TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DEDICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1. THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

 Significance of the Study

Definition of Terms:

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature/Studies

National Literature/Studies

Local Article 32

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Population and Locale of the Study

Data Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Treatment of Data
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Juvenile delinquency in Mangaldan has been a persistent issue, with

various studies highlighting the complex factors contributing to this problem.

Research has shown that poverty, lack of access to education, family

dysfunction, and peer influence are some of the key drivers of juvenile

delinquency in the area. 70% of juvenile delinquents in Mangaldan came from

low-income families, and 60% had dropped out of school due to financial

constraints. Another study by the Philippine National Police (PNP) revealed that

80% of juvenile delinquents in Mangaldan were involved in petty crimes such as

theft, vandalism, and drug-related offenses. Villarante, et al. (2021)

According to Greenwood, et. al, (2008), researchers have identified

a dozen "proven" delinquency prevention programs. Another twenty to

thirty "promising" programs are still being tested. In his article,

Greenwood reviews the methods used to identify the best programs,

explains how program success is measured, provides an overview of

programs that work, and offers guidance on how jurisdictions can shift

toward more evidence-based practices The most successful programs are

those that prevent youth from engaging in delinquent behaviors in the

first place. Greenwood specifically cites home-visiting programs that

1
target pregnant teens and their at-risk infants and preschool education for

at-risk children that includes home visits or work with parents. Successful

school-based programs can prevent drug use, delinquency, anti-social

behavior, and early school drop-out.

Greenwood also discusses community-based programs that can

divert first-time offenders from further encounters with the justice system.

The most successful community programs emphasize family interactions

and provide skills to the adults who supervise and train the child. Progress

in implementing effective programs, says Greenwood, is slow. Although

more than ten years of solid evidence is now available on evidence-based

programs, only about 5 percent of youth who should be eligible

participate in these programs. A few states such as Florida, Pennsylvania,

and Washington have begun implementing evidence-based programs.

The challenge is to push these reforms into the mainstream of juvenile

justice. (Vol. 18, No. 2, Juvenile Justice) (Fall, 2008).

Youth crime is a growing concern. Many young offenders are

also victims with complex needs, leading to a public health approach

that requires a balance of welfare and justice models. Juvenile

delinquency has been a problem society is confronted with dating back

to the early 19th century. The child saving movement arose. Advocates

believed that “children were born good and became bad.” and
the best way to save the children was to get them out of “bad”.

Rehabilitation can also mean keeping the younger and less

delinquent population away from a career of crime through early

identification and treatment. According to Aging (2018), the locations

of those who deliver rehabilitation care have to match the needs of the

older patients. Systematic reviews showed a heterogeneous impact of

the location of those who provide rehabilitation care, (Aging, 2018).

Mclaughin and Muncie (2013) defined and explained the concept of

rehabilitation that has its roots what termed the destructing moves of

the 1960s. Its orientation toward an alternative procedural rationale

grew out of a radical critique of the penal welfare strategy and was

closely associated with measure of decarceration (away from prison),

delegalization (away from the state) and de-professionalization (away

from the expert).

Effects of the Equip programme on the moral judgement,

cognitive distortions, and social skills of juvenile delinquents A quasi-

experimental pre-test/post-test study was carried out to investigate

the effects of the Equip programme on moral judgement, social skills,

cognitive distortions and social information processing of juvenile

delinquents. The programme is designed to equip antisocial youth to

think and act responsibly and is a combination of Positive Peer Culture

(PPC) and the teaching of helping skills. Participants were recruited

from three comparable high-security correctional facilities for

convicted boys between the ages of 12 and 18 years. However, a few

aspects of social information processing showed modest effect sizes in

favor of the experimental group. It is concluded that to strengthen the

effects of Equip a more intensive treatment is recommended. Future

research on Equip should include more participants and investigate the

impact of the programme on different types of antisocial youths. Daniel

Brugman & Willem Koops (2007).

Juvenile crime is often serious and may present a significant

proportion of the total criminal activity in some parts of America and

neighborhood country. It is usually assumed that juvenile deserve and

require special handling because they are in formative period and

criminal behavior at this stage of life will not necessarily be continued

into adulthood. The cause of juvenile delinquency, just like in crimes

committed by adults are wide and varied. A number of studies

attribute juvenile delinquency to a blend of psychological, social and

economic factors. To correct this alignment to criminal behavior

thousands of minors are incarcerated in detention centers and

correction facilities not only in the United States but worldwide.

According to Risper (2011), it cannot be denied that the aspect of

institutionalizing children to correct or prevent juvenile delinquency

was created with the best intentions as having the main responsibility

of providing the basic necessities of the child as well as giving

emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social needs to its

members particularly the children.

Filipino children need support for the enhancement of their early

childhood care such as development programs and services in order to

prevent antisocial behavior children (DSWD, 2018). Juvenile crime is

often serious and may represent a significant proportion of the total

criminal activity in a community. It is usually assumed that adolescents

deserve and require special handling because they are in a formative

period and criminal behavior at this stage of life will not necessarily be

continued into adulthood. Therefore, rehabilitation has particular

appeal for use with juveniles. Basically, rehabilitation is the focus of

corrections programs for juveniles. In practice, however, as occurs with

adult programs, juvenile rehabilitation programs may be poorly

implemented.

However, Aviola (2012) discussed Republic Act 9344, “Juvenile

Justice and Welfare act of 2006”, an act establishing a comprehensive

Juvenile Justice and Welfare system, creating the Juvenile Justice and

Welfare Council (JJWC) under the Department of Justice, appropriating

funds therefore and for other purposes. It covers different stages

involving children at risk and conflict with the law from prevention to

rehabilitation and reintegration. A Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council

(JJWC) is created and attached to the Department of Justice and placed

under its administrative supervision. However, Influence of Aggression

Management Program (AMP) in Reducing Aggressive Behavior of

Filipino Children in Conflict with the Law Aggression is a behavior that

intent to hurt others. Despite collective researches about aggression,

there is a dearth in fully established psychosocial programs for the

Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) and evaluating program

directed to aggressive behavior in the Philippines. Eight CICL housed in

an institution under the supervision of the DSWD-Dasmariñas were the

primary source of data. Findings revealed that their aggression in the

areas of physically aggressive responses, and verbally aggressive

reactions were diminished after participating in the AMP, with the

inclusion of counseling sessions in addressing problematic concerns

related to aggressive behavior (Consuelo Oliveros Peralta, Jemerson

Naceno Dominguez, 2017).

Rehabilitation Programs for Children in Conflict with the Law

(CICL): An Assessment towards Program Enhancement In 2006, the

Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (RA 9344) was signed and

subsequently amended by RA 10630 in 2013. The latter aims to further

strengthen the juvenile justice and welfare of the youth in the country

and established a comprehensive restorative juvenile justice and

welfare system with the signing of the RA10630. Local government

units are mandated to establish Bahay Pag-asa Centers that will cater

to CICL rather than the alternative which is to place them in jails,

separate from older inmates. The said law also not only provided for

the strengthening of the center-based rehabilitation programs, but also

the strengthening of the community-based diversion programs,

wherein the CICL is integrated in the society with a community

diversion plan that was devised in consultation of the social workers

with the BCPC, CICL, parents of the CICL and the aggrieved party /

CICL.

The research targets a center that already existed prior to the

passage of the law and one that was established in accordance with

the RA10630. Both centers are operating under the local social welfare

and development offices. Their programs are aligned in the standards

set by the DSWD. Hence, the research paper was primarily done to

determine the effectiveness of the services in the rehabilitation centers

for the CICL. In obtaining answers for the foregoing questions in the

study, several tools were used, including the structured interview with

all the CICL respondents admitted from CY2015 to 2016 using a survey
questionnaire, non-structured interview with key implementers and

documentary.

In answering the questionnaire, the CICL respondents agreed that

all six (6) programs that were evaluating were effective in meeting

their needs while in the center. The level of success in the

implementation of the programs is evident in how the residents

perceived the programs in terms of helpfulness in their rehabilitation.

For the Malolos Tanglaw Center, seventy five percent (75%) of the

residents agreed that the programs in the center are “Helpful”, while

eighty three percent (83%) in the Valenzuela Bahay Pag-Asa

considered the programs “Helpful” towards their rehabilitation. It can

also be noted that the residents have positive acceptance of the

programs implemented in the center.

However, there are still problems in program implementation as

indicated by the implementers such as the congestion within the

center, inadequate budget allocation and insufficient number of staff

as against the standard ratio of fifteen (15) CICL to one (1) social

worker, and twenty (20) CICL to one (1) houseparent, who needs to be

on an eight-hour shifting schedule. The programs for the CICL in the

two What are the problems encountered by staffs in the

implementation of rehabilitation progress Kalikid youth detention office

centers in this study are standard in their components the form of (a)

homelife, (b) health care, (c) education, (d) values formation, (e)

recreation and sports and (f) skills development. The manner of

implementation is dependent of the support of the LGUs in terms of

budget, staffing and other resources such as the availability of

volunteers for the spiritual and educational services. Ma. Socorro

Jocelyn (2018).

The Long-Term Effects of Rehabilitation Program for Children in

Conflict with the Law This study determined the effectiveness of

rehabilitation programs provided for in Republic Act 9344 for children

in conflict with the law. Twenty-one rehabilitated youth admitted from

June to October 2018 participated in the study. All of them are

permanent residents of Cabanatuan City, Central Luzon, Philippines.

Results showed that diversion program, vocational training, livelihood

skills training, fun games and sports development were perceived to

be more effective than other methods while cleanliness drives are

effective as it is understood as a punishment rather than restorative.

According to Meta-Anal (2013), Recreational activity such as sport is

anything that is stimulating and rejuvenating for an individual that can

be improve and enhance through rehabilitation program. Program

implementers, challenges faced in the program were casework and

limited financial assistance. Rehabilitated youth reported to have

adapted a better perspective in life and are coping with problems well.

According to Eduardo and Panganoron (2016), he explains about

rehabilitation programs its mechanism including activities, services,

conferencing, mediation and counseling which are done to prevent the

imprisonment of juvenile delinquency. Follow-up programs must be

conducted to ensure the success of children in their community as well

in school (Elizabeth S. Manuel) (2019).

Status of Social Welfare Services for Children in Conflict with the

Law (CICL): Its Implication to Educational Program of Bahay Pag-Asa

that offered limited educational and social welfare services for the

youth offenders. The Bahay Pag-Asa “Sometimes” provides Fairly

Efficient social welfare services to children that Moderately

Satisfied. And also they’re encountered serious problems along the

provision of social welfare services for Children in Conflict with the Law

(CICL). The more frequent are social welfare Services provided for the

youth reformists, the more efficient are the social welfare services

tended to become for children in conflict with the law (CICL). The more

efficient are the social welfare services rendered for children in conflict

with the law (CICL), the higher is the degree of satisfaction level of

Bahay Pag-Asa stakeholders. The Education Program of Bahay Pag-Asa

is strongly proposed as effective intervention program for children in

conflict with the law (CICL) at Bahay Pag-Asa, thereby, contributing to

the holistic personality development of youth offenders, Gabriel L.

Luna (2022).

The aim of this study is to provide a thorough evaluation of the type and

frequency of juvenile delinquency in Mangaldan. It aims to determine the various

types of crimes or offenses that juveniles commit, the number of times these

crimes happen, and any long-term patterns that may emerge. Furthermore,

research assesses the effectiveness of current programs and initiatives

implemented by the local government, educational institutions, law enforcement,

and community organizations as well. The study provides policymakers,

community leaders, and other stakeholders with recommendations and insights

based on the findings to help them create more successful policies for preventing

and reducing juvenile offenders. In conclusion, the study aims to increase

awareness regarding the growing problem of juvenile delinquency in Mangaldan

among the local population and related authorities, promoting a more

knowledgeable and active approach to resolving the issue.

Theoretical Framework

The following theories were offered to give more emphasize to

the problem being studied.

The Strain Theory in criminology posits that individuals may resort

to delinquent or criminal behavior when they face obstacles in

achieving socially accepted goals through legitimate means. This

theory highlights that the failure to attain objectives like financial

success or social status can create feelings of frustration, anger, and

strain, ultimately leading individuals to engage in antisocial or illegal

activities as a coping mechanism or a form of retaliation. The core

principles of Strain Theory include the presence of socially endorsed

goals, the experience of pressure when unable to achieve these goals

through lawful avenues, the emergence of negative emotions like

resentment or anger due to this strain, and the potential shift towards

delinquent behavior as an illegitimate means to fulfill their

aspirations.Strain Theory has been extensively utilized in

criminological research to elucidate the fundamental causes of criminal

behavior, especially among marginalized groups and youth facing

significant barriers to achieving socially valued objectives. By

comprehending the impact of strain and the challenges in attaining

legitimate goals, researchers and policymakers can devise more

targeted prevention and intervention strategies to address the

underlying factors driving delinquency.

According to Psychologist Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory,

developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, suggests that individuals

can acquire new behaviors by observing others. The key principles of

this theory include observational learning, where children learn

through observation without direct reinforcement; cognitive factors,

emphasizing that cognitive abilities affect learning processes;

reciprocal determinism, positing that behavior, personal factors, and

social environment interact and influence each other; antecedent and

consequent determinants, identifying factors that shape behavior; and

cognitive control, suggesting people can exercise control over their

behavior through self-regulatory mechanisms. It exhibits one

comprehensive explanation in describing risk factors, with social

learning and social structure being intertwined, and biological factors

also critical in assessing the propensity of juvenile delinquency. This

integrated model approach ensures that evidence-based practice

programs are tailored to each individual. Social Learning Theory has

been applied to understand computer crime among college students,

demonstrating that measures of differential association, differential

reinforcement and punishment, definitions, and sources of imitation

are significantly related to these behaviors. The theory has also been

examined in the context of Turkey, a country with a mixed Islamic and

secular cultural structure, where differential association (peer

delinquency) and norms/beliefs that favor delinquency were positively

associated with delinquent behaviors, while parental reaction (a

measure of differential reinforcement) had a negative impact. Social

Learning Theory began as an attempt to combine psychoanalytic and

stimulus-response learning theory, but Bandura later abandoned the

psychoanalytic and drive features, emphasizing cognitive and

information-processing capacities that mediate social behavior[5]. Both

Sears and Bandura intended their theories as a general framework for

understanding human behavior, with developmental aspects remaining

to be worked out in detail.

Conceptual Framework

The barangay-based study jointly conducted by the local

government and focusing on the condition of the juvenile delinquency

in the Municipality of Mangaldan, the Republic Act 9344, also known as

the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, is compliant

organizations. The IPO (input-process-output) model is the model the

study uses to examine the reasons of delinquency among the

Mangaldan youth in a systematic and logical manner. This strategy

implies that you must get information on demographics, crime

statistics, families, communities, and the specific law and judicial

 bodies in Mangaldan. Thus, they may have insights into the various

aspects leading to juvenile delinquency which is specific to the area.

Using local-specific numbers and trends to find the main problem areas

is the strength and base of our intervention analysis. Reviews of the

output cover in-depth reports, tools for data visualization, and action

plans that will conform to the conditions unique for Mangaldan. This

grants policy-makers and practitioners with knowledge that will be

used for the development of effective and evidence-based strategies

for preventing youth delinquency in the community. The IPO model

becomes a matter of reading to Mangaldan parties who address the

social problems that lead to juvenile delinquency, by using the model.

Through comprehension and dealing with these problems, the

community will be able to shape a well-being space of security and

support for the youth in line with RA 9344.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. What is the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Gender Data analysis Proposed recommendations
c. Crime Committed to enhance the positive
Interpretation situation of children in
2. What is the status of juvenile delinquency Mangaldan, Pangasinan.
in the municipality of Mangaldan, Pangasinan Statistical analysis

3. What program maybe proposed to

strengthen the crime prevention against
juvenile delinquency
 Figure 1. The Paradigm of the
Study

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to investigate specifically, it will

answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age.

b. Gender.

c. Crime Committed.
2. What is the status of juvenile delinquency in the municipality of

Mangaldan, Pangasinan?

3. What program maybe proposed to strengthen the crime prevention

against juvenile delinquency?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

With the collaboration of the barangay, this study was conducted

to examine the status of juvenile delinquency among the youth in the

municipality of Pangasinan, particularly in Mangaldan Pangasinan. The

analysis of data obtained is generalized to all participants involved in

the study. The study heavily relied on the cooperation and resources

provided by the Municipal Social Welfare and Development (MSWD)

office. Specifically, it focused on 20 active participants who were male

youth offenders.

Data collection was primarily through questionnaires, assuming

that participants provided accurate and honest responses. The study

was undertaken by undergraduate students pursuing a Bachelor of

Science in Criminology during the academic year 2023-2024 in the 2 nd

semester. This collaboration with the barangay aimed to gain insights

into the factors contributing to juvenile delinquency and to formulate

potential interventions to address this issue within the community.

Significance of the Study

This study, which the objective to provide information and

understanding regarding the effectiveness of the program

implemented of the Cabanatuan Social Welfare Development Office to

the youth offender that would be beneficial to the following:

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT.

To tailor social welfare programs that prevent youth involvement in

crime, facilitate rehabilitation, and support the reintegration of young

offenders into society.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE. In the context of law

enforcement, PNP stands for the "Philippine National Police." It is the

civilian national police force in the Philippines tasked with maintaining

peace and order, preventing and controlling crimes, and ensuring

public safety and internal security throughout the country.

Municipality of Mangaldan. Understanding youth crime

trends, identifying root causes, and implementing effective

interventions to improve community safety and youth well-being.

Local Government Unit. It refers to the administrative division

of government below the national level, which is responsible for

governing specific geographical areas such as provinces, cities,

municipalities, and barangays.

 Community. This study will help the community to design and

implement policies that will improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation

programs of juvenile delinquency.

Parents. This study will help the parents to solve the problems

of their children regarding this matter using the authority they have for

them.

Youth. This study may serve as awareness and to understand

the consequences of their possible actions.

Future Researcher. This study will nourish them to be more

familiar to the program of Municipality of Pangasinan Specifically In

DSWD. The result of this study will serve as reference in the conduct of

similar studies in the future.

Definition of Terms:

To facilitate the understanding of this study, different terms

are conceptually defined herein.

MSWD. Municipal Social Welfare Development, a government

agency that supports rehabilitation programs of juvenile delinquency.

Status. means the condition or situation of something or

someone at a specific time. It could be about their legal standing,

position in society, health, progress on a task, relationship status,

employment situation, or any other aspect of their situation.

Juvenile. A young person especially: one below the legally

established age (as of 18) of adulthood. 2: a young individual

resembling an adult of its kind except in size and reproductive.

Delinquency. Minor crime, especially that committed by young

people.

Juvenile Delinquency- Juvenile Delinquency refers to the

participation of minors in unlawful or socially destabilizing conduct.

This accordingly includes a range of offenses that starts with truancy

and ends up with theft, assault or drug charges.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Presented in this part of the study are the reviewed related literature and

studies that best support the objectives of the study . Three (3) foreign

literature/studies, namely: International Context of Juvenile Delinquency,

Prevalence Rate of Juvenile Delinquency in India, and Evolution and

Development of the Value Orientation of Juvenile Delinquency, three (3) national

literature/studies, namely: Phenomenology of Juvenile Delinquency in the

Philippines, Youth Gangs and Delinquent in the Philippines, and Existing

Programs for Juvenile Delinquency, and one (1) local article, namely: Crimes

Involving Children in Pangasinan, were utilized in this study.

International Context of Juvenile Delinquency

Young people breaking the law is a worldwide issue . People are

increasingly interested in studying how different countries handle these

problems, even though it is difficult to compare their methods . The ideas of being

a teenager and committing crimes as a minor are based on the society and time

you live in (Neissl & Singer, 2020). To understand who is considered a juvenile

or what counts as a delinquent act, researchers from various countries need to

know about a place's history, culture, politics, and laws . There is not much

international information about young people's interactions with the legal system,

and it is hard to compare this data because different places define and record

things differently. The United Nations has a big survey about crime and how the

legal system works, but it does not always explain its terms clearly or provide

ways to check the information. The World Prison Brief, created by the Institute

for Policy Research at Birkbeck University of London, gives information about

how many people are in prison worldwide, but it only shows one number about

young people in prison (World Prison Brief, 2014). The Council of Europe Annual

Penal Statistics (SPACE) and the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal

Justice Statistics gather information about different ways people are punished,

both in and out of prison (Council of Europe, 2024), and they explain how each

country defines these punishments, but they only cover Europe . According

Marshal et al. (2019), the biggest study where young people tell about their own

bad behavior is the International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD) study . Today, it

is now in its third part and includes 40 countries from all over the world.

Since 1990, the United Nations has created international agreements,

rules, and advice that control how children's rights are handled, especially when

it comes to young people and the law (Neissl & Singer, 2020). These rules have
influenced, and still do, how young people are treated in legal matters around the

world. Almost every part of the world has special ways to deal with young people

who break the law, different from how adults are treated . But these ways can be

very different. Not all countries have separate legal systems for young people

and adults. In some areas, informal ways of dealing with young people who

break the law are common, or they exist alongside more formal legal systems for

young people (Juvenile Law Center, 2018). The way juvenile justice systems

work is often based on their main ideas, which can be either focused on helping

and protecting young people or on controlling crime and enforcing justice . These

classifications hide important differences between countries and are just broad

statements. To understand the details of different systems and compare them,

researchers are in need of a specific approach to juvenile justice

Prevalence Rate of Juvenile Delinquency in India

Juvenile delinquency, the involvement of minors in criminal activity,

presents a multifaceted challenge in India. While concerning trends exist, a clear

understanding of its prevalence requires examining various sources and

interpretations. Official statistics from the National Crime Records Bureau

(NCRB) paint a picture of a rising issue . NCRB reports show an increase in

crimes registered against juveniles, with a 4.7% jump from 2020 to 2021

(Pushkarna, 2022). This shows a possible increase in bad behavior . But it's

important to know that these numbers are for crimes that have been reported, not

the exact number of crimes that actually happen.

The rates of young people breaking the law can be influenced by the types

of crimes they commit. Data from the National Crime Record Bureau (2020)

shows that most juvenile crimes are related to "property and other Indian Penal

Code Acts," such as running away or being homeless . These actions might not

always show a serious desire to commit crimes. The large size and variety of

India also make things more complex. Studies suggest that when young people

admit to their own wrongdoings, it shows that there isn't much difference in crime

rates based on social class. Crime levels appear to be similar in both urban

areas and rural areas. This challenges the belief that only poor conditions or a

shortage of chances lead young individuals to commit crimes (Huijsmans et al .,

2019).
 Research shows that young people from poor families often get into legal

trouble, mostly because of the environment they live in . This means scientists

should study more about how different areas affect this problem . Also, it's

important to note that India might have more cases of trouble than some Western

countries, mainly because of online discrimination and not using the legal system

for children's issues. Approaches related to culture on these problems vary, with

India heavily emphasizing familial support and juvenile rehabilitation . The 2015

Juvenile Justice Act reflects this by aiming to rehabilitate young offenders and

reintegrate them into society (Gupta et al., 2022). However, there are concerns

about the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs and whether there are

sufficient resources for proper assistance. Gupta (2022) said that fixing problems

with young people breaking the law needs different ways of working together .

Spending money on programs that help with poverty and unfairness in society

can stop problems before they start. Making family support stronger and

encouraging good friendships are also very important.

To sum up, figuring out why young people in India get into trouble with the

law requires a careful look at many things. Even though the numbers of reported

crimes by young people are going up, we don't really know how many there are
for sure. Things like how much money people have, what their culture is like, and

what kinds of crimes are reported all play a part in these numbers . It is vital to

put money into helping people, making families and schools better, and

improving how we keep track of crime data . By working on stopping trouble

before it starts, helping young people who have gotten into trouble, and really

understanding why it happens, India can help make sure fewer young people get

caught up in breaking the law (Gupta and others, 2022).

Evolution and Development of the Value Orientation of Juvenile

Delinquency

Over time, how groups of people see and deal with kids who break the law

has changed a lot. This shows that what's important in law and society has

shifted. Before, most people thought young lawbreakers should be punished and

made to pay. They saw bad actions as a lack of good values, and they used

tough punishments to try to stop it from happening again . This particular mindset

primarily aimed at safeguarding the community from youth than focusing on

assisting these individuals in improving or understanding the reasons, behind

their unlawful behavior. During the 1800s and 1900s a shift occurred in

perspective towards aiding those in need . The emergence of sciences helped

shed light on factors leading young people to engage in criminal activities, such

as poverty, challenging family circumstances or lack of access to quality

education. This shift paved the way for programs tailored for offenders aimed at

rehabilitation and reintegrating them into society. In the 1900s a novel concept

known as the " model" gained popularity viewing behavior as symptomatic of

underlying mental or social issues. Different measures were also developed by

countries worldwide since justice system began emphasizing support and

rehabilitation for young offenders by addressing the root causes of their

misconduct.

In years there has been a focus on promoting individual accountability

while safeguarding the rights of victims due to an increase in youth involvement,

in criminal activities observed in certain countries . Programs that aim to fix the

damage done by crimes and help the person who did wrong and the person who

was hurt to get along better have become more popular. But it's important not to

forget the value of helping young offenders to change and not commit crimes

again. Modern systems for dealing with young offenders try to balance making

them take responsibility with giving them the help they need to avoid future

trouble and to grow in a good way . In the future, the way people think about
young people who break the law will probably keep changing . New technology

and new social problems will definitely affect how communities deal with this

complicated issue. It will be important to keep using methods that are proven to

work, and to balance holding young offenders responsible with helping them get

better. This will help create a fair and effective way to handle juvenile

delinquency.

Phenomenology of Juvenile Delinquency in the Philippines

The Philippines grapples with the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency, a

complex issue where statistics only tell part of the story . To understand it fully,

Salih (2021) posited that there is a need to delve into the lived experiences of

children in conflict with the law (CICLs). Poverty is a big issue since many kids

who get into trouble come from poor families that do not have much access to

school, medical care, or chances to do well . Not having enough can lead them to

live on the streets, where they might be easily influenced by friends or gangs .

They might try to make fast money by stealing small things or using drugs, just

trying to get by or feel like they belong (Canete & Pandey, 2020) . How families

work is also very important, since they serve as role models for the young

generation. Families that are broken, have violence, or do not care for their kids
can make it more likely for kids to act out . These kids might not have good

people to look up to or a family that supports them, most especially an absence

in role model that they can look forward to, so they look for approval and friends

outside their home. Families that are hurtful or don not work well can also make

kids feel angry, upset, and want to fight back, which can lead to bad behavior.

The impact of friends and the community can be both good and bad,

depending on how it is perceived. Having a group of friends can provide support

and a sense of belonging which can help steer children from trouble . Negative

peer influence may push juveniles toward behaviors to fit in or gain acceptance

on a bigger, wider, and more influencing groups . Joining a fraternity may be

attractive because it offers friendship, safety and a unique sense of inclusion;

however, they may cause more harm than good . When kids lack education and

training, they may feel uninterested. Discontented, leading them down

troublesome paths. In relation to the education, overcrowded classrooms or

limited resources can impede a child’s progress and social interactions . Similarly,

communities, without spaces or engaging activities may foster behavior.

The issue of juvenile crimes in the Philippines is complicated by factors

like poverty, dysfunctional families, peer pressure access to education and

insufficient community support. By focusing on the experiences of these

offenders, researchers can especially gain deeper insights into the problem

beyond just numbers and figures. This understanding is essential for crafting

strategies that tackle the underlying reasons, behind their actions promote

growth and encourage them to make life choices.

Youth Gangs and Delinquent in the Philippines

In the Philippines, kids often start hanging out with gangs when they are

very little. Some join to find friends and feel like they belong, are safe, or have a

different kind of family in the gang. Being part of a gang can give them a sense of

purpose and make them feel important, especially if they feel ignored by society.

This idea is common among young troublemakers who can't change their ways

because of the strong influence gangs have on their minds.

In addition, the country is suffering from issues involving juvenile

delinquency due mainly to the increase on the numbers of gangs and the

increasing influence that they impose to the society where they belong . These

gangs tend to thrive in areas marked by extreme poverty, social mistreatment,

and limited access and assistance towards education. This is where children are

at their most vulnerable status and are very gullible to changes around them,
regardless of the morals behind them . Such circumstances may create an

environment with engaging behaviors among teenagers.

Being part of a gang often means doing things like stealing, using drugs,

and selling them. These activities can lead to fights between gangs, making

neighborhoods unsafe for everyone, not just the gang members. It's common for

young people from difficult and unclear backgrounds to get involved in gang life.

Many gang members come from families that don't have access to education,

healthcare, or jobs. This can make joining a gang seem like the only way to

survive or get ahead in life.

Children who don't receive care at home or face abuse may seek a sense

of belonging and safety in a gang, drawn to the camaraderie and structure it

offers. Social media plays a role well with gangs using it for recruitment boasting

about their exploits and intimidating rivals . The online world can glamorize gang

life making it appear exciting than it truly is . To address youth gang issues and

misconduct, in the Philippines researchers must explore strategies . Investing in

programs that tackle poverty and offer opportunities can deter children from

joining gangs. Equally important is strengthening families . Imparting parenting

skills. Police intervention is crucial to curb gang activities and ensure members

are held accountable for their actions.

Yet mere punishment is not a long term solution . What’s needed are

programs that address the root causes of misconduct and equip individuals, with

life skills to break the cycle of gang violence . Community projects can be very

important in giving young people safe places to hang out, helping them make

good friends, and suggesting other fun things to do instead of joining gangs . It is

really important to involve local leaders, teachers, and helpers in building a

supportive group that helps kids avoid trouble.

To sum up, young people joining gangs and getting into trouble are

problems linked to being poor, feeling left out, and not having good chances in

life. If the Philippines works on fixing these main problems, helps families and

communities get stronger, and offers different paths for young people, it can help

make a future where fewer kids get caught up in gangs and bad behavior.

Existing Intervention Programs for Juvenile Delinquency

Young people getting into trouble is a complex problem, but there are

many different programs designed to help . These programs try to keep kids from
breaking the law, help them get better, and become useful members of society .

Some programs are designed to address issues by working with children who

may be, at risk of engaging in problematic behaviors. These programs offer

support, extracurricular activities and lessons on self-regulation and social skills

to help prevent behaviors from becoming a pattern. Additionally, there are

diversion programs that seek to intervene when a young person commits an

offense before entering the system. These programs may involve community

service, educational courses or making amends for any harm caused . The goal

is to promote accountability and provide opportunities for learning and avoiding

troubles. Furthermore, treatment programs focus on understanding the

underlying reasons behind youth behavior, such, as health issues, substance

abuse or family challenges. These programs may include therapy sessions,

family support meetings or teaching coping strategies with the aim of helping

individuals manage their emotions and make choices.

Young individuals are supported in acquiring skills or receiving education

that enhances their job prospects. This support can come in the form of skill

based training, employment assistance. Providing avenues, for a future

motivates them to steer of trouble. Additionally post detention programs play a

role in ensuring success. These programs aid individuals transitioning back to life

by offering job opportunities, educational support or access to mental health

services. The objective is to prevent recidivism and guide them towards

integration, within their communities.

Crimes Involving Children in Pangasinan

In Pangasinan, there is a wide problem with crimes against kids .

However, there might be some good news. The police say that these crimes are

slowly getting less from 2018 to 2022 . This is good, but we still need to look at

how bad these crimes are. The most common crime against children in

Pangasinan and nearby areas is rape. This shows how unsafe children can be. It

is also alarming to know that many of the people who do these crimes are close

to the kids, like their dads, stepdads, boyfriends, or neighbors . This means

researchers need to teach families and communities about these dangers,

because that's where kids are most at risk.

 Even though the number of cases has gone down, there are still many

cases left. Each case affects a child's life badly, and the emotional effects can

last a long time. It's important to find out why these crimes happen . Things like

being poor, not having parents to guide them, and not talking about child sexual

abuse need to be looked into. The government and police in Pangasinan have a

big job to do. They need to keep finding and punishing those who do these

crimes. Also, spending money on programs that teach communities about child

safety and help kids speak up about abuse can help stop these crimes from

happening.

Rajabi et al. (2021) say that it is very important for government groups,

social welfare groups, and non-profit organizations to work together . Giving help

and resources to victims and their families is key for recovery and to stop more

hurt. Mental health help and safe places where kids can be listened to and feel

safe are also very important parts of a complete plan. In conclusion addressing

crimes involving children, in Pangasinan requires an approach . While the lower

number of reported incidents offers some hope there is still work to be done . By

addressing root causes raising awareness and providing support Pangasinan

can strive towards a future where children are well protected . Additionally, it is

crucial to enhance our understanding and management of delinquency cases, in

Pangasinan through research and improvement efforts.

Synthesis

Young people breaking the law is a big problem worldwide, and India and

the Philippines are dealing with it too. In India, the numbers from the government

show that more crimes against kids are being reported . However, these numbers

might not show the full picture. Issues, like concerns, diverse cultures and the

nature of reported crimes can impact the data. It is crucial to grasp these

components to develop strategies for assistance. The perception of juveniles

engaging in activities has evolved significantly over time. In the past the focus

was on punishment whereas now there is an emphasis on rehabilitation and

striking a balance between accountability and restitution. This shift reflects

changes in values concerning law and order.

In the Philippines delinquent behavior among individuals is closely linked

to poverty, family challenges, peer pressure, inadequate education and lack of

community support. Understanding these factors is essential for devising

interventions that address root causes of misbehavior. Encourage positive

choices among youth. The prevalence of gangs in socially isolated areas

underscores the need, for comprehensive strategies that address core issues

support families and communities and provide alternative pathways for young

people.

Many programs around the world work to stop young people from

breaking the law, help those who have already done so, and keep them from

doing it again. These programs can be different, like ones that steer young

people away from trouble, help from the community, family help, ways to change

how they think and act, help that involves many parts of their life, and even

outdoor activities. The best programs usually fit the unique needs of each young

person and need regular checking and teamwork from different groups involved .

The problem of child crimes in Pangasinan, Philippines, needs urgent attention .

Although there has been a recent drop in reported cases, which gives some

hope, rape is still the most common crime, usually done by people close to the

victim. To make things better, it's important to tackle the main reasons behind

these crimes, spread awareness in communities, and offer help to victims and

their families. This will help make the environment safer for children.

To sum up, dealing with young people who break the law and keeping

children safe are complex problems that need many different solutions . By
learning about these issues, using helpful strategies, and focusing on child

safety, communities can help create a future where fewer young people get

involved in crime and all children can grow up in a safe and supportive place.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter details all the procedures to be utilized

systematically in this study. These include research design, research

locale, respondents of the study, sampling technique, research

instrument, reliability of the instrument, data gathering procedure, and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will utilize a descriptive research design. A population,

circumstance, or phenomena is to be described by a methodical

collection of data using a descriptive study method. More precisely, it

assists in addressing the research problem's what, when, where, and

how inquiries rather than its why (Heath, 2023).

 In relation to the present study, the researchers will describe the

profile of the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, and

crime committed. Also, the status of juvenile delinquency in the

municipality of Magaldan, Pangasinan will also be described and

analyzed.

Population and Locale of the Study

The respondents of the study are the personnel of Municipal

Social Welfare Development who handle juvenile offender. The area of

the study is Mangaldan Pangasinan with an estimated population

around 113, 185 based on 2020 census.

Data Gathering Instrument

Prior to actual position of data from MSWD regarding the status

of juvenile offender, the researcher asked the permission of the said

authorize personnel by sending an approval letter prior to gathering of

data.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following process will be used to collect the essential data

for this
study, and minimum health standard guidelines must be rigorously

followed:

First, the researcher asks the approval of MSWD by asking their

collected data from 2022-2023 it was analyzed and interpreted

according to the available data from office of MSWD.

Treatment of Data

The data analysis will be used in this study to determine the

status of juvenile delinquency. Data analysis is a process of

understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis

of any claims or conclusion you have about something.