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Equilibrium

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Equilibrium

Uploaded by

kk.hemanth123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chemistry

Chapter -7
Equilibrium

Equilibrium:

 Equilibrium represents the state of a process in which the properties like


Temperature, Pressure, Concentration of a system do not show any
changes with the passage of time. That is Temperature, Pressure,
Concentration is constant. Such type of state is known as equilibrium
state.

 Equilibrium in a simple way with a real-life example. Imagine you have a


water bottle, and you're adding sugar to it. At first, the sugar dissolves in
the water, and you can see the sugar particles disappearing. As you keep
adding sugar, it continues to dissolve until a point where no more sugar
seems to disappear. It looks like the sugar-water mixture is not changing
anymore.

 This point is an equilibrium state.

 Equilibrium is established only in a closed container for gas (closed


system).

 At equilibrium, the rate of forward and backward reactions is equal.

 At equilibrium, the concentration of reactant and product becomes


constant.

 Equilibrium is denoted by using double arrow.

Types of equilibrium:

i) Physical equilibrium
ii) Chemical equilibrium
iii) Ionic equilibrium
Physical equilibrium:

The equilibrium attained between two physical states of the same


substance when the rates of forwarding and reverse reaction changes are equal
(stable) is called physical equilibrium.

(or)

Physical equilibrium refers to a situation where opposing physical


processes occur at the same rate, leading to a stable balance. In other words,
physical equilibrium refers to the equilibrium that exists between different
physical states of matter involving the same substance. This equilibrium
involves transitions between the solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

Example:

i) Water vaporization and condensation. Consider, a closed container


with liquid water. As the container is sealed, water molecules
continuously evaporate from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase
(water vapor). At the same time, water vapor molecules in the air can
collide and condense back into the liquid phase. At a certain point,
the rate of water molecules leaving the liquid (evaporation) becomes
equal to the rate of water vapor molecules returning to the liquid
(condensation). This is the state of physical equilibrium.

ii) At the melting point of the ice, the rate at which ice is melting (going
from solid to liquid) is equal to the rate at which liquid water is
freezing (going from liquid to solid).

There are 3 types of physical equilibrium. They are,

i) Solid - Liquid Equilibrium


ii) Liquid - Gas Equilibrium
iii) Solid – gas Equilibrium
Solid – Liquid Equilibrium:

Solid-liquid equilibrium refers to the state in which a substance


simultaneously exists in both the solid and liquid phases at a specific
temperature and pressure. This equilibrium occurs when the rates of melting
(solid to liquid) and freezing (liquid to solid) processes are equal.

1.Melting (Solid to Liquid):

Process: At a certain temperature, the solid molecules absorb enough energy


to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed, ordered structure. As a result,
the solid transforms into the liquid phase.

Energy Absorption: This process requires the input of heat energy to break the
intermolecular forces in the solid.

2.Freezing (Liquid to Solid):

Process: At the same temperature, the liquid molecules lose enough energy to
reorganize into a solid structure. This process involves the formation of
intermolecular forces that hold the molecules in a fixed position.

Energy Release: Heat energy is released during freezing as the molecules lose
their kinetic energy.

3.Equilibrium Conditions:

Balanced Rates: Solid-liquid equilibrium is achieved when the rate of melting


equals the rate of freezing. In other words, the transformation between the
solid and liquid phases is occurring at the same rate in both directions.

Constant Quantities: At equilibrium, there is a stable coexistence of solid and


liquid phases, and the quantities of each phase remain constant over time.

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