ENCOR_Chapter_2- Spanning Tree- 2025

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1©2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 2: Spanning Tree
CCNP Enterprise: Core Networking
M. A. DARBAL
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2©2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Spanning Tree Protocol Fundamentals
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3©2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
IEEE 802.1D STP Port States
Every port transitions through the following states:
Port States
DescriptionDisabled
 The port is in an administratively off  position (that is, shutdown).
Blocking
 The port is enabled, but the port is not forwarding any traffic.
Listening
 The port has transitioned from a blocking state and can now send or receive only BPDUs.
Learning
 The port can modify the MAC address table.  The switch still does not forward any other network traffic besides BPDUs.
Forwarding
 The port can forward all network traffic and can update the MAC address table as expected.
Broken
 The has detected a problem on a port that can have major effects. The port discards packets as long as the problem continues to exist.
802.1D STP Port Types
 The 802.1D STP standard defines the following three port types:
Port Types
DescriptionRoot port (RP)
A network port that connects to the root bridge or an upstream switch in the spanning-tree topology. There should be only one root port per VLAN on a switch.
Designated port (DP)
A network port that receives and forwards BPDU frames to other switches. Designated ports provide connectivity to downstream  devices and switches. There should be only one active designated port on a link.
Blocking port
A network that is not forwarding traffic because of STP calculations.
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4©2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
STP Key Terminology
TermsDescriptionRoot Bridge
 The most important switch. All ports are in a forwarding state and are categorized as designated ports.
Bridge protocol data unit (BPDU)
Used to identify a hierarchy and notify of changes in the topology.  There are two types of BPDUs: configuration BPDU and topology change notification BPDU.
Configuration BPDU
Used to identify the root bridge, root, designated, and blocking ports.
Topology change notification (TCN) BPDU
Used to communicate changes in the Layer 2 topology to other switches.
Root path cost
 The combined cost for a specific path toward the  root switch.
System priority
 This 4-bit value indicates the preference for a switch to be root bridge. The default value is 32,768.
TermsDescriptionSystem ID extension
 This 12-bit value indicates the VLAN that the
BPDU
 correlates.
Root bridge identifier
 This is a combination of the root bridge system MAC address, system ID extension, and system priority of the root bridge.
Local bridge identifier
 This is a combination of the local
switch’s
 bridge system MAC address, system ID extension, and system priority of the root bridge.
Max age
Maximum length of  time that passes before a bridge port saves its BPDU information. The default value is 20 seconds.
Hello time
 The time that a BPDU is advertised out of a port.  The default value is 2 seconds, but the value can be configured to 1 to 10 seconds.
Forward delay
 The amount of  time that a port stays in a listening and learning state. The default value is 15 seconds.
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