DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,RANIPUR

Class- XI
Sub- Health and Physical Education
Topic- Fundamentals of Anatomy, physiology and
kinesiology in Sports
Anatomy- Anatomy is the study of the structure
of living organism. The focus of anatomy is not just
the body that we see outside, but the internal
placement and arrangement of organ, tissue, bones,
muscles etc. of the body.

Physiology- Physiology is the study of functions

of living systems. While anatomy studies the
physical aspects of body components, physiology
studies the functions of those components and
their interrelationship. For example anatomy will
give you the shape, size, structure, and location of
the heart, while physiology show how it pumps
blood and works in coordination with various
blood vassals

Kinesiology- Kinesiology is the study of

movements whether of the human body or that of non
Human animals. Kinesiology involves the study of
physical activity and its impact on health, society and
Quality of life.
Importance of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

Knowledge of our body- Anatomy gives

us knowledge of the shape, size, location and weight
of our internal organs. We can study how they
function, what affects them and how we can keep
them in perfect condition. Understanding our body
also helps build the most appropriate diet and
exercise.

Selection of sports- Though we may have the

Same number of bones and organs, our anatomies and
Physical capabilities are all different and unique,
Choosing sports that fit our particular anatomy and
physiological limits brings out the skilled sportsperson
in us. For example sprinting fits athletes who are tall
And have more fast twitch fibers compared to slow
Twitch.
Understanding the individual difference- Males
and females have different anatomies and physiologies. By
studying anatomy and physiology we can understand these
properly. these differences leads to differences in techniques
selection of sports and equipment used.

Know about chemical changes- When we

participate in games and sports or do exercise, a number
of chemical changes take place in our body. The
knowledge of such chemical changes can be achieved
only through human physiology. On the basis of this
knowledge, the essential and required changes can be
done in diet.

Helpful in first aid- It is quit natural to get injured

During daily practice and competition so first aid has to
provide to injured person. A first aider should have proper
Knowledge of all the organs of various systems of body only
Then can first aid be provided appropriately. Indeed the
Knowledge of anatomy proved a firm base for the
protection and treatment.
 The skeletal system- The skeletal system is
combination of all the bones in the body together with the
structures that support them. The adult human body has
206 bones of various shapes and sizes. They are joined
together by tendons, ligaments and cartilage.
A typical bone has two layers, the outer part is thick and
tough, while the inner layer is spongy and somewhat
flexible. Some bones have bone marrow in the middle.
For better understanding skeleton system can be divided
in to two parts.

Axial Skeleton- Axial skeleton consists of the

following bones. Total 80 bones are in axial skeleton.
1- Skull- 22 ( Cranial-8 Facial- 14)
2- Sternum- 1
3- Ribs- 24
4- Hyoid bone- 1
5- Vertebra- 26 ( Cervical- 7, Thoracic- 12, Lumber- 5,
Sacral- 1, Coccyx- 1)
Appendicular Skeleton- Appendicular skeleton consists of the following
bones. Total 126 bones are there in appendicular system.

1- Upper Limb 2- Lower Limb

(i) Humerus -2 (i) Femur- 2
(ii) Radius- 2 (ii) Tibia-2
(iii) Ulna- 2 (iii) Fibula-2
(iv) Carpals- 16 (iv) Tarsus- 14
(v) Metacarpus- 10 (v) Metatarsus- 10
(vi) Phalanges- 28 (vi) Phalanges- 28
(vii) Clavicle-2 (vii) Patella- 2
(viii) Scapula -2

Classification of Bones- Bones can be classified as follows on the

basis of their shape and formation.

Long Bones- Found mainly in upper and lower

limb (Except for the wrist and the ankle) they act as
lever and execute movement they have along shafts and
two expended ends on each side. For example femur,
humerus, radius, ulna
 Short Bones- Found in the waist and ankle
they are short and have geometrical shape like
cuboid, carpal and tarsal are the example of short
bones.

Flat Bones- These are protective bones

which resemble shallow plates. For example
ribs, sternum and scapula.

Sesamoid Bones- They are small and

Independent bones which take the form of
nodules attached to tendons and joint capsules.
Example Patella

Irregular Bones- Bones such as vertebra

Hip bones and bones st the base of the skull do not
Have well defined shapes and are thus referred to
As irregular bone.
 Functions of Bones- The important functions of
bones are as follows.

Provide Support- The bones are the principal

organs of support. They support the whole body.

Provide Protection- Bones Provide protection for

Some of the soft and delicate organs of the body such as
Heart, lungs, skull.

Act as Lever- All the long bones of the body are

works as lever in our body. These help in doing work
easily.

Locomotion- The skeleton is closely associated with

Skeleton muscles which are attached to them by tendons
And ligaments. Together they make movements of the body
Possible. Additionally skeletons keep the muscles in their
Respective positions and the body stable.
 Joints- Joints are the points where joints intersect.
They hold the skeleton together and help it to carry out
movements. According to their range of motion joints can
be classified into three groups.

Immovable Joints- These joints are also called

fibrous joint, because the bones are connected by
fibrous tissues. These joints are fixed and do not move.
These joints are found in skull and face.

Slightly movable Joints- In these joints surface of

bone are separated by some intervening substance and
Only slight movement is possible in them. Vertebral joints
Are the best example of slightly movable joints.

Freely movable Joints- These joints are freely

Movable as they have a cavity filled with synovial fluid
Between the adjoining bones. The fluid lubricates the
joints and eases movement. They are further classified as-
Gliding Joint- These joints permit gliding
movement only, as in the joints between carpal bones of the
wrist and between tarsal bone of the ankle.

Hinge Joint- These joints permit angular

movements in one direction. Like a door on its hinges.
The movements of these joints are called flexion and
extension. Knee and elbow are the example of hinge
joint.

Condyloid Joint- These joints allow an angular

Movement in two direction but do not allow rotation.

Ball and Socket Joint- These joints have an

angular movements in all directions enables along with
pivot movement. For example shoulder joint and hip joint.

Pivot Joint- These are the joints with a rotary

movements in one axis. In this form a ring rotates around a
pivot for example atlas and axis bones of the neck.
 Properties of Muscles- Muscle cells are also
called muscle fibers. These are the basic unit of our
muscles. Human beings have three types of muscle fiber.
i.e. voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles and cardiac
muscles. In fact muscles have some specific properties that
enables them to perform various functions.
Excitability- The responsiveness of muscle cell to
stimulation by nerve and hormones is called excitability of
muscles. The greater the excitability the greater the force
speed and endurance of the muscles.

Contractibility- Contractibility is the ability of

voluntary muscles cells to contract forcefully when
stimulated. This property is not shared by cardiac and
smooth muscles. When a skeleton muscles is excited the
nerve impulses travels through the muscle cell and
causes calcium channels from within the cell to open.
The calcium ions bind to troponin a protein molecule
and change the shape and position of others proteins in
the muscle cell such as actin myosin and tropomyosin
Extensibility- Skeleton muscles have the ability
to extend or stretch themselves. Just as they shorten
during contraction, they can extend up to three time
their resting length when relaxed without rupturing.
Without this property, we should not be abele to
perform various movements. One muscle contraction
pulls at another muscles making the latter extend for
example while running the hamstring contracts and
quadriceps extend at the same time.

Elasticity- This property enables muscles to return

to their normal resting length and shape after
contraction and extension. Without this ability
muscle would lose their vigour.

Ask most people what they want out of life and the answer is
simple to be happy
 Functions of muscles
Produce Physical Movements- Muscles make all
kinds of physical movements happen from the swallowing of
food to the twitching of an eye. They are the only body tissue
capable of contraction without them we will not be abele to
perform physical activity.

Maintain body posture- Though the skeleton provides

the framework, it is the muscles that hold the numerous
bones together and support them to give the shape of the
human body.

Protects Organ- Muscles work together with the ribs

and the spine to keep internal organs like those in the
abdominal area safe.

Executive internal Organ functions- Though we

Are generally not aware of it. Involuntary muscles work hard
For the smooth functioning of internal organs, such as
movement of food expulsion of urine etc.
Respiratory System- Respiration is the mechanical function
of inhaling and exhaling by using respiratory organs like the
noose, windpipe, lungs. Respiration meanwhile, is the chemical
process of converting oxygen and glucose into co2 , water and
energy and than eliminating the co2 and excess water through
exhalation. Following body parts are involved in respiration
process .

The Nose- It consists of an external part which

includes the triangular framework of bone and cartilage
covering the skin and the nostrils and an internal part
the nasal cavities. Nasal cavities have coarse hair that
trap dust particles entering through nostrils. Mucus also
contains enzymes capable of killing certain bacteria and
viruses.

Pharynx- The pharynx can be found behind the nasal

Cavity and the mouth. It is attached to the base of the skull
And surrounding area by thick muscular fiber and
connective tissue. its circular muscle fibers push food from
the mouth to the oesophagus and prevent swallowing of air.
 Larynx- The larynx is located in the front of the
neck and directs air into the respiratory organ. Since
it is also responsible for production of sound

Trachea- The trachea is what we ordinarily call

windpipe. It is hollow cylindrical tube about 11.2 cm long
with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 cm. it connects the pharynx
and larynx to the bronchi of lungs and is located in front
of the oesophagus. As it reaches the lungs, it bifurcates
onto the left and right bronchi.

Diaphragm- It is a dome shaped sheet of muscles and

Tendons. It extends across the bottom of the ribcage and
Separates the chest from the abdomen. As air enters the
Lungs, the muscles in the diaphragm contract and pull the
central tendon inferiorly into the abdominal cavity. This
Enlarges the thorax and allows air to inflate the lungs.
Lungs- The lungs are located in the chest with their base
resting on the floor of the thoracic cavity. On the
diaphragm. The two lungs differ in size. The left lung has a
smaller size to accommodate the heart, while the right lung
is shorter to make room for the liver.

Mechanism of respiration- Whole respiration

process is divides in two parts.
External Respiration- External respiration is the
stage in which oxygen is taken in to the body from the
air. It enters through the nose, trachea, and bronchi and
when it reaches the alveoli it is absorbed into the blood
in the pulmonary capillaries.

Internal Respiration- Internal respiration is the

Trading of oxygen and CO2 at the tissue level O2 passes
From the blood into tissue fluid and eventually the tissue
Cells, while co2 takes the reverse route. It passes from the
Tissue cell into the tissue fluid. Finally mixes with blood.
While external respiration occurs in the lungs, internal
respiration occurs in the cells.
 Circulatory System- The circulatory system is a
complex and vital network of organs and vassals that
work together to transport blood, nutrients, hormones,
oxygen, antibodies and lymph throughout the body. By
continuously supplying these substances and removing
waste products. The circulatory system may be broken
down into the following components.

The Heart- The heart is a hollow four chambered

muscular organ responsible for the pumping of blood.
It also helps in the removal of waste products. The
average size of heart is 12 cm long, 8 cm wide and 6
cm in thickness. The heart is located in the thorax
between the lungs, behind the sternum and above the
central depression of the diaphragm. There are three
layers in the wall of heart. The outer most layer is
called apicardium and it lubricates the outside of the
heart. The thick muscular middle layer is called
myocardium and it performs the pumping action. The
smooth innermost layer is called endocardium. It
prevents blood from sticking inside the heart and
forming harmful clots.
The heart is divided into two sides by a partition known
as interventricular septum. There are four chambers,
two on each side. The upper chambers are called auricle
while the lower chambers are called ventricles. The
auricle are smaller in size.

Systemic circulation- In systemic circulation

blood comes out from the left ventricle of the heart
through aorta. Than it passes through small arteries
which carry it to various parts of the body. As
arteries are narrow vassals blood flow experiences a
pressure of resistance. The blood than arrives at
capillaries beds and gets supplied to body tissue.

Pulmonary circulation- In pulmonary

circulation the deoxygenated blood is carried from the
heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returned to the
heart as oxygenated blood. The right auricle passes
blood into right ventricle which contracts and than sends
the blood to the pulmonary artery. Here the blood is
divided into two streams and transferred to the two
lungs.
 Arteries- Arteries contain blood under high
pressure and are therefore elastic muscular and thick
walled. The structure and relative thickness vary with
the size of artery. The great extensibility of the arteries
enables them to receive additional amount of blood
forced into them during each contraction of the heart.
If these arteries were rigid the systolic blood pressure
would be marked increased. These arteries do not
collapse when they are empty.

Veins- The veins return the blood to the heart. The

structure of the veins is similar to that of arteries.
These veins tend to collapse when not filled with
blood. In general the total diameter of the veins
returning blood from any organ is at least twice the
diameter of the arteries carrying blood to the organ.
These veins of lower limbs have number of valves
than those of the upper limb.
Equilibrium- A body is said to be in equilibrium
when all the forces acting on it are counterbalanced by
equal and opposite forces and their sum becomes equal
to zero. A state of equilibrium is also achieved when the
body's canter of gravity is over its base of support and
the line of gravity falls within the base.

Types of Equilibrium- There are two types of

equilibrium, i.e. static equilibrium and dynamic
equilibrium.
Static Equilibrium- Static equilibrium is when the
centre the centre of gravity is in a stable position.
Dynamic Equilibrium- Dynamic equilibrium is a
state in which the centre of gravity is in motion, e.g.
when one is running or performing a cartwheel is
gymnastics.
Centre of Gravity- The centre of gravity of a person
standing erect with hands at the sides is located at the
hips, but it is difficult to determine COG for most
positions whether the body is at rest or in motion COG
shifts in the direction of the movement. “ A centre of
gravity is an imaginary point ( within or outside the
body or object) around which the body or object is
balanced”

Principles of Stability- What we call balance in

sports is another word for stability. The degree of
stability is influenced by the following factors.

Lower the COG, more stability- The lower

the COG is to the base of support, the greater is the
stability. When performing any activity that requires
stability, an individual should lowers his COG.
Near the COG to base of support, more stability
The nearer the COG is to the canter of the base of support,
the more stable is the body. When the centre of gravity
extends beyond the boundaries of the base of support
Balance is lost. Keeping the body's weight centered over
the base of support helps in maintaining stability.

Less base, Less Stability- Stability can be increased by

widening the base of support. Widening the base of support
helps in achieving greater stability. Example – where a
stance is required using both hands and feet creates the
widest base.

Horizontal distance of COG- Stability is directly

proportional to the horizontal distance of the COG from
the edge of the base towards the given direction of
movement.
Presented by- Janardan Dungrakoti
Physical Education Teacher
DPS Ranipur Haridwar