Estimation Costing and Valuation Engineering - CE3701 - 2 Mark Important Questions with Answer

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CE3701 – ESTIMATION COSTING AND VALUATION NGINEERING


2 Marks
UNIT I QUANTITY ESTIMATION
1.What are methods to be adopted for volume calculating?
 Fromcross-section
 From spotlevel
 Fromcontours
2. Define analysis ofrates.
Determination of rates of works from the qualities and cost of materials and labours
required is termed as analysis of rates
3. Define atender.
Tender is an offer given in writing to execute specified articles or materials at a certain
rate, within a fixed time, under certain conditions of agreement between the contractor and
the party, which may be a government department or anindividual.
4. Define‘contract’
Contract is merely an agreement being enforceable by law between two persons or
parties.
5. What are the types ofculvert?
 Archculvert
 Slabculvert
 Pipeculvert
 Boxculvert
6. what are the methods ofestimate?
 Detailedestimate
 Abstractestimate
7. What are the types ofestimate?
 1 Preliminary Estimate or Rough cost estimate
 Plinth areaestimate
 Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical ContentEstimate
 Approximate Quantity MethodEstimate
 Detailed Estimate or Item RateEstimate
 RevisedEstimate
 Supplementary Estimate And RevisedEstimate.
 Annual Repair or MaintenancesEstimate
 Supplementary Estimate
7. Briefly explain about preliminaryEstimate.
The estimate which prepared using any rough method to get the approximate cost
construction anticipated in a project is called an approximate or rough estimate. Since this
estimate is normally prepared in the preliminary estimate.
8. Estimate the quantities of brickwork and plastering required in a wall 4m long, 3m
high and 30 cm thick. Calculate also the cost if the rate of brickwork is Rs.32.00 per cu.m
and of plastering is Rs. 8.50 persq.m
Quantities of brickwork = LxBxH
= 4m x 3m x 0.30m

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= 3.6 cu.m
Quantity of plastering (two faces) = 2 x 4m x 3m

= 24sq.m Cost of brickwork =3.6 x320.00


= Rs.1152.00
Cost of plastering = 24x 8.50= Rs.204.00
Total cost =1152.00 + 204.00= Rs.1356.00
9. Define detailedestimate
The estimate, which provides the itemwise quantities of works, item wise unit rates and
itemwise expenditure anticipated in thre project/construction, is called a detailed estimate
10. Define Abstractestimate
This is the third and final stage in a detailed estimate. The quantities and rates of each
itemofwork,arrivedinthefirsttwostages,arenowentered in an abstract form. The total cost of each

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item of work is now calculated by multiplying the quantities and respective rates.
11. Define quantitysurveyor
A qualified or experienced person who does the above mentioned works (taking off,

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squaring, abstracting and billing) is called a quality surveyor
12. Write the duties of quantitysurveyor.
• Preparing bill of quantities (Taking off, squaring, Abstracting andbilling)

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• Preparing bills for part payments at intervals during the execution ofwork.
• Preparing bill of adjustment in the case of variations ordered during the execution ofwork
• Giving legal advice in case of courtproceedings

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13. Write the essential qualities of a goodsurveyor.
• The quality surveyor must be well versed with the drawings ofwork.

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• He should be able to read the drawing correctly and bill the quantities accurately

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• He should have a through knowledge of the construction procedure to be adopted, the various
items of works involved in the execution: and the different materials to be used in thework.
• He should be able to prepare schedule to be priced bytenderor.
14. What are the main components ofculvert?
rin
Abutment
Wing walls
Arch g.n
e t
15. What are factors to be considered in design of septic tank? The following factors should be taken
intoconsideration:
• Material should be water proof and corrosionresistant.
• Natural ventilation provided should be adequate
• A manhole should be provided to permit inspection andcleaning.
• Baffles should be limited to one at the inlet and one at theoutlet.
• The escape of gas and sludge to effluent pipe should beavoided.
16. The actual expenditure incurred in the construction of a school building which have a total
length of main walls 140m is Rs.4.97lakhs.Estimate the approximate cost of a similar school
building which will have 180m length of mainwalls.
Total expenditure = Rs.4,97,000 Total
length of main walls = 140m
Rate per m length of main wall = 4,96,000/140 = Rs.3550/- Length of main walls in the proposed
building = 180m Approximate cost = 180 x 3550 = Rs.6,39,000/-

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17. Defineestimate.
An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and expenditure
likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The estimate is the probable cost of a
work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculation based on the plans and drawing
and current rates.

18. Write the recommendation for degree of accuracy inmeasurements.


• Dimensions of works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.01m
• Thickness of R.C works shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.0005m
• Areas of works shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 m2
• Volumes of work shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01m3
• Volumes of wood shall be calculated to the nearest 0.001 m3

19. Briefly explain about revisedestimate


The estimate, which is prepared When any major change or alteration is made in the plan /
structural arrangement, with or without affecting the estimate cost,and
When the estimated cost is likely to exceed by more than 5% during execution, due to increase in
the cost of materials and labour or due to increase in the cost of materials and labour or due to
alterations in the items of works to get the revised quantities /rates/ amount is called a
revisedestimate

20. Define Floorarea


It defined as covered area i.e plinth area excluding area of walls (generally 10% -
15 %) sills of the doors are not included in floor area. The floor area of very storey shall be
measured separately.

21. Define Carpetarea


This means area in a building which is useful one i.e area of drawing room, dining room
bedroom etc. Areas of kitchens, staircase, stores, verandahs, entrance hall, bathroom, basement
etc. are excluded. It is generally 50% to 60% of the plintharea.

22. Define Plintharea


It is defined area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by taking external
dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.

23. What are the methods of taking outestimates?


• Centre linemethod
• Crossingmethod
• Out to Out and in to inmethod
• Baymethod
• Service unitmethod

24. Briefly explain about Out to Out and in to inmethod.


This method is most practicable under all circumstances and is generally
followed in the P.W.D for computing the quantities of various items.

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UNIT II: RATE ANALYSIS AND COSTING

1. Definelead.
Lead is the crow flying horizontal distance from the centre of borrow pit to the centre of
the earthwork at site, i.e centre of the area of excavation to the centre ofplaced earth.

2. Definelift.
Lift is the distance through which the excavated soil is lifted beyond a certain specified
depth.

3. Workout the quality of stone metal required for 2Km.Length for wearing coat of a 4m wide
road. The thickness of the metal road required is 12cmloose.
Solution
Quality of metal = 1 X 2 X 1000 X 4 X 0.12 = 960.00cu.m

4. An approach road 2Km.long is to be constructed. Work out the quantity of materials


required i.e. stone metal and bricks. Data is givenbelow.
Length = 2 Km Metalled width
=3.60m
Soiling of bricks =10cm
Wearing coat of stone metal = 12 cm
Solution
Quantity of bricks = 1 x 2 x 1000 x 3.60 x 0.10 = 720 cu.m
No of bricks = 720.0 x 3.60x0.12 =3,60,000
Stone metal = 1 x 2000 x 3.60 x 0.12 = 864 cu.m Bricks =
3,60,000 Nos

5. cement concrete road (1:2:3) is to be constructed over the existing water bound macadam road
.The thickness of slab =10cm.The length of the road is one km and the width 3.60m.Calculate
the quality of cement concrete and the materialrequired,
Solution
Quality of cement concrete = 1 x 1000 x 3.60 x 0.10 = 360 cu.m

6. Calculate the quality of earthwork for the construction of an approach road Length = 1Km
Width of formation = 10 m Height of embankment = 60 cm Side slope = 1:2
Solution
Quantity of earth work = L (Bd+Sd2) B=10cm ; d =0.60m ;S = 2 Quantity
of earth work = 1000 x (10 x 0.60) +2 x 0.60 x 0.60 = 6720cu.m 19.What
are the methods of measurements ofearthwork?
The work shall be measured as given below
• Each dimension shall measured nearest to0.01
• Area shall be worked out nearest to 0.01m2
• Volume shall be worked out nearest to 0.01m3

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UNIT III: SPECIFICATIONS, REPORTS AND TENDERS


1. What isspecification?
Specification is an important document attached with a tender form/contract
agreement, which in most cases controls the quality of materials andworks.
2. State the different types ofspecification.
1. General or briefspecification
2. Detailedspecification
3. Standardspecification
3. Describe general or briefspecification
General specification gives the nature and class of work and materials in general to be
used in the various parts of the works, from the foundation to the superstructure.
General specifications give idea of the whole work or structure and are useful for

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preparing the estimate.
4. Describe detailedspecification
The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document. The detailed

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specification of an item of the work specifies the qualities and quantities of materials proportion
of mortar workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and method measurement.
The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared separately which

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description what the work should be and how they should executed and constructed.
5. What are the types of penalties that are imposed on a contract and why are they

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imposed?
Penalties may be imposed for non-fulfillment of conditions of contract such as notmaintaining
progress, delay in completion and unsatisfactory work etc. The penalty may be fixed sum per day or a
percentage of the estimated cost upto 10%
6. What isarbitration? gi nee
Arbitration means the settlement of a dispute by the decision of a third person chosen and
acceptable as a judge. The decision of the arbitrator is binding on both the parties. In public
works department the superintending engineer function as the arbitrator
7. Why and when the earnest money deposit arecollected? rin
g.n
While submitting a tender, the bidder has todeposit with the department an amount
equal to about 2 ½% of the estimated cost of the work which is called earnest money deposit. This

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amount serves as a check to prevent the contractor from refusing to accept the work or runway,
when his tender has been accepted. In case of refusal to take up the work his earnest money
isforefeied.
8. Why and when the security deposit arecollected?
t
At the time of execution of the contract agreement, the successful tender has to deposit a
further sum of 1% of the contract amount to the department. This amount is known as security
deposit. This amount is kept as a check so that the contractor fulfils all terms and conditions of the
contract. The security deposit will be refunded to the contractor on the satisfactory completion of
the whole work, after the observation period of 6months
9. What is a tendernotice?
Tender notice is the publicity of offer to the contractor to quote their rates for
construction for construction work or supplied. Sealed tenders are invited in the most open and
public manner. It is made public by advisement in leading newspaper, in the government gazette
or by notice in English and in the regional languages in publicplaces.

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10. What is called TenderNotice?


The notice inviting tender is called tender notice.
11. DefineSpecification:
The drawings of a structure show the propositions and its relative position of its various parts is
called specification.
12. What are the objects of specification?
 Quality
 Instruction
 Aim of theproject
13. What are the types ofspecifications?
BriefSpecification.
Generalspecification.

UNIT IV: CONTRACTS

1. Definecontract:
The contract is an under taking by a person or firm to do any work under certain terms and condition
2. DefineContractor:
A person or a firm who undertakes any type of contract is termed as contractor.
3. DefineTender:
Tender is a written offer submitted by the contractors in pursuance of the notification given to
execute certain work under certain terms and conditions.
4. What are the Essentials ofcontract:
The contract language is law full .
The contract is made by parties competent to contract. The contract is made by free consent of the
parties. The contract is made under valid consideration.
There shall be a definite proposal and its acceptance.
5. What are the type ofcontract?
 Item ratecontract
 Percentage ratecontract
 Lump-sumcontract
 Material supplycontract
6. What are type of termination ofcontract?
Agreement Breach Performance Impossibility of performance Operation of provision of law
Conditions relating to documents
Conditions relating to the execution of work Conditions relating to labour and personal
7. What information should a contract documentcontain?
Title page 2.Indexpage
3.Tender notice and tender forms 4.Schedule of quantities 5.Drawings
6.General specifications 7.Detailed specification 8.Schedule of issue of materials 9.Conditions of
contract.
8. write the essentials requirements ofcontract.
• There must be an offer of one party, and its acceptance by the other party to make an
agreement.
• There must be an intention of both the parties to create legalrelation.
• The object of the contract must be legal, and it must not be opposed to any policy ofthe

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government orcompany.
• The agreement to make a contract should be supported by consideration, or
recongnised bylaw.
9. what are the types ofcontract?
• Lump-sumcontract
• Cost plus percentage of cost contract
• Item ratecontract
• Labourcontract
• Integrated contractingsystem
10. what are the important legal implications of acontract?
• Agreement should not violate the provisions oflaw.
• It should not have any adverse effect on the morals of thesociety
• The form of contract should be in writing and each page of the documents of the
contract should of the contract should be signed by both theparties.
• A contractor who refuse to carry out the work before completion can be sued in a court
of law for breach ofcontract.
11. DefineEngineer:
He is the person appointed by the owner. He is technically very sound in work an his job is to see
that the work is being done by contractor entirely according to drawings and specification.
12. DefineOwner:
The person of behalf of which work is to be done. He may be an individual or firm or organization.
13. DefineSite:
Site means the place where the work is to be executed
14. DefineDrawings:
The section, map, plans etc… which completely define the construction work
geometrically is known asdrawings
15. Definework:
It means the work is to be carried out under this contract.
16. DefineArbitration:
Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by the decision not of a court or law but of one or more
persons chosen by the parties themselves involved in the dispute.
17. DefineArbitrators:
The persons chosen have the right to take decision are called arbitrators.
18. What are the types ofArbitration?
• Arbitration without intervention ofcourt.
• Arbitration with intervention of court and thre is no suitpending
• Arbitration issuits.

UNIT V: VALUATION
1. Definevaluation
Valuation is the process of estimating the cost of a property based on its present condition. The
properties may be immovable properties like land, buildings, mines trees quarries etc., and movable
properties such as coal, oil, steel, cement, sand etc.
2. What are the important factors influencing the value ofbuilding?
1. Type of thebuilding

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2. Location of thebuilding
3. Expected life of thebuilding
4. Size and shape of thebuilding
5. The Present condition of thebuilding
6. Legal control of thebuilding
3. What is the purpose ofvaluations?
1. For assessment of wealth tax, property taxetc
2. For fixation ofrent
3. For security of loans ormortgage
4. For insurance, betterment chargesetc
5. For compulsoryacquisition
6. Forreinstatement.
4. Define Floorrate.
It is the ratio between the total built up area (Plinth area) of all floors and the area of theplot.
Floor Area Ratio = Total Plinth area of all floors / Plot area
5. Define Plinth arearate.
It is the ratio between the total present cost of a particular type of building and its plintharea.
Plinth area rate = Total present cost of a building/ plinth area.
6. A property fetches a net income of Rs.900.00 deducting all outgoings. Workout the
capitalized value of the property if the rate of interest is 6% perannum.
Year’s purchase = 100/6 = 16.67
Capitalized value of the property = net income x Y.P
= 900 x 16.67
= Rs.15003.00
7. Find the plinth area required for the residential accommodation for an assistant
Engineer in the pay scale of Rs.400.00 to 1,000 permonth.
Average pay = 400+1000 /2 =Rs.700/month
Average month rent @10% of salary = 700.00/10 = Rs.70.00 Average annual rent
70.00 x 12 = Rs.840.00

Capital cost of the building @ 6% interest = 840 x 100 / 6 = Rs.14000.00 Plinth area
required @ Rs.150.00 per sq.m of plinth area
= 14000/150 = 93.33sq.m
Normally the quarters for the assistant engineer should be constructed at the cost of
Rs.14000.00 having plinth area of 93.33 sq.m.
But due to the increase in the cost of construction, this may be increased by 100% and the
capital cost of construction may be fixed as Rs.28,000.00 and the approximate plinth areas of 93.33
8. A pumping set with a motor has been installed in a building at a cost
Rs.2500.00.Assuming the life of the pump as 15 years, workout the amount of annual
installment of sinking fund to be deposited to accumulate the whole amount of 4%
compoundinterest.
The annual sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n – 1
= 2500 x 0.04 /(1+0.04)15 -1 = Rs.125
The owner is to deposit Rs.125/-annually in 4% compound interest carrying investment for 15
years to accumulate Rs.2500/-

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9. An old building has been purchased by a person at a cost of Rs.30,000/- excluding the cost
of the land.Calculate the amount of annual sinking fund at 4% interest assuming the future life
of the building as 20 years and scarp value of the building as 10% of the cost ofpurchase.
The total amount of sinking fund to be accumulated at the end of 20 years S = 3000x
(90/100) =Rs.27000.00
Annual installments of sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n –1
= 27000 x 0.04 /(1+0.04)20 -1 = Rs.907.20
Annual installments for sinking fund requires for 20 years = Rs.907.20
10. Write the necessity ofvaluation.
• Rent fixation. It is generally taken as 6% of the valuation of theproperty
• For buying andselling
• Acquisition of property byGovt.
• To be mortgaged with bank or any other society to raiseloan
• For various taxes to be given and fixed, by the MunicipalCommittee
• Insurance: For taking out on insurancepolicies.
11. Define the Value:
Value-Present day cost of a engineering structures (saleable value)
12. Define theCost:
Original cost of construction. It is used to find out the loss of value of propertydue to
various reasons.
13. Define the Grossincome:
Total amount of the in come received from the property during the year, without deducting
outgoings
14. Define the Netcome:
An amount left at the end of the year after deducting all useable outgoings
15. Define theObsolescence:
The value of property decreases if its style and design are outdated i.e rooms not properly
set, thick walls, poor ventilation etc. The reason of this is fast changing techniques of construction,
design, ideas leading to more comfortetc.
16. Define the Scrap Value:
Scrap Value: If a building is to be dismantelled after the period its utility is over, some
amount can be fetched from the sale of old materials. The amount is known as scrap value of a
building. If various from 7% to 10% of the cost of construction according to the availability of
thematerial.
17. Define the Salvagevalue
If a property after being discarded at the end of the utility period is sold without being into
pieces, the amount thus realized by sale is known as its salvage value.
18. Define the Capitalizedvalue:
It is defined as that amount of money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate
will be equal to the net income received from the property. To calculate the capitalized value, it is
necessary to know highest prevailing on such properties and income from theproperty.
19. Define sinkingfund.
A fund which is gradually accumulated and set aside to reconstruct the property after the
expiry of the period of utility is known as sinking fund. The sinking funds may be found out by
taking a sinking fund policy with any insurance company ordepositionsome amount in the bank.
Generally while calculating the sinking fund, life of the building is considered. 90 % of the cost of

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construction is used for calculations 10 % is left out as scrapvalue.


sinking fund (I) = Si/ (1+i)n -1
Where I = Annual instalment required
n = Number of year required to creat sinking fund
i = Rate of interest expressed in decimal i.e 5% as 0.05 S = Sinking fund
20. Define Marketvalue
Market value: The market value of a property is the amount, which can be obtained at any
particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from
time to time according to demand andsupply.
21. Define Bookvalue
Book value: Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary
depreciations. The book value of a property at a particularly year is the original cost minus the
amount of depreciation up to the previous year.
22. The estimated value of a building is Rs.5,00,000.The carpet area of the building is 70 sq.m If
the plinth area is 20% more than this ,what is the plinth rate of the building?
Value of building = Rs.5, 00,000 Carpet area = 70 m2
Plinth area = 20 % more = 1.20 x 70 = 84 m2
Plinth area rate of the building = Value of the building/Plinth area
= 5,00,000/84 = Rs.5952.38m2
23. The present value of a property is 20000/- Calculate the standard rent. The rate of interest may
be assumed as6%.
Annual rent @ 6% = 20000x 6 /100 = Rs.1200/-
Standard rent per month = 1200/12 = Rs.1200/12 = Rs.100/-
24. Write the various methods ofdepreciation
a. Straigth line method 2.Constant
percentage basis 3.Quantity survey method
4.Sinking fundmethod.
25. Define the Year’spurchase
Year’s purchase : It may be as the figure which when multiplied by the net income from a
property gives capitalized value of the property.It can also be defined as “a certain amount of capital
whose annuity of Rs.1/- at a certain rate of interest can be received”
Year’s purchase = 100/rate of interest = 1/i
26. Define theAnnuity
Annuity : The return of capital investment in the shape of annual installments monthly,
quarterly, half yearly &yearly.
27. Define Analysis ofwork:
The process of determining the rate of an item of work or supply of the material is known as
the analysis of rate or rate analysis.
28. Define Capitalcost:
The total cost of construction of the project including land is called capital cost

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Transforms and Partial Environmental Sciences
Professional English - Differential Equations and Sustainability -
Professional English - II - HS3252 - MA3351 GE3451
I - HS3152
Engineering Mechanics Applied Hydraulics
Statistics and Engineering - CE3401
Matrices and Calculus - ME3351
Numerical Methods -

4th Semester
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Fluid Mechanics - Strength of Materials
Engineering Physics - CE3301 - CE3402
Engineering Graphics -
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Construction Materials Concrete Technology -
and Technology - CE3403
Engineering Chemistry CE3302
- CY3151 Physics For Civil
Engineering - PH3201 Water Supply and Soil Mechanics -
Wastewater CE3404
Problem Solving and Engineering - CE3303
Python Programming - Basic Electrical and
GE3151 Electronics & Surveying and Levelling Highway and Railway
Instrumentation - CE3351 Engineering - CE3405
Engineering - BE3252

Estimation Costing and


Design of Reinforced Design of Steel Valuation Engineering
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Elements - CE3501 CE3601
Hydrology and
Structural Analysis I - Structural Analysis II Irrigation Engineering
5th Semester

CE3502 - CE3602 - CE3702


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