33 Tác giả:

-Work & life (some work and stories)

-Social background

Tác phẩm:
-plot of story
-comment of the content, art ( giá trị nội dung, giá trị nghệ thuật)
-figure of speech ( biện pháp nghệ thuật được sử dụng)
-what lesson to study
-hình ảnh điển hình
-the setting

1. Romeo and Juliet - william Shakespeare

2. The daffodils - William Wordworth
A. Tác giả
William Wordsworth (1770–1850)
+was a central figure in the Romantic literary movement
+his poetry is celebrated for its lyricism, connection to nature, and exploration of human
emotion.

The influence of his writing:

+ His mother died when he was eight, and his father passed away when he was thirteen.
These early losses deeply influenced his poetry.
+ The natural beauty of the region had a profound impact on his poetry, and he developed a
close affinity with nature.
+ Romantic literary movement: His writing style, characterized by a deep connection with
nature, introspection, and a celebration of individual experience, reflects the core tenets
of Romanticism.
(tell more the Romanticism influence his writing:
Nature as a Source of Inspiration:
Wordsworth's immersion in nature was a central aspect of his writing. Romanticism, as a literary
movement, placed a significant emphasis on the sublime beauty and power of nature. The Romantics
believed that nature had a spiritual and rejuvenating quality, and Wordsworth's works often explore
the transcendental experience of being in nature.

Celebration of Individual Experience:

Romanticism encouraged a focus on individual emotions, intuition, and personal experience.
Wordsworth's poetry often revolves around his own experiences, emotions, and memories. He sought
to capture the profound and transformative moments of his life, emphasizing the unique and personal
aspects of his encounters with nature.

Reaction to Societal Changes:

The late 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by significant social and political upheavals,
including the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. Wordsworth responded to these
changes by expressing a certain disillusionment with the industrialized and urbanized society. His
poetry often reflects a desire for a return to a simpler, more harmonious way of life, where the
individual could connect with nature and his own inner self.

Poetry as Expression of Emotion:

Wordsworth aimed to convey genuine feelings and emotions. His focus on simplicity and accessibility
in language was a departure from the complex and formal diction of earlier periods.)

5 dramas:
- Lyrical Ballads
- The Excursion
- I wandered lonely as a cloud (also some calls “Daffodils”)
- The solitary reaper
- Ode: intimations of immortality
- the Prelude

Context introduction of the poem:

- The poem “Daffodils” is also known as “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, a lyric poem by
William Wordsworth.
- The inspiration came from a walk Wordsworth took with his sister, Dorothy around Glencoyne
Bay, Ullswater, in the Lake District 1802.
- Reports a scene in which the author has a look at a valley that was full of daffodils.
- It is now seen as a classic of English Romantic poetry, although Poems was poorly reviewed by
Wordsworth’s contemporaries

- The setting of the poem is the English Lake District, a region in northwest England known for
its picturesque landscapes, including lakes, mountains, and meadows. The specific location
mentioned in the poem is near Ullswater, one of the largest lakes in the Lake District.
Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy encountered a field of daffodils while walking along the
shore of Ullswater in 1802.
- The poem begins with the speaker describing how he was feeling lonely and despondent as he
wandered aimlessly like a cloud. Suddenly, he comes across a field of golden daffodils beside a
lake, and the sight of the flowers immediately lifts his spirits.
- The poet marvels at the sheer number of daffodils, which stretch in a continuous line along the
shore. The image of the dancing daffodils is so striking that it becomes etched in the poet's
memory, providing a source of solace and inspiration even in moments of solitude.

Content:

Setting and Context:

● The poem begins with the speaker describing a moment of solitude as he wanders
aimlessly, feeling lonely and downcast. This state of mind sets the stage for the
transformative encounter with nature.
Encounter with Daffodils:
 ● The turning point of the poem occurs when the speaker encounters a field of golden
daffodils beside a lake. The sight of the dancing, fluttering daffodils instills a sense of
awe and wonder in the speaker.
Impact on the Speaker:
● The sight of the daffodils has a profound impact on the speaker, lifting his spirits and
bringing him a sense of joy and inner peace. The memory of the daffodils becomes a
source of solace during moments of solitude and melancholy.
Nature's Influence:
● The poem celebrates the transformative and uplifting power of nature. The daffodils
serve as a symbol of the restorative and healing qualities of the natural world, capable of
transcending the mundane and elevating the human spirit.
Connection to Memory:
● The memory of the daffodils continues to resonate with the speaker even in moments of
solitude. The recollection of the scene becomes a cherished memory that can instantly
bring joy and comfort.

Artistry:

Imagery: Wordsworth employs vivid and evocative imagery to depict the scene of the daffodils.
The "golden" daffodils are described as a "host" that "flutter" and "dance," creating a lively and
picturesque image in the reader's mind.

Personification: The poem includes personification, attributing human qualities to the daffodils.
They are described as "dancing" and "fluttering" in the breeze, creating a sense of animation and
vitality in the natural world.

Rhythm and Meter: The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, contributing to a rhythmic and
flowing cadence. The steady rhythm enhances the sense of tranquility and harmony, mirroring
the calm beauty of the natural scene. (Rhythm structure: A-B-A-B-C-C)

Emotional Tone: Wordsworth's language and tone convey a deep emotional connection to
nature. The initial sense of loneliness transforms into a sublime experience of joy and
inspiration, reflecting the poet's belief in the restorative power of nature on the human soul.

Simplicity and Language: Wordsworth adheres to his belief in the "real language of men" by
using simple and accessible language. The straightforward expression allows readers to connect
more intimately with the emotions and experiences conveyed in the poem.

Figure of speech:

- Simile:

Example: "Ten thousand saw I at a glance, / Tossing their heads in sprightly dance."

Explanation: Wordsworth uses a simile to compare the multitude of daffodils to stars.

This comparison emphasizes the abundance and brilliance of the flowers, creating a
striking image.

- Personification:
 Example: "A host of golden daffodils; / Beside the lake, beneath the trees, / Fluttering
and dancing in the breeze."

Explanation: The daffodils are personified, as they are described as a "host" and as if
they are capable of "fluttering and dancing." This personification imbues the flowers with
human-like qualities, enhancing the sense of animation and liveliness in the scene.

- Metaphor:

Example: "And then my heart with pleasure fills, / And dances with the daffodils."

Explanation: Wordsworth uses a metaphor to convey the intense joy and connection he
feels with the daffodils. His heart is metaphorically described as "dancing," emphasizing
the emotional resonance of the experience.

- Hyperbole:

Example: "Ten thousand I saw at a glance."

Explanation: The use of "ten thousand" is hyperbolic, emphasizing the sheer abundance
of daffodils in the speaker's view. It serves to magnify the impact and visual spectacle of
the scene.

- Alliteration:

Example: "Fluttering and dancing in the breeze."

Explanation: The repetition of the "d" sound in "fluttering" and "dancing" creates an
alliterative effect. This not only adds a musical quality to the line but also emphasizes the
delicate and lively movements of the daffodils.

3. The Nightingale and the Rose - Oscar Wilde

‘The Nightingale and the Rose’ is about a Student who is in love with a woman, a Professor’s
daughter. She has told him she will dance with him if he brings her red roses, but the Student’s garden
does not contain any roses. The Nightingale listens to the lovelorn student lamenting his hopeless love,
and feels sorry for him.

She knows how rare true love is, and she knows it when she sees it. The Prince is giving a ball the
following night, but although the Student and the woman he loves will both be there, she will not dance
with him without a red rose.

A Lizard, a Butterfly, and a Daisy all tell the Nightingale that it’s ridiculous that the young Student is
weeping over a red rose, but the Nightingale sympathises with him. She flies to a nearby grass-plot and
asks the Rose-tree to give her a red rose, and in exchange she will sing for it. But the Rose-tree says it
produces only white roses, so cannot give her what she wants. It suggests going to the Rose-tree by the
sun-dial.
The Nightingale proposes the same deal with this tree, but it replies that it only produces yellow roses,
so cannot help. However, it directs her to the Rose-tree right under the student’s window. However,
although this Rose-tree does produce red roses, the winter has frozen its branches and it cannot
produce any.

The Nightingale asks if there is any way she can get one red rose for the Student. The tree replies that
the only way of producing a red rose is for the Nightingale to sing by moonlight while allowing a thorn
to pierce her heart, so her blood seeps through to the tree and produces a red rose. The Nightingale
agrees to this, because she believes Love to be more valuable than Life, and a human heart more
precious than hers.

She goes and tells the forlorn Student what she is going to do, but he doesn’t understand her, because
he only understands things written down in books. The Oak-tree, in which the Nightingale has built her
nest, does understand her words, however, and requests one last song from the Nightingale. She sings,
but the Student, taking out his notebook, is rather unimpressed, because the bird’s song has no practical
use.

That night, the Nightingale sings with her heart against the thorn, until it eventually pierces her heart
while she sings of love. Her heart’s blood seeps into the tree and produces a red rose, but by the time
the flower is formed the Nightingale has died.

The next morning, the Student opens his window and sees the red rose on the tree, and believes that it
is there thanks to mere good luck. Plucking the rose, he goes to the house where his sweetheart lives,
and presents her with the red rose. But another suitor, the Chamberlain’s nephew, has sent her jewels,
which are more valuable than flowers, so she says she will dance with him instead at the ball that night.

The Student denounces the girl for her fickleness, and she calls him rude. He throws the red rose into
the gutter, where a cart rolls over it. As he walks home, he decides to reject Love in favour of Logic
and Philosophy, which have a more practical use.

Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) was an Irish playwright, poet, and author known for his wit, flamboyant
style, and sharp social commentary. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16,
1854, in Dublin, Ireland, into an intellectual and artistic family.

Wilde began his literary career with poetry and essays, establishing himself as a prominent figure in
London's literary scene. His collection of fairy tales, "The Happy Prince and Other Tales," was
published in 1888 and was well-received for its wit and moral lessons.

Wilde is best known for his comedies, including "An Ideal Husband," and "The Importance of Being
Earnest," among others. His plays are characterized by sharp dialogue, satire of societal norms, and
often comedic explorations of serious themes.

Oscar Wilde died on November 30, 1900, in Paris at the age of 46. His legacy has endured, and he is
remembered not only for his plays and writings but also for his sharp wit and contributions to the
literary and cultural landscape of the late 19th century.

5 of his drama:
 - The importance of being earnest
- An ideal husband
- The picture of Dorian Gray
- Lady Windermere's Fan
- A woman of no importance

Content:

Love and Idealism: The story revolves around a young student's idealistic quest for love. The
student is infatuated with a beautiful girl and believes that presenting her with a red rose is the
key to winning her affection. Wilde uses this premise to explore the purity and idealism often
associated with youthful love.

Sacrifice: The central theme of sacrifice is embodied by the nightingale, who willingly gives up
her life to create the red rose that the student desires. This theme highlights the selflessness and
nobility of sacrificing one's own happiness for the sake of others.

Unrequited Love: The story portrays the unrequited nature of the student's love. Despite the
nightingale's sacrifice, the girl rejects the red rose, emphasizing the harsh reality that love
doesn't always triumph and that idealized notions of romance can be elusive.

Nature and Artifice: The narrative contrasts the natural world, represented by the nightingale,
with the artificial desires of humans, symbolized by the student and the girl. This exploration of
the tension between nature and artifice adds depth to the story and provides a commentary on
human motivations.

Art:

Symbolism: Wilde employs symbolism throughout the story. The nightingale represents selfless
love, the red rose symbolizes the intensity of true love, and the white rose embodies purity.
These symbols contribute to the story's allegorical nature, inviting readers to interpret its deeper
meanings.

Narrative Style: Wilde's use of a fairy tale narrative style, with its whimsical and poetic
language, adds to the artistry of the story. The prose is both beautiful and thought-provoking,
creating an immersive experience for the reader.

Irony: The story employs irony, particularly in the girl's rejection of the red rose and the
ultimate fate of the red rose. This use of irony contributes to the story's poignancy and serves as
a device to challenge conventional expectations.

Lesson:

The Sacrifice of True Love:

Lesson: The nightingale sacrifices her life to create a red rose for the student, illustrating
the theme of selfless love. The lesson here is that true love often involves sacrifices, and
the willingness to give of oneself for the sake of others.

The Illusion of Romantic Ideals:

 Lesson: The story critiques the superficiality of the student's romantic ideals. The girl
rejects the white rose, symbolizing purity, in favor of a red rose, symbolizing passion.
The lesson is that romantic ideals based solely on appearances can be misguided and lead
to disappointment.

The Transient Nature of Beauty:

Lesson: The red rose, created through the nightingale's sacrifice, wilts and dies quickly.
This underscores the transient nature of beauty and the ephemeral quality of material
symbols of love. The lesson is to appreciate the deeper, enduring aspects of love beyond
mere appearances.

The Ingratitude of the World:

Lesson: The world, represented by the girl, is indifferent to the nightingale's sacrifice.
The story comments on the world's lack of appreciation for selfless acts and the harsh
reality that not all sacrifices are recognized or reciprocated.

The Folly of Superficial Desires:

Lesson: The student's desires for a red rose and the girl's desire for a materialistic gift
reflect superficial values. The story suggests that these desires can blind individuals to
the true meaning and depth of love. The lesson is to question the significance of
materialistic desires in relationships.

The Contrast Between Nature and Humanity:

Lesson: The nightingale, representing nature, is pure and selfless in her actions, while the
student and the girl, representing humanity, are driven by self-interest and superficial
desires. The lesson is to reflect on the contrast between the simplicity and purity of
nature and the complexities of human behavior.

The Irony of Love's Creation:

Lesson: The story's irony lies in the fact that the nightingale's sacrifice goes
unappreciated, and the red rose, created through selfless love, fails to fulfill the student's
desires. The lesson is that love's expressions may not always align with worldly
expectations.

The Limits of External Influences:

Lesson: Despite the nightingale's sacrifice, she cannot alter the girl's feelings or the
reality of the world. This underscores the limitations of external efforts to control or
influence the course of love. The lesson is to recognize the boundaries of one's agency in
matters of the heart.

4. The moon and sixpence - W.S Maugham

- A man of Honour
- The explorer
- The circle
- Lady Frederick
 - Mrs. Dot
William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) was a renowned British playwright, novelist, and
short story writer. His works are known for their exploration of human nature, social themes,
and acute observations of the human condition.

Somerset Maugham was born on January 25, 1874, in Paris, France. His parents were British,
but he was orphaned at a young age and raised by his uncle in England. He studied medicine at
St. Thomas' Medical School in London but soon abandoned his medical career to pursue
writing.

Maugham achieved success as both a playwright and a novelist. His early works include "Liza
of Lambeth" (1897), but he gained significant recognition with his plays. Some of his notable
plays include "Lady Frederick" (1907), "The Circle" (1921), and "Our Betters" (1917).

During World War I, Maugham served as a secret agent for the British government, and his
experiences informed his later works, including the Ashenden stories.

In the 1930s and 1940s, he continued to write novels and plays, including "The Razor's Edge"
(1944), another significant work exploring themes of philosophy and spirituality.

Somerset Maugham's works have had a lasting impact on English literature, and he remains one
of the most widely read and studied authors. His keen observations of human behavior, his wit,
and his storytelling skills contribute to his enduring popularity.

Somerset Maugham passed away on December 16, 1965, in Nice, France. His literary legacy continues
to be celebrated for its insight into the complexities of human relationships and the human psyche.

TÁC PHẨM
Plot Summary:
● The story is narrated by an unnamed author who becomes fascinated with Charles Strickland, a
middle-aged London stockbroker. Strickland shocks society by abandoning his family and a
conventional life to pursue a passion for art.
● The novel follows Strickland's unconventional life choices, which lead him to various locations,
including Paris and Tahiti. Strickland's pursuit of artistic expression is relentless, and he is
willing to sacrifice everything for his creative vision.
Themes:
● Artistic Passion: The novel delves into the theme of artistic passion and the often tumultuous
relationship between creativity and societal expectations.
● Individualism: Strickland's rejection of societal norms and his pursuit of individual fulfillment,
regardless of the consequences, form a central theme.
● Conflict Between Art and Morality: The story raises ethical questions about the price of artistic
genius and the clash between artistic pursuits and conventional morality.
Character Exploration:
● The character of Charles Strickland is enigmatic and complex. He is portrayed as an artist who
is indifferent to the feelings and concerns of those around him. Strickland's motivations and
actions challenge the moral compass of the characters and readers alike.

Figure of speech:
 Simile:
● Example: "Strickland was like a gust of wind that moves everything before it."
● Explanation: This simile compares Strickland's impact to that of a powerful gust of wind,
emphasizing the force and unpredictability of his actions.
Metaphor:
● Example: "He did not seem a man but a force of nature."
● Explanation: This metaphor portrays Strickland not as an ordinary man but as a powerful
and uncontrollable force, highlighting his extraordinary and sometimes destructive
nature.
Personification:
● Example: "The street ... was disconsolate, and the drizzling rain made it still more
dreary."
● Explanation: Personification is used here to attribute the quality of being disconsolate to
the street, enhancing the mood of desolation and sadness.
Hyperbole:
● Example: "I confess I never could understand how anyone can expect a work of art to be
lasting."
● Explanation: This hyperbolic statement emphasizes the speaker's strong disbelief in the
lasting nature of art. It adds emphasis to the speaker's opinion on the transitory nature of
artistic achievements.
Irony:
● Example: "He was not a hypocrite. He never deceived himself into the belief that he was
better than his neighbor."
● Explanation: The irony lies in the fact that, despite not being a hypocrite in the
traditional sense, Strickland's actions and choices are morally complex and
unconventional, challenging conventional notions of right and wrong.
Alliteration:
● Example: "It never struck me that a man would be such a fool as to dislike children."
● Explanation: The repetition of the "d" sound in "struck," "man," and "fool" creates an
alliterative effect, adding a rhythmic quality to the sentence.
Imagery:
● Example: "The air was soft and grey like stuff."
● Explanation: This vivid imagery describes the atmospheric conditions, portraying the air
as soft and grey, like a tangible material, creating a sensory experience for the reader.

5. The escape - William Somerset Maugham

"The Escape" is a short story by W. Somerset Maugham, published in 1925. The story revolves around
a married couple, Roger and Ruth, who seem to have a stable and content life. Roger is a successful
government official in China, and they have been married for about fifteen years. Despite the
appearance of a harmonious marriage, it becomes clear that Roger feels unfulfilled and yearns for
something more in life.

Ruth, on the other hand, is content with their life in China and is not inclined to change their
circumstances. She enjoys the social life and her role as a respectable wife.

The turning point in the story occurs when Roger meets a woman named Mary on a ship traveling from
China to England. Mary is a charming and vivacious woman who captivates Roger. The encounter
with Mary awakens a desire for passion and excitement that Roger feels is lacking in his marriage.
As Roger grapples with his feelings and the temptation presented by Mary, he is faced with a choice: to
continue with the stability of his marriage or to pursue a more passionate and uncertain path with
Mary.

The story explores themes of midlife crisis, the desire for adventure, and the consequences of making
choices that may disrupt the established order of one's life. "The Escape" delves into the complexities
of human relationships and the internal conflicts that arise when individuals confront the possibility of
change and the pursuit of personal happiness.

The ending of the story leaves Roger at a crossroads, with the ultimate resolution left somewhat
ambiguous, allowing readers to reflect on the choices individuals make in the pursuit of personal
fulfillment.

Content:

● Midlife Crisis and Unfulfillment: The story delves into the theme of midlife crisis and the
feeling of unfulfillment that can arise in established relationships. Roger, the protagonist,
experiences a sense of emptiness despite his seemingly successful life.
● Temptation and Desire: The introduction of Mary on the ship represents the catalyst for Roger's
inner turmoil. The story explores the powerful emotions of temptation and desire, highlighting
the conflict between duty and personal fulfillment.
● Choice and Consequences: Roger is faced with a choice between the stability of his marriage
and the potential excitement offered by Mary. The narrative skillfully navigates the
consequences of such choices, emphasizing the impact on individuals and their relationships.
● Internal Conflict: The story intricately portrays Roger's internal conflict. The readers witness his
emotional struggle and the tension between societal expectations and personal desires, creating
a relatable and nuanced portrayal of human psychology.

Artistry:

● Characterization: Maugham's characterization is a strength in this story. The characters are

finely drawn, with Roger's internal conflicts and Mary's enigmatic charm adding depth to the
narrative. The nuanced portrayal of Ruth also contributes to the complexity of the relationships
depicted.
● Tension and Ambiguity: The author masterfully builds tension throughout the story, keeping
readers engaged with the uncertainty surrounding Roger's decisions. The ending, while not
conclusively resolving Roger's fate, adds a layer of ambiguity that prompts readers to reflect on
the nature of personal choices.
● Narrative Structure: Maugham's narrative structure is well-crafted, with a gradual unfolding of
events that allows readers to empathize with Roger's emotional journey. The use of the ship
journey as a backdrop adds a sense of transition and the possibility of change.
● Exploration of Themes: The story seamlessly explores universal themes such as love, passion,
duty, and the pursuit of happiness. Maugham's nuanced approach to these themes adds depth to
the narrative, making it resonate with a wide range of readers.

Figure of speech:

● Simile:
○ "He felt like a man who, after straining his eyes to see something in the distance,
discovers that what he was looking at was nothing."
○ This simile conveys the sense of disappointment and disillusionment that Roger
experiences, emphasizing the futility of his earlier pursuits.
 ● Metaphor:
○ "The chains of circumstance were chafing him."
○ The metaphor of "chains of circumstance" vividly illustrates the restrictive nature of
Roger's life and how external factors are binding and uncomfortable.
● Personification:
○ "But sometimes one has a moment of weakness when, hedged about by the narrowing
circumstances of existence, one's spirit sinks, and one is at the mercy of a weakness of
the flesh."
○ The personification of circumstances and the spirit sinking adds a human quality to
abstract concepts, making the emotional struggle more relatable.
● Irony:
○ "It was the panic of a man who, losing the religion that has surrounded and upheld him,
falls into a panic of atheism."
○ The use of irony here highlights the irony of Roger's situation, where the loss of his
perceived stability leads to a state of emotional panic.
● Hyperbole:
○ "I got an impression that in its flight his soul had brushed against something hard and
unyielding, and it had been hurt."
○ The hyperbolic description of Roger's soul brushing against something hard emphasizes
the profound impact of the emotional turmoil he is experiencing.
● Alliteration:
○ "And then he set his teeth, and he was a strong, self-reliant man once more."
○ The repetition of the "s" sound in "set," "teeth," and "strong" creates a rhythmic and
emphatic quality, emphasizing Roger's determination to regain his composure.

The setting:

"The Escape" by Somerset Maugham primarily takes place in the early 20th century, with specific
settings that play significant roles in the development of the narrative. The story unfolds in various
locations, each contributing to the overall atmosphere and context of the plot.

The story begins in China, where Roger is stationed as a government official. This setting adds an
exotic and foreign backdrop to the narrative. The colonial atmosphere of this location influences
Roger's perceptions and behaviors, and it is where he initially experiences a sense of dissatisfaction
with his life.

A considerable portion of the story takes place on a ship as Roger travels from China to England. The
confined space of the ship symbolizes Roger's introspective journey, providing a physical and
metaphorical transition point in the narrative.

Once in England, the story unfolds in a more familiar and conventional setting. The contrast between
the exoticism of China and the familiarity of England highlights Roger's internal conflict and the clash
between societal expectations and personal desires.

A significant scene takes place in the home of Roger and Ruth, where the dynamics of their marriage
are explored. This domestic setting serves as the backdrop for discussions about duty, relationships,
and the tension between Roger and Ruth.

The story briefly mentions an art gallery where Roger sees a portrait of Mary. This setting represents
the world of art, which becomes a symbolic and thematic element in the narrative. Art, in this context,
is not merely a physical location but a realm that influences Roger's perceptions and desires.
The diverse settings in "The Escape" contribute to the complexity of the story, offering readers a
glimpse into different facets of Roger's life and the contrasting influences that shape his decisions. The
transitions between these settings also mark the various stages of Roger's emotional journey and the
evolution of his internal conflicts.

Lesson:

"The Escape" by W. Somerset Maugham is a short story that explores themes of societal expectations,
marriage, and the pursuit of personal happiness. Here are some lessons that can be gleaned from the
story:

The Impact of Societal Expectations:

● Lesson: The story highlights the pressure and expectations imposed by society,
particularly in the context of marriage. Vance faces the dilemma of conforming to
societal norms or pursuing his own happiness. The lesson is to critically examine societal
expectations and question whether they align with personal values.
The Consequences of Suppressed Desires:
● Lesson: Vance's suppressed desires and unfulfilled aspirations contribute to his inner
turmoil. The story suggests that ignoring one's true desires for the sake of societal
approval can lead to discontent and a sense of unfulfillment. The lesson is to
acknowledge and pursue one's genuine aspirations.
Importance of Self-Reflection:
● Lesson: Vance's internal conflict prompts him to reflect on his own desires and priorities.
The story emphasizes the value of self-reflection in making life-altering decisions. The
lesson is to take the time to understand oneself and make choices aligned with personal
values.
Complexity of Relationships:
● Lesson: The story portrays the complexities of marital relationships. Vance's
dissatisfaction stems from a lack of emotional connection with his wife. The lesson is to
recognize the importance of emotional compatibility and communication in relationships.
Individual Pursuit of Happiness:
● Lesson: Vance's decision to pursue his own happiness, even at the cost of societal
disapproval, underscores the importance of individual fulfillment. The story suggests that
genuine happiness may require breaking free from societal expectations. The lesson is to
prioritize one's own well-being and fulfillment.
The Unpredictability of Life:
● Lesson: Vance's decision to escape represents the unpredictability of life. The story
implies that life is full of uncertainties and unexpected turns, and individuals may need to
adapt to changing circumstances. The lesson is to be open to life's unpredictability and
embrace change when necessary.
The Search for Authenticity:
● Lesson: Vance's journey can be seen as a search for authenticity. The story encourages
individuals to be true to themselves and live authentically, even if it means going against
societal norms. The lesson is to prioritize authenticity over conformity.
Value of Personal Fulfillment:
● Lesson: The story suggests that personal fulfillment is a crucial aspect of a meaningful
life. Vance's pursuit of happiness highlights the importance of prioritizing one's well-
being and satisfaction. The lesson is to seek a life that aligns with personal values and
brings genuine happiness.
Questioning Traditional Gender Roles:
● Lesson: The story challenges traditional gender roles and expectations. Vance's decision
to break away from societal norms reflects a questioning of established gender roles and
 expectations within marriage. The lesson is to critically examine and challenge gender
stereotypes.
Courage to Embrace Change:
● Lesson: Vance's escape requires courage to embrace change and pursue a different path.
The story encourages individuals to summon the courage needed to make significant life
decisions, especially when faced with societal opposition. The lesson is to be brave in the
pursuit of personal happiness.

In summary, "The Escape" offers valuable lessons about the complexities of societal expectations, the
pursuit of personal happiness, and the importance of authenticity in one's life choices. It prompts
readers to reflect on their own values, desires, and the courage needed to navigate societal norms in the
pursuit of a fulfilling life.

6. Gone with the wind - Margaret Mitchell

A. Tác giả
Margaret Mitchell (1900–1949) was an American author best known for her novel "Gone with the
Wind," one of the most popular and enduring works of fiction in American literature. Here's an
overview of her life and works:

Life:
Early Life: Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell was born on November 8, 1900, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
She grew up in a prominent and affluent family.

Works:

Gone with the Wind (1936): Mitchell's only published novel, "Gone with the Wind," was a massive
success. Set during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, the novel tells the story of Scarlett
O'Hara, a strong-willed Southern woman. It explores themes of love, loss, and survival against the
backdrop of historical events.

Pulitzer Prize: Mitchell was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1937 for "Gone with the Wind."
The book also won the National Book Award for Most Distinguished Novel of 1936.

Style writing:
Margaret Mitchell's writing style in "Gone with the Wind" is significantly influenced by the historical
context and societal norms of the American South during the mid-19th to early 20th centuries,
particularly the era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Here are some key points to consider:

Southern Heritage and Culture:

Mitchell grew up in the American South, and her novel reflects a deep understanding of Southern
heritage, culture, and traditions. The story is set against the backdrop of the Civil War, and Mitchell
portrays the antebellum South with a mix of nostalgia and critique.

Impact of the Civil War:

The Civil War was a defining moment in American history, and its effects lingered in the Southern
psyche long after its conclusion. Mitchell's portrayal of the war and its aftermath captures the trauma,
loss, and resilience of the Southern people. The struggles of the characters reflect the broader societal
upheavals of the time.

Changing Roles of Women:

Mitchell's writing style reflects the evolving roles of women in the early 20th century. Scarlett O'Hara,
the protagonist, challenges traditional gender roles. She is a strong, independent woman who navigates
the challenges of war and Reconstruction, providing a commentary on changing societal expectations
for women.

Romanticism and Realism:

Mitchell's writing style combines elements of romanticism and realism. While there is a romanticized
portrayal of the Old South, the novel also delves into the harsh realities of war, poverty, and
reconstruction. The juxtaposition of romantic and realistic elements adds depth to her narrative.
In summary, Margaret Mitchell's writing style in "Gone with the Wind" is intricately tied to the
historical context and societal norms of the American South during a tumultuous period. Her portrayal
of characters, events, and cultural shifts reflects the complexities and contradictions of the time in
which she lived and wrote.

B. Tác phẩm

Content:

Historical Depth:
● The novel provides a rich and detailed portrayal of the American South during the Civil
War and Reconstruction era. Mitchell's meticulous research and attention to historical
details offer readers a vivid and immersive experience of a crucial period in American
history.
Complex Characters:
● "Gone with the Wind" is known for its well-developed and complex characters. Scarlett
O'Hara, the protagonist, is a particularly memorable character whose evolution
throughout the story reflects the societal changes and personal challenges of the time.
The characters' relationships, motivations, and conflicts add depth to the narrative.
Social Commentary:
● The novel offers a nuanced social commentary on issues such as race, class, and gender
roles. Mitchell explores the impact of war and societal upheaval on individuals and
communities, providing insight into the complexities of Southern society during a
turbulent period.
Survival and Resilience:
● "Gone with the Wind" is a story of survival and resilience. The characters face immense
challenges, and their ability to adapt and persevere in the face of adversity is a central
theme. This theme resonates not only on a personal level but also as a reflection of the
South's struggle to rebuild after the war.

Artistic Value:

Narrative Structure:
● Mitchell's narrative structure is noteworthy. The novel is structured in four parts, each
with its own distinct tone and focus. This structure allows for a comprehensive
exploration of the characters' lives and the historical events shaping their world.
 Symbolism and Imagery:
● Mitchell employs vivid symbolism and imagery throughout the novel. The image of
Tara, Scarlett's plantation home, becomes a powerful symbol of survival and the
indomitable spirit of the South. The use of symbolic elements enhances the overall
artistic quality of the work.
Language and Style:
● Mitchell's writing style is both eloquent and accessible. She combines lush, descriptive
prose with a keen understanding of dialogue, capturing the distinct voices of her
characters. The language contributes to the immersive nature of the storytelling.
Emotional Impact:
● The novel elicits a strong emotional response from readers. Mitchell's ability to convey
the characters' joys, sorrows, and inner conflicts contributes to the emotional resonance
of the story. The novel's enduring popularity is a testament to its ability to connect with
readers on a profound level.

In conclusion, "Gone with the Wind" is celebrated for its historical depth, complex characters, social
commentary, and artistic qualities. The combination of compelling content and a masterfully crafted
narrative has secured its place as a literary classic.

Figure of speech:

Simile:
● Example: "The very winds whispered in soothing accents, and maternal Nature made me
weep no more."
● Analysis: The simile here, comparing the whispering winds to soothing accents, adds a
poetic and comforting quality to the description. It creates a sensory experience for the
reader, immersing them in the natural surroundings and emphasizing the nurturing aspect
of the environment.
Metaphor:
● Example: "Life's under no obligation to give us what we expect."
● Analysis: This metaphorical expression conveys a profound truth about life's
unpredictability. By likening life to an entity with no obligation, Mitchell captures the
unpredictable nature of human existence, adding a philosophical layer to the narrative.
Personification:
● Example: "The sun was a toddler insistently refusing to go to bed, still high in the sky,
casting a warm glow over the landscape."
● Analysis: By personifying the sun as a toddler, Mitchell imbues it with human-like
qualities, creating a vivid and playful image. This personification adds a touch of whimsy
to the description of the evening sky, enhancing the reader's connection to the scene.
Hyperbole:
● Example: "She had a smile that could light up the darkest room."
● Analysis: This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the radiance of the character's smile. It
adds a sense of warmth and positivity, underscoring the impact of the character's joy on
the surroundings. The exaggeration serves to intensify the emotional impact of the
description.
Irony:
● Example: "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn."
● Analysis: Rhett Butler's famous line is an example of verbal irony, where the words
convey the opposite of the speaker's true feelings. This irony encapsulates the complex
dynamics between the characters, providing a moment of emotional depth and tension in
the narrative.
 Alliteration:
● Example: "Scarlett silently sipped her sweet tea, staring at the sprawling Southern
landscape."
● Analysis: The repeated "s" sounds in this alliterative phrase create a smooth and rhythmic
quality. This linguistic device can draw attention to Scarlett's contemplative moment,
enhancing the sensory and atmospheric elements of the scene.
Onomatopoeia:
● Example: "The wind whispered through the tall pines, a gentle sigh that seemed to echo
the sorrows of the war."
● Analysis: The onomatopoeic "whispered" and "sigh" contribute to the auditory
atmosphere of the scene. The sounds of the wind evoke a sense of melancholy, linking
the natural elements to the broader theme of war and its impact on the characters.
Oxymoron:
● Example: "The bittersweet memories of a love lost lingered in the air."
● Analysis: The oxymoron "bittersweet memories" encapsulates the complex emotions
associated with lost love. This figurative expression conveys the mingling of joy and
sorrow, emphasizing the enduring and conflicting nature of the character's feelings.
Paradox:
● Example: "In her strength, there was a fragility; in her vulnerability, a resilience."
● Analysis: This paradoxical statement reveals the intricate layers of the character's
personality. It suggests that strength and fragility, vulnerability and resilience coexist
within the same individual. The paradox adds depth to the characterization, highlighting
the complexity of human nature.
Euphemism:
● Example: "She was not exactly thin; she was just horizontally disproportionate."
● Analysis: This euphemism employs humor to soften the description of the character's
physical appearance. It adds a lighthearted touch to the narrative, showcasing Mitchell's
ability to navigate sensitive subjects with wit and charm.

In summary, Margaret Mitchell's use of these figures of speech in "Gone with the Wind" contributes to

the novel's literary richness, creating a nuanced and engaging reading experience. These linguistic

devices enhance the storytelling, evoke emotions, and add layers of meaning to the narrative, making

Mitchell's work a classic in the realm of American literature.

The setting:
The last chapter of "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell is set in Tara, the O'Hara family
plantation in Georgia. The novel concludes with Scarlett O'Hara returning to Tara after facing
numerous challenges and losses throughout the story, particularly during the Civil War and
Reconstruction era.

In the final chapter, Scarlett finds herself back at Tara, determined to rebuild her life and face the
uncertainties of the future. The setting of Tara in the last chapter symbolizes a sense of continuity, the
enduring nature of the land, and the potential for renewal after the devastating events of the war.

The final scenes at Tara provide a poignant and reflective conclusion to the novel, offering readers a
glimpse into Scarlett's resilience and the enduring spirit of the Southern landscape that has witnessed
so much change and hardship.
Lesson can learn:

"Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell is a rich and complex novel that offers readers various
lessons and insights. Here are some key lessons that can be gleaned from the novel:

Resilience and Adaptability:

● The characters in the novel, especially Scarlett O'Hara, demonstrate incredible resilience
in the face of adversity. Despite the challenges posed by the Civil War and
Reconstruction, they adapt to changing circumstances and persevere in rebuilding their
lives.
The Cost of Obsession:
● Scarlett's relentless pursuit of Ashley Wilkes and her material ambitions illustrates the
potentially destructive nature of obsession. The novel suggests that single-minded focus
on personal desires can come at a significant emotional and moral cost.
Impact of War on Society:
● "Gone with the Wind" provides a vivid portrayal of the profound impact of war on
individuals and society. The destruction, loss, and societal upheavals depicted in the
novel serve as a reminder of the human cost of armed conflict.
Complexity of Human Relationships:
● The novel explores the intricacies of love, friendship, and familial ties. Relationships in
"Gone with the Wind" are portrayed as multifaceted, with characters experiencing love,
betrayal, and loyalty in ways that reflect the complexity of human connections.
Changing Societal Norms:
● The novel captures the shifting societal norms during the Civil War and Reconstruction.
It reflects on the challenges of adapting to changing social structures and the impact of
these changes on individuals and communities.
Self-Discovery and Growth:
● Scarlett O'Hara undergoes significant personal growth throughout the novel. Her journey
from a Southern belle preoccupied with societal expectations to a resilient and
independent woman illustrates the transformative power of self-discovery.
Nostalgia for the Past:
● The novel explores the theme of nostalgia for the antebellum South, portraying
characters grappling with the loss of a way of life. This theme prompts reflection on the
consequences of clinging to idealized versions of the past.
The Illusion of Control:
● Despite Scarlett's determined efforts to control her life and the lives of those around her,
the novel illustrates that certain events and circumstances are beyond one's control. This
lesson encourages reflection on the limits of personal agency.
Cultural and Racial Dynamics:
● "Gone with the Wind" delves into the complexities of race and class in the American
South. The novel prompts readers to consider the historical and social context of the
time, fostering a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by various communities.
The Unpredictability of Life:
● The novel emphasizes the unpredictable nature of life and the inevitability of change.
Characters experience unforeseen challenges, losses, and opportunities, highlighting the
importance of adaptability and resilience.

While reading "Gone with the Wind," readers may draw various lessons based on their own
perspectives and interpretations of the characters and events. The novel's exploration of human nature,
societal dynamics, and historical context provides a rich tapestry for reflection and discussion.
 7. Hills like white elephants ( the iceberg theory)
A. Tác giả

Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist, widely
considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century. He was born in Oak Park,
Illinois, and grew up in a family with a strong literary background. Hemingway developed a passion
for writing from an early age.

Some of his notable works include:

The Old Man and the Sea (1952):

A Farewell to Arms (1929):
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940):
The Sun Also Rises (1926):
A Moveable Feast (1964):

Hemingway's writing style is characterized by its simplicity, directness, and economy of language,
often referred to as the "Iceberg Theory" or "Theory of Omission." He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1954 for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in "The Old Man
and the Sea."

In addition to his literary achievements, Hemingway lived a life marked by adventure and travel. He
served as an ambulance driver in World War I, reported on the Spanish Civil War, and was involved in
both World War II and the liberation of Paris. He was an avid sportsman and enjoyed activities such as
hunting, fishing, and bullfighting.

Unfortunately, Hemingway's later years were marred by physical and mental health issues. He died by
suicide in Ketchum, Idaho, in 1961. Despite the challenges he faced, Hemingway's impact on
American literature endures, and his works continue to be widely read and studied.

B. Tác phẩm
The setting:
"Hills Like White Elephants" is a short story by Ernest Hemingway, and the primary setting is a train
station in Spain. The station is described as being located in a valley with hills on one side that look
like white elephants.

The story takes place at a small outdoor bar at the train station, where the main characters, a man and a
woman, engage in a conversation. The setting of the train station and the surrounding landscape
becomes symbolic in the story, representing the choices and decisions the characters are facing. The
hills like white elephants serve as a metaphor for the looming and unspoken issue at the heart of their
discussion.

The simplicity of the setting and its sparse description are characteristic of Hemingway's writing style,
allowing readers to focus on the dialogue and subtle nuances of the characters' interactions.

The figure of speech

"Hills Like White Elephants" by Ernest Hemingway is a short story that employs various figures of
speech and literary devices. Here are some examples along with their analysis:
1. Symbolism:

● Example: The hills that look like white elephants.

● Analysis: The hills symbolize the unspoken, looming issue of the characters' potential decision
regarding an abortion. The comparison to white elephants adds a layer of irony and emphasizes
the burden associated with this decision.

2. Metaphor:

● Example: The setting of the train station as a metaphor.

● Analysis: The barren landscape, the hot sun, and the sense of waiting at a train station
metaphorically represent the emotional climate of the characters and their relationship. The train
and tracks symbolize the characters' choices and the decision they need to make.

3. Irony:

● Example: The title, "Hills Like White Elephants."

● Analysis: The irony lies in the contrast between the positive connotations of white elephants as
traditionally considered sacred and the tension and unease surrounding the characters' decision,
adding complexity to the story.

4. Dialogue and Subtext:

● Example: The characters talking around the central issue.

● Analysis: The sparse dialogue and significant subtext create a form of communication where
much is left unsaid. This aligns with Hemingway's iceberg theory, emphasizing the importance
of what is beneath the surface in conveying meaning.

5. Imagery:

● Example: Descriptions of the landscape, heat, and hills.

● Analysis: Hemingway's use of vivid and evocative imagery enhances the reader's engagement
with the story, reinforcing the emotional weight of the characters' situation.

6. Foreshadowing:

● Example: The reference to the hills like white elephants early in the story.
● Analysis: The mention of the hills foreshadows the impending discussion about a significant
decision, creating a sense of anticipation for the reader.

These figures of speech collectively contribute to the nuanced storytelling in "Hills Like White
Elephants," allowing readers to explore the characters' emotions and the underlying themes of the
narrative. Hemingway's skillful use of language and symbolism adds depth to the story, leaving much
for the reader to infer and interpret.

Comment of content value and artistic value

"Hills Like White Elephants" by Ernest Hemingway is widely regarded as a masterpiece of short
fiction, known for its innovative style and the depth of its underlying themes. Here are comments on
the content and artistic value of the story:

Content:
Subtext and Unspoken Themes:
The story is rich in subtext and unspoken communication. Much of the meaning is beneath the surface,
conveyed through what the characters do not say. The central conflict, likely an unplanned pregnancy
and the decision regarding it, is hinted at rather than explicitly stated.

Exploration of Relationships:
The narrative provides a subtle exploration of the dynamics between the two main characters, revealing
the complexities of their relationship. The way they communicate, or rather avoid communication,
speaks volumes about their emotional state and the challenges they face.

Symbolism and Metaphor

The symbolic use of the hills that look like white elephants and the metaphorical train station setting
add layers of meaning. The symbolism of the white elephants conveys the weight and potential burden
of the characters' decision, while the train station serves as a metaphor for the transient nature of
choices.

Artistic Value:
Minimalism and Precision:
Hemingway's minimalist writing style is a hallmark of his artistic approach. The precision in language
and the deliberate omission of explicit details require readers to actively engage with the text, making
the story a model of literary craftsmanship.

Iceberg Theory:
The story exemplifies Hemingway's Iceberg Theory, where much of the meaning is beneath the
surface. The reader is invited to infer and interpret, fostering a deeper engagement and allowing for
multiple layers of understanding.

Impactful Imagery:
The vivid and evocative imagery, describing the landscape, heat, and hills, adds to the overall impact
of the story. The imagery creates a sensory experience for the reader, contributing to the emotional
weight of the characters' situation.

Timelessness:
Despite being written in 1927, "Hills Like White Elephants" remains relevant and timeless. The themes
of communication, relationships, and difficult decisions are universal, ensuring the story's enduring
significance.

In summary, "Hills Like White Elephants" stands as a powerful and enduring work of literature due to
its nuanced exploration of human relationships, its mastery of minimalist style, and its use of
symbolism and metaphor to convey profound and timeless themes. The story's artistic value lies in its
ability to engage readers intellectually and emotionally, prompting reflection on the complexities of
life and communication.
The lesson:
"Hills Like White Elephants" by Ernest Hemingway is a nuanced and thought-provoking story that
offers several lessons and insights. Here are some key takeaways:

Communication is Complex:
● The story highlights the complexity of communication, particularly in addressing
difficult and sensitive topics. The characters' struggle to express their feelings and
discuss the impending decision regarding the pregnancy underscores the challenges of
effective communication in relationships.

Unspoken Tensions:
The narrative emphasizes the power of the unspoken. The tension in the story arises not from what
the characters say but from what they avoid discussing. This teaches us that sometimes the most
significant aspects of a conversation lie beneath the surface.

Choices and Consequences:

● The story prompts reflection on the weight of choices and the potential consequences that
come with them. The decision the characters face regarding the pregnancy represents the
broader theme of making difficult choices and grappling with their repercussions.

Perspective and Interpretation:

● "Hills Like White Elephants" is a prime example of Hemingway's Iceberg Theory, where
much of the meaning is left for the reader to infer. The story encourages us to consider
different perspectives and interpretations, recognizing that not everything is explicitly
spelled out in life or literature.

The Impact of Setting:

● The significance of the story's setting, particularly the train station and the hills, teaches
us about the importance of context in understanding situations. The external environment
can play a crucial role in shaping the emotional climate of a conversation or decision.

Personal Responsibility:
● The characters in the story are faced with a decision that requires personal responsibility.
The narrative invites readers to contemplate the challenges of taking responsibility for
one's choices and dealing with the consequences, even when the path ahead is uncertain.

Symbolism in Everyday Life:

● The use of symbolism, such as the hills like white elephants, encourages readers to
recognize symbolism in their own lives. The story prompts us to be attentive to the
symbolic aspects of our surroundings and experiences, understanding that deeper
meanings may be embedded in seemingly ordinary things.

The Complexity of Relationships:

● The relationship between the two characters is depicted as complex and multifaceted.
The story suggests that relationships involve navigating through difficult conversations
and decisions, requiring both partners to communicate openly and honestly.

Overall, "Hills Like White Elephants" encourages readers to reflect on the intricacies of
communication, the weight of choices, and the complex nature of human relationships. Its timeless
themes make it a valuable work of literature that continues to resonate with readers across generations.
Iceberg theory:
Hemingway's Iceberg Theory, also known as the theory of omission, is a writing style in which the
majority of the story's content lies beneath the surface, unspoken and implied. The theory suggests that
the reader can infer deeper meanings and understand the full scope of the narrative by engaging with
what is not explicitly stated. "Hills Like White Elephants" is a prime example of Hemingway's
application of this theory.

Sparse Dialogue:
● Much of the story is conveyed through sparse and concise dialogue. Hemingway
deliberately omits direct discussion of the central issue (the pregnancy and potential
abortion), leaving it for readers to discern from the characters' indirect exchanges.

Unspoken Emotions:
● The characters' emotions and thoughts are often left unexpressed. Instead of explicitly
stating their feelings, Hemingway relies on subtle cues, body language, and the overall
atmosphere to convey the emotional tension between the characters.

Symbolism and Metaphor:

● Hemingway uses symbolism and metaphor to communicate deeper meanings. The hills
that look like white elephants serve as a powerful symbol representing the unspoken and
weighty issue the characters face. The metaphorical train station setting also contributes
to the layers of meaning beneath the surface.

Reader Inference:
● The story invites readers to actively engage and infer meaning. By leaving much unsaid,
Hemingway encourages readers to fill in the gaps, interpret the characters' emotions, and
contemplate the implications of the unspoken conflict.

Focus on Actions:
● Hemingway emphasizes actions and gestures over explicit statements. Through the
characters' movements, expressions, and subtle behaviors, readers can glean insights into
their internal struggles and the dynamics of their relationship.

Contextual Clues:
● The significance of the setting, the train station, and the surrounding landscape provides
contextual clues that contribute to the overall understanding of the story. These elements,
while not explicitly explained, add depth and context to the narrative.

Understated Endings:
● The story concludes without a clear resolution or explicit statement regarding the
characters' decision. Hemingway often favored understated endings that allow readers to
reflect on the implications of the narrative without being provided a definitive
conclusion.

In summary, Hemingway's Iceberg Theory is evident in "Hills Like White Elephants" through its use
of minimalistic dialogue, unspoken emotions, symbolism, and reliance on reader inference. The
deliberate omission of explicit details creates a narrative that is open to interpretation, encouraging
readers to engage actively with the text and explore the deeper layers of meaning beneath the surface.

8. The last leaf

 A. tác giả
O. Henry was the pen name of William Sydney Porter, an American short story writer known for his
clever and surprise twist endings. He was born on September 11, 1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina,
and died on June 5, 1910, in New York City.

O. Henry's writing is characterized by his use of wit, wordplay, and surprise endings. His stories often
feature ordinary people in everyday situations, and he had a keen understanding of human nature.
Some of his most famous works include "The Gift of the Magi," "The Ransom of Red Chief," "The
Cop and the Anthem," and "The Last Leaf.”

O. Henry's influence on the short story genre has endured, and his works continue to be read and
appreciated for their humor, irony, and clever plot twists. His legacy lives on, and he is remembered as
one of America's great short story writers.

Comment on the influence of historical context and society onO. Henry’s writing style

O. Henry's writing style was significantly influenced by the historical context and society of his time.
He lived during a period of transition in the United States, marked by rapid industrialization,
urbanization, and social change. These factors had a noticeable impact on O. Henry's choice of themes,
characters, and settings in his short stories.

Urban Life and Social Struggles: O. Henry's stories often reflect the challenges and complexities of
urban life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. With the rise of industrialization, many
people moved to cities in search of employment, and this urban setting becomes a backdrop for
many of O. Henry's tales. His characters frequently grapple with poverty, the pursuit of the
American Dream, and the struggles of everyday life in a bustling metropolis.

Economic Inequality: O. Henry's own experience with financial difficulties, including his time in
prison for embezzlement, likely influenced his exploration of economic inequality in his stories.
Many of his characters are ordinary people facing financial hardships, and their attempts to
navigate the economic challenges of their time are central to O. Henry's narratives.

Sense of Surprise and Irony: O. Henry's writing is characterized by its use of surprise endings and
clever plot twists. This can be seen as a response to the uncertainty and unpredictability of life
during his era. The industrial and social transformations of the time created an atmosphere of
rapid change, and O. Henry's stories often reflect the unexpected turns that life can take.

Understanding Human Nature: O. Henry's keen observations of human nature were likely shaped
by the societal dynamics of his time. The diverse and dynamic populations of cities provided
him with a rich tapestry of characters and personalities to draw upon. His ability to capture the
quirks, aspirations, and flaws of his characters is a testament to his understanding of the human
condition in the context of the society he lived in.

In summary, O. Henry's writing style was deeply influenced by the historical and social milieu of his
time. His stories are a reflection of the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving
American society, and his ability to infuse humor and irony into his narratives continues to resonate
with readers, making his works timeless.

B. Tác phẩm
The setting:
"The Last Leaf" is a short story written by O. Henry, rather than a novel. The story is set in Greenwich
Village, a bohemian neighborhood in New York City. It takes place in a small apartment building
where two young women, Sue and Johnsy, live.

The story is primarily set in Johnsy's room, where she lies sick with pneumonia, believing that she will
die when the last leaf falls from the ivy vine outside her window. The atmosphere is described as cold
and gloomy, reflecting Johnsy's pessimistic outlook on life. The story explores themes of hope,
friendship, and the power of art in the face of adversity.

The setting plays a significant role in conveying the mood of the story and highlighting the contrast
between the harsh realities of life and the possibility of finding hope and inspiration even in the most
challenging circumstances.

The figure of speech:

"The Last Leaf" by O. Henry contains several figures of speech and literary devices. Here are a few

examples along with their analysis:

Simile:
● Example: "Johnsy lay, scarcely moving, on her painted iron bedstead, looking through
the small Dutch window-panes at the blank side of the next brick house."
● Analysis: The comparison using "like" or "as" helps create a vivid image of Johnsy's
stillness and contemplation.
Metaphor:
● Example: "Then they found a lantern, still lighted, and a ladder that had been dragged
from its place, and some scattered brushes, and a palette with green and yellow colors
mixed on it, and—look out the window, dear, at the last ivy leaf on the wall."
● Analysis: The "last ivy leaf on the wall" is metaphorically linked to life and hope. It
becomes a symbol of resilience and the persistence of life.
Personification:
● Example: "Then she called to Sue, who was stirring her chicken broth over the gas
stove."
● Analysis: Giving human-like qualities to non-human entities, in this case, the gas stove,
adds a touch of vividness and warmth to the scene.
Irony:
● Example: The title itself, "The Last Leaf," is ironic because the last leaf doesn't fall, and
it plays a crucial role in saving Johnsy's life.
● Analysis: The irony in the title sets the stage for the unexpected turn of events in the
story, challenging the reader's expectations.
Symbolism:
● Example: The ivy leaves represent life and hope for Johnsy.
● Analysis: The ivy leaves are a symbolic representation of the fragile nature of life and the
impact of art and beauty on one's will to live.
Allusion:
● Example: The story alludes to Behrman's old masterpiece depicting the street scene.
● Analysis: This reference adds depth to the narrative and serves as a reminder of the
characters' aspirations and the power of art in different forms.
These figures of speech contribute to the overall richness of the story, making it more engaging and

thought-provoking for the readers.

The comment of content and art

"The Last Leaf" by O. Henry is a poignant and heartwarming short story that explores themes of hope,
friendship, and the resilience of the human spirit. Here are comments on its content and artistic value:

Content:

Emotional Impact: The story carries a strong emotional impact as it deals with the themes of
illness, mortality, and the power of human connection. The reader is drawn into the characters'
lives and experiences their struggles and triumphs.

Symbolism: The use of the last ivy leaf as a symbol of hope and life adds depth to the narrative. The
story beautifully weaves in the symbolism, creating a poignant and memorable tale.
Friendship and Sacrifice: The friendship between Sue and Johnsy is a central theme. The sacrifice
made by Behrman to create the masterpiece and save Johnsy's life showcases the selflessness
and depth of human relationships.

Unexpected Twist: The story contains an unexpected twist with Behrman's sacrifice, challenging
the reader's expectations and delivering a powerful message about the unpredictability of life.

Artistic Value:

Narrative Technique: O. Henry's narrative technique, characterized by his use of irony and clever
plot twists, is on full display in "The Last Leaf." The story is well-crafted, keeping the reader
engaged from beginning to end.

Character Development: Despite the story's brevity, the characters are well-developed. Each
character has a distinct personality, and their interactions contribute to the overall richness of
the narrative.

Use of Figurative Language: O. Henry employs various literary devices, such as similes,
metaphors, personification, and irony, to enhance the storytelling. This adds layers of meaning
and makes the narrative more compelling.

Universal Themes: The themes explored in "The Last Leaf" are universal and resonate with readers
across different cultures and time periods. The story's exploration of life, death, and the human
spirit transcends its specific setting.

Timelessness: The story's timeless quality lies in its exploration of fundamental aspects of the
human experience. The themes and messages remain relevant and relatable, contributing to its
enduring appeal.

In summary, "The Last Leaf" stands out for its emotional depth, symbolism, and the masterful use of
literary techniques. Its enduring artistic value lies in its ability to evoke empathy, provoke thought, and
leave a lasting impression on readers.

9. Happy princess
A. tác giả
 B. tác phẩm
The setting
"The Happy Prince" is a short story written by Oscar Wilde. The setting of the story is a city with a
statue of a prince, who was once a living, happy ruler. The statue stands high above the city,
overlooking its beauty and its inhabitants.

The main elements of the setting are the city, the high pedestal on which the statue of the Happy Prince
is placed, and the various places and people the Happy Prince observes from his elevated position. The
story unfolds as the Happy Prince, now a golden statue adorned with precious jewels, interacts with the
poor and suffering people of the city. The tale explores themes of compassion, sacrifice, and the stark
contrast between wealth and poverty.

Wilde's "The Happy Prince" uses this imaginative setting to convey a poignant message about the
human condition and the importance of selflessness and empathy. The story combines elements of
fantasy and social commentary to create a timeless and meaningful narrative.

The figure of speech

"The Happy Prince" by Oscar Wilde is rich with various figures of speech, and here are a few

examples:

Personification:
● The entire story features personification, as the Happy Prince is a statue that is given
human-like qualities. He feels compassion, sheds tears, and expresses concern for the
suffering of the people in the city. The swallow, too, is personified as it communicates
with the Happy Prince and plays a crucial role in the narrative.
Metaphor:
● The Happy Prince is a metaphorical representation of selflessness and compassion. The
use of metaphor is evident in the story as the Happy Prince sacrifices his own comfort
and precious possessions to help the poor and needy.
Irony:
● There is irony in the title itself, as the Happy Prince is not truly happy in the conventional
sense. He experiences a different kind of happiness by helping others, even though it
comes at a personal cost.
Symbolism:
● The precious stones and gold adorning the Happy Prince's statue symbolize wealth and
material possessions. The story uses these symbols to critique the societal emphasis on
materialism and the stark divide between the rich and the poor.
Allegory:
● The story can be seen as an allegory for the contrast between the opulence of the ruling
class and the suffering of the common people. It also carries a moral lesson about the
importance of empathy and selflessness.
Alliteration:
● Wilde uses alliteration in phrases like "high above the city," creating a rhythmic and
melodious quality in the narrative.
Hyperbole:
● The descriptions of the suffering of the poor are exaggerated to emphasize the severity of
their conditions. This hyperbole serves to evoke a strong emotional response from the
reader.
These figures of speech contribute to the overall beauty and depth of Wilde's storytelling, allowing

readers to engage with the themes and messages on a more profound level.

Comment of content and art

"The Happy Prince" by Oscar Wilde is a timeless and allegorical tale that holds significant content and

artistic value.

Content:

Moral and Social Commentary: The story carries a strong moral lesson about the importance of
compassion, selflessness, and empathy. It serves as a critique of societal values, particularly the
disparity between the rich and the poor.

Sacrifice and Altruism: The narrative revolves around the Happy Prince's self-sacrifice for the well-
being of others. This theme of altruism is powerful and resonates with readers, encouraging
reflection on the true meaning of happiness and fulfillment.

Contrast Between Wealth and Poverty: The stark contrast between the opulence of the Happy
Prince's statue and the suffering of the city's poor serves as a poignant commentary on the
disparities in society. It prompts readers to consider the consequences of such inequalities.

Artistic Value:

Imaginative Setting: Wilde creates an imaginative and fantastical setting that enhances the story's
artistic value. The city, the high pedestal, and the symbolism of the precious materials used in
the statue contribute to the story's enchanting atmosphere.

Figurative Language: Wilde's use of personification, metaphor, irony, symbolism, and other figures
of speech adds depth and nuance to the narrative. This literary craftsmanship elevates the story
beyond a simple fable and engages readers in a thought-provoking manner.

Emotional Impact: The story is emotionally resonant, eliciting empathy and compassion from
readers. The characters, despite being inanimate objects like statues and birds, become vehicles
for conveying powerful emotions and moral messages.

Allegorical Layers: The allegorical nature of the tale allows for multiple layers of interpretation. It
can be appreciated as a children's story with a clear moral lesson, but adults can delve into the
deeper allegorical meanings, making it a work with broad appeal.

In summary, "The Happy Prince" is not only a meaningful story with a moral message, but it also
stands out for its artistic prowess. Wilde's skillful use of language, imaginative storytelling, and
exploration of universal themes contribute to the enduring value of this classic work.

The lesson:
"The Happy Prince" imparts several valuable lessons that resonate on both personal and societal levels:
 Compassion and Selflessness: One of the primary lessons from the story is the importance of
compassion and selflessness. The Happy Prince sacrifices his own comfort and wealth to
alleviate the suffering of others, emphasizing the transformative power of empathy and
generosity.

True Happiness Lies in Giving: The story challenges conventional notions of happiness tied to
personal wealth and comfort. The Happy Prince finds true fulfillment and happiness in giving
and helping others, suggesting that genuine joy comes from acts of kindness and altruism.

Social Responsibility: Wilde's narrative serves as a commentary on social responsibility. The

Happy Prince, despite being a statue, takes on the responsibility of addressing the needs of the
less fortunate in his city. This underscores the idea that those with privilege or resources have a
responsibility to contribute positively to society.

Critique of Materialism: The story critiques the excessive value placed on material possessions and
the pursuit of wealth. The Happy Prince's adorned statue, initially a symbol of opulence, is
transformed into a symbol of sacrifice, challenging the superficiality of materialistic pursuits.

Awareness of Others' Suffering: "The Happy Prince" encourages readers to be aware of the
suffering and needs of others, especially those who are less fortunate. It prompts reflection on
our own actions and the potential impact of even small gestures of kindness.

The Power of Small Acts: The small but meaningful actions of the Happy Prince and the Swallow
highlight the power of seemingly insignificant gestures. Even in the face of challenges,
individuals can make a difference through their efforts, no matter how modest.

Critique of Social Injustice: The story subtly critiques social injustice and economic inequality. By
portraying the stark contrast between the luxurious statue and the impoverished city dwellers,
Wilde prompts readers to reflect on societal disparities and the need for change.

Overall, "The Happy Prince" encourages readers to look beyond material concerns, cultivate empathy,
and actively engage in making a positive impact on the lives of others. It's a timeless tale that continues
to inspire reflection and contemplation on the values that lead to a more compassionate and
interconnected society.

1/ Compare the meaning of the rose used by Juliet in her utterance “a rose by any other name
would smell as sweet”

Mở bài: In the play "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare, Juliet's famous quote "a rose by any
other name would smell as sweet" is spoken during a conversation with Romeo. This line is found in
Act 2, Scene 2, when Juliet is expressing her love for Romeo despite the feud between their families
(Montagues and Capulets).
Giải thích:
1. Tên gọi không phải là yếu tố để nói lên bản chất của sự vật, dù có tên gọi là gì đi chăng nữa thì bản
chất bông hoa hồng vẫn thơm và ngọt ngào

(Giải thích tại sao bông hoa hồng nếu không có tên gọi là hoa hồng vẫn thơm và ngọt ngào) The
meaning of Juliet's statement reflects the idea that names are not essential to the essence of a thing. In
this quote, the rose symbolizes a universal concept of beauty and sweetness, irrespective of the label it
carries. The rose represents the intrinsic quality of the flower, which remains unchanged regardless of
what it is called.

(lấy dẫn chứng trong tác phẩm để giải thích thêm câu nói của Juliet) In this context, she is saying that
even if Romeo were not called "Romeo" and did not belong to the Montague family, he would still be
the same person she loves. The name "Montague" is not what defines him; it is the individual behind
the name.

(thông điệp rút ra: tên gọi không nói lên được bản chất thực sự)The symbolism of the rose in Juliet's
utterance is used to convey the message that the nature of something is what truly matters, rather than
the name assigned to it. It suggests that the identity or label attached to a thing does not alter its
inherent characteristics. This can be interpreted as a call to overlook superficial differences and to
focus on the genuine essence of things, including human relationships and societal norms.

2. Nhấn mạnh lên tình yêu của Juliet với Romeo: dù chàng có tên là gì đi chăng nữa thì chàng vẫn là
chàng, nàng vẫn yêu chàng
The Symbolism of the Rose and Unconditional Love:
In this context, the rose symbolizes love and beauty. Juliet is using it as a metaphor for her feelings
towards Romeo. Juliet's statement embodies the idea of unconditional love. She is proclaiming that her
love for Romeo is not contingent on his name or family background; she loves him for who he is.
Despite the feuding families and societal barriers, their love remains pure and strong, similar to the
timeless beauty and fragrance of a rose.

3. Juliet đang bày tỏ sự thất vọng của mình trước thực tế là tình yêu giữa cô và Romeo rất phức tạp
bởi những cái tên và mối quan hệ gia đình mà họ mang theo.
The Feud Between Families:
The Montague and Capulet families are in a bitter feud in the play. By saying "a rose by any other
name," Juliet is expressing her frustration with the fact that the love between her and Romeo is
complicated by the names and family affiliations they carry.

4. tình yêu không nên bị hạn chế bởi những yếu tố bên ngoài
Defying Social Conventions:
By making this statement, Juliet challenges societal norms and expectations. She questions the
importance placed on names and family allegiances, suggesting that love should not be constrained by
such external factors.

In summary, Juliet's line is a powerful declaration of love that transcends societal norms and
challenges the significance of names. It reflects her deep and unconditional affection for Romeo,
emphasizing that the essence of a person is not determined by the labels society assigns them.
2/ Character Romeo
3/ The Nightingale and the Rose written by Oscar Wilde.
4/ The last chapter of the novel Gone with the wind written by Margrett Mitchel:

5/ Comment on the death of Mr. Behrman. Compare with the death of the Swallow in the story
The Happy Prince written by Oscar Wilde.

1.Giới thiệu cái chết của Behram

In "The Last Leaf," Mr. Behrman's death is a poignant (xot thuong) and selfless act. Faced with the
challenge of saving the life of Johnsy, a young artist who has lost her will to live due to pneumonia
(viem phoi), Mr. Behrman paints a single, life-like leaf on the bare vine outside Johnsy's window
during a storm. He does this at great personal risk, succumbing (chong choi) to pneumonia himself as a
result of exposure. His sacrifice embodies the themes of friendship, hope, and the transformative power
of art. Mr. Behrman's death serves as a catalyst for Johnsy's recovery, illustrating the idea that even in
death, one can bring life and inspiration to others.

2. Giới thiệu cái chết của Swallow

In "The Happy Prince," the Swallow's death is also marked by selflessness and sacrifice. The Happy
Prince, a statue adorned with gold and jewels, asks the Swallow to help the poor by distributing his
precious possessions. The Swallow agrees and gives away the gold and jewels to the needy, but the
harsh winter leaves the Swallow cold and lifeless. The Swallow's sacrifice mirrors the overarching
themes of compassion, altruism, and the contrast between material wealth and true happiness. The
Swallow's death is a result of its dedication to helping others and emphasizes the importance of selfless
acts for the betterment of society.

3. so sánh
The deaths of Mr. Behrman in O. Henry's "The Last Leaf" and the Swallow in Oscar Wilde's "The
Happy Prince" share some similarities in their selfless acts, but they also differ in context and
symbolism.

Similarities:
Selflessness and Sacrifice:
Both Mr. Behrman and the Swallow sacrifice themselves for the well-being of others. Mr. Behrman
risks his health to paint a life-saving leaf for Johnsy, while the Swallow gives up its life to help the
Happy Prince aid the poor.

Impact on Others:
The deaths of both characters have a profound impact on those around them. Mr. Behrman's sacrifice
inspires Johnsy to regain hope and fight for her life. The Swallow's sacrifice, in turn, helps the Happy
Prince alleviate the suffering of the poor and brings about positive change in the city.
Differences:
Motivation and Context:
Mr. Behrman's sacrifice is a spontaneous and courageous act to save Johnsy's life. He paints the leaf in
secret, risking his health for the sake of friendship and hope.
The Swallow's sacrifice is a result of its commitment to helping the Happy Prince and the
impoverished. The Swallow's actions are guided by compassion and a desire to alleviate the suffering
of others.

Symbolism:
In "The Last Leaf," the painted leaf symbolizes hope, inspiration, and the transformative power of art.
Mr. Behrman's death becomes a symbol of selflessness and the potential for art to bring about positive
change.
In "The Happy Prince," the Swallow's death symbolizes the contrast between material wealth and
genuine compassion. The Swallow sacrifices its life to bring warmth and assistance to the needy,
emphasizing the value of altruism over material possessions.

Character Relationships:
Mr. Behrman's sacrifice is closely tied to his relationship with Johnsy, showcasing the impact of
personal connections on acts of selflessness.
The Swallow's sacrifice is rooted in its friendship with the Happy Prince and its sense of duty to help
those in need on a broader scale.

In summary, Both stories depict characters sacrificing their own well-being for the sake of others,
resulting in their deaths. The deaths of Mr. Behrman and the Swallow serve as powerful symbols of
selflessness, love, and compassion, ultimately leading to positive outcomes for those they sought to
help.

6/- Phân tích đặc trưng tính cách của nhân vật Romeo, so sánh đặc trưng tính cách đó với nhân vật
Robinson

- Romeo:
● Passionate: Romeo is known for his intense and passionate nature, especially in matters of love.
His love for Juliet is all-consuming, and he often acts on his emotions without thinking about
the consequences.
● Impulsive: Romeo tends to act impulsively, making quick decisions based on his emotions
rather than careful consideration. This impulsivity contributes to the tragic events in the play.
● Romantic: Romeo is a hopeless romantic, deeply influenced by his emotions and the idealized
concept of love. He expresses his feelings with eloquent language and is captivated by the idea
of true, eternal love.
● Youthful: Romeo is a young character, and his actions and decisions often reflect the
impulsiveness and idealism associated with youth. His passion and idealistic views contribute to
the tragedy of the play.
- Robinson:
● Practical: Robinson is a pragmatic and resourceful character. Stranded on a deserted island, he
uses his practical skills to survive, building shelter, hunting, and adapting to his environment.
 ● Self-Reliant: Crusoe is highly self-reliant, taking charge of his situation and using his ingenuity
to overcome challenges. He doesn't wait for rescue but takes the initiative to improve his
circumstances.
● Adventurous: Robinson Crusoe's character is adventurous and driven by a desire for
exploration. His decision to set sail despite his family's wishes and his subsequent adventures on
the island reflect his adventurous spirit.
● Resilient: Crusoe displays remarkable resilience in the face of adversity. He endures years of
isolation and various hardships on the island, demonstrating a strong will to survive.

Comparison:

While both characters share a certain level of passion, Romeo is driven by his emotions and desires,
often leading to impulsive actions, especially in matters of love. On the other hand, Robinson Crusoe is
characterized by practicality, self-reliance, and resilience, driven by a sense of adventure and a
commitment to survival.

In summary, Romeo's character is defined by passion and impulsivity, particularly in matters of the
heart, while Robinson Crusoe is marked by practicality, self-reliance, and resilience in the face of
challenging circumstances.

7- Phân tích giá trị nghệ thuật và nội dung trong tác phẩm THE LAST LEAF của Ohenry, nhận xét về
cái chết của ông Behrman.
"The Last Leaf" by O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) is a short story that revolves around themes of
sacrifice (sự hi sinh), hope, and the power of art. The story is set in Greenwich Village and follows the
lives of two young artists, Johnsy and Sue, and an older artist named Mr. Behrman. The narrative takes
a poignant turn with Mr. Behrman's death, adding depth to the story.

Artistic Value:

● Symbolism: The story is rich in symbolism, with the last leaf painted by Mr. Behrman
representing hope, life, and the power of the human spirit. The leaf becomes a symbol of
perseverance in the face of adversity, as well as the influence of art in shaping our perceptions.
● Irony: O. Henry is known for his use of irony, and "The Last Leaf" is no exception. The twist at
the end, where it is revealed that the last leaf was not real but painted by Mr. Behrman, adds a
layer of irony and complexity to the narrative, challenging the reader's expectations.

● Emotional Impact: The story is emotionally charged, eliciting feelings of empathy and
reflection. Mr. Behrman's sacrifice and the impact of his death contribute to the emotional
resonance of the narrative, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

Content - Mr. Behrman's Death:

● Sacrifice: Mr. Behrman's death is a sacrificial act. He risks his health and ultimately loses his
life to save Johnsy, who has given up hope and is wasting away. His selfless act highlights the
theme of sacrifice for the sake of others.
● Redemption: Mr. Behrman, initially portrayed as a failed artist and a heavy drinker, finds
redemption through his final artistic endeavor. His act of painting the last leaf becomes a
 redemptive moment, showcasing the transformative power of art and the potential for greatness
in unexpected places.
● Legacy: Even though Mr. Behrman dies, his legacy lives on through his art. The last leaf,
though painted under dire circumstances, becomes a lasting symbol of hope and inspiration,
demonstrating the enduring impact of artistic expression.

In conclusion, "The Last Leaf" holds artistic value through its symbolic elements, ironic twists, and
emotional resonance. Mr. Behrman's death adds depth to the narrative, exploring themes of sacrifice,
redemption, and the lasting legacy of art. O. Henry's ability to blend these elements contributes to the
enduring appeal and significance of the short story.

8/- Comment on the social influence on William Shakespeare’s writing style in his first stage
(1592 - 1600)

During William Shakespeare's first stage (1592-1600), his writing style was significantly influenced by
the historical context of the Elizabethan era, as well as emerging trends associated with the
Renaissance and the early stages of what would later be recognized as Romanticism. Here's a closer
look at these influences:

1. Historical Context:
The late 16th century was a period marked by political turbulence, social change, and exploration.
Shakespeare's plays often reflect the political and historical events of his time. For example, the
historical plays like "Richard II" and "Henry IV" draw upon English history to explore themes of
power, legitimacy, and political maneuvering. The political unrest and intrigue of the period are woven
into the fabric of his narratives.

2. Theater as Popular Entertainment:

In the Elizabethan period, theaters like the Globe and the Rose were thriving hubs of entertainment for
a diverse audience, ranging from the aristocracy to the common people. Shakespeare's plays had to
resonate with this broad spectrum of viewers, leading to a dynamic and versatile writing style that
could appeal to various social classes.

3. Romanticism and Human Emotion:

The emphasis on individual expression, emotion, and the exploration of human psychology are early
signs of Romantic inclinations. Shakespeare's characters, such as Romeo and Juliet or Hamlet,
experience intense emotions, and their inner struggles and passions resonate with Romantic ideals.

4. Exploration of Love and Relationships:

Romantic themes, in the sense of passionate and idealized love, are prevalent in Shakespeare's plays
during this period. "Romeo and Juliet," for instance, is a quintessential exploration of romantic love,
portraying the intensity and consequences of youthful passion. The sonnets he wrote around this time
also delve into themes of love, beauty, and the complexities of relationships.

5. Language and Linguistic Innovation:

Shakespeare's language reflects the Renaissance fascination with expression and linguistic
experimentation. His plays are characterized by a rich and inventive use of language, which aligns with
both the Renaissance emphasis on eloquence and the Romantic celebration of individual creativity. The
bard's ability to craft eloquent speeches, sonnets, and dialogue elevated the emotional impact of his
works.

6. Nature and Symbolism:

Elements of nature and symbolism, often associated with Romanticism, can be found in Shakespeare's
plays. Nature is not merely a backdrop but a reflection of characters' emotional states. For example, in
"A Midsummer Night's Dream," the natural world becomes a magical realm reflecting the characters'
emotional entanglements.

In summary, during his first stage, Shakespeare's writing style was shaped by the historical context of
Elizabethan England, the intellectual and artistic ferment of the Renaissance, and early inklings of the
emotional intensity and individualism that would later define Romantic literature. His ability to weave
together historical events, human emotion, and linguistic innovation contributed to the enduring and
timeless nature of his works.

9. Compare the meaning of home in the story “The escape” written W.S Maugham and its
meaning in Scarlett O’Hara in the last chapter of the novel “Gone with the wind”

W. Somerset Maugham's short story "The Escape" and Margaret Mitchell's novel "Gone with the
Wind" are distinct works with different themes, settings, and characters. While both explore the
concept of "home" in their own ways, the meanings attributed to home in each work are unique.

Similarities:

Desire for Something More:

● Both works feature protagonists who experience a sense of dissatisfaction with their
current situations.
● Roger Charing in "The Escape" desires an escape from the monotony of domestic life.
● Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind" undergoes significant challenges and seeks
refuge and strength in her return to Tara.
Escape as a Theme:
● The theme of "escape" is central to both narratives.
● Roger Charing seeks an escape from the constraints of marriage and societal
expectations.
● Scarlett O'Hara's return to Tara can be seen as a form of escape from the tumultuous
events and societal changes of the Civil War and Reconstruction.

Differences

"The Escape" by W. Somerset Maugham:

 ● Setting: The story is set in England during the early 20th century, a time when societal
expectations and norms were significant. Roger Charing, the protagonist, is a married man who
feels trapped in the routine of domestic life.
● Meaning of Home: In "The Escape," home represents the conventional expectations of marriage
and domestic life. Roger Charing's home is characterized by routine, predictability, and a lack of
excitement. The desire to escape signifies a longing for freedom, adventure, and a break from
the societal expectations associated with the institution of marriage.
● Character's Perspective: Roger's discontent with his home life is a central theme. The story
explores the tension between societal expectations and individual desires, with Roger's quest for
an "escape" symbolizing a rebellion against the constraints of conventional domesticity.

"Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell:

● Setting: The novel is set in the American South before, during, and after the Civil War. The last
chapter takes place during the period of Reconstruction, a time of immense social and economic
upheaval.
● Meaning of Home: For Scarlett O'Hara, home is Tara, her family's plantation. Tara represents
stability, tradition, and a connection to her past. Throughout the novel, Scarlett faces numerous
challenges, but Tara remains a constant and becomes a symbol of resilience and identity.
● Character's Perspective: Scarlett's return to Tara in the last chapter is a poignant moment.
Despite the hardships she faced, Tara becomes a sanctuary for Scarlett. Home, in this context, is
not just a physical place but a representation of Scarlett's strength and endurance.

In summary, while "The Escape" critiques the traditional concept of home as stifling and routine,
"Gone with the Wind" portrays home as a source of strength and identity amidst adversity. The
meanings of home in these works are intricately tied to the characters' experiences and the broader
themes of the stories.