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Digital Health Communications
Technological Prospects and Social Applications Set
coordinated by
Bruno Salgues

Volume 5

Digital Health
Communications

Edited by

Benoit Cordelier
Olivier Galibert
First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021

The rights of Benoit Cordelier and Olivier Galibert to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021934249

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-468-1
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Olivier GALIBERT and Benoit CORDELIER

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Benoit CORDELIER and Olivier GALIBERT

Author Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv
Benoit CORDELIER and Olivier GALIBERT

Part 1. Digital Patient Records: Organizational Adaptations . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1. Paradoxical Changes and Injunctions in an Implementation Project

of the Digital Patient Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Benoit CORDELIER, Hélène ROMEYER, Laurent MORILLON and Olivier GALIBERT

1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Organizational paradoxes and paradoxical injunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1. Organizational development and paradoxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2. Discursive approaches to the organizational paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3. The pragmatic paradox: a return to the systemic approach of Palo Alto . . 5
1.2.4. What divergences and convergences? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3. A case study of an implementation project for digital patient records . . . . . 11
1.4. Resolving the organizational paradox at the individual level . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1. The injunction to internal mediation: role syncretism . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2. The injunction to disappear: exit or integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi Digital Health Communications

1.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 2. Identifying Caregiver Practices by Analyzing the Use of Electronic

Medical Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pénélope CODELLO, David MORQUIN, Ewan OIRY and Roxana OLOGEANU-TADDEI

2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2. Review of the management science literature on professional practices and uses of
electronic patient records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3. Professional practices and the use of tools at the heart of the conceptual framework:
the “instrumental genesis” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1. Presentation of the case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.2. Data collection and analysis methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.1. Technical dimension of uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.2. System of instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.3. Relationship with activity, with oneself and with others in the use
of EMRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.4. Debates on the common good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 3. Communication Approach to Patients’ Health Work: Remote

Relationship and Intertwined Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Anne MAYÈRE

3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2. Reconstructing patients’ work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1. Recomposed and multiplied patients’ work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.2. Relationship of care and intertwined “pastoral and disciplinary powers” . 51
3.3. Field and method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4. Remote relationship and intertwined powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.1. Establishing the relationship and learning to talk about oneself . . . . . . 54
3.4.2. Intertwined disciplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 Contents vii

Part 2. Care and Social Support: From Institutional Responses to Online

Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Chapter 4. The Place of Care in the E-coordination of Home Care and

Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Géraldine GOULINET FITÉ

4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2. Home care coordination issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.1. Reconfigurations at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.2. From computerization to health informatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3. Impacts on the logic of care, roles and identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.1. From cure to care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.2. Informational and communicational approach to care . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.4. Uses and practices of the PAACO-Globule dispositive in a support network for the
coordination of complex pathways in the South Gironde region . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.1. Presentation of Escale Santé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.2. Presentation of the PAACO-Globule solution: functionalities and organizational
framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.3. Study design and presentation of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Chapter 5. Breast Cancer Prevention Online in a Crisis of Confidence

Context: From Medical–Technical Discourse to Social Support . . . . . . . 95
Dorsaf OMRANE and Pierre MIGNOT

5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.2. Prevention and crisis context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.1. The breast cancer prevention in question: its system and players. . . . . . 98
5.3. Methodological choices for the analysis of an online exchange space . . . . . 104
5.3.1. Boundaries of the field: study by the Facebook group “Cancer du sein,
parlons-en” (Breast cancer, let’s talk about it) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.2. Online non-participant observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4. Results of ethnographic observation and lexicometric analysis . . . . . . . . . 107
5.4.1. The emotional support registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4.2. Informational input and tangible support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
viii Digital Health Communications

Part 3. Rethinking Health Expertise in Light of the Social Web . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 6. The Expert Patient in the Digital Age: Between

Myth and Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Hélène ROMEYER

6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.2. Mutating health care: the professionalization of the patient . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.2.1. General framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2.2. The slow evolution of the patient’s status and role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.2.3. The evolution towards health information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3. Societal changes and the emergence of the expert patient in the
digital context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.3.1. New modalities of militancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.2. Technological change and empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3.3. Therapeutic patient education: the unthought of digital
culture and literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Chapter 7. Towards an Info-communication Categorization of Expertise in

Online Health Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Stéphane DJAHANCHAHI, Olivier GALIBERT and Benoit CORDELIER

7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

7.2. The crises of expertise in research in information and communication sciences 146
7.2.1. The question of expertise in the face of the diversity of forms of knowledge
mobilized in socially relevant issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.2.2. The place of expertise in info-communication and community-based online
knowledge mediation dispositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.3. Info-communicational theory of the online community link as a sociotechnical
context for the deployment of online expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.3.1. The ICS approach to health communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.3.2. Specificity of the terrain and the need for a new qualification of expertise 153
7.4. Info-communication approaches to health expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.4.1. Expertise and the online health community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.4.2. Negotiation as an info-communication process for legitimizing expertise . 161
7.4.3. The legitimation of expertise or the production of a community consensus 161
7.5. Framework for the community validation of expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.5.1. The three modes of legitimizing expertise in online health communities . 164
7.5.2. Articulation of forms of expertise in the context of digital society . . . . . 166
7.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
 Contents ix

Chapter 8. Identification Metrics Regarding Lay Expertise in Online Health

Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Damien DE MEYERE

8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

8.2. Online health information and the notion of expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.3. Data selection and presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.4. Description of the measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.4.1. Characterizing engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.4.2. Characterizing content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
8.4.3. Characterizing the interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.5. The multiple facets of lay expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
 Preface

Info-communication Perspectives on
Digital Health Communication

As we finalize this collective work, we cannot disregard the health context that is
highlighted by the very content of the book. We are confined for public health reasons.
Each of us on one side of the Atlantic, like half of the world’s population on this day
in April 2020, must face the health, social and emotional consequences of the
pandemic caused by Covid-19.

We feel the fear of the dangers of disease and the necessary protection of
ourselves and our people. We are subjected to a flood of information on the spread
of the epidemic in traditional media, as well as on social media, that worries us and
sometimes freezes us in fear. We keep in touch with our loved ones via digital tools
hardly used by most until now, but which immediately become indispensable to
maintain family, friendly and professional links, and at the same time, we are
obliged to ensure pedagogical continuity for our students from a distance via digital
tools. As actors of these new knowledge mediations, we do so twice over because we
must also support our children as they attend their distance courses and evaluations
that continue as best as possible during this period.

As you will have understood by reading these lines, the unprecedented health crisis
we are experiencing today makes the general issue of the work you are holding in
your hands (or reading on a screen) even more topical: how does digital technology
contribute to changes in health information and communication? In other words, what
are the contemporary challenges of digital communication in health?
xii Digital Health Communications

The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in 1946 as “a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
[OMS 46].

The adjective health refers to activities and facilities related to health and hygiene. It takes
on a more operational connotation and thus evokes the challenges of public health protection.

In France, a distinction is even made between the social and medico-social sectors –
defined by Laws 75-534 for the disabled and 75-535 for social and medico-social institutions,
then replaced respectively by Laws 2005-102 and 2002-2 – and the health sector – with Laws
2002-303 on patients’ rights and the quality of the health system and 2004-806 for public
health policy.

In Quebec, the purpose of Chapter s-2.2 of the Public Health Act is to protect the health of
the population and to establish conditions favorable to the maintenance and improvement of
the state of health and well-being of the population in general. It is this text that gives the
government the authority to declare a state of health emergency, as is the case for the Covid-19
pandemic.

The adjective “sanitaire” in French (literally meaning “sanitary” but translated as “health”
used adjectivally in English) therefore has a hygienic and operational connotation that may
seem more restrictive than the notion of “health”. The tensions surrounding this notion are not
new: Guillotin and La Rochefoucault-Liancourt were already fighting in 1790 over the
absorption of a begging committee by the health committee [EVI 02]. It may be difficult to
distinguish between them and we can see that they are part of a continuum between abstraction
and concrete practices. For this reason, and without precluding us from continuing our reflections
and conceptualization efforts, we use expressions using these words interchangeably here.

Box P.1. Digital communication in terms of health

or digital health communication?

Covid-19, caused by a coronavirus that has resulted in a global epidemic and an

unprecedented wave of hospitalizations for patients with severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), is acting as a revealing, even accelerating, force for
info-communication issues in the healthcare sector. Plunged into the heart of this
health crisis, the world’s population is bombarded with journalistic information, as
well as strategically targeted communications. In Quebec, during the daily press
briefing at 1:00 p.m., François Legault (Premier of Quebec), along with the
charismatic Dr. Horacio Arruda (National Director of Public Health) and other
members of his cabinet, take stock and give directions for future actions. In France,
during the 8 p.m. news, the usual media doctors appear with a myriad of hospital
caregivers or epidemiologists who come to testify to the difficulty of coping with the
 Preface xiii

influx of seriously ill patients, the need to remain confined to avoid the spread of an
already highly volatile and contagious virus, or the shortage of intensive care beds
and protective equipment available to caregivers.

The scientific and institutional expert voice is being solicited as never before,
and is relayed or even instrumentalized by political actors in the battle of public
opinion being played out in the background. The economic players of the digital
society are becoming the universal mediators of a social link that circulates via
WhatsApp or TikTok groups. Electronic socialization, which has been completely
interwoven into our daily relationships since the massification of global multimedia
mobility in the decade 2000–2010, initiated by Steve Jobs and his iPhone in 2008,
hegemonically dominates all forms of relationships and information. In this sunny
spring, we have resigned ourselves to exchanging and sharing information at a
distance, often with humor, about the virus and how to protect ourselves from it:
How can we get surgical masks by making them? How can we apply the distancing
gestures that protect us from infection? What is the status of tests of promising
treatments based on chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine? Are we taking a risk by
continuing treatment with cortisone and other anti-inflammatory drugs?

Of course, emotions circulate just as much. Online communities can be formed

in a matter of hours, not only within a family or a group of friends, but also within a
neighborhood, a street or a building. Just as they serve as a digital foundation or for
knowledge sharing between peers, so these communities are inseparable from the
gregarious need that drives us: the need to keep in touch with our “local” or
“distant” loved ones. Videoconferencing digital platforms are exploding in
popularity as we try to maintain our professional activities or reinvent our
relationships with family and friends from a distance. Between social, emotional and
informational support, digital tools, just like the media of yesteryear, allow us today
to create society.

In this spring of 2020, digital communication is everywhere, omnipresent, to the

point of obscuring all other channels of mediation. Health issues are central, whether
in exchanges on a daily life that reinvented its banality, or on the subject of
socio-sanitary issues that were rarely confronted. However, the tensions linked to
this massively health-related digital communication have not been swept away –
quite the contrary. It would be tempting to give in to a technophilia that was already
overwhelming in the past, yet that would be to quickly forget the darker side of the
massive use of digital technology.

If we want to return, for example, to the circulation of health information on

spaces dedicated to peer-to-peer communication, as all the major generalist social
networks are (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc.), the medical profession must face
and deny a multitude of fake news stories. Open controversies of a new kind, such
xiv Digital Health Communications

as the authorization (by a scientific fringe and a bureaucracy shaken in the

temporality of their protocols) of the administration of a treatment not yet approved,
are an opportunity for the diffusion in the public space of points of view with no
other form of legitimization other than the recognition acquired on the Internet of
those who share them.

The broadcasting and digital echo of the debate are part of the new creation of
public opinion [CHA 90], which is quick to question any authorized speech. While
this phenomenon is not exclusive to the health field, we do see the emergence of lay
or amateur expertise [FLI 10]. And what about technological surveillance logics
aimed at identifying and preventing, via smartphones, the physical contact of people
diagnosed positive for Covid-19 through mobile geolocation applications?

Beyond the “general public” dimension of digital communication in healthcare,

medical teams benefit from the creation of true communities of practice [COH 06]
that enable them to share crucial knowledge about the disease. However, they are also
confronted with the limitations of tools that cannot replace physical interactions, for
example, during transmissions between night and day shifts in the hospital
environment [GRO 98].

The same is true for local medicine. Although telemedicine allows private
practitioners to maintain contact with patients with symptoms of Covid-19,
particularly in certain territories already marked by the medical desert syndrome,
these healthcare professionals nonetheless miss the accuracy of the diagnosis made
possible by the traditional face-to-face consultation.

These healthcare professionals are also faced with the rediscovery of a digital
divide that was thought to have been reduced by the quality of broadband telecom
services, but these services are in fact still unevenly distributed across territories.

As a result, some rural areas, which have not yet been beneficiaries of fiber optic
networks, find themselves penalized since videoconferencing services, necessary for
remote consultation, require a very high data rate only possible with the installation
of fiber.

P.1. The French and Quebec health systems as a heuristic context for
analysis

As we will have understood, the spread of Covid-19 and its consequences,

medical, economic, social and cultural, constitutes a pivotal moment in contemporary
health information and communication issues in a digital context. It brings to the
forefront both the consequences of a massive use of digital tools in medical practice
 Preface xv

and the no less central issues of increasingly digitalized interactions between patients
and caregivers, between patients, and between caregivers.

The scope of health communication is therefore very broad. We can try to

circumscribe it provisionally in a general definition. From our point of view, health
communication encompasses all of the processes involved in creating,
disseminating, sharing and evaluating information on health topics that are likely to
affect the health of the public, or that are communicated in the organizational context of
institutions or professional networks dedicated to health. Digital health
communication concerns all health communication phenomena conveyed by
sociotechnical information and communication dispositives (SICDs).

It is clear that in 2020, it is deeply illusory to want to dissociate “digital health

communication” from a hypothetical “non-digital health communication”. As in all
fields of human activity, digital communication is embedded in all forms of
interaction and relationships. Nevertheless, it still seems relevant to us to question the
specifically digital part of health info-communication issues. Quite simply because we
have not yet exhausted our understanding of the consequences of digitization on all
of our activities, and particularly in the health sector.

The experience of the Covid-19 health crisis makes this analytical process all the
more important since a multitude of supporting discourses are opposed to a no less
significant volume of analyses pointing out all the risks inherent in the
socio-technical ecosystem. On the one hand, we can identify prescription discourses
aimed at the rapid adoption of digital tools facilitating access to information, reducing
opportunities for interaction with caregivers or other patients ready to discuss their
care pathway, enabling remote medical monitoring or improving the coordination of
the action of medical teams [DUP 10, VAL 15]. On the other hand, we can also
observe alarmist points of view that indicate the harmful effects of the massive
implementation of digital information and communication technologies (DICTs) in
terms of the remote monitoring of inhabitants, the development of teleworking that
alienates people under the guise of economic optimization, or the future
dehumanization of patient care by seeking to digitally compensate for the problem
of territorial inequalities in access to care.

The positioning of information and communication sciences in the concert of

human and social sciences must allow for relevant, current and heuristic clarifications
of approaches to understanding the mechanisms of insertion and, we should also say,
of the social insemination of ICT.

Our perspective is anti-deterministic. However, it can well be about the very

mechanisms of a deterministic technological thinking at work among critics and
promoters of an ever more digital society, increasing or even preserving humanity for
xvi Digital Health Communications

some, enslaving it for others. It is at the heart of this tension that the info-
communication processes are deployed, between cure and care, which we propose to
study in this book. The research carried out for more than 30 years on the specific
stakes of the social insertion of DICTs has made it possible to build an active
community of researchers who, between the sociology of uses [JAU 11, JOU 00, PER
89], the digital communication of organizations [DUR 09, LEP 02], the new creative
and digital industries [BOU 12, MIE 17], the semiotics or semiology of the digital
world [BAD 15, BON 13, PIG 09], design [CAR 17b, LEL 02], changes in public
debate, the digital mediation of knowledge [JAC 02, MOE 10, PER 12, PER 14] and
the challenges of electronic socialization [GAL 05, PRO 00, PRO 06], provide a solid
foundation for the identification, analysis and understanding of a digital health society
in the making.

The scientific work that gives substance to this approach is located territorially.
We question identifiable institutional contexts that, though they are limited to France
and Quebec, bring to the forefront issues which, we believe, common to all
communities involved in the digitization of health care. However, the health culture
is not the same in Canada and France. For example, it is very much marked by the
centralizing power of the State in France, and it seems much more imbued with the
commitment of healthcare actors in Quebec. The various works presented here will
be concerned with showing this context, which seems to us to be rich in similarities,
as well as in differences, if only because of their distinct reactions to the logic of the
new public management [DEG 14].

Indeed, the idea that corporate management can be applied to all forms of
organizations, especially those focused on the common good, such as health
organizations, now conditions all activities in the health sector. The logic of
efficiency, whose limits are becoming apparent in this period of Covid-19 crisis
(e.g. a lack of beds in intensive care units because they are not useful in normal
times, a lack of nursing staff because of a decrease in the number of personnel
owing to the neoliberal dogma of cost reduction, and a lack of masks, a consequence
of the precepts of lean management [BOU 15b], etc.), is predominant in all
countries, but with forms of acceptance or resistance that may prove to be different.

It is, of course, the case with regard to the French and Quebec cultural contexts
which we focus on here. Similarly, for these two territories, acceptance and
resistance to the digitization of care may be similar in many respects, but more
specific in others. It seems certain to us, however, that Quebec society and French
society can show some form of relevance to reflections on a global health system in
crisis; this is a health system in which the care actors, in a form of consensus,
question liberal strategic-economic precepts that until now seemed to be the fruit of
“vulgar” managerial common sense, despite the exhaustion and repeated alerts of the
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “Here, I have something better than that,” cried Tavia, who had
been watching Dorothy’s clumsy efforts to unloose Joe’s bonds.
She fished frantically in the pockets of her jacket and brought forth
a rather grimy ball of cord and a penknife. This she held up
triumphantly.
“A good sight better than your fingers!”
“Oh, give it to me, quickly,” cried Dorothy, reaching for the knife in
an agony of apprehension. “Oh, it won’t open! Yes, I have it!”
With the sharp blade she sawed feverishly at the cords.
They gave way one after another and she flung them on to the floor
of the cave.
Joe tried to get to his feet, but stumbled and fell.
“Feel funny and numb, kind of,” he muttered. “Been tied up too
long, I guess.”
“But, Joe, you must stand up—you must!” cried Dorothy
frantically. “Come, try again. I’ll hold you. You must try, Joe. They
will be back in a minute! Never mind how much it hurts, stand up!”
With Dorothy’s aid Joe got to his feet again slowly and painfully
and stood there, swaying, an arm about his sister’s shoulders, the
other hand clenched tight against the damp, rocky wall of the cave.
The pain was so intense as the blood flowed back into his tortured
feet that his face went white and he clenched his teeth to keep from
crying out.
“Do you think you can walk at all, dear?” asked Dorothy, her own
face white with the reflection of his misery. “If you could manage to
walk a little way! We have horses in the woods and it would be
harder for them to find us there. Try, Joe dear! Try!”
“I guess I can make it now, Sis,” said Joe from between his
clenched teeth. “If Tavia will help a little too—on the other side.”
“I guess so!” cried Tavia with alacrity, as she put Joe’s other arm
about her shoulders and gave his hand a reassuring squeeze. “Now
something tells me that the sooner we leave this place behind the
healthier it will be for all of us.”
“Hush! What’s that?” cried Dorothy, and they stood motionless for
a moment, listening.
 “I didn’t hear anything, Doro,” whispered Tavia. “It was just
nerves, I guess.”
They took a step toward the entrance of the cave, Joe still leaning
heavily upon the two girls.
A horse whinnied sharply and as they paused again, startled, a
sinister shadow fell across the narrow entrance to the cave. They
shrank back as substance followed shadow and a man wedged his
way into the cave.
He straightened up and winked his eyes at the unexpected sight
that met them.
Dorothy stifled a startled exclamation as she recognized him. It
was the small, black-eyed man, Gibbons, known to Desert City as
George Lightly, who stood blinking at them.
Suddenly he laughed, a short, sharp laugh, and turned back toward
the mouth of the cave.
“Come on in, fellows!” he called cautiously. “Just see what I
found!”
Joe’s face, through the grime and dirt that covered it, had grown
fiery red and he struggled to get free of Dorothy and Tavia.
“Just you let me get my hands on him!” he muttered. “I’ll show
him! I’ll——”
“You keep out of this, Joe,” Dorothy whispered fiercely. “Let me do
the talking.”
Three other men squeezed through the narrow opening and stood
blinking in the semi-darkness of the cave.
One of them Dorothy recognized as Joe’s former captor, a big,
burly man with shifty eyes and a loose-lipped mouth, another was
Philo Marsh, more smug and self-sufficient than she remembered
him, and the third was Cal Stiffbold, her handsome cavalier of the
train ride, who had called himself Stanley Blake.
It took the girls, crouched against the wall of the cave, only a
moment to see all this, and the men were no slower in reading the
meaning of the situation.
Stiffbold’s face was suffused with fury as he recognized Dorothy
and Tavia, and he took a threatening step forward. Philo Marsh
reached out a hand and drew him back, saying in mild tones:
 “Easy there, Stiffbold. Don’t do anything you are likely to regret.”
“So, ladies to the rescue, eh?” sneered Lightly, thrusting his hands
into his pockets and regarding the girls with an insulting leer.
“Regular little heroines and all, ain’t you? Well, now, I’ll be blowed!”
“Young ladies, this isn’t the place for you, you know.” Philo Marsh
took a step forward, reaching out his hand toward Joe. “You’re
interfering, you know, and you’re likely to get yourselves in a heap o’
trouble. But if you’ll go away and stay away and keep your mouths
closed——”
“And leave my brother here with you scoundrels, I suppose?”
suggested Dorothy.
The hypocritical expression upon the face of Philo Marsh changed
suddenly to fury at her short, scornful laugh.
“Scoundrels, is it?” he sneered. “Well, my young lady, maybe you’ll
know better than to call honest people names before you leave this
place.”
“Honest people! You?” cried Dorothy, no longer able to contain her
furious indignation. “That sounds startling coming from you, Philo
Marsh, and your—honest friends!
“Do you call it honest,” she took a step forward and the men
retreated momentarily, abashed before her fury, “to take a poor boy
away from his people, to hide him here in a place like this, to torture
him physically and mentally, to attempt to make him false to all his
standards of right——”
“See here, this won’t do!” Lightly blustered, but Dorothy turned
upon him like a tigress.
“You will listen to me till I have said what I am going to say,” she
flung at him. “You do all this—you honest men,” she turned to the
others, searing them with her scorn. “And why? So that you can force
Garry Knapp, who has the best farmlands anywhere around here—
and who will make more than good some day, in spite of you, yes, in
spite of you, I say—to turn over his lands to you for a song, an
amount of money that would hardly pay him for the loss of one little
corner of it——”
“Say, are we goin’ to stand here and take this?”
 “Yes, you are—Stanley Blake!” Dorothy flamed at him, and the
man retreated before her fury. “And then, when this boy defies you,
what do you do? Act like honest men? Of course you do! You
threaten to ‘put the screws on’ until he is too weak to defy you, a boy
against four—honest—men! If that is honesty, if that is bravery, then
I would rather be like that slimy toad out in the woods who knows
nothing of such things!”
“Hold on there, you!” George Lightly started forward, his hand
uplifted threateningly. “You call us any more of those pretty names
and I’ll——”
“What will you do?” Dorothy defied him gloriously, her eyes
blazing. “You dare to lay a hand upon me or my friend or my
brother,” instinctively her arm tightened about Joe, “and Garry
Knapp will hound you to the ends of the earth. Hark! What’s that?”
She paused, head uplifted, listening.
They all listened in a breathless silence while the distant clatter of
horses’ hoofs breaking a way through the woodland came closer—
ever closer!
“Garry!” Dorothy lifted her head and sent her cry ringing through
the woodland. “We are over this way, Garry, over this way! Come qui
——”
A HORSEMAN BROKE THROUGH THE
UNDERBRUSH. IT WAS GARRY.

“Dorothy Dale to the Rescue.” Page

237
 CHAPTER XXX
CAPTURED

A rough hand closed over Dorothy’s mouth, shutting off her

breath, strangling her. In an instant Tavia and Joe were similarly
gagged and helpless.
There was a silence during which their captors waited breathlessly,
hoping that the horseman had not heard the cry, would pass the cave
by.
For a moment, remembering how well the spot was concealed,
Dorothy was horribly afraid that this might actually happen. If it was
really Garry coming! If he had heard her!
But the clattering hoofs still came on. She could hear the shouts of
the riders, Garry’s voice, calling her name!
She felt herself released with a suddenness and violence that sent
her reeling toward the rear of the cave. The men were making for the
entrance, jostling one another and snarling in their efforts to escape.
The men out of sight beyond the huge rock, Dorothy and Tavia
rushed to the cave mouth, leaving poor Joe to limp painfully after
them, just in time to see the knaves disappear among the trees.
The next moment a horseman broke through the underbrush,
charging straight for them. It was Garry!
At sight of Dorothy he pulled his horse to its haunches, drawing in
his breath in a sharp exclamation.
“Dorothy! Thank heaven! I thought——”
“Never mind about us, Garry. They went over that way—the men
you are after!”
She pointed in the direction the men had disappeared and Garry
nodded. The next moment he had spurred his pony in pursuit,
followed by several other horsemen who had come up behind him.
The girls watched them go, and Joe, coming up behind them, laid a
dirty hand upon his sister’s shoulder.
“You—you were great, Sis, to those men!” he said awkwardly. “I
was awfully proud of you.”
Dorothy smiled through tears and, taking Joe’s grimy hand,
pressed it against her cheek.
“It is so wonderful to have you again, dear!” she said huskily.
They were back again in a moment, Garry and his men, bringing
with them two captives—the big-framed, loose-lipped fellow who had
first taunted Joe in the cave, and George Lightly.
By Garry’s face it was easy to see he was in no mood to deal gently
with his prisoners.
He dismounted, threw the bridle to one of the men, and
approached the big fellow whom he knew to be a tool of the Larrimer
gang.
The fellow was sullen and glowering, but Garry was a good enough
judge to guess that beneath this exterior the fellow was ready to
break.
“Now then,” Garry said coolly, as he pressed the muzzle of his
revolver in uncomfortable proximity to the ribs of his prisoner, “you
tell us what you were doing in that cave over there and you’ll go scot
free. Otherwise, it’s jail for you—if not worse. My men,” he added, in
a gentle drawl, “are just hankering to take part in a lynching party.
It’s a right smart time since they have been treated to that sort of
entertainment, and they are just ripe for a little excitement. How
about it, boys, am I right?”
There came an ominous murmur from the “boys” that caused the
prisoner to look up at them quickly and then down again at his
shuffling feet.
Lightly tried to interfere, but Garry silenced him sharply.
“You hankering to be in this lynching party, too?” he inquired,
adding gratingly: “Because if you are not, I’d advise you to keep your
mouth tight shut!”
It was not long before the captive yielded to the insistence of that
revolver muzzle pressed beneath his fifth rib and made a clean breast
of the whole ugly business. Possibly the invitation to the lynching
party had something to do with his surrender.
As he stutteringly and sullenly revealed the plot which would have
forced Garry to the sale of his lands to insure the safety of his
fiancée’s brother, Garry jotted down the complete confession in his
notebook and at the conclusion forced both his prisoners at the point
of his revolver to sign the document.
Then Garry turned to two of the cowboys, who had been looking
on with appreciative grins.
“Here, Steve, and you, Gay, take these two worms to town and see
that they are put where they belong,” he ordered, and the two boys
leaped to the task eagerly. “You others go help the boys round up the
rest of the gentlemen mentioned in this valuable document,” and he
tapped the confession with a cheerful grin. “So long, you fellows!”
They waved their hats at him, wheeled their ponies joyfully, and
were off to do his bidding.
Then it was that Garry came toward Dorothy, his arms
outstretched. It is doubtful if at that moment he even saw Joe and
Tavia standing there.
Dorothy took a step toward him and suddenly the whole world
seemed to rock and whirl about her. She flung out her hand and
grasped nothing but air. Then down, down into fathomless space and
nothingness!

Dorothy opened her eyes again to find herself in a bed whose

softness and cleanliness meant untold luxury to her. Her body ached
all over, horribly, and her head ached too.
She closed her eyes, but there was a movement beside the bed that
made her open them again swiftly. Somebody had coughed, and it
had sounded like Joe.
She turned over slowly, discovering new aches and pains as she did
so, and saw that it was indeed Joe sitting there, his eyes fixed
hungrily upon her.
She opened her arms and he ran to her and knelt beside the bed.
“Aw, now, don’t go to crying, Sis,” he said, patting her shoulder
awkwardly. “They said if I bothered you they wouldn’t let me stay.”
 “I’d like to see them get you away,” cried Dorothy. “Joe, sit back a
little bit and let me look at you. I can’t believe it’s you!”
“But I did an awful thing, Dot,” he said, hanging his head. “You’d
better let me tell you about it before you get too glad I’m back.”
“Tell me about it then, dear,” said Dorothy quietly. “I’ve been
wanting to know just why you ran away.”
“It was all because of the fire at Haskell’s toy store,” said Joe,
speaking swiftly, as though he would be glad to get the explanation
over. “Jack Popella said the explosion was all my fault and he told me
I would be put in prison——”
“But just what did you do?” Dorothy insisted.
“Well, it was like this.” Joe took a long breath, glanced up at her,
then turned his eyes away again. “Jack had a fight with Mr. Haskell
over some money he picked up in the road. Mr. Haskell said he stole
it from his cash drawer, but Jack kept on saying he found it in the
road. I shouldn’t wonder if he did steal it though, at that,” Joe went
on, thoughtfully, and for the first time Dorothy looked at him
accusingly.
“You know I begged you not to have anything to do with Jack
Popella, Joe.”
The lad hung his head and flushed scarlet.
“I know you did. I won’t ever, any more.”
“All right, dear. Tell me what happened then.”
“Jack was so mad at Mr. Haskell he said he would like to knock
down all the boxes in the room back of his store just to get even. He
asked me to help him and—just for fun—I said sure I would. Then he
told me to go on in and get started and he would come in a minute.
“I knocked down a couple of boxes,” Joe continued, after a
strained silence. “And then—the explosion came. Jack said I was to
blame and—the—the cops were after me. I wasn’t going to let them
send me to prison,” he lifted his head with a sort of bravado and met
Dorothy’s gaze steadily. “So—so I came out West to Garry.”
“And you are going back again with me, Joe,” said his sister firmly.
“It was cowardly to run away. Now you will have to face the music!”
Joe hung his head for a moment, then squared his shoulders and
looked bravely at Dorothy.
 “All right, Dot. I guess it was kind of sneaking to run away. I—I’m
awful sorry.”
The door opened softly behind them and Tavia poked her head in.
“My goodness gracious, Doro Doodlekins,” she cried, “you look as
bright as a button. First thing you know I’ll be minus a patient.”
Dorothy propped herself up on her elbow and stared at her chum.
“Tavia, we must send a telegram immediately,” she cried. “The
Major must know that Joe is safe.”
Tavia came over and smoothed her pillow fondly.
“Foolish child, did you think no one but you would think of that?”
she chided. “Garry sent one of the boys to Dugonne with orders to
send a night letter to The Cedars telling everything that happened.
That was after you fainted, you know, and we brought you here.”
“Such a foolish thing to do,” sighed Dorothy, sinking back on her
pillow. “What must Garry think of me?”
“Suppose I let him answer that for himself,” suggested the flyaway,
and before Dorothy could protest she had seized Joe by the arm and
escorted him gently from the room. A moment later Dorothy could
hear Tavia calling to Garry that he was “needed very much upstairs.”
Dorothy closed her eyes and opened them the next minute to find
Garry standing beside the bed, looking down at her. She reached out
a hand to him and he took it very gently, kneeling down beside her.
“Joe and Tavia have been telling me how you stood up to those
men in the cave, little girl. I only wish I had been there to see you do
it. We’ve got them all, by the way, and Stiffbold and Lightly and the
rest of them are where they won’t hatch any more schemes in a hurry
—thanks to you.”
“Thanks to me?” repeated Dorothy, wondering. “Garry, why?”
“I never would have discovered that cave if I hadn’t heard you call
out,” Garry explained. “That hole in the mountainside was the coziest
little retreat I ever saw.”
“Well, I’m glad if I helped a little,” sighed Dorothy. “I was afraid
you might be going to scold me.”
“Scold you?” repeated Garry tenderly. “You foolish, little brick!”
 It was a long time before Garry remembered something that had
once seemed important to him. With an exclamation of dismay he
stuck his hand in his pocket and drew forth a yellow envelope.
“Here’s a telegram from The Cedars, and I clean forgot all about
it,” he said penitently. “One of the boys brought it from Dugonne
where he went to send the telegram to Major Dale. I didn’t mean to
keep it, honest I didn’t!”
“Under the circumstances, I don’t blame you in the least,” said
Dorothy demurely, as she hastily tore open the telegram.
She read it through, then turned to Garry with shining eyes.
“This is the one thing I needed to make me perfectly happy,
Garry,” she said. “Nat says that Jack Popella has been arrested for
setting Haskell’s store on fire. That automatically clears Joe of
suspicion!”
“That’s great. The poor kid has had more than his share of worry
lately. Just wait till he reads that telegram.” And to Tavia, passing the
door at that moment, he gave the yellow sheet with the request that
she convey it to Joe with all possible speed.
“Just to be comfortable and safe and happy once more,”
murmured Dorothy, as Garry came back to her. “It seems very
wonderful, Garry.”
“And my job,” said Garry softly, “will be to keep you safe and
comfortable and happy for the rest of your life!”

THE END
 THE DOROTHY DALE SERIES

By MARGARET PENROSE

Author of “The Motor Girls Series,” “Radio Girls Series,” &c.

12 mo. Illustrated

Price per volume, $1.00, postpaid

Dorothy Dale is the daughter of an old Civil War
veteran who is running a weekly newspaper in a
small Eastern town. Her sunny disposition, her fun-
loving ways and her trials and triumphs make
clean, interesting and fascinating reading. The
Dorothy Dale Series is one of the most popular
series of books for girls ever published.

DOROTHY DALE: A GIRL OF TO-DAY

DOROTHY DALE AT GLENWOOD SCHOOL
DOROTHY DALE’S GREAT SECRET
DOROTHY DALE AND HER CHUMS
DOROTHY DALE’S QUEER HOLIDAYS
DOROTHY DALE’S CAMPING DAYS
DOROTHY DALE’S SCHOOL RIVALS
DOROTHY DALE IN THE CITY
DOROTHY DALE’S PROMISE
DOROTHY DALE IN THE WEST
DOROTHY DALE’S STRANGE DISCOVERY
DOROTHY DALE’S ENGAGEMENT
DOROTHY DALE TO THE RESCUE
 The Motor Girls Series

By MARGARET PENROSE

Author of the highly successful “Dorothy Dale Series”

12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, $1.00 postpaid.

Since the enormous success of our “Motor Boys
Series,” by Clarence Young, we have been asked to
get out a similar series for girls. No one is better
equipped to furnish these tales than Mrs. Penrose,
who, besides being an able writer, is an expert
automobilist.

The Motor Girls

or A Mystery of the Road

The Motor Girls on a Tour

or Keeping a Strange Promise

The Motor Girls at Lookout Beach

or In Quest of the Runaways

The Motor Girls Through New England

or Held by the Gypsies

The Motor Girls on Cedar Lake

or The Hermit of Fern Island

The Motor Girls on the Coast

 or The Waif from the Sea

The Motor Girls on Crystal Bay

or The Secret of the Red Oar

The Motor Girls on Waters Blue

or The Strange Cruise of the Tartar

The Motor Girls at Camp Surprise

or The Cave in the Mountain

The Motor Girls in the Mountains

or The Gypsy Girl’s Secret
 THE LINGER-NOT SERIES

By AGNES MILLER

12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Jacket in full colors

Price per volume, 65 cents, postpaid

This new series of girls’ books is in a new style of
story writing. The interest is in knowing the girls
and seeing them solve the problems that develop
their character. Incidentally, a great deal of
historical information is imparted, and a fine
atmosphere of responsibility is made pleasing and
useful to the reader.

1. THE LINGER-NOTS AND THE

MYSTERY HOUSE
or The Story of Nine Adventurous Girls
How the Linger-Not girls met and formed their club seems
commonplace, but this writer makes it fascinating, and how they
made their club serve a great purpose continues the interest to the
end, and introduces a new type of girlhood.

2. THE LINGER-NOTS AND THE VALLEY FEUD

or The Great West Point Chain
The Linger-Not girls had no thought of becoming mixed up with
feuds or mysteries, but their habit of being useful soon entangled
them in some surprising adventures that turned out happily for all,
and made the valley better because of their visit.
 3. THE LINGER-NOTS AND THEIR GOLDEN
QUEST
or The Log of the Ocean Monarch
For a club of girls to become involved in a mystery leading back
into the times of the California gold-rush, seems unnatural until the
reader sees how it happened, and how the girls helped one of their
friends to come into her rightful name and inheritance, forms a fine
story.
 THE RADIO GIRLS SERIES

By MARGARET PENROSE

12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Jacket in full colors

Price per volume, 65 cents, postpaid

A new and up-to-date series, taking in the
activities of several bright girls who become
interested in radio. The stories tell of thrilling
exploits, out-door life and the great part the Radio
plays in the adventures of the girls and in solving
their mysteries. Fascinating books that girls of all
ages will want to read.

1. THE RADIO GIRLS OF ROSELAWN

or A Strange Message from the Air
Showing how Jessie Norwood and her chums became interested in
radiophoning, how they gave a concert for a worthy local charity, and
how they received a sudden and unexpected call for help out of the
air. A girl wanted as witness in a celebrated law case disappears, and
the radio girls go to the rescue.

2. THE RADIO GIRLS ON THE PROGRAM

or Singing and Reciting at the Sending Station
When listening in on a thrilling recitation or a superb concert
number who of us has not longed to “look behind the scenes” to see
how it was done? The girls had made the acquaintance of a sending
station manager and in this volume are permitted to get on the
program, much to their delight. A tale full of action and fun.

3. THE RADIO GIRLS ON STATION ISLAND

or The Wireless from the Steam Yacht
In this volume the girls travel to the seashore and put in a vacation
on an island where is located a big radio sending station. The big
brother of one of the girls owns a steam yacht and while out with a
pleasure party those on the island receive word by radio that the
yacht is on fire. A tale thrilling to the last page.

4. THE RADIO GIRLS AT FOREST LODGE

or The Strange Hut in the Swamp
The Radio Girls spend several weeks on the shores of a beautiful
lake and with their radio get news of a great forest fire. It also aids
them in rounding up some undesirable folks who occupy the strange
hut in the swamp.
 THE BETTY GORDON SERIES

By ALICE B. EMERSON

Author of the Famous “Ruth Fielding” Series

12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Jacket in full colors

Price per volume, 65 cents, postpaid

A series of stories by Alice B. Emerson which are
bound to make this writer more popular than ever
with her host of girl readers.

1. BETTY GORDON AT BRAMBLE

FARM
or The Mystery of a Nobody
At the age of twelve Betty is left an orphan.

2. BETTY GORDON IN WASHINGTON

or Strange Adventures in a Great City
In this volume Betty goes to the National Capitol to find her uncle
and has several unusual adventures.

3. BETTY GORDON IN THE LAND OF OIL

or The Farm That Was Worth a Fortune
From Washington the scene is shifted to the great oil fields of our
country. A splendid picture of the oil field operations of to-day.
 4. BETTY GORDON AT BOARDING SCHOOL
or The Treasure of Indian Chasm
Seeking the treasure of Indian Chasm makes an exceedingly
interesting incident.

5. BETTY GORDON AT MOUNTAIN CAMP

or The Mystery of Ida Bellethorne
At Mountain Camp Betty found herself in the midst of a mystery
involving a girl whom she had previously met in Washington.

6. BETTY GORDON AT OCEAN PARK

or School Chums on the Boardwalk
A glorious outing that Betty and her chums never forgot.

7. BETTY GORDON AND HER SCHOOL CHUMS

or Bringing the Rebels to Terms
Rebellious students, disliked teachers and mysterious robberies
make a fascinating story.