‫اﻟﺪرة ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱡ ﱠُ‬
‫ﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﱪاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َاﳌ ْ ُ ِ‬‫ََ‬
‫َْ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻦ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ َ ﱢ‬ ‫َ‬

‫َِْ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫روﻳﻢ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫َ ِأﰊ ُ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﺮواﳾ‬ ‫أﲪﺪ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﳏﻤﻮد ﱠ ﱠ ﱢ‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ُﻣَﻘﱢﺪَﻣُﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎرح‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺂب‬ ‫ﺲ ِﺑـَﲈ َﺗـْﺴَﻌﻰ‪َ ،‬وإَِﻟْﻴـﻪ َاﳌـ ُ‬ ‫ﳚـِﺰي ُﻛـﱠﻞ َﻧْﻔـ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎﳊﱢﻖ َﻗْﻄ ًﻌﺎ‪َ ،‬و َ ْ‬ ‫ﳛُﻜُﻢ ﺑِ َ‬ ‫اﳊْﻤُﺪ ﷲِ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ ِ ْ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﺒـﺎده‬‫وﺳﻼم َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﺪل‪ٌ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻤﺔ ْ ُ‬‫ﻓﻀﻞ‪ ُ َ ،‬ﱡ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﳊْﻤُﺪ ﷲِ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻛﱡﻞ ﻧْﻌَﻤﺔ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺮْﺟَﻌﻰ‪َ .‬‬ ‫َو ﱡ‬
‫ﺛﻢ َ ﱠأﻣﺎ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻔﻰ‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﱠ َ‬
‫ﱪِاوﱡي )ت‬ ‫اﻟـﺸْﻴُﺦ َﻋْﺒـُﺪ اﷲِ ْﺑـُﻦ ُﳏ َﱠﻤـٍﺪ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟـﺸ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌَﺮﺑِﱠﻴِﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻧَﻈَﻤَﻬـﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻮﻣٌﺔ ِﰲ َﻓﱢﻦ َ‬ ‫َﻓَﻬﺬه َﻣﻨُْﻈ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬

‫ﻮﻋـِﺔ ﻟ ِْﻠَﻤـْﺘِﻦ‬ ‫ﻮﻃِﺔ َوَاﳌْﻄُﺒ َ‬ ‫ﺎم ﺑَِﻀْﺒﻄَِﻬﺎ َوُﻣَﻘَﺎﺑَﻠﺘَِﻬﺎ َﻋَﲆ َﻋَﺪٍد ِﻣَﻦ اﻟﻨﱡَﺴِﺦ َاﳌْﺨُﻄ َ‬ ‫‪١١٧١‬ﻫـ(‪َ ،‬وَﻗ َ‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺪت َ َ ِ‬ ‫ان‪ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ َﻋْﺒُﺪ اﷲِ ْﺑُﻦ َﺻﺎﻟ ٍِﺢ َ‬
‫أﺳﲈه‪ُ َ ُ ْ َ » :‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔْﻮَز ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اﻟﴩِح‬
‫َو ﱠ ْ‬
‫وﻗﺎﻋﺪة ِ َ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﱪاوي ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﴩﺣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺻﻼ َ َ َ ً ْ‬ ‫وﺟﻌﻠﺘﻪ َ ْ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ« َ َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻦ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ َ ﱢ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﱠ َْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫وأن َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪر ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻣﻜـﺎن‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﳑﺰوﺟـﺎ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺧﻴﺖ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ِﱢ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻈﻢ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﴍﺣـﻲ َ ْ ُ ً‬ ‫أن َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫وإﲏ َ ْ‬
‫وﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أﺻﺎﻟﺔ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳـﺎت‬
‫أﻧﺘﺠﺘـﻪ ﱢ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺑـﲈ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻣﻄﻌـﲈ ِ َ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن ُ َ ﱠ ً‬
‫وأن َ ُ َ‬‫اﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ً‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ َ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﱡ َ ِ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻤﻼ َﳌﺎ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫أﳘﻠﺘﻪ ﱢ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﱡَِ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ َ َ ُ ُ ﱢ‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِﱢ ِ‬
‫ﺳـﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﳚﻌﻠـﻪ اﷲُ ُ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺒﻮل‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وأن َ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺿﺎ َ َ ُ َ‬‫اﻟﴩ ُح ﱢ َ‬ ‫أن َ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎل َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﷲِ َ ْ‬‫ﻷرﺟﻮ َ‬ ‫وإﲏ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻔـﻊ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ َ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﺷـﻔﺎﻋﺔ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وأن ُ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻪ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ‬ ‫وأن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳـﻮم ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺪﻳﻦ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻴـﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳﺮزﻗﻨﺎ ِﺑﻪ َ َ َ َ ﱢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ْ َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ ً َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻠـﺖ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻐﺎرﲠﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ َﺗﻮﻓِ ِﻴﻘﻲ ِ ﱠإﻻ ِﺑﺎﷲِ‪ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﳏﺒﻴﻬﺎ ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وإﻟﻴـﻪ ُ ُ‬
‫أﻧﻴـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ َ َ ﱠ ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻷرض َ َ َ ِ ِ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرق َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ﱢ َ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻌـﻪ ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻲ‪ِ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ُ َ ٍ‬
‫وﺳـﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﻮم ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺪﻳﻦ َ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫وﻣـﻦ َ ِ َ ُ‬
‫وﺻﺤﺒﻪ َ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻋﲆ آﻟﻪ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ُ ﱢ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﱠ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫وﺻﲆ اﷲُ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ ﱠ‬
‫َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﲈ َ ً‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑا!‪.‬‬ ‫ْ ً‬
‫رﲪﺔ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫إﻧﻚ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ِ ْ‬ ‫رﺑﻨﺎ َﻻ ُ ِ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻫﺎب!‪.‬‬
‫أﻧﺖ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻧﻚ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫وﻫﺐ َ َﻟﻨﺎ ْ‬
‫ﺪﻳﺘﻨﺎ َ َ ْ‬
‫إذ َﻫ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺰغ ُ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻨﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َﱠَ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ‬ ‫ُ َﱢَُ‬
‫ﻓﺄﺟﺒﺘﻪ َ ِﳌـﺎ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ َ ﱢ‬
‫ﻓﻦ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫أﺑﻴﺎﺗﺎ َ ْ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﻋﲇ َ ْ ِ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ‬
‫أﻧﻈﻢ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ ﱡ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺰ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺄﻟﻨﻲ َ ْ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﲬﺴﺔ َ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮغ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﷲِ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺄل‪ِ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫َ ََ‬
‫أﺑﻮاب‪:‬‬ ‫ورﺗﺒﺘﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻞ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎ َ‬‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة وﻣﺎ َ َ ﱠ ُ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ِ ْ َ‬
‫اﻷول‪ِ :‬ﰲ َ َ ِ‬‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﱡ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﲏ‪ِ :‬ﰲ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب ْ َ ً‬
‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎت َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ِ :‬ﰲ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﱠ ِ ُ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎت َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء‪.‬‬‫َْ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪ِ :‬ﰲ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﱠ ِ ُ‬‫َ ُ‬
‫ﳐﻔﻮﺿﺎت َ ِ‬
‫اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ِ :‬ﰲ َ ْ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء‪.‬‬
‫َْ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ ُ‬
‫َ ُ‬
‫وﻋﲆ اﷲِ َ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻛﻠﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫َُْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻠﺖ َ َ َ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫]ِاﻻْﻓﺘَِﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺣﱠﻴُﺔ[‬
‫)‪(١‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﺣﺴﻦ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ َ ً ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧﺬ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪه * َ ْ ُ َ ً ُ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻲ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ُ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -١‬ﻳﺎ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫زﻟﲇ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ِﺳﻮى * ٍ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ َﻻ َ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫ﲔ ًَْ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﲬﺴ َ‬ ‫‪ِ -٢‬ﰲ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻪ * َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻻ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ْ‬‫ﻫﺎﻧﺖ َ َ ُ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﺗﻘﻨﺘﻬﺎ َ َ ْ‬ ‫إن َ ْ َ‬
‫‪ْ ِ -٣‬‬
‫اﻟﻌَﺮﺑِﱠﻴِﺔ َﺣـَﺎل‬ ‫ف ِﲠﺎ َأﺣﻮُال َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠَﲈت َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ﻋْﻠٌﻢ ﺑَِﻘَﻮاﻋ َﺪ ُﻳْﻌَﺮ ُ َ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫) َﻳﺎ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮي‪َ ،‬وﻟ َِﻔْﻬِﻢ َﻛَﻼِم اﷲِ َ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫َﺗْﺮﻛِﻴﺒَِﻬﺎ ِﻣْﻦ إِْﻋَﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪،‬‬ ‫اب َوﺑِﻨَﺎء َوَﻣﺎ َﻳْﺘَﺒُﻌُﻬَﲈ‪ ،‬ﻟﱠﻠﺘَﺤﱡﺮِر ﻣَﻦ اﳋََﻄﺄ ﱡ َ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ب‪َ ،‬وﱠاﻟـِﺬي‬
‫اﻟﻌـَﺮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫َوَﻛَﻼِم َرُﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﲆ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‪َ ،‬وﱠاﻟـﺬي ُﻫـَﻮ ُﻣـْﺴَﺘَﻤﱞﺪ ﻣـْﻦ َﻛـَﻼِم َ‬
‫ﻋﲇ رﴈ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﲈ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎم ﱟ‬ ‫اﻟﺪَؤﱡﱄ ﺑَِﺄْﻣٍﺮ ِﻣَﻦ ِ‬
‫اﻹَﻣ ِ‬ ‫َوَﺿَﻌُﻪ َأُﺑﻮ اﻷَْﺳَﻮِد ﱡ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ُ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫َِْ ٌ‬
‫وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﱡ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ِ ﱠإﻧﲈ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ََ ُِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫـﻲ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ْ ُ ِ ْ‬
‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ْ َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ِﰲ َ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻤـﻞ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎب ﱡ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﺎة‬ ‫ﻗﻴـﺎس َ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ٌ‬ ‫إﻧﲈ ُ َ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻴﺎس َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮب َ ْ َ ِ‬‫ﻋﻤﻞ َ َ ِ‬
‫َ َ ِ‬

‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ِ ِ .‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫أﺻﺤﺎب ﱡ َ َ‬‫اﻟﻌﺮب َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َْ ُ ِ ْ‬
‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ َﻻ َ َ‬
‫اﻋـﺪ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻜـﺮة ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أﺧـﺬَﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـﲆ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴـﺎس َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﳋﻄﺄ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاب َ َ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ ِ ِ‬‫ﻟﺪى ِ ِ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة ﱡ َ ِ‬
‫اﻓﱰﺿﻮا ِ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺎﺋﻞ ُ ْ َ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻷواﺋﻞ َ ِ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌـﺎ ُ َ‬
‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ َ ً‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ َ ُ‬
‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳍﺠﺎﲥﻢ‪ِ ِ .‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ِ َإﱃ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼف َ َ َ ِ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ﱠ َِ‬

‫‪ْ ْ ١‬‬
‫ﺸﺎرح‪.‬‬ ‫) ( ِﻣﻦ َ ِ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ا ِ ِ‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫اﻻرﺗﺒـﺎط ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻔﻜـﺮة‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ِ ِ ِ‬‫اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ َ ِ‬‫واﳋﻄﺄِ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻜﻤﻨﺎ ِ َإﱃ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮاب َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ََِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﱡ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌـﺮب َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﺻـﺤﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ْ ُ ِ ْ‬
‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ َﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬‫ﻫﻲ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس َ َ‬
‫اﻷواﺋِﻞ ِﻣـﻦ َ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ﱡَِ‬
‫اﻟﻌـﺮب َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﺻـﺤﺎب‬ ‫ﲣﻄﺌـﺔ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ ِ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ َ َ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ ِ َﺑﻨﺎ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﲈ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ َ ْ ُ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﱡَِ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﻒ َ َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻋﺮ‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﻪ َ ٌ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ َﻣﺎ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻮا َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺪﻣﻮن‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲔ َﻣﺎ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﱡ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫وﻫﺬا َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪﻳﻦ ِ ِﺑﻪ‪َ ،‬ﻻ ِ َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺧـﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﴚء ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻷﻧـﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ُ ْ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻋ ُﺮ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ َﻣﺎ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﻪ َ َ‬ ‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻮا َ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ ُ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫وﲢﻜـﻴﻢ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑﻫﻢ ِﻓﻴﲈ َﻃﺮﺣﻮه‪ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫أﻗﻴـﺴﺔ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ َ َ ْ َ‬‫اﻟﺴﲈع َ ً‬
‫ﻃﺮح ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﲈ َ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻮه‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﺟﻌﻠﻮا َ ْ َ‬ ‫ََ ِ َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ‬
‫وواﻓﻘﻬﺎ َ‬
‫واﳋﻄﺄِ ﱡ َ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫اب َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻴﺎرا ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﻫﻢ َ ْ ُ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻮﻫﺎ ُ ْ‬
‫َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺻـﻮاب‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﴤ ِ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺒـﲑ َﻣـﺎ ِ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟـﺬي ْ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ﱠ ِ‬
‫وﻫﻮ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﱡ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺆال‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ َ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻣﻦ ُ َ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬

‫ﻏﲑ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ؟ ْ ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻐﻠﻂ اﻟ َ َ ِ ﱠ‬
‫ﺒﺪوي‬ ‫أن ُ َ ﱢ َ‬‫اﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮي َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ﱢ‬‫وﻫﻞ ْ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ ِ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ َ َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﲑ َ َ‬ ‫وﻳﻘﴤ َ َ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ؟ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ِ َ َ‬
‫واﳋﻄـﺄِ ﱡ َ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐـﻮﻳﲔ‬ ‫اﻟـﺼﻮاب َ َ َ‬‫اﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬‫إذ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا؛ ِ ِ‬‫ﻣﻦ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺢ َ ِ‬
‫ﳾء ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫أﻧﻪ َﻻ َ ﱡ ْ ٌ‬ ‫واﳉﻮاب‪ َ :‬ﱠ ُ‬
‫َ ََ ُ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻊ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ﲢﻜﻴﻢ ﱡ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴﲈ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋـﺪﻫﻢ َ ُ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫وأﺻـﻮﳍﻢ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﲈع‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﲈع َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ َ‬
‫ﻏـﲑ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺘﻪ َ ْ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔـﺼﻴﺢ َ ْ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮي َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ﱢ‬‫ﻟﻴﺲ ْ‬ ‫وﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻪ؛ ِ ْ‬
‫إذ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎ ِﰲ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮب ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ ً َ‬
‫ََ ِ‬

‫أﺑﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ُ ْ ٍ‬
‫ذﻛﺮ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ َ َ‬ ‫ﺿﺪه‪ِ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻦ ْ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﲈع ﱠ ُ‬
‫وﺟﺪ ﱠ َ َ‬
‫إذا َ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ ِ ﱠإﻻ ِ َ‬ ‫ﳜﻄﺊ َ ْ َ ِ ﱠ‬
‫اﻷﻋﺮاﰊ َ َ‬ ‫َُ ﱢ َ‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫اﻋ ـِﺪِه َﻃَﻠًﺒــﺎ‬ ‫ـﻮ؛ ِﻷَﱢﲏ َﱂ َأْذُﻛ ـﺮ َﲨِﻴــﻊ َﻗﻮ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـ ِ‬
‫أي‪ :‬ﱠ ْ‬ ‫ـﺪِه( َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨــﻲ( ﺑﻌ ـَﺾ )َﻗﻮاﻋـ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ـﺬ ِ ﱢ‬‫) ُﺧـ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ِﰲ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲔ َ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ َ َ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ِ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺎر‪ُ ِ َ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ﻟِﻼْﺧﺘَِﺼ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‪َ ْ ُ ،‬‬
‫ﺧﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وأﺣﻜﺎم ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة َ ْ‬
‫ﻴﻂ‪.‬‬‫ﻮﻋ ًﺔ ِﰲ َﻧْﻈٍﻢ َﻋَﲆ ﺑﺤِﺮ اﻟﺒِﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺔ َﻛْﻮ ِﳖ َﺎ ) َ ْ ُ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﳎ ُْﻤ َ‬ ‫َﺣ َ َ‬
‫َ ْ َ‬
‫وﺿﱠﻴِﺔ‪:‬‬‫اﻟﺪِاﺋﺮِة اﻟﻌﺮ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ َوْزُﻧُﻪ ِﰲ ﱠ َ َ ُ‬
‫وﺑﺤﺮ ِ ِ‬
‫ََ ُْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻦ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻦ * ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻦ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ُ ْ َْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻴﻂ ِﻣـْﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒِﺴ ُ‬ ‫ﻮل‪َ ،‬و َ‬ ‫وع َﻻ ُﳜﺎﻟ ُِﻄﻬﺎ َﳾء ِﻣَﻦ اﻷُُﺻ ِ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‪َ ،‬وَأْﺟَﺰُاؤُه ُﻛﱡﻠَﻬﺎ ُﻓُﺮ ٌ‬ ‫ﺎده َ َ ٌ‬ ‫َوَأْوَﺗ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔـْﺮُع‬ ‫ﻒ«‪َ ،‬وُﻫـَﻮ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺜِﺎﲏ ِﻣﻦ دوري »دِاﺋﺮ ِة اﳌُْﺨَﺘِﻠـ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺪْوِر ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺜَﲈﻧَِﻴِﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻓُﻬَﻮ َﺛِﺎﲏ ﱠ‬ ‫َﺛَﻮِاﲏ اﻷَْدَوِار ﱠ‬
‫ْ ََْ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻒ اﻷَوَﺗ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ َأﺟَﺰاء ﻣﻊ َﺗْﻄِﺮ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑُِﻊ ﻟ َِﺒْﺤِﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺎد َﻫَﻜَﺬا‪:‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻄِﻮ ِ ْ ً َ َ‬ ‫ﺐ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ ﺑَِﻘْﻠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻄِﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫ِﻋُﻴﻠْﻦ َﻣَﻔﺎ‪ُ :‬ﻟْﻦ َﻓُﻌﻮ‪ِ :‬ﻋُﻴﻠْﻦ َﻣَﻔﺎ‪ُ :‬ﻟْﻦ َﻓُﻌﻮ * ِﻋُﻴﻠْﻦ َﻣَﻔﺎ‪ُ :‬ﻟْﻦ َﻓُﻌﻮ‪ِ :‬ﻋُﻴﻠْﻦ َﻣَﻔﺎ‪ُ :‬ﻟْﻦ َﻓُﻌﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺜَﻼَﺛُﺔ اﻟﺒ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻗَﻴُﺔ ِﻫَﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒِﺴ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻴﻂ َراﺑِ ُﻊ َأْرَﺑَﻌﺔ َأْﺑُﺤ ٍﺮ َﺗْﺒَﺪُأ ﺑِﺎﳉُْﺰء ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ » ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ«‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬ ‫َو َ‬
‫اﻟﻠَﺬﻳِﻦ ُﳘـﺎ‪َ» :‬ﻓـ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒِﺴ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‪ ،‬اﳌُﻨْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺮَﺟُﺰ‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻋُﻠْﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻴﻂ َأَﺣ ُﺪ َﺑْﺤَﺮْﻳِﻦ َﻳﻨَْﺘﻈَﲈن اﳉُْﺰَأْﻳِﻦ ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﴪُح‪َ .‬و َ‬ ‫اﻟﴪ ُ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫اﻷوِل‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒِﺴ ُ‬ ‫اﻵﺧُﺮ ُﻫَﻮ‪َ» :‬اﳌِﺪ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮب َﺑْﺤِﺮ َاﳌﺪﻳﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻴﻂ َﻣْﻘُﻠ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ اﻷَﱠوُل«‪َ .‬و َ‬ ‫اﻟﺒْﺤُﺮ َ‬ ‫ُﻣْﺴَﺘْﻔﻌُﻠْﻦ« َﻣ ًﻌﺎ‪َ ،‬و َ‬
‫ُاﳌْﻬَﻤِﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑـﻦ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫أﻃﻠﻘﻪ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‪ :‬ﱠ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة َ ُ ِ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َ َِ ٌ‬
‫ﻋـﺪد‬ ‫أﲪـﺪ رﲪـﻪ اﷲ َ َ‬ ‫اﳋﻠﻴﻞ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ َ ْ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮوﺿﻴﺔ‪ٌ َ َ ْ ُ :‬‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ِﰲ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻧـﺴﻖ‬ ‫أوﺗﺎد َ َ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫وأﺳﺒﺎب َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ َ ٌ‬‫اﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﱠ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﳚﻤﻊ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲔ َ‬ ‫ُ َﱠ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ْ ٍ‬
‫وزن ُ َ ﱠ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ َ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻄﺮد‪ِ ِ ْ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ُ َﱠ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺤـﺮا‪،‬‬
‫ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ُ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﳏﻴﻄﻬﺎ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ْ َ ُ َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺒﺪء ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲔ ُﻣ ﱠ ِ َ َ‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﻋﲆ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ِﻣﻦ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺤﻴﻂ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ِﻣﻦ ُ ْ َ ٍ ِ ٍ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأﻧﺎ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ ِ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ََِ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫وزن َ َ‬
‫آﺧﺮ ُ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﱠ َ ْ‬ ‫وإذا َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮر ِ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺤﺮ َ َ َ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻬﺎ ُ َ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺤﺮ َﺟﺪﻳﺪ َ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ُ ْ ٌ َ ْ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫داﺋﺮة ْ َ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ُ َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻧﻘﺎط ُ ﱢ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮا َ ْ ً‬
‫َ ًْ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ِ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ِﻣﻦ َ ٍ‬ ‫َأو ُ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻫﺬه َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ْ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ُ َ ﱠ َ ٌ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‪َ :‬‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻢ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻐﲈت ِﰲ ﱡ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠ ٌ ِ‬
‫ﲬـﺲ‬ ‫وﻫـﻲ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ َ ِ ٍ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺸ ِ ُﺒﻪ ِ َإﱃ َ ﱟ‬
‫ﻋﺮوﺿﻴﺔ ُ ْ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ْ‬‫َُ َ‬
‫ﻓـﺎرﺟﻊ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻠـﻴﲇ‪ٌ َ َ ِ ..‬‬
‫دراﺳـﺔ َ ْ ِ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫أﺻﻠﻨﺎ َ َﳍﺎ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺻـﻴﻠﻴﺔ« َ ْ ِ ْ ْ‬
‫إﻟﻴـﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﺮوض َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ‪ُ ُ َ » :‬‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ َ‬
‫ََ َ‬
‫َُْ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮر‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜـَﻼُم‬
‫ﻫـﻲ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳉْﻤَﻠُﺔ َ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ( َﺣ ٌﺎل َﺛﺎن‪َ ،‬و ُ‬ ‫ون اُﳌَﻘﱠﻔﻰ ﺑَِﻘْﺼٍﺪ ) ُ ْ َ ً‬‫اﻟﻜَﻼُم َاﳌْﻮُز ُ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ُﻫَﻮ َ‬ ‫َو ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻼم َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ َ َ ِ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﺄﰐ َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﲨﻞ‪ِ ْ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ُ َ ٍ‬
‫وﲡﻤﻊ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎد َأْو َﱂ ْ ُﻳﻔْﺪ‪ُ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺐ َأَﻓ َ‬‫اﳌَُﺮﱠﻛ ُ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺖ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻟ ِـ» ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ«‪ْ َ ،‬أو ُ َ‬
‫وف َﻧﻌ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻞ( ﻣَﺘﻌﱢﻠٌﻖ ﺑِﻤﺤُﺬ ٍ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫أﺣﺴﻦ ُ َ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫) ْ‬
‫ِ‬

‫ﳚﻴﺰ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ُِ ُ‬
‫إن ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﺷـﺌﺖ‬ ‫اﳉﻤـﻞ«‪ْ ِ » :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﺣـﺴﻦ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ُ ْ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‪ً َ ُ ْ َ » :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ َﻋ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻞ« َ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻠﻴـﻪ َ‬
‫اﻵن‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ُ ُ‬ ‫واﻷول َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫أﺟﻮد َ َ‬ ‫وﻻ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﲏ َأﺟﻮد ﻣﻊ َ ِ‬ ‫َ َِ َ‬
‫ورد ِﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َﻣـﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﻮن َ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮار‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ِ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك َ ْ َ ٌ‬‫ﻳﻜﻮن ُ َ َ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ َﻻ َ ُ َ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺄﰐ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ َ‬ ‫َْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫) ِﰲ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﺑْﻴًﺘﺎ َ ْ ُ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ( َأْي‪ :‬ﻓَﻴﲈ َﺗَﻀ ﱠﻤﻨَُﻪ َو ْ‬
‫اﺣَﺘَﻮُاه اﳋَْﻤُﺴ َ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﲬﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫أي‪َ َ ِ :‬‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻤﺴﲔ ً ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ َُ ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴـﺖ ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﲠـﺬا َ ْ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮى * َ ْﺑﻴـﺖ ِﺑـﻪ( َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ) َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ) َﻻ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ( َ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫زﻟﲇ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻋْﻦ َﺧَﻄَﺎﻳ َ‬
‫ﺎي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ) َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ( اﷲَ َ َ َ‬ ‫واﳋﻤﺴﻮن ) َ ْ‬
‫اﳊﺎدي َ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺐ؛ إِِذ‬‫ﻠﻄِﺎﻟـ ِ‬
‫ﴫٌة ِﺟﺪا‪َ ،‬وإِﱠﻧَﲈ َﻧﱠﺒَﻪ َﻋَﲆ َذﻟ َِﻚ َﺗْﺮِﻏ ًﻴﺒـﺎ ﻟ ِ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َوﻓﻴﻪ إَِﺷَﺎرٌة إَِﱃ َأ ﱠﳖ َﺎ َﻣﻨُْﻈ َ‬
‫ﻮﻣٌﺔ ُﳐ َْﺘ َ َ‬
‫ﺨﱢﻞ ِﺑـ َ‬ ‫اﻻْﺧﺘِﺼﺎر َﻏﲑ ُاﳌ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن ِ‬ ‫ﺂﻣِﺔ َوَاﳌَﻠِﻞ‪َ ،‬ﻓَﻜ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘَﻌ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﱠﺘْﻄِﻮُﻳﻞ ُﻳْﻔِﴤ إَِﱃ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮﺑـﺎ‬‫ﺎﳌْﻌﻨَﻰ َﻣْﻄُﻠ ً‬ ‫َ ُ ُْ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ َ‬
‫ﺐ َو ﱠ‬
‫َوَﻣْﺮُﻏ ً‬
‫ﻮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴـﺖ«‪َ .‬وَﻗْﻮُﻟـُﻪ‪ِ» :‬ﰲ‬ ‫زﻟﲇ« ِﰲ َﳏ َﱢﻞ ﺟـﺮ َﻧﻌـ ٌﺖ ِﻟــ» ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ َﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﲨَﻠُﺔ » ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫َ ﱟ ْ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫َو ُ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮوﴈ ﱠاﻟِﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ﱡ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ َﻣْﻌﻨَﻰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﲔ َُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻀِﻤ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ«‪َ ،‬وﻓِِﻴﻪ ﱠ‬‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ« ُﻣَﺘَﻌﱢﻠٌﻖ ﺑِـ» َ ْ ُ َ ً‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﲬﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮب َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮوﺿﻴﻮن ْ‬
‫ﱡ‬ ‫وﻋﺪه َ ُ‬
‫آﺧﺮ َﺑْﻌَﺪُه‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ ُ‬‫َﺑْﻴﺖ َﻋَﲆ َﺑْﻴﺖ َ َ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬ ‫أﺗﻘﻨﺘﻬـﺎ( َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟـﻚ ِ ً‬
‫آﻧﻔـﺎ ) َ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﴍﺣﻨـﺎه َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﺎه ﱠاﻟـﺬي َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﱠْﺤـِﻮ ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟ ِ ِ‬
‫أﻧﺖ( َأﱡَﳞﺎ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫إن َ ْ َ‬‫)ِ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻪ( َأِي‪ :‬اﻟﻨﱠﺤِﻮ ) َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻧﺖ( َأْي‪ْ َ ُ َ :‬‬ ‫َْ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺖ ) َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺣْﻔ ًﻈﺎ َوَﻓْﻬًﲈ َ َ َ ﱡ ً‬
‫وﺗﺪﺑﺮا ) َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻠﺔ َﻟْﻔﻈِﻬﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻏَﺰَارِة ِﻋْﻠِﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻚ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ َذﻟ َِﻚ إِﱠﻻ ِ ِ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺐ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻞ( َأْي‪َ :‬وَﻻ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫وﻻ َ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ِْ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ َ َ‬
‫أن َ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻌﻨـﺎه َ ﱠ‬
‫وﻣ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻧـﺖ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠﻪ«‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﺑـﻪ‪ْ َ َ » :‬‬‫ﴍ ٌط‪َ ،‬ﺟَﻮ ُ ُ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﺗﻘﻨﺘﻬﺎ« َ ْ‬ ‫إن َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪ْ ِ » :‬‬ ‫َوَﻗْﻮ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺪاوﻣـﺔ ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﺎدة ِ ﱠإﻻ ِ ِ ْ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻨﺔ َ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ َ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ُ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺗﻘﺎﻧﻚ َ َﳍـﺎ‪َ ُ َ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫وإﺗﻘﺎﳖـﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ُ ْ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن َ ﱢ َ ً‬‫ﻟﻦ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠ َُِ‬
‫وﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫إﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻋﻴﺔ ِ َإﱃ ِ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﻻ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻞ«‪َ ْ َ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪َ ْ َ َ » :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔـﺴﻚ َ َ ﱠ ِ َ‬
‫وﺧﺎﺻـﺘﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻋﺘﻨﺎءك ِ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫اﻫﺘﲈﻣﻚ َ ْ ِ َ َ َ‬
‫واﻋﺘﻦ ِ َﲠﺎ ْ ِ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻫﺘﻢ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أي‪ َ ْ َ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﻞ« َ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫واﺣﺬر َ‬ ‫ِ َﲠﺎ َ ْ ْ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ َ‬ ‫أن َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺴﻞ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫واﺣﺬر ْ‬‫َ ْ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟـﺸﻄﺮ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﺴﺦ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﻗ َﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴـﺖ‬‫ﻣـﻦ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺜـﺎﲏ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َﻣﺎ َ َ‬‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ َ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺧﲑ َ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﻜﺬا‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮع َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮار‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻷول ِ َﺑﻼ َ ْ َ ٍ‬
‫اﻷﺑﻴﺎت َ َ‬ ‫وﻳﻜﻮن َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫وﻻ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ َ َ‬ ‫إن ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪه * ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺧﺬ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺌﺖ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻲ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ُ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -١‬ﻳﺎ َ َ‬
‫زﻟﲇ‬‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ِﺳﻮى * ٍ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ َﻻ َ ِ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺿﻤ ِﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﲬﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪ِ -٢‬ﰲ ْ‬
‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻦ ِ َﲠﺎ َ ْ ْ‬
‫واﺣﺬر َ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻪ * َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻧﺖ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﺗﻘﻨﺘﻬﺎ َ َ ْ‬ ‫إن َ ْ َ‬‫‪ْ ِ -٣‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻷول‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻒ ِﻣْﻨُﻪ‬‫اﻟﻜَﻼِم َوَﻣﺎ َﻳَﺘَﺄﱠﻟ ُ‬ ‫ِﰲ َ‬
‫ﻛﻘﺎم َ ِﻋﲇ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ * ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ِ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫إﺳﻨﺎد َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ْ َ ُ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ْ َ ً ْ َ‬ ‫‪ َ -٤‬ﱠأﻣﺎ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻓﻬﻮ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺘﻬﺎ * َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫أﺟﺰاؤه َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳊﺮف ُ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ ﱠ‬‫واﻻﺳﻢ َ ِ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪ُ ْ َ -٥‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ِ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳉﺮ َ ﱠ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮوف َ ﱢ‬ ‫واﳉﺮ َ ْأو ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺄل * َ َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﻢ ُ ْ َ ُ‬‫‪ُ ْ َ -٦‬‬
‫ﺧﲇ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮر َ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫أردت ً ِ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﺎ َ ْ‬ ‫وإن * َ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻮف َ ِ ْ‬‫ﻗﺪ َ ْأو ِ َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ ﱢ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲔ َ ْأو َ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ ْ ِ َ -٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ) َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ف ﱡ ِ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ( َأي‪ :‬ﰲ ُﻋﺮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪﻫﻢ(‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻠﺤﻮا َ َ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ْ َ ً‬ ‫) َ ﱠأﻣﺎ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋـﲇ( َﻓﺈِﱠﻧـُﻪ َﻟْﻔـٌﻆ‪َ ،‬أْي‪:‬‬ ‫إﺳﻨﺎد( َﺗﺎم‪ ،‬وَذﻟ َِﻚ )َﻛـ(َﻗﻮﻟ َِﻚ‪َ ) :‬ﻗﺎم ِ‬ ‫ﻆ) ﱠ ٍ ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ِ ْ َ ٌ ﱞ َ‬ ‫ﻋَﺒَﺎرٌة َﻋْﻦ َﻟْﻔ ُ َ‬
‫ﲔ‪ ،‬وﻓِ ِ‬ ‫اﳍﺠِﺎﺋﻴِﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﱠﻛ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮظ؛ ﻟ َِﻜْﻮﻧِِﻪ َﺻْﻮ ًﺗﺎ ُﻣْﺸَﺘِﻤ ًﻼ َﻋَﲆ َﺑْﻌ ِ‬
‫ﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻣْﻦ َﻛﻠَﻤَﺘـ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫اﳊُﺮوف َ ﱠ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﺾ ُ‬ ‫َﻣْﻠُﻔ ٌ‬
‫ﻮت اﳌَُﺘَﻜﱢﻠِﻢ َﻋَﻠْﻴَﻬﺎ‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻣْﻮُﺿﻮٌع َوْﺿ ًﻌﺎ َﻋَﺮﺑِﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫إِﺳﻨَﺎد َﺗﺎم وﻫﻮ اﳌُِﻔ ُ ِ‬
‫ﳛُﺴُﻦ ُﺳُﻜ ُ‬‫ﻴﺪ َﻓﺎﺋَﺪ ًة َ ْ‬ ‫ْ ٌ ﱞ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺾ‪َ ،‬أي‪ِ :‬ﰲ اﺻـﻄَِﻼِح اﻟﻨﱡﺤـ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وَﻗﻮُﻟـﻪ‪» :‬اﺻـ ِ‬
‫ﺎة‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ـﻄﻼﺣﺎ« َﲤ ِْﻴﻴـ ٌـﺰ َأْو َﻋـَﲆ َﻧـْﺰِع اﳋَـﺎﻓ ِ ْ‬
‫ً‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ف إَِﻟْﻴِﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫اﺻﻄَﻼُﺣُﻬْﻢ ُﻫَﻮ ﱢاﺗَﻔُﺎﻗُﻬْﻢ َﻋَﲆ َأْﻣﺮ َﻣْﻌُﻬﻮد ﻓَﻴﲈ َﺑْﻴﻨَُﻬْﻢ‪ ،‬إَذا ُأْﻃﻠَﻖ ْاﻧ َ َ‬
‫ﴫ َ‬ ‫و ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ﳏﺬوف‪َ ،‬أي‪ :‬وَذﻟ َِﻚ َﻛَﻘﻮﻟ َِﻚ‪َ :‬ﻗ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل َ ْ ُ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮل َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﲇ« َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﺎم َ ِ‬
‫ﺎم َﻋﱞﲇ‪َ ،‬ﻓــ»َﻗـ َ‬
‫ﺎم«‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َوَﻗْﻮُﻟُﻪ‪َ َ َ » :‬‬
‫ﺎض‪ ،‬و»َﻋ ِﲇ« اﺳﻢ ﻣْﻈﻬﺮ َﻓ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎﻋٌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓْﻌٌﻞ َﻣ ٍ َ ﱞ ْ ٌ ُ َ ٌ‬
‫اﺻﻄﻼح ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ﱠﳑﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ِﰲ ْ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة ُ َ‬ ‫أن َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺪرك َ ﱠ‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻔﻈـﺎ َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺰﻳـﺪ َ ْأو‬ ‫اﳊـﺮوف ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳍﺠﺎﺋﻴـﺔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت ُ ْ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﳌﺸﺘﻤﻞ َ َ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﻆ‪َ ُ َ :‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮب َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪ْ َ َ َ َ .‬‬
‫وﺧﺮﺟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻞ َ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺪﻳﺰ َ ْ ُ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﺰﻳﺪ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫وإﻣﺎ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ِ ﱠإﻣﺎ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ٌ ْ‬
‫ﻗﻢ«‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻋﻞ » ُ ْ‬ ‫َْ ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﲈ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ِ ٌ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ُ َ َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ ﱠْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ِ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻈﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ؛ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ َ ْ ِ‬‫اﳌﺮﻛﺐ‪ :‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ َﻛــ‪ » :‬ﱢ ُ‬
‫اﻟـﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮا َ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪ً َ ،‬‬ ‫‪ َ ُ -٢‬ﱠ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ ْ‬
‫ﻗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﴪ« َ ْأو ُ َ ﱠ ً‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪرا َﻛـ‪ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫ٌُْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪا ُﻳ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ َﺗﺎﻣﺎ َ ِ ً‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ُ ِ ُ‬ ‫‪ُ ِ ُ -٣‬‬
‫ﺳـﺒﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺮﻓـﻪ َ ْأو َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ َﻣﺎ َﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻔﻴﺪ ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻴﺪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻴﺪ‪َ ُ َ :‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ ِ :‬‬ ‫وﺧﺮج ِ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ َ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫أﻗﺒﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬‫إذا َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻔﻴﺪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪َ َ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻮت ُ َ َ ﱢ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﳛﺴﻦ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪ُ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ ِْ َُُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ َ ُ‬
‫ﺄﻟﻔﺎظ ُ َ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ َﻻ ﺑِ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫‪ِ ْ َ ِ -٤‬‬
‫أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻔﺎظ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َأن َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪َ ُ َ :‬‬
‫َ ِ‬ ‫واﳌﺠﻨﻮن َ ﱠ ِ ِ‬‫واﻟﻐﻀﺒﺎن َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ ُِ‬
‫واﻟﺒﺒﻐـﺎء‬
‫واﻟﻨـﺎﺋﻢ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮان َ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﻼم ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻳﺸﻜﻞ َ َ‬
‫اﳌـﺘﻜﻠﻢ ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ِﰲ َ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫ﻳـﻀﻊ ُ َ َ ﱢ ُ َ‬
‫أن َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪه َ ْ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺪرج َ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺷﺎﲠﻬﻢ‪ْ ُ ُ ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺎﺻﺪا َِإﱃ َ َ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻔﺎظ َ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫َْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺰَﻣُﻦ ُﺟـْﺰ ًءا ِﻣْﻨـُﻪ َﺛَﻼَﺛـُﺔ َأْﻗـَﺴ ٍ‬
‫ﺎم‪ُ :‬ﻣْﻈَﻬـٌﺮ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻢ( ﱠاﻟِﺬي َﻳُﺪﱡل َﻋَﲆ ُﻣَﺴﱠﲈُه َوَﻟْﻴَﺲ ﱠ‬
‫)َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬

‫وﻓﺮوﻋﻬﻦ‪َ ،‬وُﻣْﺒَﻬٌﻢ َﻛَﻬَﺬا َوﱠاﻟِﺬي َ ُ ُ ِ ِ‬

‫وﻓﺮوﻋﻬَﲈ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫َﻛَﺰْﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬وُﻣْﻀَﻤٌﺮ َﻛَﺄَﻧﺎ َوَأْﻧَﺖ َوُﻫَﻮ َ ُ ُ ِ ﱠ‬
‫وﻫـﻮ‬ ‫أﻧـﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳـﻢ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻷواﺋﻞ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪود ْ َ َ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺪرك َ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﳑﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺤﻮ‪ِ ٌ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ُ َ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ« َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ُ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺐ‪ٌ ْ َ » ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‪ْ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﲈه‪ْ َ ،‬ﺑﻞ َ َ‬
‫ﳎﺮد ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬‫ﻣﻊ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫َ َُْ‬
‫اﳌﻈﻬﺮ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫دون َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺬات ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﳾء‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﳌﺠﺮد َ ْ ِ ِ َ‬
‫ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ْ ُ َ ﱠ‬ ‫أﻃﻠﻖ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﲈه َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘـﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫أﻧﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ِ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎف َ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱢ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺪل َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﺐ« َ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ » َ ٌ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫َ َ‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻜﻠَِﻤِﺔ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺎم َ‬‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷَْﻣُﺮ ﱠاﻟِﺬي َﺟَﻌَﻞ َﺑْﻌَﻀُﻬْﻢ َﻳُﻌﱡﺪُه ِﻗْﺴ ًﲈ ُﻣْﺴَﺘِﻘﻼ ِﻣْﻦ َأْﻗَﺴ ِ‬‫ﺗﺐ ِ َ َ ً‬ ‫َ ُ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َﻛﺎ ٌ‬‫ْ‬
‫ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫وﻻ ُ ﱠ ِ ً‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤـﺪا َ َ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳـﻢ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮن ْ ِ‬
‫ﺟـﺰءا َ‬ ‫أن َ ُ َ ُ ً‬ ‫دون َ ْ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺐ َ َ‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫َ ًْ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ َ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬ َﲈ َ ْ ً‬ ‫إذ َ ْ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﳜﺘﻠﻒ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ؛ ِ ْ‬
‫اﳌﻀﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻊ ِ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪود ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫دﻻﻟﺘـﻪ َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ْ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫َوَﻛَﺬﻟَﻚ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻤﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ ِﰲ ِ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ٍ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ‪ِ َ ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫واﳋﻄﺎب َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺴﲈه ِ َ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻣـﺴﲈه ِﺑـَﻼ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫دﻻﻟﺘـﻪ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼف َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ َ ِ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ُ َﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﱠ ْ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َِ ٍَ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﲈﺋﺮ َﻻ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺒﻞ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫وﻫـﻮ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌـﺒﻬﻢ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪودة ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ْ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫واﳌﻮﺻﻮل َ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ ََِ َ‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ِ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ َﻛﲈ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة ِ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺴﻴﺔ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ِ َ ِ‬‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﲈﻫﺎ ِإﻣﺎ ِ َ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫وإﻣـﺎ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫َ‬ ‫أو َ ْ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫دﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎ َ َ ُ َ ﱠ َ ﱠ‬
‫اﻷﻣـﺮ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ َ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ِﰲ ﱢ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ُ َ ِ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫َﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺬي َ َ َ‬
‫ﺟﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬‫واﻻﺳﺘﻌﲈل َ ً‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺻﻮل‪َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم َ ِ ِ‬‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫واﳌﺒﻬﻢ ِﻗﺴﲈ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ْ‬ ‫ﳌﻀﻤﺮ َ ُ ْ َ َ ْ ً ُ ْ‬‫ﻳﻌﺪ ا ُ ْ َ َ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫َْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫أﻧـﻪ ُ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻊ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وﻫـﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻈﻬـﺮ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳـﻢ َ ُ َ‬‫أﻧـﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪود ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ْ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮف َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫َ ََِ َ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪه ِﻗﺴﲈ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ ا ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻒ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠْ ِﱠَ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ َ ُ ﱡ ْ ً ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﲤﺎﻣﺎ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ُ ُ َ ْ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫واﺳﺘﻌﲈﻟﻪ ُﳐ َ ٌ َ ً‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻳـﺪل َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫أﻧـﻪ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻈﻬﺮ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪود ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ْ‬
‫ُ ْ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﺼﺪر َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫َ ََِ َ‬
‫َ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺪث‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
‫واﺳﺘﻌﲈﻻت َ ِ‬
‫ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ْ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻼﻓﺎت ِ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺪ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت َ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫رك ُ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮوق َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮت َ َ َ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ِﱠَ‬
‫وﻣﺜﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ َ ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻄﺎ َ ِ ً‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء َ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫اﺟﺘﻬـﺎد‬
‫ﻫـﺬا ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪َ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﻣﺮ َ ْ ٍ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫واﺣﺪا‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻫﺎ َ َ ً‬
‫وﻟﺌﻼ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ ْ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻮغ ِ ِ‬ ‫َُ ُ‬
‫ﺎض َﻛـ َﴬَب‪َ ،‬وُﻣـَﻀ ِ‬ ‫ﺎم َأْﻳًﻀﺎ‪َ :‬ﻣـ ٍ‬‫ﺎن َﺛَﻼَﺛُﺔ َأْﻗَﺴ ٍ‬ ‫ث وَزﻣ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫) ِ ُ ِ‬
‫ﺎرٌع‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ( ﱠاﻟﺬي َﻳُﺪﱡل َﻋَﲆ َﺣَﺪ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫اﻹْﻓﺮ ِ‬
‫اد‪َ ،‬وَﻧْﺤِﻮﻳﺎ ِﰲ اﻟﺴَﻴ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﴐب‪.‬وَزﻣﻦ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬‫ﺎق َ َ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﴏﻓﻴﺎ ِﰲ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻮن َ ْ‬‫اﻟﻔْﻌِﻞ َﻳُﻜ ُ‬ ‫ﴬُب‪َ ،‬وَأْﻣٌﺮ َﻛ ْ ِ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻴ ْ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻚ ِﰲ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻵﺗﻴﺔ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺒﻴﻨﻪ َ َ‬
‫َﻣﺎ َ ُ َ ﱢ ُ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻬـﺎت«‬ ‫ﺑـﺌﺲ« َو» َﻣـﺎ َ ْ َ َ ُ‬
‫أﻓﻌﻠـﻪ« َو» َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌـﺎﴈ ِ َإﱃ » ْ َ‬
‫ﻧﻌـﻢ« َو» ِ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺐ ﱡ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‪َ ،‬و َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﲈت ِﻣﻦ ٍ‬‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﲏ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ِ ﱠﳑﺎ َ ْ ُ‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ‬
‫ْ ُْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪو ِﰲ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ« َ َ‬ ‫َو» َ ْ َ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫زﻣﻨﻲ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻧـﺴﺒﻮه ِ َإﱃ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪ُ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ذﻫﺒـﻮا‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﱠاﻟـﺬي َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ َ َ ﱟ ْ‬ ‫أدى ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ً‬ ‫رﺑﲈ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺎق ُ ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴ َ‬‫أن ﱢ َ‬ ‫وﺟﺪوا َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا َ َ ُ‬ ‫ََِ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ِ َإﱃ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎﲏ ﱠ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷدوات‪:‬‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮن َ َ َ‬ ‫َُْ ُ َ‬
‫وﺟﺰم َ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫وﻗﻠﺐ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ َ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻟﻮا‪ُ ْ َ » :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ِ َإﱃ » َﱂ ْ« َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻟﻮا‪ِ ٌ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎل ِ َإﱃ » ِ َ‬ ‫وﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ِ ْ ِ ْ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘ َ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫ﻇﺮف َﳌﺎ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﺎن«‪.‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫إذا« َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﲣﺺ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳊﻀﻮر ِ َإﱃ » َ ْ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫أن َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫اﳊﺎل َ ْ َ‬‫ﻣﻦ َ‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻟﻮا‪ ُ َ » :‬ﱡ‬
‫ﻗﺪ« َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ«‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫واﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ َ ً‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﳏﺘﻤﻼ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ ْ َ ِ ً‬
‫ِ ُْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬا ﱢ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄـﺎق ﱠ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳـﺔ ِﰲ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ ْ َ ْ‬
‫اﻧـﺸﻐﺎﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ َ‬ ‫اﻟـﻀﻴﻖ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﻮا ﱢ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬا َ َ ُ‬
‫َو َ َ َ‬
‫اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ ِﰲ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫أﳘﻴﺔ َ َ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻔﺮدات ِ َ ِ‬
‫وﺑﻨﺎء ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺴﻴﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫وإﻧـﲈ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ِ َإﱃ َ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎت ﱢ َ ﱠ‬ ‫دون َ َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪َ ُ ،‬‬ ‫ِ َُْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻷﻗﺪﻣﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮره ﱡ َ ُ‬ ‫أﻏ َﻨﻰ ِ َ ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ َ ْ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﱠﳑﺎ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫ََ ﱠ‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
 ‫ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎﱄ َﻣـﺎ‪ُ ،‬ﻳَﻘـُﺎل ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺎت« ‪َ-‬ﻣَﺜًﻼ‪َ -‬ﻛﻠَﻤٌﺔ ُﺗْﺴَﺘْﻌَﻤُﻞ ﻟْﻠَﻜْﺸﻒ َﻋـْﻦ َﻣْﻮﻗـﻒ ْاﻧﻔَﻌـ ِ ﱟ‬ ‫َﻓـ »َﻫْﻴَﻬ َ‬
‫وﻻ ِ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪم َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺬاﻛﺮﺗﻪ ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ًَ ِ‬
‫وﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨـﻪ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻬﺎت ﱠ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪َ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ َ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪َ -‬ﳌْﻦ َﻳ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺘﻮﻗﻊ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ َﻛﲈ ﺑﲔ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻧـﺸﺎء َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫َْ ِ ِِ ِ‬
‫واﳋـﱪ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓـﻼ‬ ‫إذ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺮق َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﱠ َ ُ‬
‫وﻫﻮ‪َ ُ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑه ﱠاﻟﺬي َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫زﻋﻤﻮه َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻷﻣـﺮ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوﳞﺎ ِﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷوﱃ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﱠ ِ َ ُ‬
‫ﲪـ َﻞ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﻢ َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫اﻟـﺬي َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨـﻰ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫إذ َﻻ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﴩح ُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫إﻓـﺼﺎﺣﻴﺔ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﻮاﻟﻒ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ ِ‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜـﺸﻒ َ ْ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ِ ْ َ ﱠ‬‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ِﰲ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﲈت ِ َ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫َﻋـﺎه ِ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺑـِﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺦ ِ ﱢ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ‪ ،‬و‪ْ َ :‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ْ ِ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ َ ْ ً‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫وﺟﻌﻞ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ َﻣﺎ‪ِ َ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ْ َ ِ ﱟ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وأﲨﻞ ِﲠﺎ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﲈء ِﰲ ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫و‪ِ :‬ﺑﺲ ِ ْ ِ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻢ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟـﻞ‪َ ،‬و‪:‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪َ ،‬و‪َ ْ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‪َ ْ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﲨﻞ ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺔ‪َ ،‬و‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﱠ ﱠ َ َ‬
‫واﻟﺬم‪َ ،‬و‪ :‬ﱠ ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺪح َ ﱠ ﱢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻟﺪ‪ِ ،‬ﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺌﺲ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ِْ َ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪َ َ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪه ﻣﺴ ُ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ َ ْ ُ َ َ ﱡ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ َ َ ْ‬
‫وﻣﻦ ُ َ‬
‫ﻜﻮﻛﺔ‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳋﻮاﻟﻒ ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫وﲨﻴﻊ َ َ‬‫َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻢ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻼﻓﺎت ِ َ َ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﺒﲔ َﻣﺎ َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ِ ِ‬
‫ذﻛﺮت َ َ َ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﴫﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫ْ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﻐﲑﻫﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َِِْ َ َ‬
‫واﻗﺘﻨﺎع ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َأﻣﺮ َ َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِﳑ ﱠﺎ َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب ِ ِ‬
‫ﻹﻋﲈل ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻳﺼﻠﺢ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺑﺮ َ ْ َ ٍ َ َ‬
‫ﻳـﺪﻓﻌﺎن‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺮ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻮﺣﻰ ِ ِ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺼﺐ َ ِ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺴﻒ َ ْأو َ َ ﱡ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ َإﱃ َ َ ﱡ ِ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﱠ ْ ُ ُ ً‬ ‫إذ َ ْ َ‬ ‫دون َ َ‬‫ﳌﺬﻫﺐ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ُ َ‬
‫دون َ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﱡ ُ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ ِﰲ ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻼﻓﺎت َ ْﺗﻔﺘِﻴﺢ َ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ِ ِ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ﳜﻔﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َﻻ َ ْ َ‬‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ َ‬ ‫ﳌﺪارك َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫وﰲ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ِ َإﱃ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺻـﻼ ِ َإﱃ‬
‫اﻓﺘﻘـﺎرا ُ َ َ ﱢ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻮاﻟﻒ ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫أن َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﺐَ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻘْﻮِل ِﰲ َﻫَﺬا اﳌَْﺬَﻫ ِ‬ ‫ﲨَﻠُﺔ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘـﺮ ْ َ ً‬ ‫اﻹﻓﺼﺎﺣﻴﺔ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫َ ﱠ‬ ‫َو ُ ْ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺘﻘـﺎر َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫واﳌﺠـﺮورات‪ِ َ ِ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷدوات َ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ِﻣﻦ َ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﻔـﺔ‬ ‫واﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺑﺎت َ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫واﳌﺮﻓﻮﻋـﺎت َ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ﺿﲈﺋﻢ ُ َ ﱠ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﺗـﺮﺗﺒﻂ َ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗـﴫف‬
‫ﺗﺘـﴫف َ َ ﱡ َ‬ ‫وﻻ َ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫اﳋﻮاﻟـﻒ ِ َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺑـﺰﻣﻦ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻻ َ ْ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫اﳉـﺮ«‪َ َ ،‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ِ َإﱃ »َﻣﺎ« َْأو » َﺑـﺎء َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠَ ﱡ ِ‬
‫وﺑﲔ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﻨﺪ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺪور ُ َ ِ‬ ‫َْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ِ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﺑﺄﳖـﺎ َﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮق َ ْﺑﻴﻨَ ُﻬﺎ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫دون ُ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﻨﺪ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم ِ َ ْ ِ ْ‬‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‪ْ َ ،‬ﺑﻞ َ ُ ُ‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
‫ﺗـﺪﺧﻞ ِﰲ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺰوم ِ ﱢ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ‬ ‫وﻻ َ ْ ُ ُ‬‫اﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺑﺎت‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣـﻦ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ َﳌـﺎ ُ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ َ‬ ‫وﻻ ِ ُ ُ ٍ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ِ َ َ ﱟ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎﺣﻴﺔ ِ ْ َ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫إﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﻓـﺼ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫ﲨﻞ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ِِ‬
‫ﺿﲈﺋﻤﻬﺎ ُ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻊ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺠﺮورات‪ُ ِ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳋﻮاﻟﻒ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ َ‬
‫ﻣﻊ َﻣﺎ ُ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ َ َ‬
‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ َ‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ِﻗﺴﻢ َ ِ ﱞ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ْ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ؛ َ ِ َ‬
‫وﻟﺬا َ ِ َ ْ ٌ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫ﲔ إِﱠﻻ ِﰲ َﻏِْﲑِه َﺛَﻼَﺛُﺔ‬ ‫اﳊﺮف( ﱠاﻟِﺬي َﻳُﺪﱡل َﻋَﲆ َﻣْﻌ ًﻨﻰ ِﰲ َﻧْﻔِﺴِﻪ َﻻ َﻳﱠﺘِﻀُﺢ َوَﻻ َﻳْﺴَﺘﺒِ ُ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫)ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﺎﻻﺳِﻢ َﻛـ»ِﰲ«‪ ،‬وﺑِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺘﻬـﺎ(‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔْﻌِﻞ َﻛـ» َﱂ ْ«‪َ ،‬و ُ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺸﱰك َﺑْﻴﻨَُﻬَﲈ َﻛـ»َﺑْﻞ« ) ُ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺎص ﺑِ ْ‬ ‫ﺎم َأْﻳًﻀﺎ‪َ :‬ﺧ ﱞ‬ ‫َأْﻗَﺴ ٍ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ(‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ِ ً‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ ) َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻜَﻼِم ﱠ ِ‬
‫َأْي‪َ :‬ﺛَﻼَﺛُﺘَﻬﺎ ) َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫أﺟﺰاؤه( َأْي‪َ :‬أْﺟَﺰُاء َ‬
‫ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ َ ْ‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ‪ِ َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ً َ‬
‫اﻟﺜَﻼَﺛِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َذَﻛﺮ ُﲥﺎ َ َ ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ َﻋْﻦ َﻫِﺬِه اﻷَْﺟَﺰِاء ﱠ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫َأْي‪َ :‬ﻓ َ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻜَﻼُم َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮب ُ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻼم َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻠﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳊﺮوف ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻔﺮد َ ْ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫أن ا َ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻤﻠﺔ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮل َ ﱠ‬
‫اﳍﺠﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ ُﻣ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ َُ‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم‪ِ ْ ِ :‬‬
‫اﻻﺳـﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ َ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ُ َ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻢ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ِ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻈﺎ َ ْأو َ ْ ً َ‬ ‫َْ ً‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ َ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﻮرة ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴ ُﻢ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺴﺎم ﱠ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫واﳊﺮف‪ ُ .‬ﱞ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِْ ِ‬
‫أﻗـﺴﺎم؛‬ ‫أﻳـﻀﺎ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ َ ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺧـﺎص‬ ‫واﳊﺮف‪ َ :‬ﱞ‬
‫وأﻣﺮ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎض‪ٌ ِ َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻣﻀﺎرع‪ٌ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ٍ َ :‬‬ ‫وﻣﺒﻬﻢ‪ُ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻣﻀﻤﺮ‪ٌ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ‪ٌ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﻢ‪ٌ َ ْ ُ :‬‬
‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺴﺎم ِ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻓﺠﻤﻠﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ‪ُ َ ْ ُ َ .‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ٌ َ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﺧﺎص ِ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﺛﻨـﺎن‪:‬‬ ‫اﳌﻌـﺮب ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﺔ‪ُ َ ْ ُ ،‬‬ ‫وﻣﺸﱰك َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱞ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ َ ْ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳾء‪ ِ َ َ ،‬ﱠ ُ‬
‫وﺑﻘﻴﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻗﺴﺎم ُ ﱡ َ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺂﺧﺮه َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي َﱂ ْ َ ﱠ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎرع ﱠ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫اﳌﻈﻬﺮ‪ُ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗـﺮى‬‫ﴏﰲ‪َ َ ،‬أﻻ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ َ ْ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﺎض َ ُ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫وﻣﻀﺎرع َ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫وأﻣﺮ َﻣﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ َإﱃ َ ٍ‬ ‫َﻓﺎﺋَﺪٌة‪ُ ْ َ :‬‬
‫إذا ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﺟﺌـﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟـﻚ‪َ ِ :‬‬ ‫ﻛـﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮن ُ ْ َ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﴫﰲ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َأ ﱠن َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿـﻴﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﴫﰲ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎرع ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫وأن ُ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﳚﺊ َ ْ ُ‬‫وﻫﻮ َﱂ ْ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫ََْ ُْ َ‬
‫أﻛﺮﻣﺘﻚ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
‫اﻟـﴫﰲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫وأن َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ِﻗﻴﺎم ِﰲ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺎﴈ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬أي‪َ :‬ﱂ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻢ َ ْ ٌ ْ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ َﻗ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻮﻟﻚ‪َ :‬ﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫زﻳـﺪا َﻻ‬ ‫زﻳـﺪ‪ َ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫وﻟﻌـﻞ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻛـﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟـﻚ‪ْ ُ :‬‬
‫ﻗـﻢ َﻳـﺎ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘـﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻬﲈ ُ َ ﱠ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َزﻣﻦ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫وﻗﻮﻋﻪ ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﻫـﻮ ﱠ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺬي‬ ‫زﻣـﻦ َ ِ ُ َ‬‫ﻛـﺎن َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﺳـﺘﺠﺎب َ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫أﺻﻼ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وإن ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻸﻣﺮ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ْ ِ َ َ ً‬ ‫أﺣﺪث َ ٌ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﴫ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ َ ْأو َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻃﺎل َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮ َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺼَﻴِﻎ ُاﳌْﻔَﺮَدِة‪َ ،‬ﻓَﺠَﻌُﻠـﻮا ﱠ‬
‫اﻟـﺰَﻣَﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰَﻣَﻦ اﻟﻨﱠْﺤِﻮﱠي إَِﱃ ﱢ‬ ‫أن اﻟﻨﱡَﺤَﺎة َﻧَﺴُﺒﻮا ﱠ‬ ‫وﲨﻠﺔ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮل َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َُُْ‬
‫اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ ِ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑـﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ‪َ َ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫وﻋﲆ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﺪث ِ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ‬ ‫إن ِ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻴﻐِﺔ‪َ ،‬وَﻗﺎُﻟﻮا‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﳌـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻪ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪل َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺼ َ‬ ‫َوﻇَﻴﻔَﺔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻟـﻸول ِ َ َ‬
‫ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻌﻠـﻮا ْ َ ﱠ ِ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛـ ًﺔ‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﻮا َ ْ ِ َ َ‬
‫اﻷزﻣﻨـﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ ِ ﱢ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﴫﻳﲔ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻎ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ِ َ ُ‬
‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ« ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫وﻟﻠﺜﺎﻟﺚ ِ َ َ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ » ْ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻟﻠﺜﺎﲏ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ«‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻓﻌﻞ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ » َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫»َ ََ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻮﳘﻪ ﱡ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ َ‬
‫ﳜﻀﻊ ِ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﰊ َﻻ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ َ َ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫أن ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ ِ َُ‬
‫وﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ َ ْ ِ‬

‫وﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻛﺜـﲑة َ ُ َ َ ﱢ َ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﳛﺪد ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱡ‬
‫اﻟﴫﰲ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷواﺋﻞ ِ ﱠإﻻ ْ‬ ‫ََ ُِ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﴏﻓﻴـﺎ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫إذا َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ« ِ َ‬ ‫َ َأﻻ َ َﺗﺮى َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫اﳊـﺎل َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺘـﻪ َ‬ ‫ﱠَ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َاﳌﺎﴈ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫دﺧﻠﺖ َ َ‬ ‫أن » َ ْ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ‪َ ْ ُ ،‬‬ ‫أردت َ ْ ِ‬ ‫إذا َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ؛ َ ِ َ‬
‫وﻟﺬا َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺐ َ َِ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُ َْ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﻠـﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻲ‪ْ َ :‬‬‫أن َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳ َ‬ ‫ﳏﺘﻤﻼ َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔـﻲ َ ِ‬‫ﻷن »َﱠﳌـﺎ« ِ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻳﻘـﻢ؛ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫زﻳـﺪ‪َ ْ ُ ،‬‬ ‫أردت َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻢ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وإن َ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌـﺎﴈ‬ ‫ﻗﻠـﺖ‪َ :‬ﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻲ‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫أن َ ْ َ‬ ‫َﱠﳌﺎ َ ُ ْ‬
‫اﳌـﺎﴈ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻨﻔﻲ َ ِ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ » َﱂ ْ« َ ِ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪ‬‫َ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم« َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺐ » َ ْ‬‫اﳊﺎل َﻓُﺘ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ُ ْ ٍ‬
‫ذﻛﺮ َ َ ً‬
‫أﺑﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ َ َ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل‪ِ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻦ ْ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم« َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺳﺐ » َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﳊﺎل َﻓُﺘ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ؛ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع ِ ْ ِ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﳌـﻀﻤﺮات َ ُ ْ َ َ‬
‫واﳌـﺒﻬﲈت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ َﻣـﺎ َﻻ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻨـﻮن َ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫إذ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﻢ( َ ْ‬
‫أي‪ُ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫)َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ( ﱠاﻟِﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ُﻧ ٌ‬
‫ف) ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌِﻞ واﳊﺮ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﺳـﺎﻛﻨٌَﺔ َزاﺋـَﺪٌة َﺗ ْ َ‬
‫ﻠﺤـُﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻳَﺘَﻤﱠﻴُﺰ ﻣَﻦ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫)ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺎرُﻗﻪ َﺧﻄﺎ ووْﻗًﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟ َِﻐِﲑ َﺗﻮﻛِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎم‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨِْﻮ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻦ َأْﻗَﺴ ٌ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‪َ .‬و ﱠ‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫آﺧَﺮ اﻻْﺳِﻢ َﻟْﻔًﻈﺎ‪َ ،‬وُﺗَﻔ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻸْﺳَﲈِء ُاﳌْﻌَﺮَﺑِﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻣﺎ ُﻧﱢﻮَن ِﻣﻨَْﻬﺎ َﻛـ َ‬
‫ﺎن ُﻣَﺘَﻤﱢﻜ ًﻨـﺎ َأْﻣَﻜـَﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻼِﺣُﻖ ﻟ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﲔ‪َ :‬وُﻫَﻮ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻤﻜِ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫َﺗْﻨِﻮ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫ﺎن ُﻣَﺘَﻤﱢﻜ ًﻨﺎ َﻏَْﲑ َأْﻣَﻜَﻦ‪َ ،‬ﻛَﺰْﻳﺪ َوإِْﺑَﺮاﻫ َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫َوَﻣﺎ َﱂ ْ ُﻳﻨَﱠﻮْن َﻛ َ‬
‫ﺾ اﻷَْﺳَﲈِء َاﳌْﺒﻨ ِﱠﻴِﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻣﺎ ُﻧﱢﻮَن ِﻣﻨَْﻬﺎ َﻛ َ‬
‫ﺎن َﻧﻜَِﺮًة‪َ ،‬وَﻣـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻼِﺣُﻖ ﻟ َِﺒْﻌ ِ‬ ‫ﲑ‪َ :‬وُﻫَﻮ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻨﻜِ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫َوَﺗْﻨِﻮ ُ‬
‫وﻛَﺼ ٍﻪ َوَﺻْﻪ‪.‬‬‫وﺳَﻴﺒَﻮْﻳِﻪ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻴﺒﻮﻳ ٍﻪ ِ‬
‫ََْ‬
‫ﺎن ﻣﻌِﺮَﻓًﺔ ِ‬
‫َﱂ ْ ُﻳﻨَﱠﻮْن َﻛ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎء ِﰲ ﻣَﻘﺎﺑَﻠِﺔ اﻟﻨﱡ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻼِﺣُﻖ ِﳉﻤِﻊ اﻷَْﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ اﳌَُﻘَﺎﺑَﻠِﺔ‪َ :‬وُﻫَﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﲨـِﻊ ُاﳌـَﺬﱠﻛِﺮ‬‫ﻮن ِﰲ َ ْ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ﻒ َو ﱠ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َوَﺗْﻨِﻮ ُ‬
‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﱂِ‪َ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﻠِﲈ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ ِ‬
‫ْ ُ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫ﲨَﻠٍﺔ َﻛـ}َﻳْﻮَﻣِﺌـٍﺬ‬ ‫اش‪َ ،‬وَﻋْﻦ ُ ْ‬ ‫ف َﻛَﺠَﻮ ٍار َوَﻏَﻮ ٍ‬ ‫ض‪ :‬وﻳﻌﻮُض ﺑِِﻪ َﻋﻦ ﺣﺮ ٍ‬
‫ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ اﻟﻌَﻮ ِ َ ُ َ ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َوَﺗْﻨِﻮ ُ‬
‫وم َﻓ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﻳْﻔَﺮُح ُاﳌْﺆِﻣﻨُ َ‬
‫ﲨـٍﻞ‬ ‫ﺎر ًﺳـﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻋـْﻦ ُ َ‬ ‫ﴫ اﷲِ{ ]اﻟﺮوم‪َ [٥ :‬أْي‪َ :‬وَﻳْﻮَم إِْذ َﻏَﻠَﺒﺖ ﱡ‬
‫اﻟﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﻮن ‪ .‬ﺑِﻨَ ْ ِ‬

‫ث َأْﺧَﺒَﺎرَﻫﺎ{ ]اﻟﺰﻟﺰﻟﺔ‪.[٤ :‬‬ ‫ﲢﱢﺪ ُ‬ ‫َﻛـ}َﻳْﻮَﻣِﺌ ٍﺬ ُ َ‬

‫واﳉـﺮ( ﱠاﻟـِﺬي ُﻫـَﻮ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮُﺟِﻞ‪ َ َ ) ،‬ﱢ‬
‫ﺑﺄل( ُاﳌﻌ َ ِ‬
‫ﺮﻓﺔ َﻛ ﱠ‬ ‫َﱢ‬ ‫اﻻْﺳِﻢ َأْﻳًﻀﺎ ) ِ َ ْ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ( َﻳَﺘَﻤﱠﻴُﺰ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫)ُ ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﺤـﺮوف‬ ‫اﻟﻴـﺎء‪ْ َ ) ،‬أو ِ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﻫـﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺔ َو َ ُ‬ ‫ﻮب َﻋﻨَْﻬـﺎ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﴪُة َأْو َﻣﺎ َﻳﻨُ ُ‬ ‫ﻮص َﻋَﻼَﻣُﺘُﻪ َ‬
‫اﻟﻜ ْ َ‬ ‫َﺗْﻐِﻴٌﲑ َﳐ ُْﺼ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻮﻟﻪ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ ِ ﱠإﻻ ْ ً‬
‫اﺳﲈ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ْ ُ ُ ُ‬
‫اﳉﺮ َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬‫ﻓﺤﺮف َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮُﺟِﻞ( َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﳉﺮ( َأْي‪ :‬ﺑُِﺪُﺧﻮﳍ َﺎ َﻋَﻠْﻴﻪ )َﻛ ﱠ‬ ‫َﱢ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠﺮ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ِ ﱠإﻻ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ََ‬
‫وﻻ َ ْ َ ﱡ‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
 ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﺜﻨ َِﻴُﺔ َﻛ َ‬ ‫وﳑﺎ َ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳉْﻤـُﻊ َ ﱠ ْ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳـﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺰْﻳَﺪْﻳِﻦ‪َ .‬‬ ‫ﻘﻤﺖ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ُ َ ْ ِ :‬‬
‫اﻹﺳﻨﺎد َﻛ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ِﺑﻪ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ْ ً‬ ‫َ ﱠ َ َﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻐﲑ َ ٍ‬‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼِﻐﲑ َ ُ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎل‪ ،‬ﰲ َﺗﺮِﺧ ِ ِ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﱰِﺧﻴﻢ َﻛـ‪َ :‬ﻳﺎ ﻣ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ َ َ ْ ﱟ‬
‫ﻛﺰﻳـﺪي‪،‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﱠ َ ُ‬‫ﻛﺰﻳﻴﺪ‪ِ ،‬ﰲ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻴﻢ َﻣﺎﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﱠ ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﱠْ ُ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟـﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫أو َ ْ ُ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ َﻛـ‪َ َ َ :‬‬
‫ﴐب َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‪ ِ ِ َ .‬ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺰﻳﺪ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ َ َ ٍ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪ْ ُ ْ َ .‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ِ َإﱃ َ ٍ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ َﻛـ‪ِ ٌ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻛﻐﻼم َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ِ َ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ُ َ ْ ِ .‬‬
‫اﻹﺧﺒﺎر َ ْ ُ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ َ ُ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ِ َ َُ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﻢ ِﰲ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ِﰲ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ ُِ‬
‫اﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫إﻋﺮاب‪ُ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫اﻹﺧﺒﺎر َ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻳﺸﻜﻞ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﳏﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﰲ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ ُﻜﻮن َﻻ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻲ َ َ‬
‫ﺟﺮ َ ْ ﱞ‬
‫ﺣﺮف َ ﱟ‬
‫اﳊـﺮف ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﳚـﻮز ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺧﺒـﺎر‬ ‫اﻟـﺬي َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﲈه ُ َ‬
‫اﳊﺮف‪ َ ُ َ ،‬ﱠ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ْ ٌ‬ ‫َُ ِ َ‬
‫وأﺟﻴﺐ ِ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ ِﰲ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫إﻋﺮاب‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮر ِ ِﺑﻪ ِ ْ ٌ‬
‫اﺳﻢ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‪َ ِ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫َُْ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﳏﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم ﻓِ ْ ٌ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺢ َﻻ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻲ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺎض‪ ْ َ ،‬ﱞ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨِْﻔـ ِ‬
‫ﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﱠاﻟِﺔ َﻋـَﲆ ﱠ‬ ‫ف) ِ ﱢ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲔ( ﱠ‬ ‫اﻻﺳِﻢ واﳊﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف‪َ ،‬أي‪ِ ِ ُ َ :‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣَﻦ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ( ُ ْ َ ُ ْ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫)و ِ ْ ُ‬
‫زﻳـﺪا‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪ً ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﲈ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ َ‬ ‫ﺳﲔ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺲ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ‪َ ،‬و ِ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻮل َﻋـَﲆ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ُاﳌـَﻀ ِ‬
‫ﺎرِع‪َ ،‬ﻧْﺤـُﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟـﺪُﺧ ِ‬‫ﻟﺒﻌـﻀﻬﻢ‪َ ،‬وِﻫـَﻲ ُﳐ َْﺘـﱠﺼٌﺔ ﺑِ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﴐب‪ِ ِ ً َ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓـﺎ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫َ َْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻗـﺪ( ﱠاﻟِﺘـﻲ َﺗـْﺪُﺧُﻞ َﻋـَﲆ‬ ‫ﺎس{ ]اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪َ ) [١٤٢ :‬أو( ﻳَﺘﻤﻴـُﺰ ِﺑــ) َ ِ‬
‫ْ َ َﱠ‬ ‫ﺎء ِﻣَﻦ اﻟﻨﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺴَﻔَﻬ ُ‬
‫ﻮل ﱡ‬ ‫}َﺳَﻴُﻘ ُ‬
‫ﲔ{‬ ‫ﺎرِع‪َ ،‬ﻧْﺤُﻮ‪َ} :‬ﻗْﺪ َﺳِﻤَﻊ اﷲُ{ ]اﳌﺠﺎدﻟﺔ‪َ} [١ :‬ﻗْﺪ َﻳْﻌَﻠُﻢ اﷲُ ُاﳌَﻌﱢﻮِﻗ َ‬ ‫ﺎﴈ َوُاﳌَﻀ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﻠﲔ َاﳌ ِ‬
‫ا ِ َْْ ِ‬

‫ﻳﻒ ﱠاﻟِﺬي ُﻫَﻮ َأْﺑَﻌُﺪ َزَﻣ ًﺎﻧﺎ ِﰲ ُاﳌـْﺴَﺘْﻘَﺒِﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻮف( ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ﻟ ِﱠﻠﺘﺴِﻮ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫]اﻷﺣﺰاب‪َْ) [١٨ :‬أو( َﻳَﺘَﻤﱠﻴُﺰ ) ِ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺳـﻮف‬
‫زﻳـﺪا َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ً ْ َ :‬‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ َ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي َ ْ َ ُ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ َ‬
‫ﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨْﻔ ِ َ‬
‫ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ِ‬
‫َ‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ف َﺗْﻌَﻠُﻤـ َ‬
‫ﻮن{‬ ‫ﺎرِع‪َ ،‬ﻧْﺤـُﻮ‪َ} :‬ﺳـْﻮ َ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪َ ،‬وِﻫَﻲ ُﳐ َْﺘـﱠﺼٌﺔ ﺑِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ُاﳌـَﻀ ِ‬ ‫أﴐب‪ِ ِ ً َ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫َْ ِ ُ‬
‫]ﻫﻮد‪.[٩٣ :‬‬
‫َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أﻟـﻒ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ُ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫وﳑﺎ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳉﲈﻋـﺔ َﻧْﺤـُﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫وواو َ َ‬ ‫اﻻﺛﻨـﲔ َﻧْﺤـُﻮ‪َ ُ َ :‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣـﺎن‪ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ِﺑﻪ ُ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻀﺎرع َ ْ ً‬ ‫َ ﱠ َ َﱠ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫إن« ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟـﴩﻃﻴﺔ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻚ‪ ،‬و» ِ ِ‬ ‫أن َ ُﺗﻘﻮم‪َ ،‬أي‪ِ ُ ِ ُ :‬‬
‫أرﻳﺪ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺼﺪرﻳﺔ َﻛـ‪ُ ِ ُ :‬‬
‫أرﻳﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن‪ ،‬و» َ ِ‬
‫أن« َ ْ َ ِ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َُ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤُﻮ‪َ :‬ﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫أﻗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻗﻢ‪َ ،‬و» َﱂِ« َ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﳉﺎزﻣﺔ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻢ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ِْ‬
‫إن َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻟـﻚ‬ ‫وﻧﺤـﻦ َ ِ ُ َ‬
‫ذاﻛـﺮون َ َ‬ ‫ﺎرِع‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺎت ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﻌـِﻞ ُاﳌـَﻀ ِ‬ ‫وْاﻗَﺘﴫ اﻟﻨﱠﺎﻇِﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َﻋـَﲆ َﻋَﻼﻣـ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ُ ْ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ِ ْ ِ‬‫ََ ِ‬
‫ذﻛﺮ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺮ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣـﻀﻤﻮﻣﺔ ِ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤـﺘ َ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎء َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺘﺎز ِ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻢ‪ً َ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ َ ْ ُ َ ً‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ َ ُ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎء ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫ََْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻗﻤﺖ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺴﻮرة ِ ْ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِْ ُ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻗﻤﺖ‪َ ،‬وﺑَِﺄﻟﻒ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ِ َﻧْﺤـُﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻤﺖ َ ُ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ َ ُ ْ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪ُ ً َ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫وأﻣـﺎ ِ ْ ُ‬ ‫َِِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ َﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮا‪ِ َ ِ ،‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﺎء ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮاو َ ِ ِ‬‫َوﺑِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣـﺖ‪ َ َ .‬ﱠ‬‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪ْ َ َ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ َ َ َ ً‬
‫أﺻﺎﻟﺔ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﱠ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﻧﻮن ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ِ ِ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ َ َ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ ُﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻫﻴﺌﺘﻪ َ َ‬‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ِ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺘﻪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺘﺎز ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َُْ َْ‬
‫ﺗﻠـﻚ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻣـﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﻦ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳊﺮف ﻣَﻦ اﻻْﺳِﻢ َواﻟﻔْﻌـِﻞ ) َ ْ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﺎ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﲤ ِْﻴَﻴﺰ َ ْ‬ ‫وإن * َ َ ْ َ‬
‫أردت َ ْ ً‬ ‫)َ ِْ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﻌﻠِﱠﻴِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َذَﻛْﺮَﻧﺎ َﺑْﻌـَﻀَﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻻﺳِﻤﻴِﺔ و ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌَﻼَﻣﺎت ْ ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎﳊﺮف ُﻫَﻮ اﳋَِﺎﱄ ﻣْﻦ ﺗْﻠﻚ َ‬ ‫ﺧﲇ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻓ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫ﺎت ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﻌـِﻞ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳـِﻢ‪ ،‬وﻟ ِﻌَﻼﻣـ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻓـﱰك‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫اﳊْﺮف َﻋَﺪﻣﱠﻴٌﺔ‪َ ،‬وﻫَﻲ َﻋَﺪُم َﻗُﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻟَﻌَﻼَﻣﺎت ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ َ‬ ‫َﻓَﻌَﻼ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ َﻋَﲆ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ َ َ ٌ‬
‫َ ْ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﲏ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫اﺻﻄَِﻼًﺣﺎ‬ ‫اب ْ‬ ‫اﻹْﻋَﺮ ِ‬ ‫ِﰲ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ِذي َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻓﻌ ٍﻞ َ َأﺗﻰ ِﻣﻦ ِ‬
‫ْ َْ‬
‫اﻷواﺧﺮ ِﻣﻦ * ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫إﺳﻢ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫واﻻﻋﺮاب َ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫‪ِ َ -٨‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺳﻢ َ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺮ ِ ﱠإﻻ اﻻ ْ ُ‬
‫ﳜﺘﺺ ِ َ ﱢ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ * َ ْ َ ﱡ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺮوف َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ َ -٩‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫إﻋﺮاب َ َﻓﻼ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮف ِ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻟﻴﺲ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫أرﺑﻌﺔ * َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻌﻞ َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻧﻮاع َ ْ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫واﳉﺰم ﻟِ ْ ِ ْ ِ‬‫‪ُ ْ َ َ -١٠‬‬
‫ﺟﺮ ُ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ ِ ِ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺟﺰم َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ُﻟﻪ * َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲔ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫أن اﻻ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َ ﱠ َ‬‫‪ْ َ َ -١١‬‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ُ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ِ‬ ‫) َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب ﻓ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔـﻪ‬ ‫وأﻣﺎ ِ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫واﻋﻦ ِﺑﻪ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎه ً َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺧﺬ َ َ‬ ‫أي‪ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺮاب( َ ْ‬‫ﻫﺬا َو ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫وﺗﻼﺣـﻆ ِﰲ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄـﻖ ِ َﲠـﺎ‪ُ َ َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﲠﻤـﺰة َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫إﺳﻢ( ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻷﻧـﻪ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـﻊ؛ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ * ِ ْ ٍ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻷواﺧﺮ َ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‪َ ُ ِ ْ َ ) :‬‬‫ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻋﻤـﻞ( َأي‪ِ :‬ﻣـﻦ ِ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﳘﺎ ) ِﻣﻦ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮوﴈ )َو ِ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﱠْ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذي َ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ْ َْ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ َ َأﺗﻰ( َ َ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ْ َ َ‬
‫أو ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺘﴤ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﻓـﻊ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا‪ِ َ ْ ُ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻈﺎ َ ْأو َ ْ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﱠ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﲈ َ ْ ً‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫َﺻ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺐ َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎدس َ َ ْ َ ِ َ‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌـﲔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮي ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﴍح َ ْ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫وﺳﻴِْﺄﰐ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻼم َ َ‬ ‫اﳉﺮ‪َ َ َ .‬‬
‫أو َ ﱢ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﳌَ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﻣﻦ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳌـﻀﺎرع ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻋﺮاب ِ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻟﺬا َ ِ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َأْﺻ ٌﻞ ِﰲ اﻷَﺳﲈِء‪َ ،‬ﻓﺮ ٌع ِﰲ اﻷَْﻓَﻌ ِ‬
‫ﺎل؛ َ ِ َ‬ ‫َو ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻛـﲈ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺔ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﺣﺘﺎج ِ َإﱃ ِ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ْ َ َ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﱡ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪول َ ِ‬ ‫َِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺔ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﺣﺘﺎج ِ َإﱃ ِ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫أن ِ َﺑﻨﺎء َ ِ‬
‫واﻷﺻـﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻞ ِ ْ َ ِ َ‬
‫إﻋﺮاﲠـﺎ‪ُ ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ُ ُ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﺪول َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﺮف؛ َ ﱠ ُ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ِ َ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َﱠ َ َْ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻷﺻـﻞ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻋﺪول َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ٌ ُ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺮع َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ َ ُ َ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫َِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ َ َ‬ ‫ِﰲ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ ْ‬
‫أن َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻧـﺴﺐ َ َ َ َ‬
‫اﳊﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫إذ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓـﺎ ِ ُ ْ ُ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄـﺮب رﲪـﻪ اﷲ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ ِ ِﺑﻪ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﻓﻠﻪ ِ َ ٌ‬‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺮع َ ْ َ‬
‫واﻹﻋﺮاب َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﱡ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة‪ُ َ ْ ِ َ .‬‬
‫َ‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫اﳋﻔﺔ َﻻ ِ َإﱃ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺐ ِ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاﺑﻴﺔ ِ َإﱃ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻦ ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﻋـﺮاب‬ ‫ﻟـﻮ َﱂ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﳏﺠـﻮج ِ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫رﻋﺎﻳﺔ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ ْ َ ِﱠَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑـﲔ‪ِ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ ًَ ِ‬
‫وﺑـﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺮ«‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬا َ ٌ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗـﺐ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎك َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻨﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ﺤﻮي‪َ ،‬ﳌﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاﺋﻦ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫» َ ِ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺮا«‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺐ َ ً‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬
‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻐـﲑ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ َ َ‬ ‫واﺣـﺪة ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ َ ِ َ ً‬ ‫ﻟـﺰوم َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻷواﺧـﺮ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ُ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫وﺿﺪ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ ﱡ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ْ َِ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﺑـﺔ َ ْأو‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫ﺳﻮاء َ َ ْ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ٌ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ِﰲ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻨﺎء َ ْ ِ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ ِ َ َ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﺒﻊ ِ ْ َ َ‬‫اﻋﺘﻼل‪ُ َ ْ َ َ .‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي َ ِ َ ً‬ ‫إذ ُ ﱞ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﺎ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﺳﲈ َ ْأو ِ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮاء َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ُ َ ﱢ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻼ َ ْأو َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ْ ً‬ ‫َْ ﱠً َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺮاد‪.‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫وأﻟﻘﺎب ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗـﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟـﺴﻜﻮن ﱢاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻜـﴪ‪ َ ،‬ﱡ‬‫واﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻢ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أرﺑﻌٌﺔ‪ :‬ﱠ ﱡ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َْ َ ُ‬
‫إذ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟـﻴﺲ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﱠ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺤﲔ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ِ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲈع َ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫إﻧﲈ ُ َ‬ ‫واﳊﺮوف ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء َ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻰ َ َ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ َ ِْ َُ‬
‫وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ َﻣﺎ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ َ ِ َ‬
‫َِ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺔ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وأﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ ْأر َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﺿﺎﺑﻂ‪ُ َ ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫وﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮي ِﰲ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ‪ ِ ْ َ َ ،‬ﱞ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺘﻠﺔ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﺄﻗﺒﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺮﺑﺎت َ ْ ِ ْ‬‫ﻟﻔﻈﻲ ِﰲ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ ْ َ :‬ﱞ‬ ‫وأﻗﺴﺎم ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ََْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﴈ َ ِ‬
‫وأﺧﻲ َو» َ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻗﺒﻞ ا َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﳌﺤﻜﻲ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫واﳌﻀﺎف ِ َإﱃ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺎء ُ َ َ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺘﻠﺔ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗـﺄﺑﻂ َﴍا«‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ َ ْ ﱢ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺮﺑﺎت ُ ْ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ََُْ‬
‫ﺣﴬ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺒﻨﻴﺎت َ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫وﳏﲇ ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬
‫أﻣﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻗﺒﻞ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ََﱢ ﱞ‬
‫وﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﻋـﺮاب« َ ُ َ‬ ‫واﻻﻋﺮاب«‪ُ َ » :‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ِﻣﻦ‪ِ َ » :‬‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ َ ً ْ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ‬‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻫﺬا‪َ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ َ‬
‫وﺑـﺎب ِ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻻﻋـﺮاب« ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ‬ ‫وﻟﻌﻞ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫أﺻـﻠﻪ‪ُ َ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠْﻦ‪ْ ِ َ ْ ُ :‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻞ‪ َ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ُ ْ َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﳉﻌﻠﻪ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳉﺰء ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ُ َ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ٌ َْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫واﻟـﺬي ْ َ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎ ِ َإﱃ‬ ‫اﳌﺨﺒـﻮن ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳉـﺰء َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘـﻞ َ ً‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ‪ْ ُ ْ َ ُ :‬‬
‫ﻣـﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ َ ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫اﻷول ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎخ‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜـﻮن ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ُ‬
‫أﻓﺴﺪه ﱡ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺴﺎﱂ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳉﺰء اﻷَ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪َ ُ َ ْ ِ » :‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﻦ‪ِ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻟﺜـﺎﲏ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ » ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻦ« ﱠ َ‬ ‫ول ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ« َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫إﻋﺮاﺑﻨﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫وﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ََ ُ ْ‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
 ‫وﻓﻴـﻪ ﻣـﺎ ِﰲ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻻﻋـﺮاب« ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ » :‬ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺨﺒﻮن‪ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻟﻌـﻞ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫أﺻـﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻷول‪ َ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺣـﺪ ْ َ ِ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻦ« َ ْ ُ َ‬‫ﻫﻮ » َ ُ ْ‬
‫ُ َ‬
‫ﺛﻢ َ ْ َ َ ُ‬
‫أﻓﺴﺪه ﱡ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎخ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﺪ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﻋﺮاب« ُ ﱠ‬ ‫َْ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ َ َ » :‬ﱡ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟـﻮاو‬
‫وﻫـﻮ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺔ َ ْأو َﻣﺎ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻮب َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﱠ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﳐﺼﻮص َ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴ ٌﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫)َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ُ َ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ( ﱠ ِ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أول َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺮﻓﻊ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َ َِ ُ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬
‫ﳐﺼﻮص‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪ َ ) -‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻮن ‪ َ -‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫واﻷﻟﻒ َ ﱡ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮن ‪ َ -‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫وﺣﺬف ﱡ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻴﺎء َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻒ َو َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻜﴪة َ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ َ ْأو َﻣﺎ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻮب َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫ََ َُُ‬
‫اﻷﺳـﲈء َ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪ِ ِ ْ -‬‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫واﻷﻓﻌـﺎل‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓـﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫أي‪ِ :‬ﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳊـﺮوف( َ ْ‬ ‫ﻏـﲑ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺗﻴـﺎن ) ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﲏ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫إذ ُ ﱞ ِ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻔﻌﻞ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺪر ُ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﳜـﺘﺺ‬‫وﻣـﺎ * َ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨـﺼﺐ ) َ َ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻓﻊ َو ُ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﱰك َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﺮ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻴﺎء ‪-‬‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻮب َ ْ َ‬‫اﻟﻜﴪة َ ْأو َﻣﺎ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﳐﺼﻮص َ َ َ ُ ُ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ِ َﱢ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻢ َﻓﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫واﳉﺮ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﲨﻌ ُﻪ َ ْ َ ْ ُ‬
‫واﺣﻔﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أي‪ْ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻔِﻞ( ِ َﺑﲈ َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ذﻛﺮﺗﻪ َ َ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪ ِ ) -‬ﱠإﻻ ِ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ َﱡ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ َ ً‬‫ﻋﲆ ُ ْ ٍ ِ‬
‫وﻛﻦ َ َ‬
‫أﺑﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺘﺬ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻣﺘﺜﻞ« َأي‪ِ َ َ :‬‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ » َ ْ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬ ‫وﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ْ‬
‫واﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻔﻞ«‪ْ ِ َ ْ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫َو َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪ِ ً َ .‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ََ ِ ِ‬
‫أدق‬ ‫ﻲء« َ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫واﻷول َ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﳚـ ُ‬ ‫ﻛـﻞ َ ِ‬
‫اﳊـﺮوف«‪ِ » :‬ﰲ ُ ﱟ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ » ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫وﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫وﻛﻼﳘﺎ ُ ﱠ ِ ٌ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎ‪َ ُ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ َ‬
‫ََْ َُ‬
‫وأﺳﻠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗـﻒ َ ْأو َﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ُ َ ِ‬‫اﳉﺰم( ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ َ ْ ُ‬‫اﻟـﺴﻜﻮن ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ﳐﺼﻮص َ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘـﻪ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫)َو َ ْ ُ‬
‫إذ َﻻ ْ َ‬
‫اﺳـﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‪) -‬ﻟِْﻠ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻔﻌـﻞ( َ ﱠ ً‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫واﳉﺰم َ ِ ُ‬
‫راﺑﻊ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳊﺬف ‪ُ ْ َ َ -‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻮب َ ْ ُ‬
‫َُ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻨـﺼﺐ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫وﻳﺄﺗﻴـﺎن ِﰲ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋـﺮاب ) َ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫أرﺑﻌـﺔ(‪ :‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻓـﻊ َ ﱠ ْ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫أﻟﻘـﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﻲ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﳎﺰوٌم ) َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻧﻮاع( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬
‫ﺧﺎص ِ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻌﺎل‪ ،‬واﳉﺮ وﻫﻮ َﺧﺎص ِ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ) َ َ ْ َ‬
‫وﻟـﻴﺲ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ﱞ‬
‫واﳉﺰم َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﲈء‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﲈء َ َ ْ َ ِ َ َ ﱡ َ ُ َ‬
‫َْ‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫واﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻞ َ ْ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ َ ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻞ( ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ) َ َﻓﻼ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺮوف َ ْ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫إﻋﺮاب( ِ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ُ ُ‬ ‫إذ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮف ِ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ْ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫وراﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫َﻻ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﻞ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫واﺗـﻀﺢ ) َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺟـﺰم( ِإذ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳉـﺰم َ ﱞ‬
‫ﺧـﺎص‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ * َ ْ ٌ‬‫ﻟـﻴﺲ َ ُ‬
‫ﺳـﻢ َ ْ َ‬
‫أن اﻻ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ َ ﱠ َ َ‬‫أي‪َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲔ( َ ْ‬ ‫)َ َْ‬
‫وﻗﺪ َ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﺮ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ َْ َ ِ‬
‫ﺧـﺎص ِ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳـﲈء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ( ِإذ َ ﱡ‬
‫اﳉـﺮ َ ﱞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ْ ٍ َ ﱡ ُ‬ ‫أن ) َ ْ َ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ ْ‬ ‫ﻀﺢ َ ْ ً‬
‫واﺗ َ َ‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮ َ ﱠ‬‫ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎل )َو( َ َ َ‬
‫ﺣﻆ َ َﳍﺎ ِﰲ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ ْ ً‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺮﺑﺔ ُ َ ﱢ َ ِ‬
‫ُ ِ‬
‫أﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳊﺮوف َ َ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ َ َ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ََْ‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫اب[‬ ‫ﺎت ِ‬
‫اﻹْﻋَﺮ ِ‬ ‫]َﻋَﻼَﻣ ُ‬
‫ﻛﻞ َ ِ‬
‫وﱄ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل ُ ﱢ‬‫أرﺑﻌﺔ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺮﻓﻊ َ ْ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ُ َ ﱠ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ * َﻓﺎﻟ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ َ ْ ٍ‬‫‪ ُ ِ -١٢‬ﱢ‬
‫اﺛﻨﺘﺎن َ ِﺗﲇ‬ ‫ﺛﻼث َ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻟﻠﺠﺰم ْ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت َ َ ُ َ‬
‫وﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﺎ * َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ َ ٍ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ َ ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫‪ َ -١٣‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ( ﻓَِﻴﲈ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺮاب ) َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ُ َ ﱠ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اع اﻷَْرَﺑَﻌﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع( ِﻣَﻦ اﻷَْﻧَﻮ ِ‬ ‫)ِ ُ ﱢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻮل‪:‬‬‫اﺿـِﻌَﻬﺎ َﻓﻨَُﻘـ ُ‬ ‫وﻧـ ًﺔ ﺑِﻤﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺎﲥـﺎ َﻣْﻘُﺮ َ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻮﺣﺎ ُﻫَﻨـﺎ ِﺑـﺬْﻛِﺮ َﻋَﻼَﻣ َ‬ ‫ﻳﺪُه ُوُﺿـ ً‬ ‫ﴍِﺣﻨَﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻧِﺰ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َﺳَﺒَﻖ ﻣْﻦ َ ْ‬
‫ﻒ‬‫اﻟـﻮُاو َواﻷَِﻟـ ُ‬‫اﻟـﻀﱠﻤُﺔ َو َ‬ ‫وﱄ( َوِﻫـَﻲ‪ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل ُ ﱢ‬
‫ﻛـﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ( ﱠاﻟِﺬي َﺳَﺒَﻖ َﺗْﻌِﺮُﻳﻔُﻪ ) َ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫)َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﺿَﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﺮْﻓِﻊ ِﰲ َأرﺑﻌِﺔ ﻣﻮ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤُﺔ َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫ﻮن؛ َﻓَﺄﱠﻣﺎ ﱠ‬‫َواﻟﻨﱡ ُ‬
‫ََْ ََ‬ ‫َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮﻋﺎ َوَﻻ ُﻣْﻠَﺤ ًﻘﺎ ِﲠَِﲈ َوَﻻ ِﻣَﻦ اﻷَْﺳَﲈِء‬
‫اﻻْﺳِﻢ اﳌُْﻔَﺮِد‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻣﺎ َﻟْﻴَﺲ ُﻣَﺜﻨﻰ َوَﻻ َﳎ ُْﻤ ً‬ ‫‪ِ -١‬‬

‫اﳋَْﻤَﺴِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺎء ﻣْﻔﺮِدِه إِﻣﺎ ﺑِِﺰﻳﺎدٍة َﻓَﻘْﻂ َﻛِﺼﻨٍْﻮ وِﺻـﻨْﻮ ٍ‬ ‫ﲨِﻊ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ان‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻜﺴِﲑ‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻣﺎ َﺗَﻐﱠَﲑ َﻋْﻦ ﺑِﻨَ ُ َ ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫‪َ -٢‬و َ ْ‬
‫ﻛﺄﺳـﺪ ُ ٍ‬
‫وأﺳـﺪ‪َ ،‬أْو ﺑَِﺘَﻐـﱡِﲑ ﱠ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﲣٍﻢ‪َ ،‬أْو ﺑَِﺘَﻐﱡِﲑ ﱠ‬‫ﺺ َﻓَﻘْﻂ َﻛُﺘَﺨَﻤٍﺔ َو ُ َ‬ ‫َأْو ﺑِﻨَْﻘ ٍ‬
‫اﻟـﺸْﻜِﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـﺸْﻜِﻞ َﻓَﻘـْﻂ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫رﺳـ ٍﻞ‪َ ،‬أْو ﺑَِﺘَﻐـﱡِﲑ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟـﺸْﻜِﻞ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺸْﻜِﻞ َواﻟﻨﱠْﻘ ِ‬ ‫ﺎدِة َﻛﺮُﺟٍﻞ َوِرَﺟ ٍ‬
‫ﺎل‪َ ،‬أْو ﺑَِﺘَﻐﱡِﲑ ﱠ‬
‫ﺺ ََ ُ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺳﻮل َو َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺰَﻳ َ َ‬
‫َو ﱢ‬
‫ﻛﻐﻼم ِ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎ ُ َ ٍ َ َ‬
‫وﻏﻠﲈن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎدة َواﻟﻨﱡْﻘَﺼﺎن َﲨ ً‬‫َو ﱢ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻄﺮد ِﰲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻒو ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎء ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ﱠ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﲨِﻊ اﻷَﻟ َ‬ ‫‪َ -٣‬و َ ْ‬
‫وﻫﻨﺪ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫أﻋﻼم ِ َ ِ‬
‫‪ِ ََْ-‬‬
‫ودﻋﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫وزﻳﻨﺐ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺎث َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﻳﻢ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫وﺻﻔﻴﺔ َ َ ِ َ َ‬
‫وﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ َ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﻃﻤﺔ َ َ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻢ ِ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎء َ َ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وأﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ ُ َ‬

‫‪ْ ْ ٢‬‬
‫ﺸﺎرح‪.‬‬ ‫) ( ِﻣﻦ َ ِ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ا ِ ِ‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫أو َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻢ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﺻﺤﺮاء‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺤﺒﲆ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮرة َ ِ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﻤﺪودة َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ ُ َ‬
‫ﻛﺪرﳞﻢ َ ُ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫وﺟﺒﻴﻞ َ ُ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫وﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ َ ُ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮ َ ْ ِ‬
‫‪ َ ُ -‬ﱠِ‬
‫ُ ٍ ِ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ َ َ ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ َ ْ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫وﺻـﻒ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺪود ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻞ‪ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎﻣﺦ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫‪ْ َ -‬‬
‫َْ ٍ‬
‫ﻳﻮم‪.‬‬
‫ٍِ‬
‫ﻛﴪادق َ َ ﱠ ٍ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻊ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﲬﺎﳼ َﱂ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ -‬ﱢ‬
‫وﲪﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﲑ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ُ َ ﱟ‬
‫وذوات ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻨﺎت آوى َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻦ َأو ِذي َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺻﺪر ِ ْ ٍ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ ُ ﱢ َ‬
‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪َ -٤‬واﻟﻔْﻌِﻞ ُاﳌَﻀﺎرِع ﱠاﻟﺬي َﱂ ْ َﻳﱠﺘﺼْﻞ ﺑِﺂﺧﺮه َ ْ‬
‫ﳾٌء‪.‬‬
‫ﲔ‪:‬‬‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤِﺔ ِﰲ َﻣْﻮِﺿَﻌ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻮب َﻋِﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻮُاو َﻓَﺘﻨُ ُ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﱂِ ﻫﻮ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺬي َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﻳﺪل َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﱂِ َوَﻣﺎ ُأِْﳊَﻖ ﺑِِﻪ‪ِ ْ َ َ .‬‬
‫وﲨﻊ ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﲨِﻊ اﳌَُﺬﱠﻛِﺮ اﻟﺴ ِ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﱠ ُ َ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫‪ْ َ -١‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻮن ِﰲ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻮن ِﰲ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ِﰲ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﺛﻨﲔ ِ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺼﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﻴﺎء َ ﱡ ُ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮاو َ ﱡ ُ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ ُ‬ ‫آﺧﺮه َ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ ِ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ ِﻣﻦ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫واﳉﺮ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫َ َﱢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎء َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﳌﺬﻛﺮ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺎ ُ ِ َ ﱠ ٍ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ْ ً‬
‫أن َ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﱂِ‪ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫َ ُُ ُ‬
‫ﳚﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻼ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‪َ ً َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫وﴍوط َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻼء َ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﱠ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ و َ ْ َ َ ِ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺄﲪﺮ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜـﻪ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﻓﻌﻞ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎء‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﲪﺰة ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ﱠ َ َ‬‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫وﻻ ِ ﱠﳑـﺎ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳـﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﻄﺸﻰ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﲆ َ ْ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﻌﻄﺸﺎن ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﻪ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻼن ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫وﻻ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﲪﺮاء‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ََْ ُ‬
‫واﳌﺆﻧﺚ َ َ ُ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺼﺒﻮر َ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮ َ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫وﺟﺮﻳﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﻮك َوُذو ﻣ ـ ٍ‬
‫ﺎل‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻮك َوُﻓ ـ َ‬
‫ﲪـ َ‬ ‫ﻮك َو َ ُ‬ ‫ﻮك َوَأُﺧ ـ َ‬‫‪َ -٢‬واﻷَْﺳ ـَﲈِء اﳋَْﻤ ـَﺴِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِ ـﻲ ِﻫ ـَﻲ‪َ :‬أُﺑ ـ َ‬
‫ﻮن ﻣْﻔﺮدًة‪ ،‬ﻣَﻜﱪًة‪ ،‬ﻣﻀَﺎﻓ ًﺔ‪ ،‬إِﺿـَﺎﻓُﺘﻬﺎ إَِﱃ َﻏـِﲑ ﻳـ ِ‬
‫ﺎء ُاﳌـَﺘَﻜﱢﻠِﻢ‪َ ،‬وَأْن‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﴩوﻃَِﻬﺎ‪َ ،‬وِﻫَﻲ َأْن َﺗُﻜ َ ُ َ َ ُ ﱠ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺑِ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔ ُﻢ َﺧﺎﻟ ِ ًﻴﺎ ِﻣَﻦ اﳌ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮن َ‬‫ﺐ‪َ ،‬وَأْن َﻳُﻜ َ‬‫ﺎﺣ ٍ‬ ‫ﻮن »ُذو« ﺑِﻤﻌﻨَﻰ ﺻ ِ‬
‫َﺗُﻜ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻮن ُﻣْﻌَﺮًﺑﺎ َﻓَﻼ ُﻳَﺜﱠﻨـﻰ‬‫ﴩوﻃِِﻪ‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َأْن َﻳُﻜ َ‬ ‫ﻒ َﻓَﺘﻨُﻮُب َﻋِﻦ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻀﱠﻤﺔ ﰲ ُاﳌَﺜﻨﱠﻰ ﺑِ ُ ُ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ اﻷَﻟ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻮع‪َ ،‬وُﻣﻨَﱠﻜـًﺮا َﻓـَﻼ ُﻳَﺜﱠﻨـﻰ اﳌَْﻌِﺮَﻓـُﺔ‪َ ،‬وَﻏـَْﲑ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‪َ ،‬وُﻣْﻔَﺮًدا َﻓَﻼ ُﻳَﺜﻨﱠﻰ اﳌَُﺜﻨﱠﻰ َوَﻻ َاﳌْﺠُﻤ ُ‬ ‫َاﳌْﺒﻨ ِﱡﻲ َﺣِﻘ ً‬
‫ﻆ َوَاﳌْﻌَﻨـﻰ َﻓـَﻼ ُﻳَﺜﱠﻨـﻰ َأُﺑـﻮ َﺑْﻜـٍﺮ َوُﻋَﻤـُﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻚ«‪َ ،‬وُﻣَﻮاﻓِ ًﻘﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ‬ ‫َُ ﱠ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ َﻓَﻼ ُﻳَﺜﻨﱠﻰ َﻧْﺤُﻮ » َ ْ َ َ ﱠ‬

‫ﴩَﻓُﺔ‪َ ،‬و َﱂ ْ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻟُﻪ ُﳑ َﺎﺛٌِﻞ َﻓَﻼ ُﺗَﺜﱠﻨـﻰ َ‬

‫اﻟﻜْﻌَﺒـُﺔ ُاﳌـ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻴﺐ‪َ ،‬وَأْن َﻳُﻜ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻐﻠِ ِ‬
‫ان َﻓَﻌَﲆ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وَأﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ِ‬
‫َﺣﻘ ً َ ﱠ ُ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎل‪ِ ِ » :‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎن«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﳼ« َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻳْﻐ ِﻦ َﻋﻨْﻪ َﻏﲑه َﻓَﻼ ﻳَﺜﻨﱠﻰ »ﺳﻮاء« اﺳﺘِْﻐﻨَﺎء َﻋﻨْﻪ ﺑِ َ ْ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ » ﱟ‬ ‫ً ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ٌ ْ‬ ‫ُ ُُْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺎرٍع ﱠاﺗَﺼَﻞ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﱠﻠﺮْﻓِﻊ ِﰲ اﻷَْﻣﺜَِﻠِﺔ اﳋَْﻤَﺴِﺔ‪َ ،‬وِﻫَﻲ ُﻛﱡﻞ ﻓِْﻌ ٍﻞ ُﻣَﻀ ِ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﱡ ُ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺒِﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷَﻣﺜَِﻠُﺔ اﳋﻤﺴُﺔ ِﻫﻲ‪ِ َ ْ :‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌـﻼن َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻒ ِ‬
‫اﻻْﺛﻨَ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺑِِﻪ َأﻟ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌـﻼن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬ ‫ﺎء اﳌَُﺨ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳉَﲈَﻋﺔ َأْو َﻳ ُ‬ ‫ﲔ َأْو َوُاو َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮن َ ْ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮن َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ََُْ َ‬
‫ﴪُة‬ ‫ﻒ َو َ‬
‫اﻟﻜ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔْﺘَﺤُﺔ َواﻷَﻟ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت( َوِﻫَﻲ‪َ :‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ) َ ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫)َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﺿَﻊ‪:‬‬‫ﺐ ِﰲ َﺛَﻼَﺛِﺔ ﻣﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠْﺼ ِ‬ ‫ﻮن؛ َﻓَﺄﱠﻣﺎ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﺘَﺤُﺔ َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫ف اﻟﻨﱡ ِ‬ ‫ﺎء َوَﺣْﺬ ُ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫اﻟﻴ ُ‬
‫َو َ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ ِ ِﲠﲈ و َﻻ ِﻣﻦ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء‬
‫َ َْ‬ ‫وﻻ ُ ْ َ ً َ َ‬‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎ َ َ‬
‫وﻻ َ ْ ُ ً‬‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ َ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ُ َ‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻻْﺳِﻢ ُاﳌْﻔَﺮد‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﳋﻤﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫َْ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘْﻜِﺴِﲑ‪.‬‬‫ﲨِﻊ ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ -٢‬و َ ْ‬
‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪َ -٣‬واﻟﻔْﻌِﻞ ُاﳌَﻀﺎرِع ﱠاﻟﺬي َﱂ ْ َﻳﱠﺘﺼْﻞ ﺑِﺂﺧﺮه َ ْ‬
‫ﳾٌء‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫ِ‬
‫اﳋﻤﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ِﰲ َ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠْﺼ ِ‬
‫ﻒ َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ اﻷَﻟ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺳﲈء َ ْ َ‬
‫َْ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠْﺼ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ِﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎء َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ َ‬
‫اﻟﻴ ُ‬
‫‪ُ -١‬اﳌَﺜﻨﱠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﱂِ‪.‬‬ ‫وﲨﻊ ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫‪ِ ْ َ َ -٢‬‬
‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺐ ِﰲ اﻷَْﻣﺜَِﻠِﺔ اﳋَْﻤَﺴِﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠْﺼ ِ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻓَﻴُﻜ ُ‬‫ف اﻟﻨﱡ ِ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ َﺣْﺬ ُ‬
‫ث( َﻋَﻼﻣـ ٍ‬ ‫اع اﻟـ)َﺧْﻔُﺾ( ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪َ ،‬وَﻟُﻪ )َﺛـَﻼ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬ ‫وﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﺎ( َأْي‪ْ :‬‬
‫اﻷﻧَﻮ ِ‬ ‫)ََ َُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺾ ِﰲ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣ ًﺔ ﻟ ِْﻠَﺨْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﴪُة َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔْﺘَﺤُﺔ؛ َﻓَﺄﱠﻣﺎ َ‬ ‫ﺎء‪َ ،‬و َ‬ ‫َوِﻫَﻲ‪َ :‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻴ ُ‬
‫ﴪُة‪َ ،‬و َ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ ْ َ‬
‫ف‪.‬‬ ‫ﴫ ِ‬ ‫اﻻْﺳِﻢ اﳌُْﻔَﺮِد اﳌُﻨْ َ ِ‬ ‫‪ِ -١‬‬

‫ف‪.‬‬‫ﴫ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻜِﺴِﲑ اﳌُﻨْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﲨِﻊ ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ -٢‬و َ ْ‬

‫اﻟﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﲨِﻊ اﻷَﻟ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻒ َو ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ -٣‬و َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺾ ِﰲ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِْﻠَﺨْﻔ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺎء َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ َ‬
‫اﻟﻴ ُ‬
‫‪ُ -١‬اﳌَﺜﻨﱠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﲨِﻊ ُاﳌَﺬﱠﻛِﺮ اﻟﺴ ِ‬
‫ﺎﱂِ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ -٢‬و َ ْ‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫‪َ -٣‬واﻷَْﺳَﲈِء اﳋَْﻤَﺴِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺟَﺘَﻤـَﻊ‬
‫ف‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻣﺎ ْ‬ ‫اﻻْﺳِﻢ ﱠاﻟِﺬي َﻻ َﻳﻨْ َ ِ‬
‫ﴫ ُ‬ ‫ﺾ ِﰲ ِ‬
‫ﻮن َﻋَﻼَﻣًﺔ ﻟ ِْﻠَﺨْﻔ ِ‬ ‫َوَأﱠﻣﺎ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﺘَﺤُﺔ َﻓَﺘُﻜ ُ‬
‫اﺣَﺪٌة َﺗُﻘﻮم ﻣَﻘﺎم ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﱠﻠَﺘ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن‪َ ،‬أو ِﻋﱠﻠٌﺔ و ِ‬
‫ﺎن َﻓﺮِﻋﻴَﺘ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﱠﻠَﺘ ْ ﱠ‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫اﻟـﻼِز ُم َﻟْﻔ ًﻈـﺎ َأْو َﻣْﻌ ًﻨـﻰ َﻛـُﺴَﻌ َ‬
‫ﺎد‬ ‫ﻴـﺚ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﺄﻧِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌَﻠِﻤﱠﻴِﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻊ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌَﻠُﻞ ﺗِْﺴٌﻊ‪ ِ ،‬ﱞ‬
‫ﺳﺖ َ َ‬
‫و ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫وﺗﻐﻠـﺐ‪َ ،‬واﻟ َ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻮﺻـﻔﻴﺔ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺄﲪﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻛﺄﲪـ َﺪ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أو َ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﳋﺎص ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ِ‬ ‫ووزن ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ﱡ‬ ‫َوَﻃْﻠَﺤَﺔ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻤـﺮ‪ُ َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ‬
‫وأرادب‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺪارس َ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫وﻣـﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ َ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳉﻤـﻮع َ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬـﻰ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫وﺻـﻴﻐﺔ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ َُْ‬
‫واﻟﻌﺪل ُ َ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻟـﻒ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫وزﻳﺎدة َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺈﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ‪ُ َ َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻـﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣـﻊ َ ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﻌـﺜﲈن‪ٌ َ َ َ .‬‬
‫وﺛـﻼث َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻨـﻮن َ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺠﻤﺔ َ ِ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ََََْ ﱠ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻌﻠﺒﻚ‪ُ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻟﻨـﻮن َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﻟـﻒ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫وزﻳـﺎدة َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛـﺄﲪﺮ‪ُ َ َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫وزن ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛـﺴﻜﺮان ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜـﻪ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‪ُ ْ َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ‬
‫اﺳﻢ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻔـﻀﻴﻞ ِ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ َ ِ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺪل َ ُ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ْ ُ‬‫آﺧﺮ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺧﺮ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮى‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫أﺧﺮى ِ َ ً‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ َ ْ‬
‫أن ُ ْ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺗـﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻷن َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻼم؛ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻟﻒ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻷَ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪوﻟﺔ َ ِ‬ ‫ُ َ ٍِ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ‪ُ َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫وأﺧﺮ َ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻐﺮى َ ﱡ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜﱪى َ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻊ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻜﱪ َ ﱡ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﺎل‪ُ َ ُ :‬‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻼم َ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ َﻋَﻼﻣَﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺎن )ْاﺛَﻨَﺘ ِ ِ‬ ‫)وﻟِْﻠﺠْﺰِم( ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺴﻜﻮن ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫وﳘـﺎ‪ :‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺎن َﺗـﲇ( َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠـﺰم ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜـﻮن َ َ َ ً‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗـﻒ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫واﳊﺬف؛ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﱡ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬‫َْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎرع ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫َُ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰم ِﰲ َ ْ ِ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮن َ َ َ ً‬
‫اﳊﺬف َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ََﱠ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻌﺘﻞ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ِ ْ ِ -١‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﳌُ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻀﺎرع ُ ْ َ ﱢ‬
‫‪َ -٢‬واﻷَْﻣﺜَِﻠِﺔ اﳋَْﻤَﺴِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌـﻼ َ ِ ً‬
‫واﺣـﺪا‪،‬‬ ‫ﲡﺰم ِ ْ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫وﻫﺬه َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‪َ ،‬ﻻ ﱠ ِ َ ُ َ َ‬‫ﻻم َ ْ ِ‬‫ﻫﻲ‪ْ َ :‬ﱂ‪َ ،‬ﱠﳌﺎ‪ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ َ‬‫اﳉَﻮِازُم ِﰲ َ َ ﱠ‬‫َو َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫وأدوات ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﴩط‪ْ ِ :‬‬
‫وﻫـﺬه َ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﲡـﺰم‬ ‫أي‪َ َ ،‬‬‫ﺣﻴـﺜﲈ‪ َ ،‬ﱡ‬
‫أﻳـﻦ‪ َ ،‬ﱠأﻧـﻰ‪َ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أﻳـﺎن‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬‫ﻣﻬﲈ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪َ ،‬ﻣﺎ‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫إن‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ََََ ُ‬
‫َِْْ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪َ :‬ﻟْﻦ‪َ ،‬أْن‪َ ،‬ﻛْﻲ‪ ،‬إَِذْن‪َ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ِﰲ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ َ‬ ‫َواﻟﻨﱠَﻮاﺻ ُ‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﱠ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﺎت اﻷَْﺳَﲈِء‬‫ِﰲ ﻣﺮُﻓﻮﻋ ِ‬
‫َْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮل ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬
‫ﺟﲇ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ِ َﺑﻮ ْﺻﻒ ْ ُ ُ ِ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﲆ َ َ ْ َ‬‫ﺳﺘﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ * ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻊ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻓﻊ َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫أﺑﻮاﺑﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫‪ َ -١٤‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫أﺧﺎ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺬل‬ ‫ﻓﻘﴫ َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ َ ﱢ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﺎء َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ * َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ِ ِ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ْ ٌ‬ ‫‪َ -١٥‬ﻓ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺬف ِﰲ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ِ ْ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﺋﺐ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎر ُ ْ َ ً َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺒﺎ * َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫اﺳﻢ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ْ ٌ‬ ‫‪ُ َ َ -١٦‬‬
‫وزﻳﺪ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺷﺎة ُ ِﺑﲇ‬ ‫أﲨﻌُﻪ * َ ِ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪َ ِ َ -١٧‬‬
‫ﻗﻮل َ َ ْ ٌ ُ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻬﺮ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫وﺻﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﳑﺘﺜﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ُ ُ‬
‫أﺑﻮه َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺪار َ ْ َ‬‫وأﻧﺎ * ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ َ َ َ‬ ‫واﳌﺒﺘﺪا َﻧﺤﻮ َ ٌ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ٌ‬ ‫‪ْ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ -١٨‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻓﻊ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻚ ِ َ ْ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻـﻒ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﲆ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺘـﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ * ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﺳـﺒﻊ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاﺑـﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔـﻪ ) َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي َ َ َ‬ ‫)َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺎﻋـُﻞ َوَﻧِﺎﺋُﺒـُﻪ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻔ ِ‬
‫ﲨـًﺎﻻ‪َ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓـﻊ إِ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ِ ْ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘـﻮل‪َ ،‬و َ َ ُ‬
‫أﺑـﻮاب ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﻒ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫أي‪ْ َ ِ :‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮ ِل َﺟﲇ( َ ْ‬ ‫ِْ ُ ُ‬
‫اﺣـ ٍﺪ ِﻣﻨَْﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬‫اﻟﺘـﺎﺑِﻊ ﻟ ِﻮ ِ‬
‫اﲥـﺎ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﱪ »إِﱠن« َوَأَﺧَﻮ َ‬ ‫اﲥﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﺧ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺎن« َوَأَﺧَﻮ َ‬ ‫اﺳُﻢ »َﻛ َ‬ ‫واﳌُْﺒَﺘَﺪُأ َوَﺧ ْ ُ‬
‫ﱪُه‪َ ،‬و ْ‬
‫اﻟﺒَﺪُل‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺪ‪َ ،‬و َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻮﻛِ ُ‬
‫ﻒ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘَﻮاﺑُِﻊ َأْرَﺑَﻌٌﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻨﱠْﻌُﺖ‪َ ،‬و َ‬
‫اﻟﻌْﻄ ُ‬ ‫َو ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﻒ«‪ِ ٍ ْ ِ » :‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫وﻛﻼﳘﺎ ُ ﱠ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ« َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ » ِ َ ْ‬‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻼح ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪ُ ِ َ ) :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓﻊ َ ْ ِ ً ِ‬
‫واﻻﺳـﻢ‬
‫اﺳـﻢ( َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة ) ْ ٌ‬‫وﻫﻮ ِﰲ ْ َ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ( َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ َ‬ ‫وأﺑﻮاب ﱠ ْ ِ‬‫َ َْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻛﻬـﺬا ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻧﺎ َ َ ْ َ‬‫واﳌﻀﻤﺮ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎ ِﻫﺮ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫َْ َُ‬
‫واﻟـﺬي‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪َ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫واﳌـﺒﻬﻢ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮع َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ َ‬
‫وأﻧﺖ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺰﻳﺪ‪َ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‪ :‬ﱠ َ ْ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻠﻪ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓـﺎﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎج ِﰲ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َﻣﺎ َﻻ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ِ ً‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ َ ُ‬
‫وﻫﻮ َﻣﺎ َ ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﱠ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﴫﻳﺢ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﲈ‪ُ َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮع َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ َﻛـ‪ِ َ :‬‬
‫ﻳـﴪﲏ َ ْ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ُﱡ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﻪ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎج ِﰲ ِ ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫وﻫﻮ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫واﳌﺆول ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﴫﻳﺢ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﺄوﻳﻞ‪ َ ُ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫ﲢﴬ‪َ ،‬أْي‪َ ُ ُ ُ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﻮرك‪.‬‬ ‫َْ ُ َ‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َأﻧـﺎ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗـﺪ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ِ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎرزا َﻛـ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻤﲑ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫أن ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻢ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ُﱠ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺘـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟـﻚ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺘـﺐ« ْ‬ ‫ﻧﺤـﻮ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋـﻞ » َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‪ ِ َ َ :‬ﱞ‬
‫ﺟـﻮازي َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺘﺎر َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺴﺘﱰا‪ْ ُ َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُﻣ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻢ ْ‬
‫زﻳﺪ ُ ِ‬
‫آﻣﺮا‪َ :‬ﻳﺎ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ » ُﻗﻢ« ِﻣﻦ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ ً‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ِ ْ ْ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ ُ ِﱞ‬
‫ووﺟﻮﰊ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺪر َﻛـ‪َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺎﻋِﻞ ﻛـ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ُ ْ ِ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ِ‬ ‫) ِ ِﻟﻔﻌٍﻞ( َأو ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻻ‬ ‫وﻋﺪا‪َ ،‬وَاﳌْﺼ َ َ‬‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺰ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﺳَﻢ َ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻬﻪ ﻟَﻴْﺸَﻤَﻞ‪ْ :‬‬ ‫ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫وﺻﻴﻎ ُ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫واﺳﻢ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫دﻓﻊ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻣـﺎؤه‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﱠ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻬﻮر َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ َﻛـ‪َ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح‪َ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻬﺎت ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َﻛـ‪َ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس اﷲُ‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫واﺳـﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔـﻀﻴﻞ َﻛــ‪َ :‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺒـُﻪ‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻃﻴـﺐ َ ْ ُ‬‫زﻳﺪ َ ﱢ ٌ‬‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ ﻛـ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ِﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻔﺔ ُ َ ﱠ َ َ‬
‫َ ﱢ ََ‬
‫اﺳﻢ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ْ َ‬‫ﻣﻦ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ‬‫وذﻟﻚ ِ ْ َ‬‫ﻫﻨﺪ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬‫ﻋﲔ ِ ْ ٍ‬‫ﻣﻨﻪ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺤﻞ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫أﲨﻞ ِﰲ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻣﺮأة َ ْ َ َ‬
‫رأﻳﺖ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا ِ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻻزم َأ ْو ُ َ َ ﱟ‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﻮر َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ( َ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫ِﰲ َﻫﺬه ﱡ َ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة ) َ ْ‬
‫اﳌﻀﻤﺮ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﱰ ) َﻳﺎ َ َ‬
‫أﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ُ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﴫ( ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ) َ َ ﱢ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ( ِ َ ٌ‬‫ﻛﺠﺎء َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ«‪َ َ َ ) .‬‬‫»َ ََ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﻪ َ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻜﲔ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮم‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺬل( َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺬال ُ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﺠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أي‪ :‬ﱠ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣـﻪ َأو ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫آﻧﻔﺎ‪ٍ ْ ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ْ ُ ٍ‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﻮرة ِ ً‬
‫ﻮاﻋﻪ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﺋﺐ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻗـﺪ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ ْ ْ‬
‫ﺷـﺒﻬﻪ؛‬ ‫ﳎﻬـﻮل َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ( ِ َ ْ َ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ْ ٌ‬ ‫)ََ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻰ َأﺑﻮه ِوﺳﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬وَاﳌﻨْﺴﻮب َﻛــ‪ِ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ‪ :‬اﺳﻢ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أﺑـﻮه‬ ‫أﻗﺒـﻞ ْ ِ ﱡ‬
‫اﳌـﴫي َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ُ ْ ً ُ ُ َ ً َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل َﻛـ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫َْ ََ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ )َﻓَﺼَﺎر( َﺑْﻌـَﺪَﻫﺎ )ُﻣْﺮَﺗِﻔًﻌـﺎ(‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ُ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ُﻣْﻨَﺘِﺼًﺒﺎ( َﻗْﺒَﻞ اﻟﻨﱢَﻴَﺎﺑِﺔ َ َ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أي‪ُ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺎن( َ ْ‬
‫)َﻛ َ‬
‫ﺎﻋِﻞ ُﻛﱡﻠﻬﺎ؛ َﻓﻴَﺆﱠﻧُﺚ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﻌـُﻞ َﻟـُﻪ إِْن َﻛـ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ َ َ ً‬
‫ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ﺎم َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪َ ،‬ﻓَﺘْﺠِﺮي َﻋَﻠْﻴﻪ َأْﺣَﻜ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ َ ِ‬

‫اﻟﺘْﻘِﺪ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔْﻌِﻞ َﺑْﻌَﺪ َأْن َﻛﺎَن َﺟِﺎﺋَﺰ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮز َﺗْﻘِﺪﻳﻤﻪ َﻋَﲆ ِ‬
‫ُُ‬ ‫ﳚ ُ‬‫ُﻣَﺆﱠﻧ ًﺜﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻻ َ ُ‬
‫اﳊـﺬف‪ْ َ ،‬أو ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻷﺟـﻞ‬ ‫ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤـﺬف( َأي‪ ِ ِ :‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠـﺔ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ) ِ ْ ْ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﻊ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ ْ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل َ ً‬ ‫َ ِﱠَ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل‪ِ َ ِ ،‬‬
‫وإﻗﺎﻣﺔ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫واﻗﻌﺎ ) ِﰲ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي َ َ ِ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺬف َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل ُ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫اﻷول( َ ْ‬
‫أي‪َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ً‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫) َﻛﻨ ِ َ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑـﺔ‬ ‫أﲨﻌـﻪ( َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻬﺮ َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫وﺻﻴﻢ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل َ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ( َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺷـﺎة ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺼﺪر َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻞ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮف َ ِ‬‫ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺑـﲇ(‬ ‫وزﻳـﺪ ِ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل( َ ٌ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫وﺳـﲑ ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫وزﻳﺪ ِﺑﲇ ﻫﻮ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﱰ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺳـﲑا‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳـﺪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺷـﺎة‪ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬أي‪ُ َ ُ َ ُ ٌ ْ َ َ :‬‬ ‫َ ٌ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ُ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﳚﻴﺰه‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ِ ْ َ‬‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﳎﺮوره َ ِ‬‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ اﳉﺎر ﻣﻊ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل َ َ َ ﱢ َ َ ُ‬
‫ِ َ ٌ ِِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺆول َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺄﰐ ُ ﱠ ً ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﺎﱃ‪ْ َ َ } :‬‬
‫وأن‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟـﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﳑﺜﻼ ِﺑﻪ َأ ْو ُ َ ﱠ ٌ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﴏﻳﺢ َ َ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫واﳌﺒﺘﺪا( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫)َ ََُْ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﺋﻢ( ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ِ ٌ َ ) :‬‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ) َﻧﺤﻮ( َ ٍ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ ْ‬ ‫ﳐﱪ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ{ ]اﻟﺒﻘﺮة‪ٌ َ ْ ُ [١٨٤ :‬‬ ‫ﺧﲑ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻣﻮا َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْﻟﻠﻤﺒ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وأﻧﺎ * ِﰲ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮد ) َ َ َ‬ ‫ِْ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺘﺪأ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺪار( َ ٌ ُ ْ‬ ‫وﺧﱪه ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ُْ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ )وﻫﻮ َأﺑﻮه َﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﺮ ِ ْ ُ َ َ ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘـﺪأ ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ﳑﺘﺜﻞ( َ ٌ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ُ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﺧﱪه ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ ْ ٌَ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وزﻳﺪ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ْ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﺮ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﺳـﻢ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻈﻬـﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘـﺪأ ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪي َ ٌ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ٌ ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫وﺧﱪه ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺐ َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ُ ْ ٌَ‬
‫وﺧﱪه َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻇﺮف‪.‬‬ ‫َ َ َُُ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﱡ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪول‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧﱪ * َ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺄن ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺘﺪا َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ َ ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ َ -١٩‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫وﱄ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﺼﺐ َﻣﺎ َ ْ‬
‫إﺳﲈ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ * ِ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ َﻣﺎ َ ْ‬
‫وﻛﺎن َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫‪َ َ َ -٢٠‬‬
‫اﳊﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺄﺻﺒﺢ ُذو َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻮال ِﰲ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼ * َِﲠﺎ َﻛ َ ْ َ َ‬‫أﳊﻘﺖ َ َ ً‬‫أدوا ٌت ُ ِْ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫‪َ ُ ْ َ -٢١‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎس َ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮام ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ُ‬ ‫وﺻﺎر َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﺴﲈ * َ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫وﻇﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫أﺿﺤﻰ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﺑﺎت َ ْ َ‬ ‫‪َ َ َ -٢٢‬‬
‫اﻟﺪار َﱂ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﺰل‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺘﻰ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻬﻪ َ َ َ‬‫ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ * َ ْأو ْ ُ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻔﻲ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ٌ َ ْ َ َ -٢٣‬‬
‫وأرﺑﻊ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺘﺄ ِ ِ‬
‫ذﻛﺮاه ِﰲ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪا * َﺗﺎﷲِ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻔﻚ ُ ْ َ ِ ً‬‫ﻳﱪح َ ْأو َ ْ َ ﱡ‬
‫وﻟﻴﺲ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫‪َ ْ َ َ -٢٤‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫وذﻟـﻚ ) َ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟـﺸﺄن(‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺘﺪأ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ُ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺧﱪ( َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ) َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﺒﺘﺪا( ُ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻣﺎ( َأْي‪َ :‬وﱠاﻟﺬي )ﺑﻪ َ ﱠ‬ ‫)َ َ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﱡ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ( َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳊﺎل ) ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪول(‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ) :‬ز ْ ٌﻳﺪ َ‬ ‫َأْي‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ــﺎن«‪ِ َ ،‬‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﺜـ ِ‬ ‫ــﺪﻻ ِﻣـــﻦ » َﻛﺎﻟـ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻴـ ِ‬ ‫ﴍح َ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫اﳉـ ْ َ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ــﻮﻫﺮي‪:‬‬ ‫ﴍح َ‬ ‫وﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ــﺸﺄن«‪ َ » :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ــﻪ َﺑـ َ ً‬ ‫وﰲ َ ْ ِ‬

‫أوﻟﺌﻚ ُ ﱠ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻛﻞ ُ َ ِ َ‬ ‫»َ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺼﺎﺣﺐ« َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﺑﺨﱪﻫـﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧـﺎﻗﺺ ُ ِ ُ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ِ ْ ٌ‬ ‫) َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣـﺎن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﺳـﻤﻬﺎ ِ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﺗـﺼﺎف ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻴـﺪ ﱢ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺎض َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ َ‬ ‫وﻛﺎن( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ َﺷﺎﺑﺎ ) َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓـﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع َﻛـ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﺮا‪ْ َ ،‬أو َ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎن َ ِ‬
‫رﺑﻚ َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺪوام َﻛـ‪ َ َ َ :‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫َاﳌﺎﴈ ِ ﱠإﻣﺎ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘـﺪأ( َﺗﺮَﻓﻌـﻪ ) ِإﺳـﲈ( َﳍـﺎ‪ِ َ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ( َأِي‪ :‬ﱠاﻟِﺬي ) َ ْ‬
‫ﲠﻤـﺰة َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄـﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن( َﻗْﺒَﻞ ُدُﺧﻮﳍ َﺎ َﻋَﻠْﻴﻪ ) ُ ْ َ َ ً ْ ُ ُ ْ ً َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬
‫ﺎن ُﻣَﻮاﻟ ِ ًﻴﺎ َﻟُﻪ‬‫وﱄ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻗْﺪ َﻛ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﺼﺐ َﻣﺎ( َأِي‪ :‬ﱠاﻟِﺬي ) َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ووزﻧﺎ ) َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﻘﺎ َ َ ْ ً‬ ‫رﻫﺎ ُ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎ ِ َ‬
‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َﺧﱪا ِ ْ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺳﲈ َ َﳍﺎ‪.‬‬‫أﻳﻀﺎ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺻﺎر ُ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ َ‬ ‫أن َ َ َ ً ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺧﱪا َ َﳍﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺼﺒﻪ َ َ ً‬
‫ﱪ‪ُ ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫َوُﻫَﻮ اﳋَ َ ُ‬
‫أي‪َ ِ :‬ﲠـﺎ ِﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻼ ِ َﲠـﺎ( َ ْ‬ ‫أﳊﻘﺖ َ َ ً‬ ‫أﻓﻌﺎل ) ُ ِْ َ ْ‬
‫أي‪ٌ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن« ) َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫أدوات( َ ْ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﻞ » َ َ‬ ‫أي‪ُ ْ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫وﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ( َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫)َ َُْ‬

‫أي‪َ ُ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫أﺻـﺤﺎﲠﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ ُذو َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻣـﻮال( َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ َ ْ َ ) :‬‬‫وذﻟﻚ )َﻛـ( َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎن«‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﺧﻮات » َ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ِ ٍ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ ِ َإزار ِ ِ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ﱠ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺘـﻰ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺗﻜـﻮن‬ ‫ﻠـﺔ َ ﱠ‬‫ﺴﻤﻰ ُﺣ ﱠ ً‬ ‫وﻻ ُﺗ َ ﱠ‬‫واﺣﺪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ ْ ٍ َ‬ ‫ورداء ْ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺔ‪ٌ َ َ ٌ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳊﻠﻞ( َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫) ِﰲ ُ َ ِ‬

‫اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﱪﻫﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ِ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎف ْ َ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﱢ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ ُ‬‫ﺑﺎت( ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ ﱢ َ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻬﺎ‪َ) .‬و( َﻛـ) َ َ‬ ‫ﲢﻞ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ِ ًَ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ُ َ ﱡ‬
‫اﳊﻠﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎب َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻮال ِﰲ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺎت َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ََْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻛﻈـﻞ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗ ِ ُ‬
‫أﺿﺤﻰ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺤﻰ‪َ) ،‬و( َ َ ﱠ‬‫ﺑﺨﱪﻫﺎ ِﰲ ﱡ َ‬
‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ِ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎف ْ َ‬ ‫ﻔﻴﺪ ﱢ َ َ‬ ‫)َو( َﻛـ) َ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬـﺎر‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﱪﻫـﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُِ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘـﺴﲈ * َو(‬
‫اﻟﻌﺒـﺪ ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟـﻚ‪ َ ) :‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻇـﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﺳـﻤﻬﺎ ِ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎف ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﱢ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟ َِﻚ‪ :‬ﺻـﺎر اﻟـﺴﻌﺮ ِ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ َ ِ ْ ِ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﱠ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫َﻛـ)ﺻﺎر( ﱠ ِ‬
‫رﺧﻴـﺼﺎ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻛــ‪:‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َ َ ﱢ ُْ َ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬
 ‫وذﻟـﻚ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟـﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨـﺔ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺠﺮد ِﻣﻦ َ ِ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫اﻹﻃﻼق َ ﱠ َ ﱡ َ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ِﰲ َ‬‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﱠ ْ َ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ ُ‬
‫» َﻟﻴﺲ« ﱠ ِ‬
‫ْ َ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أي‪ْ َ َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻛﺄراذﳍﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻔﻞ( َ ْ‬
‫ﴍﻓﺎؤﻫﻢ ) َ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫أي‪ْ ُ ُ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس( َ ْ‬
‫ﻛﺮام ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ُ‬‫)َْ َ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن« ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫أي‪ُ ْ ِ :‬‬ ‫وأرﺑﻊ ِ ْ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧـﻪ ُ َ َ ﱢ ً‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘـﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬـﺎ( َ َ َ ْ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻔـﻲ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ) َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ » َ َ‬ ‫ﻠﻬﺎ( َ ْ‬‫ﻣﺜ ُ َ‬ ‫)َََْ ٌ‬
‫ﻛـﺎﻟﻔﺘﻰ ِﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ وﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﱠﻬﻲ َﻛـ‪َ :‬ﻻ َ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ) ِﺷﺒﻬﻪ( َ ِ‬
‫ﺗـﺰل َ ً‬
‫ﻗـﺎﺋﲈ‪ ،‬و) َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﱠ ْ ِ َ ُ َ ْ ُ‬
‫أي‪ُ ْ :‬‬
‫ُْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )َْأو( َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫َ ََْ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﻰ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫أي‪َ :‬ﱂ ْ َ َﻳﺰ ِل َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺪار َﱂ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪار‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺰل( َ ْ‬ ‫ﱠ ِ َْ‬
‫اﳌﻴـﺪان َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ ُ‬‫أﻳﻀﺎ ) َﻟﻴﺲ( ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن« َ ْ ً‬ ‫وﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻓـﺴﻴﺤﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻟـﻴﺲ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﱠ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫أﺧﻮات » َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟ ِ َﻪ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻲ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫أن َ َ َ ﱠ َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ِ َ ِ‬
‫إﻟﻴﻪ‪َ ْ َ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﺑﴩط َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳌﺴﻨﺪ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻼزﻣﺔ ُ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ َ َ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﱪح( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ ُ‬‫َو) َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻛﻔﲔ{ ]ﻃﻪ‪ِ ِ ِ َ ) [٩١ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ َ ِ ِ َ‬‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪َ } :‬ﻟﻦ َﻧﱪح َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ َ ًَ‬
‫وﻫﻲ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ َ‬‫إﻓﺎدة َ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫أو( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺘـﺄ« ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ ِﰲ‬ ‫أﻳـﻀﺎ » َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨـﻰ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻬﺎ ِ ﱠﳑﺎ ُ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻴﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ) ُ ْ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻻ َ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫)َ ْ َ ﱡ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪا(‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻚ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻚ( َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺗـﺬﻛﺮه ْ َ ِ ً ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺄ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨـﺸﻐﻼ ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺑـﺬﻛﺮاه‪،‬‬ ‫أي‪َ :‬ﻻ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗـﺰال َ ْ ُ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ( َ ْ‬‫ذﻛﺮاه ِﰲ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ) :‬ﺗﺎﷲِ( َﻻ ) َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ ِ‬

‫اﻟﴩح‪َ ،‬وِﻣﻨُْﻪ َﻗْﻮُﻟُﻪ َﺗَﻌـَﺎﱃ‪ُ َ } :‬‬

‫ﻗـﺎﻟﻮا َﺗـﺎﷲِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ َﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪر َ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻔﻲ ُ َ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫َ ﱠْ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺳﻒ{ ]ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪.[٨٥ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫َﺗ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻔﺘﺄ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻮن ِ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪل‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻚ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺈن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺎ * َ ِ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ َ َ‬‫وإن َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫‪ ِ َ -٢٥‬ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺮﲢﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮو َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺮﲢﻞ * َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺐ ُ ْ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻛﺄن ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺖ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻞ َ ْ َ‬ ‫‪ َ َ -٢٦‬ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻠﺚ َﱂ ْ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫وذاك ﱡ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ َ َ ً‬
‫إذ * َ َ ْ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاب ا ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻮاﺳﺦ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬‫وﺧﺬ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫‪ْ ُ َ -٢٧‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎ َ َ ِ‬
‫وﺳﻞ‬ ‫وﺿﻢ َﳍﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﺎ * ِ َﲠﺎ َ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ُ ِ َ‬ ‫ﺟﺰأي َ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻓﻈﻦ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ َ َ -٢٨‬ﱠ‬
‫واﺳﻊ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪا ِ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮا َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس َ ْ ً‬
‫رأى ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺔ * َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪ َ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫‪ُ ُ َ -٢٩‬‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ( ﱠ ِ‬‫ﻫﺬا ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫) ِﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺬي‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ َ َ‬
‫ﺧﱪه‪ُ َ ْ َ ) :‬‬ ‫ف َُْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﳊْﺮ ُ‬‫اﺳٌﻢ ُﺣﻜَﻲ ﺑِﻪ َ‬ ‫وإن( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ﻫَﻲ ُﻫﻨَﺎ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺎ( َ َ ْ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓـﻊ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻜـﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨـﺼﺐ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ) ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﻓﻊ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن« َ ُ َ‬ ‫ََُُْ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ » َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻮن ِ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪل( َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻚ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫إن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ )َﻛـ( َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ ِ ) :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺐ‪َ ِ َ َ .‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺛﻢ َ ْﺗﻨﺼ ُ‬
‫»َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن« ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫إن« ُ َ‬ ‫»ِ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫إن« ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺒﻬﺔ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‪ ِ » :‬ﱠ‬ ‫أﺣﺮف َ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺳـﺒﻘﺖ‪ُ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫وﺗﻔـﺘﺢ‬ ‫وﻗـﺪ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴـﺪ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﲬﺴﺔ َ ْ ُ ُ ﱠ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫َ َ‬
‫اﻵﰐ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﺎﻇﻢ ِ‬‫ﻣﺜـﺎل ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣـﺼﺪر َﻛـﲈ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ َ ْ َ ٌ َ‬ ‫وﳑـﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﻚ ﻣﻨْ َﻬـﺎ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ َ ْ‬
‫أن ُ ْ َ‬ ‫إذا َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﳘﺰﲥﺎ ِ َ‬
‫ََْ َُ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻨـﻲ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘـﻲ ِ ﱠ َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺖ( ﱠ ِ‬‫ﻋﺒﺪه‪َ ،‬و) َ ْ َ‬ ‫راﺣﻢ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻞ اﷲَ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ َ َ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﱰﺟﻲ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫و) َ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻞ( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ﱠ َ ﱢ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدم‪ ،‬و)َﻛـ( َ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺖ َ ً ِ‬ ‫َْ ِ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﺪراك ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ« ﱠاﻟﺘـﻲ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ » َ ﱠ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ ْ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ْ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا َ ْ‬
‫ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﲢﻞ( َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺐ ُ ْ َ ِ ٌ‬‫أن ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ) َ ﱠ‬‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ُ ْ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻴﻪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﻮﺗﻪ َ ْأو َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ُ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻓﻊ َﻣﺎ ُ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮو ُ ْ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﻴـﻨﻬﲈ َ ُ َ َ َ‬
‫وﻣﻼءﻣـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺑـﺴﺔ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻋـﲆ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء َ َ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﲢﻞ ُ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺮﲢﻞ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻦ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮو َ ْ ُ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل ُ ْ َ ْ ِ ً‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪرﻛﺎ‪ َ ) :‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻫﻢ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻊ َ َ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ ْ‬ ‫َََ َ‬
‫ﻓﺄراد ُ َ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮف ُ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﻠﺖ »ﻣﺎ« ِ َ ِ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ ِ َ‬
‫ﻋـﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﻌـﺎد‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺘﻬـﺎ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ِ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌِﻞ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﱠَ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫إذا ﱠ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻋﻠﻢ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫َ َْْ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﲈ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻗﺎدم‪.‬‬ ‫وﺧﱪا‪َ ،‬ﻧْﺤُﻮ‪ْ َ َ ْ َ :‬‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ َ َ َ ً‬ ‫ََ ُ‬
‫ﻫﺬه َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة ِﻣﻦ ِ ِ‬
‫زﻳـﺪا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘـﺎل‪َ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﻟﻴـﺘﲈ َ ْ ً‬ ‫إﻋﲈﳍـﺎ َ ِ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫وإﳘﺎﳍـﺎ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺟﺎزوا ِ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺖ« َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺮف » َ ْ َ‬‫ْ ُ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﱡ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ََْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل ﱠ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻐﺔ ﱡ ْ َ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﺬﺑﻴﺎﲏ‪:‬‬ ‫وﺷﺎﻫﺪﻫﻢ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺎدم‪ْ ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫زﻳ ٌﺪ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدم‪َ ،‬و‪َ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﲈ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ٌ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻔﻪ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳊﲈم َ َﻟﻨﺎ * ِ َإﱃ َ َ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪ْ َ ،‬أو ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪َ َ :‬أﻻ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﲈ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﻳﺼﺢ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫رواﻳﺔ ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫وﻧﺼﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ َﻟﻪ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪا‪،‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪة َﻻ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ َ َ َ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ْ‬ ‫اﳊﲈم« َ َ ْ ِ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﻊ » َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫روي َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ ِ َ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن َ َ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ْ َ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إﻋﲈل » َ ْ َ‬‫ﻳﺰال ِ ْ َ ُ‬‫َﻓﻼ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻫـﺬا‬ ‫وﻣﻦ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻳﺪه‪ُ ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻘﺮا إﱃ َﺷﺎﻫﺪ ُ َ ﱢ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺖ« ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ِﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻹﳘﺎل َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺄﳖﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﺧﻮاﺗﻪ‪ْ َ ،‬ﺑﻞ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ َ ﱢ ٍ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳊﺮف َ ْ َ‬
‫َْ ُ‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﻌـﺎ ُ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘـﺎﺑﻌﲔ‪َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ َﻻ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﳚﺘﻤﻌﺎن ُ َ َ ِ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫إن« و َﻻم ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫زﺣﻠﻘـﺖ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟـﻼم‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈذا ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫َﻓﺎﺋَﺪٌة‪ ِ » :‬ﱠ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﺎﱃ‪ ِ } :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻷﳖﺎ َﻏﲑ َ ِ َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫دون » ِ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ ُ ِ َ ِ‬
‫إن‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫إن« َ ﱠ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻼم ُ َ‬ ‫زﺣﻠﻘﺖ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وﺟﻮﺑﺎ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺧﺮت َ ُ ً‬ ‫َُ ﱢ َ ْ‬
‫ﺳـﻤﻴﻊ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﺻـﻞ‪ِ :‬ﻟـﺮﰊ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ ﱡ ِ‬
‫إن«‬ ‫دﺧﻠـﺖ » ِ ﱠ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟـﺪﻋﺎء‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ﱢ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻋﺎء{ ]إﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ‪ُ ْ َ [٣٩ :‬‬ ‫رﰊ َ َ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫َﱢ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﺎﱃ‪ ِ َ } :‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻼم ِ َإﱃ َ َ ِ‬ ‫َُ َِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻴـﻨﻬﻢ{ ]اﻟﻨﺤـﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟـﻴﺤﻜﻢ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬‫رﺑـﻚ َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫وإن َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫وﺟﻮﺑﺎ‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﳋﱪ ُ ُ ً‬ ‫ﻓﺰﺣﻠﻘﺖ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ{ ]اﻟﻘﻠﻢ‪[٤ :‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﲆ ُ ُ ٍ‬‫وإﻧﻚ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ِ َ } :‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﳛﻜﻢ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ‪ َ َ :‬ﱡ َ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺑﻚ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫‪َ ْ َ [١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ‬ ‫أن َﻻم ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ َ ِ ٍ ِ‬‫ﻋﲆ ُ ُ ٍ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ‪َ ْ َ َ :‬‬
‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺧـﱪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرك َ ﱠ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ َﻻ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﳑﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺖ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺖ َ ً ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫دون َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻜﺴﻮرة َ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫»ِ ﱠ‬
‫ﻧـﺪرك‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪ْ َ ْ َ :-‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎل – َ َ ً‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ َ َ َ َ‬
‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ َ َ‬ ‫اﳍﻤﺰة ُ َ‬‫إن« َ ْ ُ َ َ ْ‬
‫إن َ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻳﺪا َ ٌ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎل‪ ِ :‬ﱠ ْ‬
‫أﻧﻪ َﻻ ُ َ ُ‬‫أﻳﻀﺎ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫َْ ً‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ » ِ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻼم ِ َ‬ ‫واﻋﻠﻢ َ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ‪،‬‬
‫دون َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ َﳍﺎ َ َ ُ‬ ‫إن« َ َ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ َ َ‬
‫إذا ْ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫أن َﻫﺬه ﱠ َ‬ ‫َ َْْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َﻟﻦ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪا‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬
‫إن َ ْ ً‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َﱂ ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻦ ُ َ َ‬‫زﻳﺪا َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺮ ‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬
‫إن َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻳﺴ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪ِ -‬ﰲ‪َ ُ ْ ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎل ‪ً َ َ -‬‬ ‫ََ‬
‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫أﻧـﺖ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﺬب‪َ َ .‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إﻧـﻚ َ َ‬‫ﺗﻜـﺬب‪ ِ :‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺟﺘﻬـﺪت‬
‫ﻟـﻮ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟـﻼ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫أﻧـﺖ َﻻ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻳـﺴﺎﻓﺮ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻢ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬

‫ﻷ َﻬﺎ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ُ ََْ َ‬ ‫ﻤﺰﺣﻠﻘﺔ‪َ ُ ٌ َ ْ َ :‬‬

‫ََ ُ ْ َ َ ُ َُ ْ ََ ُ‬ ‫‪ْ ُ َ ٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻴـﺪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬واﻷول أو ؛ ِ‬‫أﺳﻤﺎء ِﻤﺴ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاء‪ ،‬وا ﻼم ا‬
‫ﻮﻛﻴﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻم ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫) ( ﻻم ا ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺜ ًا‬
‫َ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﺔ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎء َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻮن ا ُ ْ َ ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ َ ْ ُ‬
‫َْ َ‬
‫رﺿﺔ ﻛﺪﺧﻮ ِﻬﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ِ ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺘﺔ أﻳﻦ ﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وأﻣﺎ ﺑ ِ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ا ﻤﺜ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ ْ ُ َ ْ ََ ً‬ ‫ََ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاء‪َ ،‬و َﺰﺣﻠﻘﺘﻬﺎ ِ َ‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺖ َ‬‫َ َ ا ُﻤﺒﺘﺪأ ِ َ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫آﺧﺮهِ ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺖ ﺰﺣﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاء ا ِم إِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻻم ِ ِ ِ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻌﻼ ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ ْ ً‬
‫أن َ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ َ ْ‬
‫ﴍوط َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻷﻛﺮﻣﺘﻚ؛ ِ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻷن ْ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻬﺪت ِ َ ْ َ ْ ُ َ‬‫ﻟﻠﻮ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫إﻧﻚ َ َ ِ‬‫ﻷﻛﺮﻣﺘﻚ‪ ِ :‬ﱠ َ‬
‫َ ََْ ُْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻈﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻔﻲ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻓﻼ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ﱢ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن ِ ْ ً‬
‫ﻓﻌـﻼ‬ ‫أن َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣـﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ َ ْ‬
‫ﴍوط َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ‬
‫ﳊﴬ؛ ِ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻷن ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ َ َ َ‬ ‫إن َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺣﴬ‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ َ َ‬‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﺮة؛ ِ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ« َ ِ َ ً‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳌﻘـﺮون ِﺑــ » َ ْ‬
‫ﻗـﺪ«‬ ‫اﳌﺘﴫف َ ْ ُ َ‬‫اﳌﺎﴈ ُ َ َ ﱢ َ‬
‫ﻷن َ َ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮة َ ْأو ُ ْ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺘﴫﻓﺎ إِ ﱠﻻ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻊ » َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺎ ُ َ َ ﱢ ً‬
‫َ ً‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟـﻞ‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪ِ ٌ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ« َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل ِ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮب َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ُ َ ِ ِ‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ ﱠ ُ ُ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪َ َ .‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺧﻮل » َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻪ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎرع؛ ُ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ ُِ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪا ِ َ ً ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻼ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ ْ ً‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ؛ ِ َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ َ ْ ِ ْ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أن َﻻ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ َ ْ‬
‫ﴍوط َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ‬‫ﻷن ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﱠ ُ ُ‬‫زﻳﺪا َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫وط ﻣـْﺪُﺧ ِ‬ ‫ﺎرب َﻟﻌﻤـﺮا؛ ِﻷَﱠن ِﻣـﻦ ُﴍ ِ‬ ‫َوَﻻ ِﰲ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﻮﳍ َﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬ ‫زﻳـﺪا َﺿـ ِ ٌ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮا‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬
‫إن َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺿﺎرب َ ْ ً‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫زﻳـﺪا‬
‫إن َ ْ ً‬‫ﺿـﺎرب‪ْ َ ،‬أو‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬‫ﻟﻌﻤﺮا َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘُﺎل‪ ِ :‬ﱠ‬
‫إن َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻮل اﳋََِﱪ َأْن َﻳَﺘَﻘﱠﺪَم َﻋَﲆ اﳋََِﱪ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﱠاﻟِﺬي ُﻫَﻮ َﻣْﻌُﻤ ُ‬
‫اﳋـَِﱪ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻻ ِﰲ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﴍوط َ‬ ‫ﴐَب؛ ﻷَﱠن ﻣْﻦ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮا َ َ ِ‬
‫ﴐب‪ :‬إﱠن َزْﻳ ًﺪا َﻟَﻌْﻤ ًﺮا َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ ً َ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮا‪َ َ .‬‬ ‫َ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻟﻀﺎرب َ ْ ً‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺮون ِﺑــ » َ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ِ ِ ً ِ‬ ‫ﻮﳍ َﺎ َأْن َﻻ َﻳُﻜ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌِﺎﻣِﻞ ِﰲ ﻣْﺪُﺧ ِ‬
‫ﻗـﺪ«‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺘﴫف َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺎض ُﻣ َ َ ﱢ ٌ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻮن ُ ْ َ ً ْ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﻟـﺪار؛ ِ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﳉﺎﻟـﺴﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟـﺴﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﺮة‪ .‬وﻻ ﰲ‪ِ ٌ َ :‬‬ ‫َ َِ ً‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻷن ْ‬ ‫اﻟـﺪار‪ :‬إِﱠن َزْﻳـًﺪا َ َ ً‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ً‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮة َ ْأو ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ً‬
‫أن َﻻ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳋﱪ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﴍوط ْ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُُ‬
‫ﻚ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ﺑَِﻘْﻮﻟ ِِﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﱢﻠﻴِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﻧَﻈﻤﻬﺎ اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟ ِ ٍ‬
‫ََ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋَﺪة ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻫَﺬا‪ ،‬واﺳﺘِﻨَﺎدا إَِﱃ َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ ً‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ * َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻢ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻛﲈ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪ْ َ :‬‬‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮل‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰ َ َ‬ ‫وﺣﺬف َﻣﺎ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺬف َﺧـﱪ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ َﻻ ِﰲ َ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺎرﻳﺔ ِﰲ ﱡ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة َ ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻫـﺬه‬‫ﳛـ َ ُ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻞ ُ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮل َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﺎل َﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ُ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻷﺣﺮف ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﱠَ‬
‫َ ِ‬
‫ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻠﺖ‪ َ َ :‬ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ َ ْ َ ً‬
‫أﺑﺪاﻻ‪ُ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻞ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻟﺖ * ُ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻟﻮا‪َ :‬ﻳﺎ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ََ ْ ِ‬
‫أﺗﻮﲏ َ َ ُ‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻬﺎ َ َ ﱠ َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻟﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫أي‪ َ َ :‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪ْ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻣﺎ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وإن * َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻤﻰ َ ِ ْ‬
‫وإن‬ ‫ﻓﻘﲑا ُ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻢ َﻳﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎت َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺖ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺠﻤﻠﺔ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وإن َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘـﻮل‬ ‫وﺧﱪﻫﺎ‪ُ َ ْ ُ َ .‬‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ َ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن« َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻣﺎ‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﺤﺬوف » َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﲑا ُ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ً‬ ‫أي‪ْ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي ِ َإﱃ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺬف ِ َﺑﻼ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ؛ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺣﺬف ِ ﱠإﻻ ِ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬ ‫زﻳـﺪ‪ْ َ ،‬‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻛﲈ؟ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺲ‪ْ َ :‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ ُ َ ﱢ‬ ‫اﳊ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻷن َ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ َﻻ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬‫دﻧﻒ‪ ،‬أي‪ٌ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫أي‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫دﻧﻒ‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ؟ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ َ ْ ٌ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‪َ ْ َ .‬‬‫زﻳﺪ ِ ْ َ َ‬
‫ٌَْ‬
‫اﻷول‪:‬‬‫ﺛﻼﺛﺎ( َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ( َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫أﺑﻮاﲠﺎ ) َ َ ً‬ ‫إذ * َ َ ْ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاب ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺳﺦ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ) َ ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﺧﺬ( َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫)َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪َ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺳﺦ )َو( ﱠ ِ ُ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاب ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺜﺎ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫وأﺧﻮاﲥﺎ‪ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻫﺬان ُ ُ َ‬ ‫إن« َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﲏ‪ ِ » :‬ﱠ‬‫وأﺧﻮاﲥﺎ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن« َ َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫»َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻠـﺚ ) َﱂ ْ‬
‫وﻫـﺬا ﱡ ُ ُ‬ ‫وأﺧﻮاﲥـﺎ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻇـﻦ« َ َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫وﻫـﻮ » َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻵن‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻚ َ‬ ‫ذاﻛﺮوﻧﻪ َ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻠﺚ( ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ذاك ﱡ ْ ُ‬ ‫)َ َ‬
‫وﻫﻮ ِﺑﻘﻴ ُﺘﻬﺎ‪ِ َ َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻟﻴﻚ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‪ َ َ ُ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻳﻘﻞ( ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺟـﺰأي َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ َﺧـﱪه‪ِ ْ َ ) :‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻲ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﲨﻠـﺔ(‬ ‫ﺗﻨـﺼﺐ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اﳊﺮف ُ ْ َ َ ٌ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻈﻦ( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫)َ َ ﱠ‬
‫أﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺤﻮ ) َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻨﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ) ُ ِ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺬان ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻢ َﳍﺎ( َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ« ) َ ُ ﱠ‬‫أي‪ِ :‬ﺑـ‪ َ » :‬ﱠ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﺎ ِ َﲠﺎ( َ ْ‬ ‫اﳉﺰآن َ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ َ‬
‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ َ َ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻚ ﻣﺎ َﱂ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ُ َ ﱢ ُ َ َ ْ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮه ْ‬ ‫وﺳﻞ( َ ْ‬ ‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ ) َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬

‫ﺛﻘﺔ( َوِﻣَﺜُﺎل َأِﺧِﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪا ِ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ﻇﻦ«‪ َ ) :‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻇﻦ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﳊﺮف ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ » َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ‬ ‫أي‪ُ َ ِ :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ( َ ْ‬
‫) َ ُُ‬
‫ِ‬

‫اﻷﻣﻞ(‪.‬‬‫واﺳﻊ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱠْﺴِﺦ ﱠاﻟِﺬي ُﻫَﻮ »َرَأى«‪ْ َ َ ) :‬‬

‫وﻗﺪ َ َ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮا َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس َ ْ ً‬
‫رأى ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﺔ َﻏﲑ َ ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وأﺧﻮاﲥﺎ َ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ُ ْ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪى‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺨﺔ َ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫أﻓﻌﺎل َ ﱠ ٌ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ« َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫أن » َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳌﺤﺪﺛﲔ َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َ‬
‫رأى َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎره َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗﱪر ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﲑ ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻷن َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﻼ ِ َ َ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺔ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺻﺢ َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ َ‬ ‫إذ َ ْ‬
‫ﻟﻮ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ُ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ؛ ِ ْ‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫ِ‬
‫اﳊﺎل َ َ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎ َ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺨﺔ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ‬
‫واﳊﺎل‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ َ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫إذ َ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ َ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﺟﺎء َ ْ ٌ‬‫ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎء« ْ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺎرت » َ َ‬
‫ﻷن َ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎ‪.‬‬‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ َ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﻴﻘﺎل‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬‫ﲨﻠﺔ َﻓ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﳊﺎن َ ْ ﱠ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ًَ‬
‫ﺎﻣًﺔ‪َ ،‬وِﻣْﻦ َذﻟ َِﻚ‪:‬‬‫ﺎرَﻫﺎ َأْﻓَﻌ ًﺎﻻ َﺗ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻋﺘَِﺒ ِ‬‫ﺎك َﻣﺎ َﻳْﺪُﻋﻮ إَِﱃ ْ‬
‫ُﺛﱠﻢ إِﱠن ُﻫﻨَ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻒ ﺑَِﺘَﻌﱟﺪ َوَﻻ ﺑُِﻠُﺰ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﲔ »َﻇﱠﻦ« َوَأَﺧَﻮ َ‬
‫اﲥـﺎ َوَﺑـ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌَﻼَﻗُﺔ َﺑ ْ َ‬
‫وم َﺑْﻴﻨََﲈ َ‬ ‫ﻮﺻ ُ‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻨﱠَﻮاﺳُﺦ َﻻ ُﺗ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘْﻌِﺪَﻳِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲔ ﻓِﻴَﻬﺎ َﻣْﻌﻨَﻰ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮﻟ ْ ِ‬
‫َاﳌْﻔُﻌ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺳﺦ ِ ﱠإﻣﺎ َ ِ َ ُ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﱠ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻇـﻦ« َ َ َ َ ُ َ‬
‫وأﺧﻮاﲥـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪوﻣﺘـﻪ َ ْ ً‬
‫أﺻـﻼ‪َ ،‬و» َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ َ ْأو ُ ْ ُ َ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﴫف َ ً‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﱠ َ ﱡ‬
‫َْ َ ٌ‬
‫أﻓﻌﺎل ُ َ َ ﱢ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺘﴫﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻋﻄﻰ« َ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛـﺴﺎ‪َ ،‬أ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻟـﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺢ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺳﺄل‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪َ َ َ :‬‬‫وأﺧﻮاﲥﺎ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ » َ ْ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ َ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻗﻮي َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ َ َ ٌ‬
‫‪ُ َ ُ -٣‬‬
‫درى‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫و» َﻇﻦ« َ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠـﻢ وﻫـﺬه ﻟﻠﻴﻘـﲔ‪َ ،‬و‪:‬‬ ‫أﻟﻔـﻰ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ ْ‬ ‫وﺟـﺪ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫رأى‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫وأﺧﻮاﲥﺎ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫َ ﱠ َ َ َ‬
‫رد‪،‬‬
‫ﺗـﺮك‪ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﲣﺬ‪َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫ﲣـﺬ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺻﲑ‪ ،‬ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺤﺎن‪َ ،‬و‪ َ :‬ﱠ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺬه ﱡ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺐ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫زﻋﻢ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ َ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺧﺎل‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ً ِ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺔ‪َ ،‬و‪َ ْ َ :‬‬‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪا ِ َ ً‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ِ ً‬ ‫وﻫﺬه ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪َ َ ،‬أﻻ َ َﺗﺮى َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺐ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪا ْ َ ً‬
‫درﳘـﺎ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﻰ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ َ ْ ٌ‬‫ﺑﲔ‪ َ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫وﻣﻔﻌﻮﱄ » َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِﻣﻦ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﱄ » َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻇـﻦ«‬ ‫ﺳﻮى َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﻰ« َ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ« َ َ ْ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﱄ » َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﲔ َ ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫إذ َﻻ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﺮق َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ َ ِ ﱟ‬
‫ﻗﻮي؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻏـﲑ َ ﱠ‬
‫أن َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌـﻮل‬ ‫أﺻـﻠﻬﲈ ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘـﺪأ َ َ َ ً‬
‫وﺧـﱪا‪َ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‬‫أﻋﻄﻰ« َ ْ َ‬‫وﻣﻔﻌﻮﱄ » َ ْ َ‬
‫وﺧﱪ‪َ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﺻﻠﻬﲈ ُ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ َ َ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ ْ َُُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ َ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ِﰲ ِ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻷول ِﻟـ » َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﻫﻢ‪.‬‬
‫أﺧﺬ ﱢ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ؛ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﻰ« ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫َﱠ َ‬
‫ﻮﱄ َأْﻓَﻌ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﱪا إِﱠﻻ‬
‫ﻮن ُﻣْﺒَﺘـَﺪًأ َوَﺧـ َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﺤِﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻞ َﻣﺎ َﻻ َﻳْﻘَﺒـُﻞ َأْن َﻳُﻜـ َ‬ ‫ﺎل ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َﻣْﻔُﻌ َ ْ‬‫َﺑْﻞ إِﱠﻧﻨَﺎ َﻟﻨَِﺠُﺪ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺑَِﺘْﺄِو ٍ‬
‫ﱪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺎ؛ إِْذ َﻻ َﻳﺼﱡﺢ َﻗْﻮُﻟﻨَﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﻔﱠﻀُﺔ َﺧَﺎﺗٌﻢ؛ ﻷَﱠن َ‬
‫اﳋـ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﺻﲑ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ َ :‬ﱠ َ‬
‫وذﻟﻚ َ ْ ُ‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻨَﺎ َﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ُاﳌﺒَﺘَﺪَأ ِﰲ َاﳌﻌﻨَﻰ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳊﻘﻴﻘﱢﻲ‪ ،‬إِْذ َﻟْﻴَﺴﺖ اﻟﻔﱠﻀُﺔ ﻫَﻲ اﳋََﺎﺗَﻢ‪َ ،‬وَﻟـْﻴَﺲ َ‬
‫اﳋـَﺎﺗُﻢ ُﻫـَﻮ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺌﻮل ِ َإﱃ َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫أن ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﱠﻀَﺔ إِﱠﻻ َ َ‬
‫ﺣـﺴﺒﺖ ِ ﱢ َ‬
‫اﳌـﺮﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪ُ ْ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﺤﺎن‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وذﻟـﻚ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﻓﻌﺎل ﱡ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ« ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺄن ِﰲ » َ َ‬ ‫َ ََِ َ‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨـﻰ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺤﻀﺔ؛ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ َ َ ِ‬‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ ِ :‬ﱢ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻫﺮة؛ ِ ْ‬
‫إذ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺴﺎد َ ْ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻫﺮة‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﱡ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺼﺢ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫إذ َﻻ َﻳ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ ََ َ‬
‫أو ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﴐب ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ٍ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ َ ُ ُ َ‬
‫أﺣﺪﳘﺎ ُ َ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺗﺒﻌﻬﺎ * ِ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫وﺗﻠﻚ ِ ﱠ ُ‬‫‪َ ْ ِ َ -٣٠‬‬
‫واﻟﺒﺪل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻌﺖ َو َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاب َ ُ ْ ِ ُ َ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺔ َ ْ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻴﺎ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ َﻣﺎ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻞ‬ ‫وﺧﺎدﻣﻪ * َ ُأﺑﻮ ﱢ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ْ‬ ‫واﰱ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺰﻳﺪ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪل َ ْ‬ ‫‪ٌ ْ َ َ -٣١‬‬
‫وﺧـﱪ » ِ ﱠ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ‪ُ َ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪ُ ِ َ :‬‬ ‫) ِْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫إن«‬ ‫ﻛـﺎن«‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫واﺳﻢ » َ َ‬
‫وﺧﱪه‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬‫واﳌﺒﺘﺪأ‪ُ ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﺗﻠﻚ( ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ِِ ِ‬ ‫اب( ِﻣﻦ َ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫) ِ ﱠُ‬
‫اﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﻋـﲆ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒـﺎب ﱠ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺗﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺑــ( َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜـﻼم َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎت‪َ ،‬و) َ ُ ْ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺔ َ ْ َ‬
‫أﺑﻮ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿـﺎ ِﰲ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋـﻪ َ ْأو ِﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ َ ِ ً‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻄـﻒ( ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ ) َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﺒـﲔ َ ْ ً‬
‫اﻟـﺬي ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻌﺖ( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫) ﱠْ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋـﻪ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻓـﻊ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن ) َ ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ( ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻘـﺮر َ ْ ُ َ ُ‬
‫وﻋﻄﻒ ٍ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻖ‪َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻄﻒ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‪ُ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ َِﱢ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ُ ِ َ‬‫واﻟﺒﺪل( ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻏﲑه‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺐ ِ َإﱃ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪ ِ َﺑﲈ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻲ‪ ِ َ ْ َ َ ،‬ﱞ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻨﻮي ) َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‪ ْ َ :‬ﱞ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﲈل ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻬﻮ َ ْأو َ ْ ِ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ ِِ‬
‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع‪.‬‬ ‫دوﻧﻪ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﻪ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ ِ ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ َ َ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ﱠ ِ‬
‫وﻫـﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺳـﲈء‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌـﺔ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﱪ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻫﻲ َﻣﺎ ُ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ذﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َو َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫َُ ِ َُ ِ‬
‫إﻋﺮاﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﺔ َﳌﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻌﺪل( ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠﻌ ِ‬ ‫آﻧﻔﺎ )َﻛـ(َﻗْﻮﻟ َِﻚ‪ٌ ْ َ ) :‬‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ِ ً‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺑِِﻊ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َوَأْﻣﺜَﻠُﺔ ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫واﰱ( َأي‪ََ :‬أﺗﻰ ) َ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺧﺎدﻣﻪ ) َ ُأﺑﻮ ﱢ َ‬
‫اﻟـﻀﻴﺎ(‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫وأﺗﻰ َ ْ ً‬ ‫وﺧﺎدﻣﻪ( ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟَﻌْﻄﻒ اﻟﻨﱠَﺴِﻖ‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أي‪َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫َ ُُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬
‫)َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺆدة ِ َ ٍ‬‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻞ( َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫وإﺑﻄﺎء‪.‬‬‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫أي‪ْ :‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ َﻣﺎ َ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟْﻠَﺒَﺪِل ) َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ( ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟﱠﻠﺘْﻮﻛﻴﺪ َاﳌْﻌﻨَِﻮﱢي ) ْ‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎ ُب ﱠ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎت اﻷَْﺳَﲈِء‬ ‫ِﰲ ﻣْﻨﺼﻮﺑ ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎت ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻠﻞ‬ ‫اﳋﺎﱄ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ * َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ َ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮي َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫‪َ ْ َ َ -٣٢‬‬
‫ِِ‬
‫أوﺿﺢ ﱡ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻋﴩ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻊ َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻋﺪدا * َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺗﻪ َ َ ً‬‫ﲨﻠﺔ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫‪ُ ُ َ -٣٣‬‬
‫أﻗﻮل ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫واﻧﻈﺮ ِ َإﱃ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ َ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﳌﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻪ َ ُﻟﻪ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫وﺑﻪ * َوﻓﻴﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ ُ ْ َ ٌ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫‪َ ْ -٣٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ِ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻋﺘﺎﺑﻚ ِﱄ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻴﻞ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ْ‬ ‫وﺟﺌﺖ َ ﱢ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻏﺪاة َ َأﺗﻰ * َ ِ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮو َ َ َ‬ ‫ﴐﺑﺎ َ َأﺑﺎ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﴐﺑﺖ َ ْ ً‬ ‫‪ُ ْ َ َ -٣٥‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻓﺘﺤﻪ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮدا َ ْ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ﻓﺈن َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺧﱪ * َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪه َ َ ٌ‬
‫اﺳﻢ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺈن َﳍﺎ ْ ٌ‬ ‫وﻻ َ ِ ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ َ -٣٦‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎت ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻠﻞ( َ ِ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳋﺎﱄ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ * َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ َ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮي َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫)ََ َْ‬
‫اﳋﻄﺄِ‪.‬‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﲤﻴﻴﺰ‪ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬
‫اﻟﻌـَﺪُد )َﺳـْﺒٌﻊ‬‫ﺣﻴـﺚ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ‬‫أي‪ْ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺗﻪ( َأْي‪ :‬اﻻْﺳِﻢ )َﻋَﺪًدا( َ ْ ِ ٌ ْ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫)َ ُ ُ‬
‫أﻗﻮل‪ُ َ ْ ُ :‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أي‪َ :‬أْوَﺿـُﺢ‬ ‫اﻟـﺴﺒﻞ( َ ْ‬
‫أوﺿﺢ ﱡ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﴩ )َوَﻫَﺬا( ﱢاﻟﺬي َذَﻛْﺮُﺗُﻪ ِﰲ َﺗْﻌَﺪادَﻫﺎ ) َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﴩ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﺳْﺒَﻌَﺔ َﻋ َ َ‬ ‫َوَﻋ ْ ٌ‬
‫اﻟﻄُﺮِق‪.‬‬
‫ﱡ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫وﻛﻼﳘﺎ ُ ﱠ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳﺒﻊ« َ َ ُ َ‬‫ﻋﴩ َ َ ْ ٌ‬‫وﻋﴩ«‪ٌ ْ َ » :‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻊ َ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻦ » َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻮل‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﱠاﻟِﺬي وَﻗﻊ َﻋَﻠﻴِﻪ ﻓِﻌُﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ َ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻴـﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋِﻞ َ َ ﱡ‬
‫وﻳﺼﺢ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫ﲨُﻊ َﻣْﻔُﻌ ٍ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ( َ ْ‬ ‫) َْ‬
‫ﻮل )ﺑَِﻪ( َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ(‪َ :‬أﱠو ُﳍ َﺎ‪َ :‬ﻣْﻔُﻌ ٌ‬
‫ﻳﺪل َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺎ‪َ :‬ﻣْﻔُﻌ ٌ‬
‫وﻳﺆﻛﺪه )َو( َﺛﺎﻧ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ َ ُ َ ﱢ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻮل )ُﻣْﻄَﻠٌﻖ( ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫ﳛﺪد َ ْ َ‬ ‫)َْ ٌ‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ )و( َﺛﺎﻟ ُِﺜﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣْﻔﻌ ٌ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ َﻛﲈ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ِ ْ ُ‬
‫وﻗﻊ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌـﺴﻤﻰ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻇﺮﻓـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻫـﻮ ُ َ ﱠ‬‫ﻮل )ﻓﻴﻪ( َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ً َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ َ ِ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻮل )َﻣَﻌـُﻪ( َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫وﻇﺮف َ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻜـﺎن‪َ .‬وَراﺑُِﻌَﻬـﺎ‪َ :‬ﻣْﻔُﻌـ ٌ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف َ ٍ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳـﺪل َ َ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‪َ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺴﲈن‪َ ُ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫َ ُ َ َْ‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
‫ﻮل )َﻟـُﻪ( َأْي‪:‬‬‫اﳌﻌﻴﺔ‪َ ،‬وَﺧِﺎﻣُﺴَﻬﺎ‪َ :‬ﻣْﻔُﻌ ٌ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ »ﻣﻊ« ُﺗﺴﻤﻰ واو َ ِ ِ‬
‫واو ِ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ﱠ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ ُ َ َ َ‬
‫واﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻳﻘﻊ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟـﺴﺒﺐ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫وﻗـﻮع‬ ‫وﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ِ ِﺑﻪ ِ ﱠ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﺔ َ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر َ ْ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ َ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ِﻷَْﺟﻠِِﻪ‪ ُ َ ،‬ﱡ‬
‫ﻳﺪل َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﺎن َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎرﻛﻪ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ِْ ٍ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ُ ِ‬ ‫)وْاﻧُﻈﺮ إَِﱃ ُاﳌُﺜِﻞ( َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﴚء َ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫وﻣﻘﺪاره‪:‬‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ َ ٍ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل ِ ِﺑﻪ ) َ َ َ‬
‫ﻏﺪاة َ َأﺗـﻰ(‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻄﻠﻖ ) َأﺑﺎ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮو( َ ٌ َ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل ُ ْ َ ِ َ َ ْ‬‫ﴐﺑﺎ( َ ٌ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﴐﺑﺖ َ ْ ً‬
‫)َ َْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻴـﻪ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌـﻮل ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺖ َأﻣﺎم ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ َ ِ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫ﻇـﺮف‬
‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‪َ ٌ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‪َ ،‬و‪ْ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ :‬‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ٌ َ‬
‫ﻟـﻪ َ ْأو‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻌﻪ ) َ ً ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻴﻞ( ِ َ ٌ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ْ َ ْ ُ ِ َ َ ُ ْ‬
‫اﳌﻜ ِ‬
‫ﺎن ) َ ِ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻋﺘﺎﺑﻚ ِﱄ( َ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ْ‬ ‫وﺟﺌﺖ َ ﱢ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫َِ ِِ‬
‫ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ َ ِ َ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪ِ ً َ ) :‬‬
‫وﻛﻼﳘﺎ ُ ﱠ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎﺑﻚ ِﱄ( َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ْ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﲣـﱢﺼ ُ‬ ‫ﺎدﱠي ﻟ ِْﻠُﺠْﻤَﻠـِﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑَِﻤْﻌَﻨـﻰ َأﱠﳖـﺎ ُ َ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻨَ ِ‬
‫ﺺ اﳌَْﻌﻨَﻰ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﲣﱢﺼ ُ‬ ‫اﻋَﻠْﻢ َأﱠن ِ‬
‫اﳉَﻬَﺔ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َِ ٌ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‪ْ :‬‬
‫اﻟﺘْﺨِﺼ ِ‬
‫ﻴﺺ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻮم ﱠ‬ ‫ات َﺗْﺪُﺧُﻞ َ ْﲢَﺖ َﻣْﻔُﻬ ِ‬ ‫ﺎت َوَاﳌْﺠُﺮ َ‬
‫ور ُ‬ ‫ﻮﺑ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺰَﻣَﻦ‪َ ،‬وَاﳌﻨُْﺼ َ‬‫ﺺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﲣﱢﺼ ُ‬ ‫ث َﻛَﲈ ُ َ‬ ‫اﳊََﺪ َ‬
‫اﻟﻘـَﺮَاءِة إَِﱃ َﻧْﻔـِﺴَﻚ‬
‫ث ِ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ َذﻟ َِﻚ َﻧُﻘ ُ‬
‫ﻮل‪َ :‬أْﻧَﺖ إَِذا ُﻗْﻠَﺖ‪َ :‬ﻗَﺮْأ ُت‪َ ،‬ﻓَﻘْﺪ َأْﺳـﻨَْﺪَت َﺣـَﺪ َ‬ ‫َوﻟ َِﺘْﻮِﺿ ِ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﺎم َﻳْﺸَﻤُﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑَِﻮْﺟﻪ َﻋ ﱟ‬
‫ﻮل ﺑِِﻪ‪.‬‬
‫وء‪َ ..‬اﳌْﻔُﻌ ُ‬ ‫‪ُ -‬ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻣْﻘﺮ ٍ‬
‫َ ُ‬
‫ﻮل ِﻷَْﺟﻠِِﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻟ ِْﻠِﻘَﺮَاءِة‪َ ..‬اﳌْﻔُﻌ ُ‬ ‫‪َ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﺳَﺒ ٍ‬

‫ﻮل َﻣَﻌُﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﺐ ﻟ ِْﻠِﻘَﺮَاءِة‪َ ..‬اﳌْﻔُﻌ ُ‬

‫ﺎﺣ ٍ‬ ‫‪ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻣﺼ ِ‬
‫ُ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺎن‪.‬‬‫ف َاﳌَﻜ ِ‬ ‫ﺎن ﻟ ِْﻠِﻘَﺮَاءِة‪َ ..‬ﻇْﺮ ُ‬
‫‪ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻣَﻜ ٍ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫ف‪َ ،‬ﻟـْﻦ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ف ﱠ ِ‬ ‫‪َ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ َزَﻣ ٍﻦ ﻟ ِْﻠِﻘَﺮَاءِة‪َ ..‬ﻇْﺮ ُ‬
‫ﲔ‪َ ،‬ﺳـْﻮ َ‬ ‫اﳊُﺮوف‪َ :‬ﻗْﺪ‪َ ،‬ﱂ ْ‪ ،‬ﳌَﱠﺎ‪ ،‬ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﺴ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺰَﻣﺎن‪َ ،‬وَﺑْﻌُﺾ ُ‬
‫اﺳُﺦ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔْﻌﻠِﱠﻴُﺔ‪َ :‬ﻛ َ‬ ‫إﻟﺦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﱠﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺎد َوَأَﺧَﻮ ُ َ‬
‫اﲥﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﲥﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻛ َ‬ ‫ﺎن َوَأَﺧَﻮ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﳊُﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫‪َ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﻛْﻴﻔﱠﻴﺔ ﻟْﻠﻘَﺮَاءة‪َ ..‬‬
‫ﲔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠْﻮِع‪.‬‬‫ﻮل ُاﳌْﻄَﻠُﻖ ُاﳌَﺒ ﱢ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع ﻟ ِْﻠِﻘَﺮَاءِة‪َ ..‬اﳌْﻔُﻌ ُ‬
‫‪َ -‬وُﻛ ﱠﻞ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﺎز‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺮاﻓُِﻊ ﻟ ِْﻠَﻤَﺠ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ُاﳌْﻄَﻠُﻖ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳊِﻘَﻴﻘَﺔ‪َ ..‬اﳌْﻔُﻌ ُ‬
‫‪َ -‬وَاﳌَﺠ َﺎز َأِو َ‬
‫ﺎق َﺑْﻌـَﺪ َأْن َﺟَﻌَﻠـُﻪ اﻟﻨﱡَﺤـُﺎة اﻷََوِاﺋـُﻞ َوﻇَِﻴﻔـَﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣُﻦ اﻟﻨﱠْﺤِﻮﱡي َوﻇَِﻴﻔَﺔ اﻟـﺴَﻴ ِ‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﳑ ﱠﺎ َﺳَﺒَﻖ ُﻳْﺼﺒُِﺢ ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﲔ َﺗﺮاﻛِﻴﺐ ُ ْ َ ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫اﺳَﻄِﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘْﻔِﺮَﻳﻖ ﺑِﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺼ َ ِ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ َﻧْﺤُﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰَﻣِﻦ َﺑ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻴﻊ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻴﻐﺔ‪َ ،‬وﺑَِﺬﻟَﻚ َﻧْﺴَﺘﻄ ُ‬ ‫ﱢ‬
‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫‪َََ -‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ُ َْ-‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‪َ َ ً َ ْ ،‬‬ ‫اﳊﺎﴐ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ُ َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫‪َْ -‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺎﴐ‪.‬‬‫اﳌﻨﺘﻬﻲ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ ُ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ َ‬ ‫‪َْ -‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ -‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ‬ ‫‪َْ -‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُاﳌ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -‬‬

‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻞ‪ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ :‬‬
‫‪ُ َْ َ -‬‬

‫اﻟﺒِﻌ ُ‬
‫ﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ُ :‬اﳌْﺴَﺘْﻘَﺒُﻞ َ‬‫ﺳﻮف َ ْ ُ‬
‫‪َ ْ َ -‬‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫إن ُ ِ َ ْ‬
‫وﺟﺪت َ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺑﻴﺪ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ ُ ْ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫ﻟﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺑﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫‪ْ َ-‬‬
‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬
‫‪َ -‬ﱂ ْ َ ْ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ اﻟ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﱠﳌﺎ َ ْ ْ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻇﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎت َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫‪َ َ-‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ ﱠ‬ ‫‪َْ -‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﳌُ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺎت َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫‪َْ -‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫ﻈﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ َ ﱡ‬‫‪َ َ -‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف َ َ ﱡ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ُ ْ َ ﱡ‬ ‫‪َ ْ َ -‬‬
‫اﳌﺘﺼﻞ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺎﴐ‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ ُ ﱠ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫‪َ -‬ﻣﺎ َزَال َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ :‬ا َﳌﺎﴈ ُ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻘﺎرب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎد َ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪َ -‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ُ َ ِ ً‬ ‫أي‪ِ َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ََِ -‬‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪأ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﴩوﻋﻲ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ ﱡ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻖ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ُ َ ِ ً‬ ‫أي‪ِ َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪأ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﴩوﻋﻲ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪َ :‬اﳌﺎﴈ ﱡ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫‪ََ َ -‬‬

‫واﺣـﺘﲈﻻ ِ َ‬
‫ﺣـﲔ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن‬ ‫واﺣـ ًﺪا‪ً َ ِ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﺳـﻤﻬﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺣﲔ َ ُ ُ ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻧﺼﺎ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ِ ْ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫)َو»َﻻ«( ﱠ ِ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إن«( ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ِﻣﻦ ِ ٍ‬
‫واﺣﺪ )َﻛـ‪ ِ » :‬ﱠ‬
‫وﻫـﻲ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻓـﺮع‬ ‫اﳋـﱪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫وﺗﺮﻓﻊ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺼﺐ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ُ َ َ :‬‬ ‫اﺷﱰﻃﻮا َﳍﺎ ُ ً ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؛ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺎﴍﲥـﺎ‬
‫وﻣﺒ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻜـﺮات َ َ ْ‬
‫ﻓﻘـﻂ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﴍوﻃﺎ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻟﺬا ْ َ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ََْ‬
‫وﻋﺪم ﱠ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ) َ ِ ْ‬ ‫ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻜﺮة ِ َﺑﻼ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻟـﻴﺲ ُ َ ً‬
‫ﻣـﻀﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬
‫وﻫﻮ ُ َ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ) ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮدا( َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ( ْ ُ َ‬‫ﻓﺈن َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻷن َ ْ ِ‬ ‫إﻳﺎه؛ ِ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻓﺘﺤﻪ( ِ َﺑﻼ َ ْ ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫وﻻ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪َ :‬ﻻ َر ُ َ‬
‫ﺟـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺢ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ َ ً‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ِﺑﻪ ) َ ْ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓـﺈن َ ْ َ‬
‫أﻧـﺖ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ِ َﺑﻼ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ِ ْ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺻﻞ( »َﻻ« ﱠ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ ِ‬ ‫ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻓـﺼﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺪار ) ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ ُ ْ َ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘـﺪأ َ َ َ ً‬
‫وﺧـﱪا‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮارﻫﺎ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻛﺎن َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ووﺟﺐ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﱪ‪ْ َ ِ ْ ُ ،‬‬
‫أﳘﻠﺖ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫وﻟﻮ ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ َ ِ‬
‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ َ َ ْ‬
‫وﺑﲔ ْ َ‬
‫َََْ ََْ‬
‫وﻻ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫اﻣﺮأة‪.‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻻ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪار َ ُ ٌ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﺳـِﻤَﻬﺎ َﻛﺎﻟ َﻜﻠَِﻤـِﺔ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲔ ِ‬
‫اﺳﻤَﻬﺎ ُ ْﳞﺪُر َﻣﺎ َﻗَﺎﻟُﻪ اﻟﻨﱡَﺤُﺎة ﻣْﻦ َأ ﱠﳖ َﺎ َﻣَﻊ ْ‬ ‫َﻓﺎﺋَِﺪٌة‪َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻔْﺼُﻞ َﺑْﻴﻨََﻬﺎ َوَﺑ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ﺎن َذِﻟـَﻚ‬ ‫اﺣـَﺪِة ﺑَِﻔﺎِﺻـٍﻞ‪َ ،‬وإَِذا َﻛـ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠِﻤـِﺔ اﻟﻮ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﲔ َأْﺟَﺰاء َ َ‬ ‫ﻮم َأﱠﻧُﻪ َﻻ ُﻳْﻔَﺼُﻞ َﺑ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣَﺪة‪َ ،‬وَﻣْﻌُﻠ ٌ‬
‫َ‬
‫اﺳِﻤَﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻌْﻄﻒ َﻋَﲆ َﻣْﻮﺿِﻊ »َﻻ« َﻣَﻊ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َﻛَﺬﻟ َِﻚ اﳖﺎر ﻣﺎ َﻗﻌُﺪوه َﻋَﲆ ﻫِﺬِه َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋَﺪة ﳑ ﱠﺎ ُﻳَﺴﱠﻤﻰ ﺑِ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴ ِﻪ‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻗـْﻮُل‬ ‫ﺎﻫ ًﺪا ﻟ َِﻜْﺜﺮ ِة ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﲔ َأﺣُﺪ ُﳘﺎ َﻻ ﻳﺮَﻗﻰ َﺷ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﺳَﺘْﺸَﻬُﺪوا ﻟَﻘﺎﻋَﺪﲥِْﻢ ﺑَِﺒْﻴَﺘ ْ ِ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َو ْ‬
‫اﻟﺸ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻋِﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻐﺎر ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ * َﻻ ُ ﱠأم ِﱄ – ِ ْ‬
‫وﻻ َ ُ‬
‫أب‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ َ‬
‫ذاك‪َ َ -‬‬ ‫إن َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ َ ْ ُ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﺮﻛﻢ ﱠ َ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻻ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ َﻛﲈ ِﻫﻲ ِﰲ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫وﻫـﻲ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻗـﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﳍـﻢ َ‬‫َ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻮان‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َُ َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﲏ ِ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫رواﻳﺘﻪ ﱠ‬
‫َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ذﻧﺎﺑﻰ َﻻ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﺄي َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺻﺪر‬ ‫ﻳﺪان َ َ‬
‫وﻻ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ َﻣﺎﻟﻚ * َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫وأﻧﺘﻢ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ َﻳﺎ َر ِ َ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻊ ْ َ‬ ‫َِ ﱢ‬
‫ﻫﻜﺬا‪:‬‬ ‫وﻫﻢ ُ ْ ِ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﻧﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫َ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﺄي َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺻﺪر‬ ‫ذﻧﺎﺑﻰ َﻻ َ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻳﻦ َ َ‬
‫وﻻ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ َﻣﺎﻟﻚ * َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫وأﻧﺘﻢ ُ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ َﻳﺎ َ ِ َ‬
‫رﺑﻴﻊ ْ َ‬ ‫َِ ﱢ‬
‫ﳏﻞ » َﻻ َ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻳﻦ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻋﻄﻒ َ َ‬‫ﺻﺪر« َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن‪ُ ْ َ » :‬‬ ‫ُﱠ‬
‫أﺳﲑ ﻫﻮى ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎﲠﻪ * َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ َ َ َ ً َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺠﻮ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ِ َﲠﺎ َ ْأو َﻣﺎ ُ َ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫اﻧﺼﺐ ُ َ ً‬
‫‪َ -٣٧‬و ْ ْ‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫وﻻ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﲤﻞ‬ ‫إﻣﺎم ْ ِ ْ‬
‫اﻋﺪل َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ * ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ُ ْ‬
‫وﻗﻞ َﻳﺎ ِ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ُ ْ َ ً‬ ‫اﳌﻨﺎدى َ َ َ‬ ‫‪ِ ْ َ -٣٨‬‬
‫واﺑﻦ ُ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وإن ُ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﻞ‬ ‫رﺣﻴﲈ ِﺑﻨَﺎ َﻳﺎ َ َ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻓﺮ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ َﻳﺎ َ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ َ ْأو ُ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻪ * ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎد ُ َ ً‬ ‫‪ْ ِ َ -٣٩‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺬرا * ﻳﺮﺟﻮ ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ َ َ‬ ‫‪ُ َ َ -٤٠‬‬
‫وﺟﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ‬
‫رﺿﺎك َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ُ ْ َ ً َ ْ ُ‬
‫أﺗﺎك َ ْ ُ‬ ‫واﳊﺎل َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻷﻣﲑ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺟﺎرﻳﺔ * ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻞ ِ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﻋﴩون َ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺴﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﻨﻄﺎر َ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﺰ َ ُ ْ‬‫وإن ُ َ ﱢ ْ‬‫‪ْ ِ َ -٤١‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬‫ﻋﴩ )َِﲠـﺎ( َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎت ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺳﺎدس َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ( َو ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ) ُ َ ً‬ ‫)َ ْ ْ‬
‫واﻧﺼﺐ( َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إﻳﺎه؛ ِ َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ِ ْ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ِﺑـ‪َ» :‬ﻻ« ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺐ ِ َﲠـﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب )َأِو( ْاﻧـﺼ ْ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎب ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ َ ِ‬‫اﻟﻨﺼﺐ ْ‬ ‫ﻷن ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺎ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ‪ً ِ ْ ُ ،‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫اﺗﺼﻞ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻻ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﲤﺎم َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬‫ﳾء ْ‬ ‫ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺎف‪َ ،‬وُﻫَﻮ َﻣﺎ ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫ﺎﲠُﻪ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ ُﻳَﺸﺎﺑُِﻪ ُاﳌَﻀ َ‬ ‫)َﻣﺎ ُﻳَﺸ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫أﺳﲑ ﻫﻮى ْﻳﻨﺠﻮ ِﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﳋﻄﻞ‪ُ َ َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻄﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎف‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻞ( َ ٌ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﻮد َو)َﻛـ‪َ :‬ﻻ َ َ َ ً َ ُ‬ ‫ُُْ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬
‫ﻋـﺎدة‪ :‬ﺑِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺔ ِ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ِ ﱠﳑﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫إذا َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ِﺑـﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷﺳـﲈء َ َ ً‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ِ َﺑﲈ ُ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َُْ ُ‬
‫ًِ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ُ َ ﱠ ٍ‬ ‫وﺗﺎء‪ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎء ِ َ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮدا‪ِ َ ِ ،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻜﴪة ِ َ‬
‫وﻻ‬‫ﺳـﺎﳌﺎ‪َ َ .‬‬‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ َ ْأو َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن ُ َ‬
‫إذا َ َ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ َأﻟﻒ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫إذا َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َُْ ً َ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ُه ِﰲ َ َ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎ َ ِ ً ِ‬ ‫أﻟﻒ َ ٍ‬
‫ﲨﻊ َ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻮن ِ ﱠإﻻ ِ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪َ :‬ﻻ‬
‫اﳊـﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﲈ َ ْ َ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼ َ‬ ‫وﺗﺎء‪َ ْ ُ ،‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮدا َ ْأو َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫إذا َ َ‬ ‫َُﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻴﺒﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻔﻼ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﺿﺎرﺑﺎت ِ ْ ً‬
‫ﻧﺎدم‪ ،‬و‪َ :‬ﻻ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ َ ٌ َ‬
‫َ ًِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺎرﺋﺎ َ ً‬
‫ﻋﴩ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﳌﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎت ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ َ َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻊ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ) ُ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﻨﺎدى( َ ُ َ‬ ‫واﺑﻦ( َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫)َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻹﻋـﺮاب ﱠ ِ‬ ‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬
‫اﻟـﺬي ) َ َ‬ ‫ﻋـﲆ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َﻣـﺎ( َ ْ‬
‫أي‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫اﺑﻨﻪ ) َ َ‬‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪى َ َ َ ِ َ ْ‬
‫إﻗﺒﺎﻟﻪ ِﺑـ »َﻳﺎ« َ ْأو ِ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻳﺮاد ِ ْ َ ُ ُ‬
‫َُ ُ‬
‫اﻋـﺪل( ِﰲ ُ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤـﻚ ) َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻔـﺮد ) ْ ِ ْ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨـﺎدى ُ ْ ِ‬‫وﻗﻞ‪ :‬ﻳﺎ ِإﻣﺎم( ِ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﱢ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ِ ِﺑﻪ( َ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫وﻻ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ْ ُ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺪاء ) َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َُْ ً‬
‫ﲤﻞ( َأي‪ُ َ :‬ﲡﺮ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫َ ِ ْ ْ‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﺑـﻪ َ ِ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﻞ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ِ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ َأو َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﳾء ْ‬ ‫ْ ٌ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َﻣﺎ ﱠ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎف‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ ِ ُ‬‫ﺎﻛﻠﻪ( َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺸ َ ُ‬ ‫) َوإِ ْن ُ َﺗﻨﺎد ُ َ ً ْ ُ‬
‫ﴐورة ِ ْ ِ ﱠ ٌ‬ ‫وﺣﺬف َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔـﺎء ِ َ ِ‬ ‫وإن ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ( ﺟﻮاب َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ْ ِ َ » :‬‬
‫ﺷـﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﺎ َ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄـﺔ ُ َ‬‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎد« َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ) َ ْ َ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫ﲤﺎم َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﻞ( ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻓﺮ ﱠ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻴﻪ ِ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎف ) َﻳﺎ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫رﺣﻴﲈ ِ َﺑﻨﺎ( ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻞ‪َ ) :‬ﻳﺎ َ ً‬
‫وإن ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎد ‪ْ ُ َ ...‬‬ ‫واﻷﺻﻞ‪ْ ِ َ :‬‬
‫َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‪ٌ َ ِ ،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺎ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ِْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻜﺮة َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮدة‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎف‪َ .‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫واﺣﺪ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷزل«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻞ«‪َ » :‬ﻳﺎ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﱠﺰ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ » َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘـﺬرا«‬
‫ﻛﻜﻠﻤـﺔ » ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َﻣﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﴩ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺼﻮﺑﺎت ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻣﻦ َاﳌﻨْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ُ‬ ‫واﳊﺎل( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎل‬ ‫رﺿﺎك( ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺟﻮ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎل ُ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻔﺮد ) َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺬرا( ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ َ َ ) :‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ( َ ْ ِ َ‬‫ﻣﻦ ) َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ُ ْ َ ً‬
‫أﺗﺎك َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫وﺟﻞ( ِ َ ٌ‬‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎل ُ ْ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ) َ ْ ُ‬‫ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َﻛﲈ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﳚﻲء ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌـﻮل َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﲈ‬ ‫ﳚﻲء َ‬‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ َ َ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‪َ ُ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﲠﻨﺪ َﺟﺎﻟ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﺴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮرت ِ ِ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ُ ْ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺮف َ َ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺠﺮور ِ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺺ ْ ُ ً ِ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﻓﺎ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﴐﺑﺖ ﱢ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ُ ْ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎف ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ِﻣﻦ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺠﺮور ِ ُ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌـﺎﱃ‪ ُ َ } :‬ﱡ‬
‫أﳛـﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ َ َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎف ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ُ ْ ٌ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻳﺄﻛﻞ َﳊﻢ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﺎ{ ]اﳊﺠﺮات‪.[١٢ :‬‬ ‫أﺧﻴﻪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫أن َ ْ ُ َ ْ َ‬ ‫أﺣﺪﻛﻢ َ ْ‬
‫َ َ ُ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺮد َأو ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﻴـﺰا ُ ِ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮد َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻨـﺸﺊ َ ْ ِ ً‬ ‫أي‪ْ ِ َ :‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳـﻊ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ُ َ‬ ‫ﳌﻔـ َ ْ ْ َ‬ ‫أن ُ ْ َ‬ ‫وإن ُ ِ ْ‬ ‫)َوإِْن ُﲤ َﱢﻴْﺰ( َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻌَﺪِد‪َ ،‬أْي‪ِ :‬ﻋﻨَْﺪ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳ ًﺔ ِﻋْﻨَﺪ اﻷَِﻣ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﲑ( ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟَﺘْﻤِﻴِﻴﺰ َ‬ ‫ون َﺟ ِ َ‬ ‫ﴩ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﴩ )َﻓُﻘْﻞ‪ :‬ﻋ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َْ ُ َ‬
‫اﳌﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎت ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ َ َ َ‬
‫اﻷﻣﲑ ) ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ َ ِ ِ‬‫ﴩﻳَﻦ‪َ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ات ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﲔ ﻟ َِﺬ ِ‬ ‫ﺎرَﻳًﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻓـ »َﺟ ِ‬
‫ﺎرَﻳًﺔ« َﲤ ِْﻴٌﻴﺰ ُﻣَﺒ ﱢ ٌ‬ ‫ون َﺟ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻨﻄﺎر َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ﴩ َ‬ ‫اﻷَﻣﲑ ﻋ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻦ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓـﺎﻋﻼ ِﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎن ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳉـﻨﺲ‪َ ،‬ﻣـﺎ َﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺟﻮازا ِﺑـ » ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ« ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺠﺮور َ َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺴﻞ( ِ َ ٌ‬
‫َ َ ِ‬

‫ﺟﺮه ِ َﲠﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وإﻻ َﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﳑﻴﺰا ِ َ ٍ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺪد‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ََْ‬
‫ﳚﺰ َ ﱡ ُ‬ ‫وﻻ ُ َ ﱢ ً َ‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫أﳘـﻞ َ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ َ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﺮد ِ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ُ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﲤﻴﻴـﺰ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺘـﻪ‪ ،‬و َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ ِ َ‬ ‫أﳌﺢ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َْ َ‬
‫َﻫَﺬا‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ َ ْ َ ٍ‬
‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﱢ ِ ِ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع‪:‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ْ َ ً‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺒﺎ{ ]ﻣـﺮﻳﻢ‪ِ َ [٤ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ َﻧﺤﻮ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﳏﻮل َ ِ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس َ ْ ً‬‫اﺷﺘﻌﻞ ﱠ ْ ُ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪َ} :‬و ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫‪ َ ُ -١‬ﱠ ٌ‬
‫اﳌـﻀﺎف ِ َ ِ‬‫اﳌـﻀﺎف ِ َإﱃ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻨﺎد ِﻣﻦ ُ َ ِ‬
‫إﻟﻴـﻪ‪َ َ َ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓـﺎرﺗﻔﻊ َ َ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل ِ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺮأس‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﻌﻞ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َو ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺄﰐ ِ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺼﻞ ِإﲠﺎم ِﰲ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫ﳎﺮورا ِ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫َ ِِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺬي َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪َ ِ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ْ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎف‪ٌ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ُ ً‬ ‫أن َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺼﺐ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﺘ َ َ‬‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ َ ْ َ‬‫َ ًِ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌﻮل َﻧﺤﻮ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﻧـﺎ{ ]اﻟﻘﻤـﺮ‪[١٢ :‬‬ ‫اﻷرض ُ ُ ً‬ ‫وﻓﺠﺮﻧﺎ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ َ َ } :‬ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ْ ُ ِ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﳏﻮل َ ِ‬ ‫‪ َ ُ -٢‬ﱠ ٌ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮل ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻨﺎد َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮن َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻷرض‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫وﻓﺠﺮﻧﺎ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫أي‪ َ َ :‬ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أﺑﻴـﻚ‪ ُ ،‬ﱠ‬
‫ﺛـﻢ‬ ‫أﻛﺮم ْ‬ ‫‪ُ -٣‬ﳏ َﱠﻮٌل َﻋِﻦ اﳌُْﺒَﺘَﺪأ َﻧْﺤُﻮ‪َ :‬زْﻳ ٌﺪ َأْﻛَﺮُم ﻣﻨَْﻚ َأ ًﺑﺎ‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أي‪ُ َ :‬أﺑﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣـﺎﻻ{ ]اﻟﻜﻬـﻒ‪ْ َ [٣٤ :‬‬
‫أي‪ِ َ :‬‬
‫ﻣـﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻚ َ ً‬‫أﻛﺜﺮ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪َ َ } :‬أﻧﺎ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮل ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻨﺎد َ ْ ً‬ ‫ُ ﱢَ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ََْ ِ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ْ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﳏﻮل ﻋﻦ َ ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﻧﻈـﺮا‬ ‫زﻳـﺪ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫أﺑﻌـﺪ َ َ ً‬ ‫دره َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓﺎرﺳـﺎ‪ٌ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺎء‪ ،‬ﷲِ َ ﱡ ُ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻸ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎء َﻣـ ً‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ َ ْ :‬‬
‫ﳾء َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ ﱠ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ ْ َ -٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫وأﻛﺜﺮ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮو‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﲈ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ْ َُ ًْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫راﻛﺐ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ‬ ‫أﺗﺖ * ُ ﱡ‬ ‫إذا ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﻴﺖ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻻ ِ َ‬
‫واﻧﺼﺐ ِ ِ ﱠ‬
‫‪ْ ْ َ -٤٢‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ِذي ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﳊﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮا َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى َ ْ ُ‬
‫وﻋﺪا * َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺬا َ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻏﲑ َ ْأو َ َ‬ ‫وﺟﺮ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ‬‫‪ ُ َ -٤٣‬ﱠ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮان َ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻣﺘﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﳚﻮز َ َ‬‫وﻗﻌﺖ * ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ُ ُ‬
‫إن َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ِ ْ‬
‫وﺷﺒﻪ ﱠ ْ ِ‬‫ﻧﻔﻲ ِ ِ‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ ٍ َ ْ‬ ‫‪َ ْ َ َ -٤٤‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﲨﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻨﻴﻚ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮدٍ ُ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫اﺳﲈ ُ َ ﱢ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ * َ ْ‬ ‫إن ْ ً‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎن َو ِ ﱠ‬
‫واﻧﺼﺐ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪ْ ْ َ -٤٥‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﺣـﺮف ِ ﱢ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔـﺎق ) ِ َ‬ ‫واﻧﺼﺐ( وﺟﻮﺑﺎ ) ِ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫إذا ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﺳـﺘﺜﻨﻴﺖ(‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻻ( اﻻْﺳـﺘْﺜﻨَﺎﺋﱠﻴﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘـﻲ َ‬ ‫)َ ْ ْ ُ ُ ً‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ ‪َ-‬ﻛـ » َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺮاج ﺑِـ »ِﱠإﻻ« َ ْأو ِ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﺳـﲈن‬
‫وﳘﺎ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى«‪َ ُ ُ ،‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ« َو» َ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪى َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ِ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ْ َْ ُ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ُ َ‬
‫ﻋـﺪا«‬
‫ﺧـﻼ« َو» َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔـﺎق َ ْ ً‬
‫أﻳـﻀﺎ‪َ ،‬و» َ َ‬ ‫وﳘـﺎ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻓﻌـﻼ ِن ِ ﱢ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻟـﻴﺲ« َو» َﻻ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن«‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‪َ ،‬و» َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ ﱢَ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎق َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺮوف‪َ ،‬أو ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫واﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺷﺎ«‪ ،‬وِﻫﻲ ﻣ َﱰددٌة ﺑ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻧـﺼﺐ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ َ ُ ُ ٌ ْ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ َﻣﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬‫ﻓﺈن ُ ﱠ‬ ‫ﲔ اﻟﻔْﻌﻠﱠﻴﺔ َ َ ْ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ ُ َ ﱢ َ َْ‬ ‫َو» َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻼم ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫داﺧﻼ ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎن َ ِ ً‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻻه َ َ َ‬‫ﻓﺄﻓﻌﺎل‪َ :-‬ﻣﺎ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ََْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ُ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ ْ ِ‬‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ِ ِ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‪ ُ :‬ﱠ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ َِْ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪:‬‬‫ﻣﻨـﻪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ُ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ ُ َ ْ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘـﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا‪ْ ٌ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻷول َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳌﺜﺎل َ ﱠ ِ‬‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ُ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ‪َ .‬ﺗﺎم ُذ ِﻛﺮ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴـﻪ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌـﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﻔﺮغ َﱂ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﲏ‪ َ ُ َ ،‬ﱠ ٌ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ َ ﱞ َ‬
‫اﻷول َ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳌﺜﺎل َ ﱠ ِ‬‫ﺷﺒﻬﻪ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﻲ َأو ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ِ َ ْ ٍ ْ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ َﱂ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﻟﺜـﺎﲏ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻏـﲑ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ٌ َ ُ .‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ُْ‬
‫ﻛﺎﳌﺜﺎل ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻬﻪ َ ِ َ ِ‬‫ﻨﻔﻲ َأو ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ﺑِ َ ْ ٍ ْ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ُ ِ َ‬
‫ُ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ُ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرك َ ﱠأﻧﻪ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤـﻮ‪َ :‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت َ َ‬‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﲡﺘﻤﻊ َ ْ ُ َ‬‫ﻗﺪ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ُ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﳑﺎ َ َ َ‬‫َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮﺟـ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ِ ﱠ ٍ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺮة َ ْأو ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﺐ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺎم ُﻣﱠﺘـﺼٌﻞ َﻏـُْﲑ ُﻣ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ْ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء َ ﱞ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻈـﻦ{ ]اﻟﻨـﺴﺎء‪َ ُ َ [١٥٧ :‬‬
‫ﻓﻬـﻮ‬ ‫اﺗﺒـﺎع ﱠ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ِ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻢ ِ ﱠإﻻ ﱢ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪} :‬ﻣﺎ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﳍﻢ ِﺑﻪ ْ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫وﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫َ ََ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎم ُ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ْ َْ ٌ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء َ ﱞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ( َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟـﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ ) َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِﰲ ﱠ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎم ُ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺟﺐ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ »ِﱠإﻻ« ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫إﻧﲈ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺼﺐ َ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ َﳌﺎ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ُ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫راﻛﺐ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫)ََ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻨـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬‫ﻣﻦ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫اﳉﻤﻞ( َ ٌ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ‬ ‫أﺗﺖ ُ ﱡ‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
 ‫اﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ِ ْ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬‫ُ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ُ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ ْ َ‬‫ﲪﺎرا‪ْ ُ ٌ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ً‬ ‫َو‪ُ ْ َ َ :‬‬
‫رأﻳﺖ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻈﻦ{ ]اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪.[١٥٧ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ِ ﱠإﻻ ﱢ َ َ‬
‫اﺗﺒﺎع ﱠ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪} :‬ﻣﺎ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﳍﻢ ِﺑﻪ ْ‬ ‫َ ُْ‬ ‫ََ َ‬
‫وأداة ِ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‪ ،‬و َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ َِْ ِ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء؛ َ ُ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﺎﳊﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨًﻰ‪ْ ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ْ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫أرﻛﺎن َ ْ َ َ ٌ‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‪ْ ُ َ ٌ ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫وﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء َ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﻴﺎن‪ِ َ ْ َ ُ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ِﰲ ِ َ ِ‬
‫راﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ‪َ ْ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫واﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ِ ْ َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫واﳌﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ُ َ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ ِﰲ ِ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه َ َ ِ‬‫واﻷداة ِﻫﻲ ِ ﱠإﻻ‪ .‬ووﺟﻮد ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﺪاﻫﺎ َ ِ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﲈ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻷرﻛﺎن ُ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻞ‪َ ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻔﺮغ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ِ ِ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺘﺜﻨﺎء ِ َ ْ ِ ٍ ِ‬‫ﻫﻮ ِ‬
‫ﻧﻔـﻲ َ ْأو‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﺄﺗﻰ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ‬
‫ﻣـﻊ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟـﺬي َﻻ َ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬‫ْ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ ُ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺄوﻳﻞ َ‬ ‫اﺳ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ُ َ ْ‬
‫ِ ِِ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻬﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﻣـﺮرت‬ ‫زﻳﺪا‪َ ِ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ :‬ﻣـﺎ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫رأﻳﺖ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ً‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ِ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ‬ ‫َ َِ َ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ »ِﱠإﻻ« ِ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺮغ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺎ ِ َ َ ﱡ ِ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻲ ُ َ ﱠ ً‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ َ ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ِﱠإﻻ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓـﻴﲈ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ َ‬
‫ََ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن‪ ُ :‬ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺪ‪ْ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫أﺣﺪ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫إذ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺣﺬف؛ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ ُ ِ َ‬‫ِ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬و‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ِ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ َ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن َ ْ ُ ً‬
‫ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻻ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫أن َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ‬
‫ََْ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ُ ْ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻐﺎة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ِ ﱠإﻻ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺪ‪َ .‬ﻓـ »ِﱠإﻻ« ِﰲ ُ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮرت ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫أﺣﺪا ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ً‬
‫رأﻳﺖ َ َ ً‬‫َﻣﺎ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا‪َ ،‬و‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ ْ ُ َ‬
‫ﳜﺮﺟﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‪ِ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫اﳊﴫ َ َ ْ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻘﴫ‪َ ،‬ﻓُﻜْﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎب َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ ْ َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫وﳚﻌﻠﻪ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع ُ ْ ِ ُ ُ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫َو َ َ‬
‫ِﻣْﻦ َذﻟ َِﻚ َﻋَﲆ ُذْﻛٍﺮ َأَﺑًﺪا‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮِاﻗـَﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮِاﻗَﻊ )َﺑْﻌَﺪ َﻏ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﲑ َأو َﺧَﻼ َوَﻋَﺪا( َو)َﻛَﺬا( ُاﳌْﺴَﺘْﺜﻨَﻰ َ‬ ‫وﺟﺮ َﻣﺎ( َأِي‪ُ :‬اﳌْﺴَﺘْﺜﻨَﻰ َ‬
‫)َ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺪ »ِﱠإﻻ« ْ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗـﻊ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﻻﺳـﻢ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬـﺎ َﻣـﺎ ُ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄـﺎه ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ى( َﻣَﻊ إْﻋَﻄﺎﺋَﻚ » َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻏﲑا« َ َ‬ ‫َﺑْﻌَﺪ )ﺳَﻮ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ ِ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ ُ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻹﺛﺒـﺎت‬ ‫واﻹﳚـﺎب ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻪ َ ِ َ‬
‫اﳌـﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺘﲈم ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫وﺟﻮب ﱠ ْ ِ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ ُ ِ‬

‫اﳊَﻴِﻞ(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮم )َﻏﲑ ِذي ِ‬ ‫)َﻧْﺤُﻮ‪َ :‬ﻗُﺎﻣﻮا( َ ِ‬

‫أي‪َ ْ ُ ْ َ :‬‬

‫‪٥١‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷـﺎ«‬ ‫ﻋـﺪا« َو» َ َ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼ« َو» َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪ » َ َ‬ ‫ﻧـﺼﺐ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳـﻢ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وﱂ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻫﺬا‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬‫َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻌـﻮد‬
‫وﺟﻮﺑﺎ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﱰ ُ ُ ً‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﺮ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ِ ِﺑﻪ َ َ ِ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ْ ٌ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬‫ﻋﲆ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺒﻪ َ َ‬
‫ﳚﻮز َ ْ ُ ُ‬‫ﺣﻴ ُﺚ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ْ َ ً‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪا َأو َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼ َ ْ ً ْ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮم َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ َ ْ ُ‬‫ﺟﺮه َ ْ ً‬
‫وﳚﻮز َ ﱡ ُ‬‫اﻟﻜﻞ‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ﱢ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻬﻮم َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ََ‬
‫اﻻْﺳـﺘِْﺜﻨَِﺎﺋﱠﻴُﺔ َﺑْﻌـَﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﻌﺖ * ِﱠإﻻ( َأي‪ :‬وإِْن وَﻗﻌْﺖ »إِﱠﻻ« ِ‬
‫ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫إن َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ ِ ْ‬
‫وﺷﺒﻪ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ِ ِ‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ َ ْ ٍ َ ْ‬ ‫)ََ َْ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔـﻲ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وذﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﱠاﻟﺬي َ َ َ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺪﻋﺎء َ ْ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﻲ َ ﱡ َ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫َﻧْﻔٍﻲ َأْو ﺷْﺒِﻬﻪ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫َ ِ ْ ِْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﺐ َ َ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑ‪ ،‬و ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ٌ‬ ‫ان( ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺪال َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻚ اﻷََﻣْﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻮز َﻟ َ‬
‫ﳚ ُ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻜﺎري‪ ِ َ ْ ِ َ ،‬ﱢ‬
‫واﻹﺑﻄﺎﱄ ) َ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ِ ْ َ ِ ﱢ‬
‫زﻳﺪا‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ُاﳌـﺴﻤﻰ ِ ِ ِ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ِ َِْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﺎم‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﱠ ﱢ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َأْو َ ْ ً َ ُ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء َ ُ َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫اﺑﻦ َ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻋـﺎﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ{ ]اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪َ َ َ [٦٦ :‬‬
‫ﻗﺮأ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻮه ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ِ ٌ ِ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪َ} :‬ﻣﺎ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ُ َ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺟﺐ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫َِْ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻮ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ ) َ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ْ‬
‫واﻋﻤﻞ َ َ‬ ‫أﳞﺎ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫أي‪ َ :‬ﱠ ِ ْ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺗﺒﻊ َ ﱡ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻣﺘﺜﻞ( َ ْ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺎﻗﻮن ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪َ ُ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎن«( ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ِﻫﻲ ﻓِﻌٌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺑِـ »َﻛ َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺺ َﻧﺎﺳـٌﺦ َﻳْﺮَﻓـُﻊ اﻻْﺳـَﻢ َوَﻳْﻨـﺼ ُ‬ ‫ض َﻧـﺎﻗ ٌ‬ ‫َ ْ َ‬ ‫)َوْاﻧﺼ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳْﻨـِﺼﺐ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳋﱪ )و( ْاﻧِﺼﺐ ﺑِـ)»إِﱠن«( ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ِﻫﻲ ﺣﺮ ٌ ِ‬
‫اﻻْﺳـَﻢ َوَﻳْﺮَﻓـُﻊ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺒﻪ ِ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ف َﻧﺎﺳٌﺦ ُ َ ﱠ ٌ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َََ َ‬
‫ﳏـﻞ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻧـﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺳـﲈ« ِﰲ َ َ ﱢ‬ ‫اﻧﺼﺐ« )ﻳَﻜﻤُﻠﻬﺎ( َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ )ْاﺳًﲈ( َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﱪُِ ُ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟــ » ْ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل » ْ ْ ُ ﱢ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳋَ َ َ‬
‫ﲨﻞ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ )َﺗﺎﺑٍِﻊ ُﻣْﻔَﺮٍد ُ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻳﻐﻨﻴﻚ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ َ ْ ِ‬‫ﲠﲈ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫واﻧﺼﺒﻪ ِ ِ َ‬ ‫ﴐورة‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أي‪ُ ْ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ« َ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫)َﻣْﻊ( َ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻜﲔ » َ ْ‬
‫ﻣـﻊ ﱠ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺑـﻊ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﲨـﻞ«‪َ َ » :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮد ُ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ﻳﻐﻨﻴﻚ َ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻊ َ ِ ٍ ُ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ » َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ َ ً ِ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ووﻗﻊ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫َ ََ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮح َ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻞ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳ َﺔ َ ِ‬
‫اﳉﺬل«‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أي‪ْ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ُْ ِ ْ‬
‫واﻟﴪور‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺪرك َ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻮﻫﺮي َ ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ُ ِ َ‬
‫ووﺟﺪ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎن ُ َ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﴍح َ ْ َ ِ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺘﻦ َ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ُ َ ِ‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮم َ ِﻣﲇ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺟﻊ ِ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ِ ُ ُ ِ‬ ‫أﻗﻮم َ ْ ِ ْ‬
‫إذن * َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ِ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺻﺐ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫وإن ُ ِﺗﺮد َ ِ‬
‫َِْ ْ‬
‫اﳉﺪ َ ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫واﳊﺮﻣﺎن ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳉﺪ ِﰲ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫واﺳﺄل ﻋﻦ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫دﻗﺎﺋﻘﻪ * َ ِ ﱡ‬ ‫اﳖﺾ ِ َإﱃ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َو ْ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وزﻳﺎدﲥﲈ ُ َ ِ َ ٌ ِ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﲏ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ِﰲ َ ْ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ َﳌﺎ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺮره ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َ ِ َ َ َُُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫زﻟﲇ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻴﺖ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ِﺳﻮى * ﺑ ٍ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ َﻻ َ ِ ُ َ‬
‫ِﰲ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﲬﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ْ‬
‫واﺣﺪا َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫وﲬﺴﲔ!‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ َﻻ َ ِ ً‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ َ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫وﲬﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺼﲑ َ َ َ ً‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﲔ َ ُ‬
‫ِِ ِ‬
‫وﺑﺰﻳﺎدة َ َ ْ ِ َ ْ ْ‬
‫َ َ َ‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب َ ُ‬
‫اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫ﺎت اﻷَْﺳَﲈِء‬ ‫ﻮﺿ ِ‬ ‫ﳐُﻔ َ‬ ‫ِﰲ َ ْ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﺘﺎم ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﻰ * ََﺗﻨ ُﺎل ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﳐﻔﻮﺿﺎت ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺑﻮاب َ ْ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻢ ِ َ ْ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫‪ْ ْ َ -٤٦‬‬
‫إن ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻔﺾ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫‪ُ ِ َ َ -٤٧‬‬
‫ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ َ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮد َ ْ َ َ‬‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ِ ْ ْ‬‫ﲨﻠﺘﻬﺎ * َ َ َ ٌ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮم ُ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻋﲔ ﱡ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﺎم َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ َ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﻏﻼم َ ٍ‬
‫زﻳﺪ َ َأﺗﻰ ِﰲ َ ْ َ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺠﻞ‬ ‫واﺣﺬر َ َ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮه َ ْ ْ‬‫ﺣﺴﻦ * َ ْ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ْ ُ َ ُ -٤٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﺄل َ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ َ ُ‬
‫اﳋﻼف َ َﻧﲈ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫وﺗﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ * ِ ِ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻒ َ َ ِ ُ َ‬
‫وﺣﺮف ِ َﺑﻼ ُ ْ ٍ‬
‫إﺳﻢ َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫‪ٌ ْ ِ -٤٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺟﻊ َﳍﺎ َ ْ َ ْ ِ‬
‫واﺳﺘﻐﻦ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ َ ْ ِ ْ‬
‫ذﻛﺮت * ِﰲ ُ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ُ ِ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳉﺮ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف َ ﱢ‬
‫ﺑﺄن ُ ُ َ‬ ‫واﻋﻠﻢ ِ َ ﱠ‬
‫‪ْ َ ْ َ -٥٠‬‬
‫َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫أي‪ٍ ُ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﲨﻊ َﳐ ْ ُ ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺑﻮاب َ ْ ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﳐﻔﻮﺿﺎت ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟﻨﱠْﺤِﻮ ) ِ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫)و ْ ِ‬
‫ﳎﺮور‪،‬‬ ‫ﻔﻮض‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ( َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﺧﺘْﻢ( َﻳﺎ َﻃﺎﻟ َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫واﻟﻴـﺎء‪َ ،‬ﻓﺈِﱠﻧـَﻚ إِْن‬ ‫وﻫﻮ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﴪة َ ْأو َﻣﺎ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﳐﺼﻮص َ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َ َﱡ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺔ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻮب َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫واﳉﺮ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬـﻰ( َ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺪﻳـﺔ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪ ) ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺎدة َ َ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫وﻫﻮ ﱠ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺧﺘﺎم( َ ُ َ‬ ‫أن ) َ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎل ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َﺧَﺘْﻤَﺖ ِ َﲠﺎ َﻓـ)َﻋَﺴﻰ( َ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻰ ِ َ ْ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫أن َ ُ َ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ َ ْ‬‫ﻋﲈ َ ِ ُ‬‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﻔﻮﺿﺎت َ ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َ ﱠ‬‫ﻓﻜﺄن ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ) َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺟﻞ( َ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻜﱪ رﺟﺎء َ ْ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺪ َ ِ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﳜـﺘﻢ اﷲُ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ْ ِ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‪ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺿﻊ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬ ‫َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺎت ﱠ ِ َ ِ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ِﻣﻦ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺪﻳﺔ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺴﻌﺎدة َ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﺟﻠﻪ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ِﺑﺎﻟ ﱠ َ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َُ‬
‫اﻻرﺗِﺒـ ِ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ َﻋِﺎﻣٍﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌِﺎﻣُﻞ ﻣﺼَﻄﻠﺢ َﻗﺼَﺪ ِﻣﻨْﻪ اﻟﻨﱡﺤُﺎة اﻷَوِاﺋُﻞ ﺑﻴـ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺎط‬ ‫ﺎن ْ َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫ُ َ‬ ‫ُ ْ ٌ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫)َﻋَﻮاﻣُﻞ( َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻴﺐ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ َﺛﺎﻟ ُِﺚ َﺛَﻼَﺛِﺔ َأرَﻛ ٍ‬ ‫ﲔ َأﺟَﺰِاء ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻢ ﱠ َ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻨـﻰ َ َ ْ ِ ُ‬‫ﺎن ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﱰاﻛ ِ َ ُ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘَﻌﱡﻠِﻖ َﺑ ْ َ ْ‬
‫َو ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ َ ُ ِ‬
‫ﺑـﲔ َ ْ َ‬
‫أﺟـﺰاء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎت َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﱠ ْ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ َ ِ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ُ ْ َ َ ٌ َ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪوا ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻤﻞ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺜِﺎﲏ ُﻫَﻮ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺮْﻛُﻦ ﱠ‬
‫َو ﱡ‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫اﻷﺛﺮ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺬي َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ُِﺚ ُﻫَﻮ َاﳌْﻌُﻤ ُ‬ ‫ﱠَ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋـﻦ َ َ‬
‫ﻫـﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﻨـﺸﺄ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪوا ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ُ ْ َ َ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﻮل َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﱰاﻛﻴﺐ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط َ ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻴﺐ ُاﳌْﺨَﺘﻠَِﻔِﺔ‪َ ،‬وَأْﺻُﻠَﻬﺎ َأﱠن اﻷَْﺟـَﺰَاء إَِذا‬‫اﻟﱰاﻛِ ِ‬‫ﴎِار ﱠ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻐَﺮُض ﻣﻨَْﻬﺎ َﻓْﻬُﻢ َأ ْ َ‬‫َوِﻫَﻲ َﻧَﻈِﺮﱠﻳٌﺔ َ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‬ ‫آﺧَﺮ ِﻣْﻦ َﺣْﻴُﺚ َاﳌْﻌﻨَﻰ‪َ ،‬ﻓﺈِﱠﻧُﻪ َﻳْﺮَﺗﺒُِﻂ َوَﻳَﺘَﻌﱠﻠُﻖ ﺑِِﻪ َﻟْﻔ ًﻈﺎ‪َ ،‬وَﻳُﻜـ ُ‬
‫ﻮن َأَﺣـُﺪ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺐ َ‬‫ﺎن َأَﺣُﺪَﻫﺎ َﻳْﻄُﻠ ُ‬
‫َﻛ َ‬
‫اﻟﺜـِﺎﲏ‬‫ﻮن ﱠ‬ ‫َﻋِﺎﻣ ًﻼ ِ َﲠَﺬا اﳌَْﻌﻨَﻰ ﱠاﻟِﺬي َذَﻛْﺮَﻧُﺎه َﻻ ﺑَِﻤْﻌﻨَﻰ َأﱠﳖﺎ َﺗْﻔَﻌُﻞ َوُﺗَﺆﱢﺛُﺮ ﺑِﺈَِرَادٍة َوَﻃْﺒٍﻊ‪َ ،‬وَﻳُﻜـ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬ﻓـ »ﻗـﺎم« ُ َ‬
‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌَﻤَﻞ َﻧْﻔَﺴُﻪ‪ُ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﻟﻌَﻼَﻗﺔ ُﻫَﻮ َ‬ ‫ﻮن َﻣﺎ َﺑْﻴﻨَُﻬَﲈ ﻣَﻦ َ‬ ‫ﻮﻻ َﻟُﻪ‪َ ،‬وَﻳُﻜ ُ‬ ‫َﻣْﻌُﻤ ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮل ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ« ُ َ‬
‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬و» َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ُ َ‬
‫زﻳﺪ«‪ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓﻊ ِﰲ » َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﱠ ْ ِ‬‫َ ُِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫إن« ِﻫـﻲ ِ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓــ » ِ ﱠ‬‫إن َ ً ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺳـ ًﲈ َوَﺧـ َ ً‬
‫ﱪ ا‪،‬‬ ‫ﺐ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣـُﻞ ﱠاﻟـﺬي َﻳْﻄُﻠـ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم«‪َ ،‬و‪ ِ :‬ﱠ ْ‬‫ﻫﻮ » َ َ‬‫ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﲈ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎﻫﺎ‪ ُ َ ،‬ﱞ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل َ َﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َو»َزْﻳًﺪا« َو»َﻗﺎﺋٌﻢ« َ ْ ُ َ َ‬
‫ﻴﻢ ِﻟـُُﲑ َ‬
‫وك َأﱠن‬ ‫ﺎن‪َ :‬ﻟْﻔﻈِﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻨَِﻮي‪ ،‬وإِﱠﻧﲈ َأْﻧَﺸُﺌﻮا ﻫَﺬا ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘْﻘـﺴ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﱞ َ َْ ﱞ َ َ‬
‫واﻟﻌِﺎﻣُﻞ اﻟﻨﱠﺤِﻮي َﻧﻮَﻋ ِ‬
‫ْ ﱡ ْ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺎر ًﻳﺎ ِﻣـْﻦ‬
‫ﻆ َﻳْﺼَﺤُﺒُﻪ َﻛَﻘْﻮﻟ َِﻚ‪َ :‬ﻣَﺮْرُت ﺑَِﺰْﻳٍﺪ‪َ ،‬وَﺑْﻌَﻀُﻪ َﻳْﺄِﰐ َﻋ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻌَﺾ اﻟﻌﻤِﻞ ﻳْﺄِﰐ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎ َﻋﻦ َﻟْﻔ ٍ‬
‫َ َ َ ُ َ ﱠً ْ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ﺎﻻْﺑﺘَِﺪِاء‪.‬‬
‫ﻆ ﻳَﺘﻌﱠﻠُﻖ ﺑِِﻪ َﻛﺮْﻓِﻊ ُاﳌﺒَﺘَﺪأِ ﺑِ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻣﺼ ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺎﺣَﺒﺔ َﻟْﻔ َ َ‬ ‫ُ َ َ‬
‫اﻹْﻋَﺮاﺑِﱠﻴَﺔ‪َ ،‬وِﻫَﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨٌَﺔ ِﻣْﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌَﻼَﻣَﺔ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣِﻞ ﻫَﻲ ِﰲ َﺣﻘَﻴﻘﺘَﻬﺎ َ‬
‫ِﳑ ﱠﺎ ﺳﺒَﻖ ُﻧْﺪِرُك َأﱠن َﻗِﻀﻴَﺔ ِ ِ‬
‫ﱠ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫اﻟﺮْﺗَﺒـِﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘـﺮاﺋﻦ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴـﺔ‪َ ،‬و ﱡ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﱪى َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َﻗَﺮاﺋَﻦ َﻟْﻔﻈﱠﻴﺔ َﻛﺜَﲑة َﻳﻨَْﺘﻈُﻤَﻬﺎ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ‪َ ،‬ﻛ ﱢ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺴَﻴﺎق َ َ‬
‫اﻟـﴫﻓِﱠِﻴﺔ‪َ ْ َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وإﻟﻴـﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘَﻀﺎم ‪ ،‬واﻷَدِاة‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﱠْﻐﻤِﺔ‪ ،‬و ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﱠ ْ‬
‫اﻟﺮْﺑﻂ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ ﱢ َ َ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫واﻟﺼ َ ِ‬
‫ﻴﻐﺔ‪َ ،‬وُاﳌَﻄَﺎﺑَﻘﺔ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫َ ﱢ‬
‫ﳍﺬه َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ِ ِ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫َْ ًَ َ‬

‫ـﺼﺤﺒﺘﻪ‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫أو‬
‫َ َ ً ُْ ُ َ َ َْ َ ً‬
‫ﻗـﺎﺑﻼ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َﻨﺎ ِ ِ ا‬ ‫)‪ْ ُ ْ ُ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ ْ َ َ ُ (٤‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ أن ﻳ ﻮن أﺣﺪ ﻨ َ ِﻦ ِ‬
‫ِِ‬ ‫أو ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻠﻐـﺔ ﻃﺎ ِ ـﺎ ِﻟﻌﻨـ ٍ آﺧـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﺎق‪:‬‬‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ اﻟﺴَﻴ ِ‬
‫ﱢ‬
‫ﺎﻋُﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸ ِ‬‫َﻗَﺎل ﱠ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ِﻛﺮام َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وإن َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫آل ِ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ * َ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻴﻢ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫أﺑﺎة ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ َأﻧﺎ اﺑﻦ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ َ َ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟـﺸﻄﺮ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺻـﺪر ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫إن« ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﻲ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﺣـﺘﲈﻻت ِﻟــ » ِ ْ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ِ َ ٍ‬ ‫ََِ‬
‫اﻟﺜـﺎﲏ‪ :‬ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔـﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎم َ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ َ َ َ‬‫ﻓﺈذا َ ْ ُ‬
‫إن« ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺸﺪدة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ » ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﴩط‪ ،‬ﱠ ْ ِ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﱠْ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﳖﺎ ﱠ ِ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋـﲔ‬
‫وﻫـﺬا َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻴﺎ َ ُ‬
‫ﻟـﻪ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻋﺠﺰه َ ْ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﻓﺨﺮا‪ُ ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺻﺪر َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎن َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ِ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ََْ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ َ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨَ ُ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻗﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫اﻟـﺪﻋﻮى ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﻌﻨـﺎ ِﰲ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﺷـﱰاط ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﳖـﺎ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫ََِ‬
‫اﻟـﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺻـﺪق ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟـﴩﻃﻴﺔ‪َ ْ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ِ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ ُ ْ َ‬
‫وإذا َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻗﻬﺎ ِﰲ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﴬورة ْ َ‬ ‫َِ ُ َ‬
‫وإن َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ‪ ِ َ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫وأن َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨـﻰ ُ َ‬
‫ﳐﻔﻔﺔ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠـﺔ‪ َ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫إن« ُ َ ﱠ َ ٌ َ‬‫أن » ِ ْ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺮر َ ﱠ‬
‫أن ُ َ ﱢ َ‬‫ﻳﺒﻖ َ َﻟﻨﺎ ِ ﱠإﻻ َ ْ‬ ‫ََ ْ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻢ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ِﻛﺮام َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ ْ َ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎدن‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ْ ِ‬
‫َِ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل َ ِ َ ﱡ َ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ َ ِ‬ ‫وﻟﻮﻻ َ َ ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ِ ِ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ َﳌﺎ َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ ُ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ« ْ ٌ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬ﻓـ » َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ َﻻ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ« ُ ْ َ َ ً‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﺎر » َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫زﻳ ٌﺪ َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ْ َ :‬‬ ‫أﻧﻨﺎ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ًِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ‪َ َ ،‬أﻻ َ َﺗﺮى َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻆ ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫وﻏﲑ َ ُ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ْ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻏﲑ َ ْ ُ َ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺴﲈن‪ٌ َ ُ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أن ﱡ ْ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫وﲨﻠﺔ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮل َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َُُْ‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻞ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫آﻧﻔﺎ‪ُ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ِ ً‬ ‫ﺜﻠﻨﺎ َ ْ‬
‫ﻛﲈ َﻣ ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫وﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ َ َ‬
‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ْ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ َ ْ ُ َ ٌ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺒﺲ‪ َ ،‬ﱡ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﺧﻮف ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ‬
‫ْ‬

‫َ ً َ‬
‫راﻓﻀﺎ َﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫اﳌﻮﺻـﻮل ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋـﺐ َ ِ ِ‬‫ﻗﺒـﻞ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ‪ُ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻧﺎﺋـﺐ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫وﺑﲔ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫وﺻـﻠﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑـﲔ َ ْ ُ ِ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ‪ِ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ََْ َ‬
‫وﺑـﲔ‬ ‫ﺎف ِ َ ِ‬
‫إﻟﻴـﻪ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳌـﻀ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻞ ُ َ‬‫ﻓﺎﳌﻀﺎف َ ْ َ‬
‫إﻟﻴﻪ‪ُ َ ُ َ ،‬‬‫واﳌﻀﺎف ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻀﺎف ُ َ ِ‬ ‫وﺑﲔ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺘﻪ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺻﻮل َ ْ َ‬
‫َ َْ ُ ُ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻞ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﳌﺘﺒﻮع َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﺒﻮع َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﺮف ْ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﺑﲔ َ ْ ُ ِ َ‬
‫ﳎﺮوره‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳉﺮ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﺪﺧﻮﻟﻪ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺮف َ ﱢ‬ ‫َْ َ َ‬
‫وﺑـﲔ‬
‫اﳌﻔﻌـﻮل‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﺑـﲔ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ َو َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺘﺪأِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫وﺧﱪه ِ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ‬
‫واﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ َﻏﲑ َ ْ ُ َ ٍ‬
‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ﱡ َُْ ُْ‬
‫اﳌﺘﻌﺪي ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ْ ِ‬
‫وﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ َ َ ﱢ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻴﻐِﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺼ َ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟَﻘِﺮﻳﻨَﺔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ َ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻴﻐﺔ » َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ رﺑﻪ‪َ ،‬أي‪ِ َ َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﻌﻞ« َ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪َ ْ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﳜﺘﺎر َ ُ‬
‫أن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺎر َ ْ ٌ َ ﱠ ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن ِ ْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫أن َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ َ ِ َ ُ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳـﺔ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻐﺔ » َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫أﻓﻌﻞ« َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﴏﺣﺎ‪َ ،‬ﻓﺼﻴ َ ُ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ ْ ً‬ ‫أﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪َ ِ َ َ َ .‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫َُ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎر ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻫﻨـﺎ‬‫وﻫـﻮ ُ َ‬
‫ﻣﻌـﻪ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺒـﻪ َ َ ْ ُ ً‬
‫وﻣﻔﻌـﻮﻻ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﻳﺎ َ ْ ُ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﻤﺰة ُ َ َ ﱢ ً‬‫ﻓﺎﻋﻼ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم« َ ِ ً‬
‫ﻻزﻣﺎ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫»َ َ‬
‫ﴏﺣﺎ«‪.‬‬ ‫» َ ْ ً‬
‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ ُاﳌَﻄَﺎﺑَﻘِﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘـﺔ ِﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳـﺪون ُ ْ َ ِ ُ َ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻬـﺪون‪ٌ َ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴـﺔ َ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘـﺬﻛﲑ‪ .‬ﱠ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘـﺔ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻬﺪان‪ٌ َ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫ﳎﺘ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺪان ُ ْ َ‬‫ْ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ُ َ ِ َ .‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻃﲈت ُ ْ َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪات‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪﺗﺎن‪ٌ َ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ‪ِ َ ِ َ .‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻃﻤﺘﺎن ُ ْ َ ِ َ َ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻊ َ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫َْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ِ َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫واﳌﺮأة ُ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻊ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺘﺎن‪ٌ َ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ُ َ َ .‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﺪ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫ُ َ ٌََ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴـﺐ ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﳌـﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ َ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘـﺬﻛﲑ ِ َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪان‪ٌ َ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ َ َ ِ َ ُ‬
‫وﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ُ ْ َ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﱂِ‪ٌ ْ َ .‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﱂِ َ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ اﳌُ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺆﻧﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫ََ‬
‫ِﻣَﺜُﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ اﻟﺮﺑ ِ‬
‫ﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫ﱠْ‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫رﺑﻂ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺪان ُ ْ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ُ َ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫اﳌـﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﱠاﻟﺬي َ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬
‫وأﻧﺖ َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻬﺪان‪َ ُ َ ِ َ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد‪َ َ .‬أﻧﺎ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫رﺑﻂ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻫـﻲ َ ْ ِ ٌ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ َ ْأو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ َ ْأو َ ُ ً‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‪ُ ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫اﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ َ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﱠاﻟـﺬي َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫رﺟﻼ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫رأﻳﺖ ﱠ ُ َ‬ ‫أو َ ُ‬ ‫أو ُ َ َ ُ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ َ َ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ورأﻳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻧﻴـﺚ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫ﻗـﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﲑ َ ْأو َ ْ ِ ٌ‬‫ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫رﺑﻂ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮع ﱠاﻟﺬي َ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪ‪ْ ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎﻣﺖ ِ ْ ٌ‬‫زﻳﺪ َ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫َْ ٌ‬
‫رﺑﻂ ِ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻣﺮرت ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺟﺮ َ ْأو َﺟ ْ ٌ‬
‫ﺰم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ َ ْأو َ ﱞ‬
‫رﻓﻊ َ ْأو َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺮاب ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ‬
‫ﻫﻮ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أﻗﻢ‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫وﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪا َ َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ًَْ‬
‫ﺎم‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺘَﻀ ﱢ‬ ‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫أﻣﻮرا ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺎم ُ ُ ً‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﱠ َ ﱡ‬ ‫َ َْ ُ‬
‫اﳌﻀﺎف؛ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ُ َ ِ‬ ‫وﺗﻼزم ُ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺻﻮل ِ َإﱃ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺘﻘﺎر َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎر‪ِ َ ِ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫إذ ُ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﳌﻀﺎف ِ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‪ِ ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ َ ُ‬
‫أﺧـﺮى َ ِ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺿـﺎﰲ ِ َإﱃ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻄـﺎق ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬‫ﻋـﻦ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎف ِ َ ِ‬
‫ِْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻻﺑﺘـﺪاء‬
‫ْ‬ ‫وﻇـﺎﺋﻒ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ ِ َ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫ﳜﺮج َ ْ‬ ‫أن َ ْ ُ َ‬‫إﻟﻴﻪ َ ْ‬‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻼزم َﻻ ِ ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ُ َ َ ِ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺘﻀﺎﻳﻔﲔ ِ ﱠ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻟﺬا ُ َ ُ‬ ‫واﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ؛ َ ِ َ‬
‫واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫َ َ ﱠ َ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ِِ ِ‬

‫وف َﻣـَﺜ ًﻼ ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﺾ اﳊـﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺷ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬

‫ﻔـﻲ‪َ ،‬ﻛــ »َﻣـﺎ« َو»َﻻ« َو» َﱂ ْ«‬ ‫ﱰاك َﺑْﻌ ِ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺎص‪َ :‬ﻛ ْ َ‬ ‫َواﻻْﺧﺘَﺼ ُ‬
‫اﳉﻨْ َﺲ ِﻣﻨَْﻬﺎ َﻏ ْﲑ »َﻻ«‪َ ،‬وَﻻ َﻳْﺪُﺧُﻞ َﻋَﲆ ُاﳌـَﻀ ِ‬
‫ﺎرِع َﻓَﻴْﺠِﺰُﻣـُﻪ َ ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫وﳛـﻮل‬ ‫َو»َﱠﳌﺎ«‪َ ،‬وَﻟﻜِْﻦ َﻻ َﻳﻨِْﻔﻲ ِ‬
‫ُ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ ِﺳـَﻮى »َﻣـﺎ«‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ُ ْ َ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻲ َ ِ ِ‬
‫أﻣﺮﻳﻦ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َْْ‬
‫وﻻ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑ » َﱂ ْ« َو»َﱠﳌﺎ«‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه َإﱃ ُ ﱢ‬
‫اﳌﴤ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ََْ ُ ِ‬

‫ﳍـﻢ{ ] اﻟﻨـﺴﺎء‪ْ ِ [١٥٧ :‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َﻧﺤﻮ َ ِ ِ‬

‫دﻋـﻮى‬ ‫إذ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﻪ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﻮه َ َ ْ‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ُ ﱢ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ ُ ُ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺘﻠﻮه َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪َ َ } :‬‬‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻮن ِ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺘﻞ‪ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ َﻏﲑ َ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫ﻓـﺎﻟﻨﻔﻲ َ ُ ُ َ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ »َﻣـﺎ«‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬـﺎ َ ﱠ ْ ُ‬
‫ﺣـﺎل ْ َ َ‬ ‫وﰲ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻋﻮى َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ِ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﱠ ْ ِ ُْ ُْ‬
‫أدراﻛﻢ ِ ِﺑﻪ{ ]ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‪.[١٦ :‬‬
‫وﻻ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮﺗﻪ َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ﺷﺎء اﷲُ َﻣﺎ َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻞ َ ْﻟﻮ َ َ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ْ ُ } :‬‬‫ﻗﻮﻟ ِ ِﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫َو»َﻻ« َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ َ ْ‬

‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫وﺻـ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ـﻮل ِ‬ ‫ـﺎﳊﺮف ْ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘـ ِ‬
‫ـﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ـﻠﺘﻪ‪ َ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫واﳌﻮﺻـ ِ َ‬
‫وﻣﺪﺧﻮﻟــﻪ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ـﲔ َﻛـ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻼزﻣـ ْ ِ‬
‫ـﲔ ُ َ َ ِ َ‬‫ـﻞ‪َ :‬ﺑـ ْ َ‬‫واﻟﻮﺻـ ُ‬
‫َ َ ْ‬
‫واﳉﻮاب وﻣﺎ َأﺟﺎب َ ْ ِ‬ ‫واﳌﺸﺎر ِ َ ِ‬ ‫واﺳﻢ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ْ ِِ‬
‫واﳌﻔﴪ‪ُ َ َ َ َ ِ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ‪َ َ .‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫واﳌﻔﴪ َ ُ َ ﱢ ِ‬
‫إﻟﻴﻪ‪ َ ُ َ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬‫اﻹﺷﺎرة َ ُ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﻪ‪ِ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻓﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮل ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪ُ ْ َ -‬‬ ‫اﳊﺮف ْ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫وﻣﺪﺧﻮﻟﻪ ‪ً َ َ -‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺑﲔ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﺴﻮﻣﺔ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮاب‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ُ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻣﻰ * َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺮ َ َ َ‬‫ﴎاة َ ِﺑﻨﻲ َ ِأﰊ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ََ ُ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﻴـﻞ ُ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﴍﻓﺎء َ ِﺑﻨﻲ َ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻛﺒـﻮن ُ ُ َ‬
‫اﳋﻴـﻮل‬ ‫أي‪َ ُ َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ‪ْ َ ،‬‬
‫اﳌﻌﻠﻤـﺔ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻣﻰ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺮ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫أي‪ُ َ َ ُ :‬‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ َ ﱠ ٌ‬
‫ﺷﺎذة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺎدة » َ َ‬
‫ﻛﺎن« ُ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻴﻮل‪ُ َ َ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ِﲠﺎ َﻋﲈ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﺖ َ َﳍﺎ َ َ َ ٌ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ ُ ِ َ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﱠ ِ‬
‫َ َ ِﱠَ‬
‫ﻋﺪاﻫﺎ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ َ َ َ ﱠ ُ َ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺘَﻌﱡﺬِر‪َ ،‬أِو‬
‫ف‪َ ،‬أِو ﱠ‬‫ﺎر‪َ ،‬أو ﺑِﺎﳊْﺬ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎﻹْﺿَﲈِر‪َ ،‬أْو ﺑِﺎﻻْﺳﺘَﺘ ِ ْ َ‬ ‫ول َﻋﻨُْﻪ ﺑِ ِ‬‫اﻟﻌُﺪ ُ‬
‫ﻮن ُ‬ ‫َو ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﺬْﻛُﺮ‪َ :‬وَﻳُﻜ ُ‬
‫ﻚ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ِﰲ َأْﻟِﻔﱠﻴﺘِِﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻮل اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺜَﻘِﻞ‪َ ،‬وِﰲ َذﻟَﻚ َﻳُﻘ ُ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫ﱢ‬
‫إذ ُ ِ ْ‬‫ﻋﻨﻪ ِ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫دﻧﻒ * َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ ُ ْ‬ ‫وﰲ َ َ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫ﻋﺮف‬ ‫ﻓﺰﻳﺪ ْ ُ ْ َ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻐﻨﻲ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاب َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ َ ْ ٌ‬
‫ـﺔ واﻟﻮﺻـ ِ ِ‬ ‫ـﻨﺎدﻳﺔ َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻹﺿـ ِ ِ‬ ‫ـﺘﻼزم‪َ :‬ﻛﺎﳌُ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ـﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫واﳌﺰﺟﻴـ َ َ ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫واﻹﺳـ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺪدﻳــﺔ َ ِ ْ‬
‫ـﺎﻓﻴﺔ َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﺒــﺎت ِ َ ﱠ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫َواﻟـ ﱠ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﴏ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻨﴫﻳﻦ ْ‬‫وﻛﻞ ُ ْ ُ َ ْ‬‫ﻣﺬر‪ ُ َ .‬ﱡ‬
‫ﺷﺬر َ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺺ‪َ ،‬و‪َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺺ َ ْ َ‬‫وﺳﻬﻼ‪َ ،‬و‪َ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫أﻫﻼ َ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ِْ ِ ِ‬
‫واﻹﺗﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ َﻛـ‪ً ْ َ :‬‬
‫َ َ ﱠ‬
‫واﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ َ ُ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﱠ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻼ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ َ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ُ ﱠ ِ‬
‫زم َ ﱡ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎت َ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ اﻷََدِاة‪:‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َِ‬
‫إذ َﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﻏﻠـﺐ ِﰲ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ؛ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻢ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ َ ﱡ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا ُ َ‬‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻷداة َ ِ َ ً‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ِ َ‬
‫ﺣﲔ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ ُ ﱡ َ‬
‫ﲢﺬف ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫أن ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﳛﺪث َ ْ‬
‫وﻗﺪ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻷداة‪ْ َ َ .‬‬ ‫أن َ َ َ ﱠ َ َ‬‫ﻣﻦ َ َ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺔ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﲣﻠﻮ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎد َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ُ َ ً‬ ‫َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ِ ُ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ َ ُ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺤﺬوﻓﺔ‪ً َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﻴﺔ َ ِ‬‫وﺣﺪﻫﺎ َ ِ َ ً‬ ‫وﺗﺒﻘﻰ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َِ ٌ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻜـﻢ َﻣـﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻷداة َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وإن ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻮ‪ْ ِ َ ،‬‬‫ﻋﻼم؟ َ َ ْ‬ ‫إﻻم؟ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرات ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪َ َ ِ :‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛﲈ َ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺎم‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ َ ﱢ‬
‫َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ َ‬
‫َْ َُ‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻘِﺮﻳﻨَِﺔ اﻟﻨﱠْﻐَﻤِﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼم َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ِﰲ َ َ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻴـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋـﻀﺎء‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻮﺟـﻪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻠﺤـﻖ ِ َﲠـﺎ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛـﺎت َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻨﻄﻮق‪ُ َ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ََ ُ ُ‬
‫واﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﲢﺬف أداة اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم م اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﳌﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﻓﺘﻘﻮم اﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺮأس‪ِ ْ َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ ﱠْ ِ‬

‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺬه اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﳌﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﻮ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺖ‪:‬‬

‫وذو ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻴﺐ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺒﺎ ِ ﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻲ‪ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﻃﺮب * َ ِ‬
‫وﻻ َ ً‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻗﺎ ِ َإﱃ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ َ ْ َ ُ َ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ َ ْ ً‬ ‫َِْ ُ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺑﺖ َ َ‬
‫ﺐ ؟‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ َﻳْﻠَﻌ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺸْﻴ ِ‬
‫َأْي‪َ :‬أَوُذو ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﴫﻓِﱠﻴِﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟَﻘﺮﻳﻨَﺔ اﻟﺒِﻨَْﻴﺔ ﱠ ْ‬
‫ﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮ‪ِ َ ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ِ ْ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ا ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﴐب َ ِ ٌ‬
‫زﻳـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﴐب َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻨـﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼف َﻣﺎ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ َ ْ َ ُ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮل َ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ُ َ َ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ُ َ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ُ ِ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨـﻪ‬‫زﻳﺪا َ ِ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺈرادة ُ َ َ ﱢ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ِ ِ‬ ‫إذا َ ْ َ ْ َ‬
‫أﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ َ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﴬوﺑﺎ ِﰲ َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪ ِ ،‬ﱠإﻻ ِ َ‬ ‫َ َْ َْ َ‬
‫وﻗـﻊ ْ ُ‬
‫أن َ ْ ً َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺘﻈﺮﻧﺎ َ ْ ُ ً‬
‫ﺑﴫف اﻟﻨﱠ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫اﳌﴬوب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻈﺮ َ ِ‬ ‫ﴐب‪ْ َ ِ ،‬‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ َ ْ ٍ‬ ‫ُ َُْ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺘْﻌِﺪَﻳـِﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜـﲑ‪َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وذﻟـﻚ َﻛ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﺼﻮص َ ٌ‬ ‫ﲤﻮج ِﰲ ﱡ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﲑة ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ ُ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وﻏﲑ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ َ‬ ‫َ َُْ‬
‫ﺎﺣَﺒِﺔ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻐِﺎﺋﻴِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ِﻫﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ َاﳌْﻔﻌ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ﻷَْﺟﻠﻪ‪َ ،‬وَاﳌﻌﱠﻴـﺔ َأِواُﳌـَﺼ َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ِﻫﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ َاﳌْﻔﻌ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ﺑِﻪ‪َ ،‬و َ ﱠ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻴـﺪ ﱠاﻟـِﺬي ُﻫـَﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘْﺄﻛِ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ﻓِِﻴﻪ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮﻓِﱠﻴِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ِﻫﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ َاﳌْﻔُﻌ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ﻫَﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ َاﳌْﻔُﻌﻮل َﻣَﻌُﻪ‪َ ،‬و ﱠ ْ‬
‫اﻻْﺷـﺘَِﻘ ِ‬
‫ﺎق‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎرِك ﻟ ِْﻠِﻔﻌـِﻞ ﰲ ِ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ﺎد َﻗْﺼِﺪ َاﳌَﺠـ ِ‬
‫ﺎز َﻋـِﻦ َاﳌْﻔُﻌـ ِ‬
‫ﻮل ُاﳌْﻄَﻠـِﻖ َﻏـِْﲑ ُاﳌـَﺸ ِ‬ ‫َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ اﺳﺘِﺒﻌ ِ‬
‫ْ َْ‬
‫اﻟﺘْﻔـِﺴِﲑ ﱠاﻟـِﺬي‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘِْﺜﻨَ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫اﻹْﺧﺮ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺎء‪َ ،‬و ﱠ‬ ‫اج ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ ْ‬ ‫اﳊﺎل‪َ ،‬و ِ َ‬ ‫َوُاﳌَﻼَﺑَﺴﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ﻫَﻲ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ َ‬
‫ﻫﻲ َ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاﰊ‪ِ ِ ُ َ َ َ ُ ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤِﻴِﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨـﺔ‬ ‫واﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ِ ْ َ ِ ﱢ َ‬‫ﻫﻲ َ ِ َ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫َ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ُﻫَﻮ َﻗِﺮﻳﻨَُﺔ ﱠ ْ‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫وﻫﺬا ِ ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫زﻳﺪ« َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ِْ َ ِ‬
‫زﻳـﺪا!‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺎل‪َ :‬ﻣـﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﺣـﺴﻦ َ ْ ً‬ ‫إﺧﺒﺎر‪ُ َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪َ ،‬ﻓـ » َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎل‪َ :‬ﻣﺎ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﺣﺴﻦ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎء؛ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‪ِ َ ِ َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﲈر‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﻮب ْ َ َ‬‫ﺧﺮق ﱠ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫أﻣﻦ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺒﺲ َ َ‬ ‫وﻛﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫َ َ َ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﳎﺮد َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺖ اﻟَﻌَﻼَﻣُﺔ ِ‬ ‫َﻓﺈَِذا َﻛَﺎﻧ ِ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌـﴢ‬‫واﻟﺘﻲ َ ْ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ُ َ ﱠ ُ ْ‬ ‫اﻹْﻋَﺮاﺑِﱠﻴُﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫ﳏﻠﻴـﺎ َأو ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊـﺬف‪َ ِ ،‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ ِ َ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﱠِْ ُ‬
‫إذا‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺎ َ ْأو َ َ ﱢ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ِ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺣﲔ َ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻮاب ِ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﺎة اﻷََوِاﺋـِﻞ َﻓَﺠَﻌُﻠـﻮا َ َﳍـﺎ َﻧَﻈِﺮﱠﻳـًﺔ َﻛِﺎﻣَﻠـًﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬه َﻗْﺪ َﻧَﺎﻟْﺖ ﺣﻈﺎ واﻓِﺮا ِﻋﻨَْﺪ اﻟﻨﱡﺤ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ َ ً‬
‫واﳊﺎﻟﺔ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ َ َ َ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻜـﻞ َ ِ َ ٍ‬‫ﻫـﺬا ِ ُ ﱢ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َأﺳﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪َ» :‬ﻧَﻈِﺮﻳَﺔ ِ‬
‫أﺧـﺮى ِ ُ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨـﺔ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻢ َﱂ ْ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮا َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣِﻞ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮي«‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﱠ َ‬ ‫ْ َْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ َ َ ِ‬‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ َ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ َ ِ ﱠ ً‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ َ ْ ِ ﱠ ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫أوﱃ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻛﱪى َ َ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ُ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﱢ َ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َ ْ‬‫ﻨﻮﻳﺔ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ َ ْأو َ ْ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء َ َ ْ‬‫َ َ ٌ‬
‫َِِ َ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ؟!‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ٍ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪل َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺎب َواﺣﺪ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫وإﻧﲈ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪َ -‬ﻻ َ ُ ﱡ‬
‫ﺗﺪل َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺔ ‪ً َ َ -‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ َ َأﻻ َ َﺗﺮى َ ﱠ‬
‫أن ُ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬
‫ﻛـﺎن« َ ْأو ِ ْ َ‬
‫واﺳـﻢ » َ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﳋـﱪ‪ُ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‪َ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺎب‪ُ َ َ ْ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫إﺣـﺪى‬ ‫وﻧﺎﺋﺒـﻪ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫واﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ‪ُ ُ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻛـﺬا‪ُ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪأ َ ْ ُ ٌ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫وﻋﻠﻴـﻪ َﻓـﲈ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻓﻮع‪ِ َ َ .‬‬ ‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺻـﺨﺐ‬ ‫أﺛـﲑ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ َ ْ ُ ِ َ ْ‬‫ُ‬ ‫إﺣﺪى َ َ َ ِ َ َ‬
‫إن« َ ْأو ِ ْ َ‬
‫وﺧﱪ » ِ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ََ َ َ‬
‫أﺧﻮاﲥﺎ‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫واﳋﻀﻮع ِ َ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮة ﱠ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺎت ﱡ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ ِﻣﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ َ ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫أدت ِ َ ْ َ‬
‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﱠ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ َ ﱠ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل َ ِ ُ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫ﺳـﻮاء‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌـﺮوض َ َ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮوﺿـﻴﻮن ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻢ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺻـﻨﻊ َ ُ ِ ﱡ َ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻮاﳍﻢ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻋﻼﲥﺎ َ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫واﻷﺧﺬ ِ َ ْ َ ْ‬
‫َ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻒ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮف‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫وإﻧﲈ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف ِ ﱠ ْ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓِﻊ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪َ -‬ﻻ ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫إن َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ً َ َ -‬‬ ‫َ ْﺑﻞ ِ ﱠ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺢ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎ َﳌﺎ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ َ ْ ُ ً‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻟﻮ َﱂ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ُ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺢ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫اﺳﲈ َﳌﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ ْ ً‬‫وﻟﻮ َﱂ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫وﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ْ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َِ ْ ﱠ َ َ‬

‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫ﺻﻠﺢ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺘﺄﺧﺮ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ ُ َ َ ﱢ ً‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮا َﳌﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫لَ ُ ْ‬ ‫وﻟﻮ َ ْ‬ ‫وﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ُ ﱡ َ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ْ ِ َ َ‬ ‫َوﺑِ ﱠ َ ﱡ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ِ‬ ‫وﻟـﻮ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨـﺔ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎن ْ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺎ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ َ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺎ ْ َ ْ ُ ِ َ َ‬ ‫وﺑﻜﻮن ْ ِ َ ْ‬ ‫َ ْ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺢ ِ ْ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻮل َﳌﺎ َ َ َ‬ ‫َْ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ِ ْ َ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌـﻞ َ ْأو‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ِ َ َ ُ‬
‫دﻻﻟﺔ َ َ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ِ ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ َ ْ ﱠ‬‫ذﻟﻚ ْ‬
‫وﺑﲈ ﻳﺼﺤﺐ َ ِ َ ِ‬
‫َ َِ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫َ ِ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ ِﻧـ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ِ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ‪ِ ِ ،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎم ِ ِﺑﻪ ِ ْ ُ‬
‫اﳊـﺪث ِﰲ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ َ‬ ‫اﻹﺳـﻨﺎد ﱠاﻟﺘـﻲ َ‬ ‫وﻫﺬه َ ِ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫إﳚﺎﺑﺎ َ ْأو َ ْ ِ ً َ َ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﺎ َ ْأو ِ َ ً‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ْ ً‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﳏﻞ ُ ِ ِ‬ ‫واﺳﻄﺔ ُ ِ ِ‬‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ َ ِ‬
‫وﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ْ َ ،‬أو ِ َإﱃ َ َ ﱢ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ ِ َإﱃ َﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪ْ َ ،‬أو َِإﱃ َ َ ُ‬ ‫أو َ ْ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ َ ِ َ ٌ‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫ﻧـﻀﻊ َ َﳍـﺎ َ َ ِ ﱠ ً‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ ﱠ ْ ِ ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮي َ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة ِ ُ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﺪل َ ِ َ ٌ‬
‫ﻓﻼ َ ُ ﱡ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻴﻪ َ َ‬
‫َ ْ‬
‫ﻋـﲆ ُ ْ ٍ‬
‫ذﻛـﺮ‬ ‫ذﻟـﻚ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ َ ِ َ‬‫ﻓﻜﻦ ْ‬
‫اﳌﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮة‪ِ ُ َ ،‬‬
‫ْ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻦ ُ َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺼﺒﺔ َ‬‫اﳌﻌﻨﻰ ِ ُ ْ َ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ِﲠﺎ‪ ِ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫وإﻧﲈ َ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َ ﱠ َ َ َ َ‬
‫ََ ً‬
‫أﺑﺪا‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤـﺎة َ َ ِ ِ‬
‫ذﻛﺎء ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳋﺪﻋﺔ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ِ ِ‬ ‫دﻋﺎﻧﺎ ِ ْ ِ َ َ ِ‬
‫اﻷواﺋـﻞ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ْ َ َ ْ‬
‫اﻧﻄﻠﺖ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه ُ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻃﺎﻟﺔ ُ َ َ‬ ‫وإﻧﲈ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‪ ِ َ ،‬ﱠ َ‬
‫َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ َ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﺪ َأﻣﺎم َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺼﻮر‪ ،‬ﱠ ِ‬
‫ﻳﻔـﴪ َ َﻟﻨـﺎ َ ْ َ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘـﺮاﺋﻦ ﱠاﻟـﺬي ُ َ ﱢ ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل ِ َ َ ُ ِ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ َﻻ َ ْ ُ ُ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ُ ِ َ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ﱢ‬‫ََ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ َ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫وأﻧﻘﺎه‪.‬‬ ‫أﺧﻠﺺ َ ْ ِ ٍ‬‫َْ َ َ‬
‫اﳋْﻔ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮب َﻋﻨَْﻬـﺎ َوُﻫـَﻮ‬ ‫ﴪُة َأْو َﻣـﺎ َﻳُﻨـ ُ‬ ‫ﻮص َﻋَﻼَﻣُﺘـُﻪ َ‬
‫اﻟﻜـ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺾ( ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ َﺗْﻐِﻴٌﲑ َﳐ ُْﺼ ٌ‬ ‫) َ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫واﻟﻴﺎء ) ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪﻫﻢ‬
‫اﳋﻔـﺾ ْ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﲨﻠـﺔ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ﲨﻠﺘﻬـﺎ( َ ْ‬
‫أي‪ُ َ ْ ُ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤـﺎة ) ُ ْ َ ُ َ‬
‫وﻫﻢ ﱡ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮم( َ ُ ُ‬ ‫َْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إن ُ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ) َ ُ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻞ(‪:‬‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ( َﻳﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ( َﻓـ) ِ ْ ْ‬
‫ﺗﺮد َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫)َ َ َ ٌ‬
‫ﺎف‪ ،‬ﺣﻴُﺚ إِﱠن ُاﳌَﻀ َ ِ‬ ‫)ُﻏَﻼم َزﻳٍﺪ( ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ ِﻌِﺎﻣِﻞ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ور‬‫ﺎف إَِﻟْﻴﻪ َﳎ ُْﺮ ٌ‬ ‫اﳋﻔﺾ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ ُاﳌَﻀ ُ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ ْ‬
‫ف ﻣَﻘﱠﺪٍر َﻋَﲆ اﻷَﺻﺢ )َأَﺗﻰ ِﰲ ﻣْﻨَﻈٍﺮ( َأي‪ِ :‬ﰲ َ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎﳌَﻀ ِ‬
‫ﺎف َﻻ ﺑِ ِ‬
‫وﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺎﻹَﺿَﺎﻓﺔ َوَﻻ ﺑَِﺤْﺮ ُ‬ ‫ﺑِ ُ‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬
‫اﻟﺘَﺒِﻌﱠﻴـُﺔ‬
‫اﳋﻔﺾ ﱠاﻟـِﺬي ُﻫـَﻮ ﱠ‬ ‫ف )َﺣَﺴٍﻦ( ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ َِﻌِﺎﻣِﻞ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِﻣَﺜٌﺎل ﻟ ِﻌِﺎﻣِﻞ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫اﳋﻔﺾ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻫَﻮ َ‬
‫اﳊْﺮ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ َ ْ َ ِ ﱞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‪ُ ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫واﳌﺸﻬﻮر‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫ﳎﺮور ِ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ« َ ْ ُ ٌ َ ﱠ‬‫ﻧﻌﺖ ِﻟـ » َ ْ َ ٍ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫إﻧﻪ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﳐﻔﻮض‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ِ ْ ٍ‬
‫ﻻﺳﻢ َ ْ ُ ٍ‬

‫ﺗﻜـﺮِار‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ َ ِ ُ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ِﰲ َ ْ ُ ِ‬ ‫أن َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻛﻼم ﱡ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠﻧﻴـﺔ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪل َ ِ ﱠ ُ‬
‫اﳌﺘﺒﻮع ِ ﱠإﻻ َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎة َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ َ ِ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ ِ َإﱃ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ُ َ َ ِ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﱠ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫أن ِ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﻏﲑه‬‫ْ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ِ ْ َ ُ‬
‫إﺳﻨﺎد ْ ٍ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻀﺎﻳﻔﲔ َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ َ ْ َ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ َ َ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻢ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ْ َ ْ‬
‫ُﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨـ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﱠ ْ‬ ‫ﲡﺮﻳـﺪ ُ َ ِ ِ‬‫وﺟـﺐ َ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ؛ َ ِ َ َ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻷول َ ْ ِ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﱠ ِ ِ‬‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ََ‬
‫اﳌـﻀﺎف َ‬ ‫وﳍـﺬا َ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﲏ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨـﻮﻳﻦ‪ُ َ ِ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻣﺜـﺎل َﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻪ ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َ ِﳌﺎ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﺣـﺬف ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ ﱠ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ِ ْ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻋﺮاب‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻮن ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﱡ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻠﻮ ﱠ ِ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺔ{ ]اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‪.[٢٧ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ِ } :‬ﱠإﻧﺎ ُ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮن َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﱡ ُ‬ ‫َِ ْ ِ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ْ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ِ‬
‫اﻹَﺿَﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨَْﺪ اﻟﻨﱡَﺤﺎة َﻣَﺬَاﻫ ُ‬
‫ﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫َو َ ْ َ‬
‫ف َأْﺻًﻼ‪َ ،‬ﺑـْﻞ‬ ‫ف َأﺻ ًﻼ‪ ،‬وَﻻ ِﻫﻲ َﻋَﲆ ﻧِﻴِﺔ ﺣﺮ ٍ‬ ‫ﺎن‪َ :‬ﻟﻴﺴْﺖ َﻋَﲆ ﻣﻌﻨَﻰ ﺣﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﱠ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َْ َ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -١‬أُﺑﻮ َﺣﱠﻴ َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ َ ِ َ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻻ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﲔ‪ُ َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺰم ْ‬ ‫اﺳَﻤ ْ ِ‬
‫ﲔ ْ‬ ‫ﻴﺪﱠﻳٌﺔ َﺑ ْ َ‬‫ﲔ‪َ ،‬ﻓِﻬﻲ ِﻋﻨَْﺪه ﻧِﺴﺒٌﺔ َﺗْﻘِﻴ ِ‬
‫ُ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﲔ ُاﳌَﺘَﻀِﺎﻳَﻔ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِﻫﻲ ُﳎ َﺮد ارﺗِﺒ ٍ‬
‫ﺎط َﺑ ْ َ‬ ‫َ ﱠ ُ ْ َ‬
‫اﳊﺮف‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ ِ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫أن َ ُ َ‬
‫واﺳﻄﺔ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن َ ْ َ ُ َ َ‬
‫ون َﺑِﻘﱠﻴـِﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼِﺎﺋِﻎ‪َ :‬ﻋَﲆ َﻣْﻌﻨَﻰ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻼِم َﻓَﻘْﻂ ُد َ‬ ‫اﳊَﺴِﻦ ْﺑُﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎج َوَأُﺑﻮ َ‬‫اﻟﺰﱠﺟ ُ‬ ‫ﺎق ﱠ‬ ‫‪َ -٢‬أُﺑﻮ إِْﺳَﺤ َ‬
‫ِ ٍ‬ ‫ﳏﺼﻮرة ِﰲ َ ْ ً‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺑﻂ ْ ِ ُ ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫اﳊﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ َواﺣﺪ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺒﻄﻬﺎ؛ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﻷﳖﺎ َ ْ ُ َ ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ِ َإﱃ َ ِ َ‬ ‫وف‪َ َ ِ َ .‬‬
‫وﲠﺬا َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺬﻫﺐ َﻻ َ ْ َ ُ‬ ‫ُُ‬
‫ﺑﺎب ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪار‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ُ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫زﻳﺪ‪ْ َ ،‬أو ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎص‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻏﻼم َ ٍ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ُ َ ُ ْ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻻم ِ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻠﻚ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻼم‪ِ َ ،‬‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﱠ ِ‬
‫ََْ‬
‫ﲔ‪َ ،‬أو »ِﻣـﻦ« ﱠاﻟِﺘـﻲ ﻟ ِﺒﻴـ ِ‬
‫ﺎن ِ‬
‫ﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫اﳉـﻨْ ِ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑَِﻘ ْ ِ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻼِم ﺑِﻨَْﻮَﻋْﻴَﻬﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﻮر‪َ :‬ﻋَﲆ َﻣْﻌﻨَﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳉْﻤُﻬ ُ‬
‫‪ُ -٣‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻢ ِ ٍ‬ ‫َﻧْﺤُﻮ‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ َ ُ َ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬
 ‫اﻟـﺴﺎﺑَِﻘ ْ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﺎﺟﺐ واﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﲔ‪َ ،‬أْو‬ ‫اﻟﻼِم ﺑِﻨَْﻮَﻋْﻴَﻬـﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﻚ‪َ :‬ﻋَﲆ َﻣْﻌﻨَﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫واﺑﻦ َ ِ َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫اﳉﺮﺟﺎﲏ َ ْ ُ‬
‫‪ َ ْ ُ -٤‬ﱡ‬
‫ﺎر{ ]ﺳـﺒﺄ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻠﻈْﺮﻓِﱠﻴِﺔ‪َ ،‬ﻧْﺤُﻮ‪َ} :‬ﺑْﻞ َﻣْﻜُﺮ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻠْﻴِﻞ َواﻟﻨﱠَﻬـ ِ‬ ‫ﺲ‪َ ،‬أْو »ِﰲ« ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ﻟ ِ ﱠ‬ ‫اﳉﻨْ ِ‬ ‫»ِﻣﻦ« ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ﻟ ِﺒﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺎن ِ‬ ‫ََ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫‪.[٣٣‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ ِ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪:‬‬
‫اﳉﺮ‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُ ُ‬‫ﺣﺮف ْ‬ ‫أي َ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫‪َ ُ َ ْ ُ -٥‬‬
‫اﳌﺤﺪﺛﻮن‪َ َ :‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ِ‬
‫ﴐب ِ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎء‪ ،‬أي‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺎ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﴐب َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪َ َ -‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ »َِإﱃ«‪َ ،‬أي‪َ :‬ذﻫﺎب ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َذﻫﺎب َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫َ َ‬ ‫ْ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﳌﺪرﺳﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫‪ُ َ َ َ -‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺑ ِﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫رﻛﻮب َ َ‬‫أي‪ٌ ُ ُ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ«‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ » َ َ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫رﻛﻮب ﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ُ ُ ُ‬ ‫‪َ َ -‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﳖﻲ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺒﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ َ‬ ‫أي‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ«‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ » َ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺚ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﳖﻲ َ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ ُ‬‫‪َ َ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﻞ َ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫أي‪ٌ ْ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ »ِﰲ«‪ْ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﻞ َ ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮ ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪َ َ -‬‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ » ِﻣﻦ«‪ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ِﻣﺼﺒﺎح َ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺼﺒﺎح ْ َ ْ‬
‫أي‪ٌ َ ْ :‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺠﺪ‪َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ َ ْ َ‬ ‫‪ْ ُ َ ْ َ َ -‬‬
‫اﳌـﺼﺪر ِ َإﱃ َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠـﻪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫إﺿـﺎﻓﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ِ َ َ ُ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ َﻏﲑ َ ْ َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫دﻓﻊ اﷲِ ﱠ َ ِ‬ ‫‪ََْ-‬‬
‫ﻓـﻼ‬ ‫ﳏﻀﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‪ُ ْ ٌ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻻ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺟﺮ َ ْ ﱞ‬
‫أﺻﲇ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮف َ ﱟ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َُ َ ﱠُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ َ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﺼﺪر ِ َإﱃ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟـﻪ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ِ َ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ َﻏﲑ َ ْ َ ٍ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس اﷲُ‪َ ِ ،‬‬
‫دﻓﻊ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫‪ََْ-‬‬
‫ﻓـﻼ‬ ‫َ ُ‬ ‫ﳏﻀﺔ‪َ َ ،‬‬ ‫إﺿ َ ٌ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻻ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﺟﺮ َ ْ ﱞ‬
‫أﺻﲇ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮف َ ﱟ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َُ َ ﱠُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ َ َ َ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮك ِ َ ِ ِ‬
‫أﺛﻨﺎء َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ َ ِ َ ٍ‬
‫اﻵﰐ ِﰲ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺳـﻬﺎم َ ْ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻷﻋـﲔ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ ) َ َ‬‫ْ‬ ‫واﺣﺬر( َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ) َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫زﻳﺪا ِ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮه( َ ْ‬
‫أي‪ً ْ َ :‬‬ ‫)َ ْ ُْ ُ‬
‫أﻫﺪاب َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﱠ ِ َ ِ‬
‫َِ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻔﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ َ ْ َ ِ‬ ‫أي‪ُ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫أﻋﻴﻨﻪ َ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻞ( َ ْ‬
‫ﱡ ُ ِ‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ »ِﰲ«‬ ‫اﳋﻔﺾ ِﰲ َ ِ ِ َ ِ‬
‫وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫َ ََ ُِ‬
‫وﻫﻮ ُ َ‬
‫وﺣﺮف( َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ » ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﻏﻼم« ) َ َ ْ ٌ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ُ َ‬‫ﺳﻢ( َ ُ َ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪) :‬ا ْ ٌ‬‫ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻨﺎ َ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﺑـﲔ اﻟﻨﱡ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ِ َ ٌ ِ‬ ‫وﰲ ﱠ ِ ِ‬ ‫أي‪ِ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ« ) ِ ِ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ » َ َ ٍ‬
‫ﺤـﺎة‬‫ﺷﺎﺋﻊ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ﺧﻼف َ ٌ‬ ‫اﳋﻼف َ َﻧﲈ( َ ْ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ ُ َ‬ ‫)ََ َُِ‬
‫وﺗﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ( َ ُ َ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ِ ْ ٍ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ِ َ ُ َ‬
‫اﳋﻼف ِ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ِ َ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻞ( ﱠ ِ‬‫ﻋﻦ ِ َ ِ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ ِ ً‬
‫آﻧﻔﺎ ) َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫أﴍﻧﺎ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮن َ َ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄ ِ َ ِ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﺄل َ ِ‬ ‫َََْ ْ‬
‫ﺤـﺎة )ِﰲ‬
‫ذﻛﺮﻫـﺎ اﻟﻨﱡ َ ُ‬‫أي‪َ َ َ َ :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ُ ِ َ ْ‬
‫ذﻛـﺮت( َ ْ‬ ‫اﳉﺮ َ ْ‬‫ﺣﺮوف َ ﱢ‬‫ﺑﺄن ُ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺐ اﻟﻨﱠْﺤِﻮ ) ِ َ ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)َ َْ ْ‬
‫واﻋﻠﻢ( َﻳﺎ َﻃﺎﻟ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ِ ُ ُ ِ َ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﻮﻋـﻚ َِإﱃ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﻐﻦ( أي‪ِ َ ْ :‬‬
‫واﻛﺘﻒ ِ َﺑﲈ َ ْ ِ ُ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ َ ْ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺟﻊ َﳍﺎ َ ْ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫أي‪ِ :‬ﰲ ُ ُ ِ ِ ْ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ ) َ ْ ِ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ( َ ْ‬
‫ُْ ِ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻺﳚﺎز‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ َ َ ً‬
‫ﻟﻚ ُ َ‬‫ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ َ َ‬ ‫ﴐﺑﺖ َ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ْ ِ َ‬‫إﻧﲈ َ َ ْ ُ ْ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ( َأْي‪َ :‬ﻋْﻦ ذْﻛِﺮي َﳍ َﺎ ُﻫﻨَﺎ‪َ ،‬و ِ ﱠ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬ ‫ُُِِ ْ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ ) َ ْ‬
‫َو ِ ْ ِ َ ِ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎر َ ْ َ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ َ ْ ُ‬
‫ﻏﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٥‬‬
 ‫] َ َُِ‬
‫اﳋﺎﲤﺔ[‬ ‫)‪(٥‬‬

‫ﺿﺎﻗﺖ َ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﺎﲏ ُ ِ ِ‬‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻬﻞ َ َ َ ِ‬
‫واﳉﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ِ َ ُ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎح ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ * َ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫اﳌﴘء َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮا َ ِ‬‫ﻳﺎرب َ ْ ً‬
‫‪ َ َ -٥١‬ﱢ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﺎﻇﻢ رﲪـﻪ اﷲ ِ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﳌﴘء( ِ‬
‫اﳉﺎﲏ ُ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻦ َ ِ‬ ‫أي‪َ ُ َ ْ َ :‬‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ) َ ِ‬
‫أﺳﺄﻟﻚ َ ْ َ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮا( َ ْ‬
‫ﻳﺎرب َ ْ ً‬
‫)َ َ ﱢ‬
‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺿـﺎﻗﺖ َ ِ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻚ ِ ْ‬‫ﺴﻪ؛ ِ َ ﱠ َ‬
‫ﺑﻄـﺎح ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟـﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﳉـﺎﲏ ُاﳌـﴘء ) ِ َ ُ‬ ‫أي‪َ :‬‬‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ( َ ْ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ َ َ ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻲ ) َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻒ َ ﱢ‬‫إن َﱂ ْ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َْﻧﻔ َ ُ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰﻛﻴﺔ ِ ﱠ ْ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ‪ْ َ ،‬ﺑﻞ ِ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم ﱠ ْ ِ ِ‬ ‫َ ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻊ َﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺼﲑ َ َ‬ ‫اﲥﻢ َ ْ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َﻗﺪ ﱠ َ َ‬ ‫إن ﱠ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫واﳉﺒﻞ( َوﻓﻴﻪ َ َ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫أﺟﺮه ِ ْ َ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻈﻢ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫ﻃﻤﻌﺎ ِﰲ َ ْ‬
‫أن َ ْ ُ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺠﻮى‪ً َ َ ،‬‬
‫اﻟﴪ َ ﱠ ْ َ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ َ ﱠ ْ َ ِ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻘﻮى ﰲ ﱢ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اﺗﺼﻒ ِﺑﻪ رﲪﻪ اﷲ َ‬
‫ﱠ َ ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻨﻪ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ِﰲ َ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫وأﻣﻼ ِﰲ َ ْ‬
‫وﻛﺮﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲪﺎه ِ َ ﱢ َ َ‬
‫ﺿﲈﻧﺔ َ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫أن َ ْ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﳚﻌﻠﻪ اﷲُ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ً َ َ َ ،‬‬‫اﷲِ َ َ َ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺖ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ِﻣﻦ ِ‬ ‫اﳉﻮﻫﺮي َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺟﺎء ِﰲ َ ْ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫اﳋﺎﲤﺔ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ ُ‬ ‫َ َ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ َ َ ً ْ َ ْ‬ ‫ﴍح َ ْ َ ِ ﱢ َ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻴﻚ َﻃﻪ َ ْ ِ‬
‫أﴍف ﱡ ُ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ِ ﱢ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺮدة * َ َ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﺖ ُ َ ﱢ َ ٌ‬
‫رب َﻣﺎ َ َ ْ‬ ‫َ َ ﱢ‬
‫وﺻﻞ َﻳﺎ َ ﱢ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﱠ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻨﺎه ُ َ ِ ٌ ِ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ َ ُ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮل‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﲏ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻇﻢ رﲪﻪ اﷲ ِﰲ َ ْ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻒ َﳌﺎ َ ﱠ َ ُ‬
‫ﻗﺮره ﱠ ُ‬ ‫َ ََْ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ َ َ ِ‬
‫زﻟﲇ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ َ ْ َ َ ْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖ ِ ِﺑﻪ َ ْ‬
‫ﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ِﺳﻮى * ٍ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ َﻻ َ ِ ُ َ‬ ‫ﺴﲔ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﲬ َ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ َ ْ ِ‬
‫ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ ِﰲ َ َ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ ِ ْ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫واﺿﺢ!‪.‬‬‫ﻫﻮ َ ٌ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ُ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺖ َ َ‬
‫ﻫﺬا َ ْ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻔﻮ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ََْ َ َ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺟﺰ ِﰲ ِ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﴩح ُ َ ِ‬
‫ﻫﺬا ﱠ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ َ ْ ِ ِ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ َ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻮل اﷲِ ُ ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻏﺖ ِ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ َ َ ْ ُ‬‫ﻫﺬا‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬
‫َ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫وﻗﻮﺗﻪ ْ‬ ‫َ ﱠ‬
‫اﳌـﴩﻓﺔ‪ً ِ َ ،‬‬
‫ﺳـﺎﺋﻼ اﷲَ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺠـﺮة ُ َ َ ِ‬
‫ﱠ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﺔ َ ْ ٍ ِ‬
‫وأﻟـﻒ ْ ِ ْ َ‬
‫وﺛﻼﺛﲔ َ ِ ِ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ﺳﺖ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ‬
‫وأرﺑﻊ َ َ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ِ ﱟ‬ ‫رﻣﻀﺎن ُ َ ﱠ ِ‬
‫اﳌﻌﻈﻢ َ َ َ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ َ َ َ َ‬‫َ ِْ‬
‫وأن َﻻ َ ِ ِ‬‫ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ِ ِﺑﻪ‪ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ َ ْ‬
‫ﳛﺮﻣﻨﻲ َ َ َ ُ‬
‫ﺛﻮاﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ َ‬ ‫أن َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ََ َ‬

‫‪ْ ْ ٥‬‬
‫ﺸﺎرح‪.‬‬ ‫) ( ِﻣﻦ َ ِ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ا ِ ِ‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ِ ِ ْ َ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺻﻼح َﻣـﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﱰوا ُ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﻌﻮا ُ ُ َ ُ‬
‫ﺛﻘﻮﺑﻪ َ َ ْ ُ ُ‬ ‫أن ُ َﻳﺮ ﱢ ُ‬ ‫زﻣﻼﺋﻲ َ ِ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﱡ َ ِ ﱢ َ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﲔ َ ْ‬ ‫وآﻣﻞ ِﻣﻦ ُ َ ِ‬
‫َ ُُ ْ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ُ َ ْ ِ َ ،‬‬ ‫ََ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨـﺴﻴﺎن‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫وﻋـﲆ اﷲِ‬ ‫ﳏـﻞ ﱢ ْ َ‬‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن َ َ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫وﻗﴫ َ ْ ُ‬‫اﻟﺒﴫ‪َ ُ َ َ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ َ َ ُ‬
‫وزاغ َ ْ ُ‬ ‫ﻃﻐﻰ ِﺑﻪ َ َ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﻢ‪َ َ َ ،‬‬
‫إﻟﻴﻪ َ ِ ٌ‬ ‫واﻻ ِ ِ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎء ِ َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫واﻟﺪﻋﺎء ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮن َ ﱠ ْ ِ ُ‬ ‫ﱡ َْ ُ ِ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ِ ﱠ َ ﱡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﴬ ِع َ ﱡ َ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ُ ْ َ َ ُ‬‫واﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‪َ ُ َ ،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ َ ْ ُ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻼن‪ُ ْ َ ،‬‬
‫وﺳـﻠﻢ َ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِِ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻲ‪ِ ِ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ُ َ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫وﺻﺤﺒﻪ َ َ ﱠ َ ْ ً‬
‫ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﲈ َ ً‬
‫ﻛﺜـﲑا‬ ‫وﻋﲆ آﻟﻪ َ َ ْ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ُ ﱢ ﱢ َ‬‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﱠ ِ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ َ ﱢ َ ﱠ‬ ‫وﺻﲆ اﷲُ َ َ‬ ‫َ َ ﱠ‬
‫رب َ ِ َ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫واﳊﻤﺪ ﷲِ َ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم ﱢ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ُ ْ َ َ ،‬‬ ‫أﺑﺪا ِ َإﱃ َ ْ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫داﺋﲈ َ َ ً‬
‫َ ً‬

‫‪٦٧‬‬