LESSON 6 FREEDOM

what is freedom?

freedom is an intrinsic an essential property of the person means that the human person by nature is a
free being and that it is in his or her nature to seek freedom.

important indication of human freedom is the ability to make choices and perform actions

our and heart freedom makes us very dynamic creatures in our actions do not necessarily follow a set
pattern where predetermined course.

freedom is also understood as the power to be what you want to be in the ability to decide and create
yourself.

*FREEDOM IS ROOTED IN THE HUMAN PERSON'S SELF DETERMINATION IN THE EXERCISE OF INTELLECT
AND FREE WILL.

-this means that a person's every action is freely determined in this actions define him or her.

•KINDS OF FREEDOM

1: physical freedom-refers to the absence of any physical restraint the person has the freedom of mobility to
go anywhere he or she wants to go.

2: psychological freedom-also called freedom to decide (choice). this person is free to perform actions that
he or she considers right and wise.

3: moral freedom-refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness.

a person must use his or her freedom to grow as a person.

*TWO ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE FREEDOM.

1: voluntariness refers to the ability of a person to act out his or her own will and self determination

•voluntariness may also mean that a person may act even if he or she is not required or called to take action.

2: responsibility can also have a positive or negative meaning, and it goes hand in hand with voluntariness in
determining the morality of an action.

•a person who has no awareness of the effects of his actions or her actions can be considered as acting with
the diminished freedom.

*FREEDOM IS EXPERIENCED THROUGH THE ACT OF MAKING CHOICES.

-self reflection is vital in the proper exercise of human freedom.

*HUMAN FREEDOM SHOULD BE EXERCISED WITH CONTROL AND A RECOGNITION OF REASONABLE LIMITS.
-limiting our personal freedom requires us to sacrifice certain self interest and accept certain realities that are
beyond our control.

*FREEDOM SHOULD ALSO BE EXERCISED WITH REGARD FOR KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH.

-as humans persons, our nature drives us to uphold dignity and goodness in exercising freedom.

*WE SHOULD ALSO RECOGNIZE IN UPHOLD NOT ONLY OUR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM BUT ALSO THE
FREEDOM OF OTHERS.

•CONCLUSION

*freedom is an intrinsic and essential property of a person.

freedom is also understood to be the power to create and define oneself.

*three kinds of freedom

1: physical freedom refers to the absence of physical restraint

2: psychological freedom is the freedom of choice.

3: moral freedom refers to the use of freedom which upholds human dignity and goodness.

*TWO IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF HUMAN FREEDOM.

1: voluntariness refers to the ability of the person to act out of his or her own free will and self determination

2: responsibility refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences.

*INTERSUBJECTIVITY

-our human nature not only enables us to recognize the self that defines our individuality, it also enables us
to recognize that other human beings also possess a self.

*THIS NOTATION OF RECOGNIZING THE SELF IN THE OTHER, IS HOW PHILOSOPHERS DEFINE INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONS.

the interaction between the self and the other is related to the philosophical concept of INTERSUBJECTIVITY,
which is the mutual recognition of each other as persons.

INTERSUBJECTIVITY, also cares the meaning of "a unique relationship between distinct subject". refers to the
characteristics of the human persons to engage in a very intimate and personal relationship with others.

*SEEMING - an individual presence herself in a certain way when dealing with other. persons take on "roles"
or act at characters when dealing with certain people or when in certain situations.

•WHAT CHARACTERIZES A GENUINE HUMAN INTERACTION?

-our human nature drives us to uphold dignity and goodness, this deeper and more genuine reaction is called
DIALOGUE, and this is made possible when the self realizes that the other is a genuine and unique individual.

a dialogue is an interaction between persons that happens through speech or the use of words, expression,
and body language.

*HOW DOES INTERSUBJECTIVITY DEFINE OUR INTERACTION WITH OTHER PERSONS?

-human existence is a continual dialogue with the other and that the self becomes whole through interaction
with other people and his or her surroundings.

EMPATHY OR THE ABILITY TO SHARE EMOTIONS IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY THIS

EMOTION IS DRIVEN BY A PERSON'S AWARENESS THAT THE OTHER IS A PERSON WITH THOUGHTS AND
FEELINGS.

AVAILABILITY OR THE WILLINGNESS OF A PERSON TO BE PRESENT AND BE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ANOTHER.

THE ETHICS OF CARE IS AN ETHICAL THEORY THAT EMPHASIZES THE MORAL DIMENSIONS OF RELATIONSHIP
AND INTERACTIONS. this moral perspective encourages individuals to help other people, most especially the
vulnerable.

there are those who view other people negatively and considers human action as being influenced by selfish
interest. A person that adapts this negative view is said to be experiencing ALIENATION

*HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS?

-important values related to intersubjectivity include acceptance of differences and embracing diversity.

(examples of people with disabilities who have successfully rise in above their physical limitations to live
productive lives include helen keller, nick vujicic, and roselle ambubuyog)

HELEN KELLER (1880-1968) - was an american author, political activist, in the first deaf blind person to earn a
bachelor's degree. she lost her earring insight when she was an infant due to an illness. at the age of 22 she
published an autobiography entitled the story of my life which describe her life and struggles growing up. the
book became the basis of a popular play titled the miracle worker.

NICHOLAS JAMES "NICK" VUJICIC (1982) - is an australian evangelist and motivational speaker who was born
with phocomelia, a condition in which a person is born with no arms or legs. at 21, he graduated with a
degree in commerce and went on to pursue a career as a motivational speaker and evangelist. in 2005, he
founded life without limbs, ano ang profit organization and ministry. he currently lives in california with his
wife's and two sons.

ROSELLE AMBUBUYOG (1980) - is the first visually impaired filipino to graduate summa cum laude from
ateneo de manila university in 2001. rizal lost her eyesight at the age of six due to an illness. in ateneo she
studied mathematics and the university supported rizal by purchasing software and equipment that made
braille copies of exams, lecture notes, and other classroom materials. tutor of stunning academic
performance, she gained many awards and recognitions. among them were 10 outstanding students of the
philippines, the bpi science award from the bpi foundation, and the gawad sentenaryo award from the
national centennial commission. she initiated project or sell together with the rotary club of makati ayala
and provided schools with software and equipment such as computers and printer that will aid blind students
in their studies.

*CONCLUSION

*a person's ability to engage in meaningful interactions with other people his or her surroundings in the
things around him or her is rooted in the human capacity for self awareness and transcendence.

*intersubjectivity refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons. it is made possible by
the awareness of the self in the other.

*the relationship between the self and the other enables the person to relate to others and establish and
maintain meaningful relationships.

*SEEMING action refers to the way a person presents himself or herself when dealing with others. this is
considered a natural and often unconscious act. some people, however, engage in seeming actions to
receive and manipulate others.

*a deep in genuine relationship between persons is called a dialogue. dialog happens when two persons
truly acknowledge each other's presence and treat each other as equals.

*empathy is an important aspect of intersubjectivity and is driven by a person's awareness of the emotions
and thoughts of other people. it enables a person to place himself or herself in the shoes of others and
leads to a greater understanding in appreciation of others.

*availability refers to the willingness of person to be present for another and to render assistance to
another.

*the theory on the ethics of care emphasizes the moral dimensions of human interactions. it believes that
people have a moral obligation to respond to the needs of others, and encourages individuals who extend
help to people in need.

*alienation refers to a state when a person ceases to view the other as a distinct and authentic person.
rather, the person considers others as merely objects or means to satisfy personal interest or desires.

*meaningful and beneficial human relationships are founded on the values of acceptance, openness, and
respect. as humans, we are driven by our shared dignity to treat each other with respect and acceptance.

LESSON 7

THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

Society also refers to a companionship or friendly association with others, an alliance, a community, or a
union. the tendency to form groups is not exclusive to human beings. other animals also form groups for
mutual protection and survival. humans however are the only beings capable of establishing a society.

-it is important to note the society is founded on the concept of the common good.
(skip kos part sa mga author like john hobbes kay naa may ppt)

*WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY?

the development of societies throughout history shows the development of humankind and response to
changing surroundings and historical developments. the various forms of societies that emerge including the
following:

HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY- this is recognized as the earliest and simplest form of society. it is
generally characterized by its small size and is composed mainly of families. they are nomadic because they
spend most of the time searching for food and thus, no permanent territory.

PASTORAL SOCIETY- this type of society is characterized by the domestication of animals for food for a more
stable and predictable food supply. pasoal communities have larger populations than hunting and gathering
societies and remain longer in one place.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY- a horticultural society primarily engages in the small scale cultivation of plants,
fruits and vegetables and the domestication of animals. Horticultural societies are SEMI-NOMADIC, which
means that they travel to another place when they have already depleted the resources in one area.

AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY-B this type of society is a further evolution of the pastoral and
horticultural societies. agricultural involves the large scale and long term cultivation of crops and
domestication of animals. this society is characterized by improved technology in the use of tools to aid in
farming.

FEUDAL SOCIETY- a feudal society is based on the ownership of land. feudal societies arose out of
development in western europe during medieval times, when rival kingdoms were engaged in conflict over
resources, particular land.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY- an industrial society is based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of
goods and services.

POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY- the post industrial society is marked by the establishment of societies based on
knowledge, information, in the sale of services. led by the human mind and aided by highly advanced
technology, the trend has shifted from industry to the generation, storage, and manipulation, and sale of
information. The VIRTUAL SOCIETY, where people organize themselves through communication technology
in the internet, is a product of post industrial society.

HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS?

it can be said that you cannot think of a person outside of society and you cannot think of a society without
persons. THE PERSON IN THE SOCIETY HAVE A VERY DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE CANNOT
EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER.

SOCIETY INFLUENCES OUR DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS IN VARIOUS WAYS.

An important way society influences as as persons is its ability to define the relationship and interactions
among its members. society influences the interactions of its members through the establishments of norms.
Laws are more formal and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens.

FOLKWAYS are less formal norms that arise from the tradition and do not result in punishment when
violated.

norms, laws, and other rules that regulate human interactions give rise to a social system, which is an
organized or pattern set of relationship among individuals and groups that compose a society.

A Social role, which are actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual.

individuals who share similar backgrounds or perform similar roles are grouped together into Social groups
or social classes. certain groups that perform vital functions in society are recognized as social institutions.

Society also transforms human relations, which leads to the transformation of its members

another way society shapes us is through Social values, which are actions or ideas that are considered
important by society.

HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO BECOME A BETTER PERSON?

*society recognizes the capability of the person to develop, and provides its members with opportunities
to better themselves.

*apart from choosing not be fully defined by society, persons can also undertake to contribute to society
through their decisions and actions.

LESSON 8

HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH.

HUMANS ARE TEMPORAL BEINGS OR BEINGS ORIENTED TOWARDS DEATH.

DEATH IS COMMONLY UNDERSTOOD AS THE END OF BODILY FUNCTIONS WHICH SIGNALS THE END OF A
PERSON'S LIFE.

*HOW SHOULD I LIVE MY LIFE BEFORE IT FINALLY ENDS?

understanding as a being towards death brings us back to a very important topic: freedom. it has been
discussed previously that the essence of freedom is self determination. while there is no freedom in the
inevitability of death, a person can sell exercise freedom in choosing how to face the reality of death in their
lives.

HOW DO I DEFINE TRUE HAPPINESS?

as an embodied spirit, we must also considered a goods or sources of happiness which are proper to a
person.
NOBLE GOOD is one which is pursued for its own sake; it is good in itself. love and friendship are some
examples.

A USEFUL GOOD is considered good so long as it serves as a mean to an end; it's goodness is found only from
what it can provide.

Finally, PLEASURABLE GOOD is good so long as it provides some forms of pleasure, though it does not have
to be physical. it must be understood that the specific good cannot be categorized strictly under one kind.

WHY DO WE SUFFER?

suffering takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and pain. it can come in the
form of PHYSICAL SUFFERING, when we experience physical sensations such as discomfort, hunger, distress,
and pain. it can also be in the form of MENTAL SUFFERING, which involves emotional and mental states such
as depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness, and grief.