factors effecting magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid.
1.The number of turns of the solenoid.

2.The amount of current flowing in the solenoid.
3.The type of core material.
Electro magnet: A strong magnetic field produced inside a

solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece of magnetic
material, like soft iron, when placed inside the coil. The
magnet so formed is called an electromagnet.
(text book fig: 13.11)
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BARMAGNET AND SOLENOID

Q. Describe the activity that shows that a current-carrying conductor experiences
a force perpendicular to its length and the external magnetic field. How does
Fleming’s left-hand rule help us to find the direction of the force acting on the
current carrying conductor?
Answer:
 Take a small aluminium rod AB (of about 5 cm). Using two connecting wires,
suspend it horizontally from a stand.
 Place a strong horse-shoe magnet in such a way that the rod lies between
the two poles with the magnetic field directed upwards. For this put the
north pole of the magnet vertically below and south pole vertically above
the aluminium rod.
 Connect the aluminium rod in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat.
 Now pass a current through the aluminium rod from end B to end A.
 It is observed that the rod is displaced towards the left. You will notice that
the rod gets displaced.
 Reverse the direction of current flowing through the rod and observe the
direction of its displacement. It is now towards the right.
The displacement of the rod in the above activity suggests that a force is exerted
on the current-carrying aluminium rod when it is placed in a magnetic field.
According to Fleming’s left hand rule stretch the thumb, forefinger and central
finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular.
If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and the central in the
direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or force
acting on the conductor.
Q. State Fleming’s left hand rule.

Ans: According to Fleming’s left-hand rule stretch the thumb, forefinger and
central finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the
forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and the central in the direction
of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or force acting on
the conductor.
Q: What are the Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Force on a Current
Carrying Conductor
The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

depends on
(F= IBLSinθ)
(a) The current in the conductor,
(b) The strength of the magnetic field.
(c) The length of the conductor in the magnetic field.
(d) The angle between the direction of magnetic field and the direction of current.
Distinguish between AC and DC
Alternating Current Direct Current

Amount of energy Safe to transfer over longer city Voltage of DC cannot travel
that can be carried distances and can provide more power. very far until it begins to lose
energy.
Cause of the Rotating magnet along the wire. Steady magnetism along the
direction of flow of wire.
electrons
Frequency The frequency of alternating current is The frequency of direct
50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the current is zero.
country.
Direction It reverses its direction while flowing in It flows in one direction in the
a circuit. circuit.
Current It is the current of magnitude varying It is the current of constant
with time magnitude.
Flow of Electrons Electrons keep switching directions - Electrons move steadily in one
forward and backward. direction or 'forward'.
Domestic electric circuit

Explanation- earth wire, short circuiting, overloading (textbook)
Short-circuit develops when live wire comes in contact with neutral wire. 1. Overloading occurs
when the amount of current drawn by the source exceeds the amount of current the source can
supply. 2. The current flow is high at the time of short-circuit.

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CHAPTER 13-MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Use of Magnets: Magnets are used

Q: Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?

Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Conductor

Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor

( text book fig: 13.8)

Q: Draw magnetic field lines around a current carrying circular coil.

( text book fig: 13.9)

Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper

Factors effecting magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid.

1.The number of turns of the solenoid.

Electro magnet: A strong magnetic field produced inside a

(text book fig: 13.11)

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BARMAGNET AND SOLENOID

Q. State Fleming’s left hand rule.

The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

Distinguish between AC and DC

Alternating Current Direct Current

Domestic electric circuit

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