Scribd
Upload
29 views

Fracturing Lec 9

Uploaded by

Wad Albahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Fracturing Lec 9

Uploaded by

Wad Albahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Sudan University of Science &Technology

College of Petroleum & and Mining Engineering


Department Of Petroleum Engineering Well Stimulation

Lec 8
Dr. Elham Mohammed
Hydraulic Fracturing
Contents

Gelling Agent for Fracturing Fluids

Fracturing Fluids Additives

2
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Viscosifying Polymers


Guar Derivatives (HPG)
 Propylene oxide and Guar perform hydroxy-propyl-
guar (HPG)
 The additional processing and washing removes
much of the plant material from the polymer
 HPG typically contains only about 2% to 4%
insoluble residue
 Hydroxypropyl makes HPG more stable for high-
temperature (>300°F [150°C]) wells
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Viscosifying Polymers

Guar Derivatives CMHPG

Carboxy-methyl-hydroxy-propyl-guar
(CMHPG)
CMHPG was first used for low-temperature
wells
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Viscosifying Polymers

Cellulose Derivatives HEC HPC


Cellulose derivatives have been used in
fracturing fluids. It is used when a very clean
fluid is desired
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC)
Hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC)
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Viscosifying Polymers


Xanthan
 Xanthan gum is a biopolymer
 At shear rates less than 10 s–1 the low-shear
properties enable xanthan solutions to suspend
sand better than HPG
 Currently xanthan is more expensive than guar
or cellulose derivatives
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives


Crosslinkers
Breakers
Fluid-loss additives
Bactericides
Stabilizers
Surfactants
Clay stabilizers
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives

Crosslinkers
A number of metal ions can be used to
crosslink water-soluble polymers
Borate
Ti(IV)
Zr(IV)
Al(III)
Hydraulic Fracturing
Crosslinkers

Crosslinker Borate Titanate Zirconate Aluminum


Guar, Guar, HPG, Guar ‡, HPG‡,
CMHPG,
Crosslinkable Polymers HPG, CMHPG, CMHPG,
CMHEC
CMHPG CMHEC† CMHEC†
pH range 8–12 3–11 3–11 3–5

Upper Temperature (°F) 325 325 400 150

Shear Degraded No Yes Yes Yes


†Low-pH (3–5) Cross-linking only
‡High-pH (7–10) Cross-linking only
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives


Breakers
 Relatively high viscosity fluids are used to transport
proppant into the fracture.
 Leaving a high-viscosity fluid in the fracture would
reduce the permeability, limiting the effectiveness
of the fracturing treatment
 Gel breakers are used to reduce the viscosity of the
fluid intermingled with the proppant.
Oxidizers Enzymes
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives


Fluid-loss additives

A number of metal ions can be used as Fluid-


loss additives

Silica flour Oil-soluble resins


Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives


Stabilizers
Stabilizers are used to prevent degradation of
polysaccharide gels at temperatures above
200°F

Methanol

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)


Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives

Bactericides
Bactericides are added to polymer-
containing aqueous fracturing fluids to
prevent viscosity loss caused by
bacterial degradation of the polymer
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids - Fluid Additives

Clay stabilizers

Solutions containing 1% to 3% KCl are


commonly used as the base liquid in
fracturing fluids to stabilize clays and
prevent swelling
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
The Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluids VES
 Polymer-free, water-base fracturing fluids can be
prepared using viscoelastic surfactants (VES)
 The performance of VES fluids is sensitive to
temperature
 Therefore, the surfactant concentration must be
adjusted accordingly.
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
The viscoelastic surfactant fluids
The advantages
 Easy to prepare, and requires a fewer number of
chemicals and equipment at the wellsite
compared to guar systems
 No polymer hydration, no cross linkers, breakers
or other chemical additives is required.
 No formation damage were expected, and high
fracture conductivity will usually Achieved
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
The viscoelastic surfactant fluids
The advantages
 VES fluids efficiently transport proppants at
lower viscosities.
 Can achieve a better fracture geometry
 Reduced friction pressure is another added
advantage while using VES fluids.
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
Other Fracturing Fluids
Alcohol
It used in Gas wells. But it is rarely
used because of it is high cost, and
for Safety consideration.
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
Notes
The reservoir static temperature must be
taken into account.
The viscosity of a fracturing fluid will
decrease as a function of both increasing
temperature and increasing exposure time
at this temperature.
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids Experimental Procedures


Viscosifyingِ Agent
Crosslinking
Temperature Stability
Viscosity
Shear
Bactericides
Clay stabilizers
20
Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracturing Fluids
Fracturing Fluids Properties

The data that follow cover common


fracturing fluids and include the power
law rheological properties n' and K' and
a calculated apparent viscosity at 170
sec-'.
Thank You for
Your Attention!

You might also like