Solutions[1]

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EDUTECH Solutions & Colligative Properties
Smart Booklets
02 SOLUTIONS
ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH- 9844532971 38

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“A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be varied within certain
limits is known as solution”. The formation of a solution is not a chemical process, but it is a physical
phenomenon.
A solution containing only two components is known as a binary solution. The components of a binary
solution are referred to as solvent and solute. The component which is present in relatively larger amount
is called solvent and the component which is present in relatively smaller amount is called solute.

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Types of solutions:
Depending on the state of solute and solvent, the binary solutions are of the following types

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Methods of expressing the concentration of a solution:
The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute present in the given quantity of the
solution (or solvent). Solutions containing relatively high concentration of solute are called concentrated
solutions, while those of relatively low concentrations of solute are called dilute solutions
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a number of ways. The important methods are

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1. Mass Percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100 grams of the solution.
mass of solute
Mass percentage = × 100
mass of solution
Example 1. 10% (w/v) urea solution. = 10 g of urea is present in 100 mL of solution.
But not 10 g of urea present in 90 ml of water
for dilute solution: volume solution = volume solvent.
2. Volume Percentage:
Mass by volume percentage (% w/v): It is defined as mass of solute dissolved per 100 ml of solution. It is
commonly used in medicine and pharmacy.
wt. of solute
% w/v =
100 mL of solution
gram of solutes
% w/v = × 100
volume of solution in mL

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Example 2. 10% (w/v) urea solution. = 10 g of urea is present in 100 mL of solution.

But not 10 g of urea present in 90 ml of water
for dilute solution: volume solution = volume solvent.
Volume percentage (% v/v): It is defined as volume of a solute dissolved per 100 ml of solution.
It is the volume of the solute present per 100 parts by volume of solution.
volume of solute
Volume percentage = × 100
volume of solution
For example, 10% solution of ethanol in water by weight means 10g ethanol are present in 100g of the
solution (i.e., 90 g of water) and 10% solution of ethanol in water by volume means 10 cm 3 of ethanol are
present in 100 cm3 of the solution (i.e., dissolved in 90 cm3 of water).
Example 3. 10% (w/v) sucrose solution, then specify its concentration in g/L
100 mL .......... 10 g
10
1000 mL ........  1000 = 100 g/L
100
Solved Examples
Example 1. If we have 6% w/w urea solution with density 1.060 g/mL, then calculate its strength in g/L ?
Solution: 6 g urea is present in 100 g solution.
100
6 g in mL
1.060
100
mL ⎯⎯
→ 6 g.
1.060
1000 mL = 1.060 × 1000 = 10.6 × 6 = 63.6
3. Parts per million (ppm):

This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substance. As percent means out of a hundred, so
parts per million means out of a million.
It is the amount of the solute in grams present in 106 grams of the solution.
mass of x
ppm of ‘x’ = × 106
mass of solution
4. Molarity: Molarity is the number of moles of the solute present in one liter of the solution. It is
denoted by ‘M’. The units of molarity are moles/liter.
When one mole of the solute is dissolved in 1 liter solution, the solution is called one molar (or 1 M)
solution.
no. of moles of solute
Molarity, M =
volume of solution in liters
weight of solute 1000

Molarity = ×
GMW of solute volume of solution in ml

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Mathematical Relations:
no.of moles of solute wt.of solute 1
1. Molarity =
(litres)
= ×
volume of solution G.M.W. volume of solution (litres)
wt.of solute 1000

= ×
G.M.W. volume of solution (ml)
2. No. of moles = M.V. (litres)
No. of millimoles = M.V. (ml)
10 × %
3. Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution is given, M =
GMW
4. Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution and density are given (only for competitive exams)
10 × % × density
M=
GMW
5. When a solution of molarity M1 and volume V1 is diluted with a solvent to get a solution of molarity
M2 and volume V2, then, M1V1 = M2V2
6. Calculation of resultant molarity, when two or more solutions of the same substance are mixed.
M1 V1 + M2 V2 + M3 V3 + ……….
M=
Vfinal
M1 and V1, M2 and V2, M3 and V3 are the molarities and volumes of the individual solutions.
7. When two solutions of different substance are mixed together (titrated against each other), then
M1 V1 M2 V2
=
n1 n2
M1, V1, and M2, V2, are molarities and volumes of the two solutions n1 and n2 are the no. of moles of
the two substances involved.
Note:
Semi molar: molarity is 0.5
Deci molar: molarity is 0.1
Centimolar: molarity is 0.01
Millimolar: molarity is 0.001
Molarity changes with temp because volume of solution changes with temp.

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CLASS EXERCISE
1] A solution is prepared by dissolving 5.64 gm of glucose in 60 gm of water. Calculate the mass percent
of glucose.
2] 4.9 g of H2SO4 is present in 500 ml of the solution. The molarity of the solution is
a) 0.1M b) 0.2 M c) 0.02 x 10-2 M d) 0.05 M
3] The weight of H2SO4 present in 400 ml of 0.125M solution is
a) 2.45 g b) 3.92 g c) 4.9 g d) 9.8 g
4] The volume of water to be added to convert 10 ml of decamolar HCl solution to decimolar solution is
a) 99 ml b) 100 ml c) 1000 ml d) 990 ml
5] 11.1g. of CaCl2 is present in 100 ml of the aqueous solution. The chloride ion concentration is
a) 1 M b) 2M c) 0.5 M d) 0.2 M
6] 100 ml each of 1 M AgNO3 and 1 M NaCl are mixed. The nitrate ion concentration in the resulting
solution is
a) 1M b) 0.5 M c) 0.75 M d) 0.25 M
7] H2SO4 is labelled as 9.8% by weight. Specific gravity of H2SO4 is 1.8. The volume of the acid to be taken
to prepare 1000 ml of 0.18 M solution is
a) 10 ml b) 100 ml c) 740 ml d) 360 ml
8] 100 ml of 1 M HCl, 200 ml of 2 M HCl and 300 ml of 3 M HCl are mixed with enough water to get 1 M
solution. The volume of water to be added is
a) 600 ml b) 700 ml c) 800 ml d) 125 ml
9] 10.6 g of a substance of molecular weight 106 was dissolved in 100 ml. 10 ml of this solution was
pipette out into a 1000 ml flask and made up to the mark with distilled water. The molarity of the
resulting solution is
a) 1 M b) 10-2 M c) 10-3 M d) 109-4 M
10] In what ratio 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M CaCl2 Solutions are to be mixed so that in the resulting solution,
the concentration of negative ions is 50% greater than the concentration of positive cons?
HOME EXERCISE
1] A solution is prepared by dissolving 15 gm of cane sugar in 60 gm water. Calculate the mass percent of
each component.
2] 2 gms of NaOH is present in 1 liter of the solution. The molarity of the solution is
a) 0.5 M b) 0.05 M c) 0.1 M d) 0.005 M

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3] The volume of water to be added to 100ml of 0.5M urea solution in order to make it decimolar is
a) 500 ml b) 400 ml c) 600 ml d) 50 ml
4] The volumes of 1 M HCI and 5 M HCI to be mixed to get 2 lit of 2M HCI are
a) 1 lit and 1 lit b) 1.5 lit and 0.5 lit c) 1.25 lit and 0.75 lit d)1.33 lit and 0.66 lit
5] 250 ml of a solution contains 2.65 grams of Na2CO3. 10 ml of this solution is added to ‘x’ ml of water
to obtain 0.001 M Na2 CO3 solution. What is the value of ‘x’ in ml?
a) 1000 b) 990 c) 9990 d) 90
-1
6] A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.787 gm ) is labeled as 86% by weight. What is the molarity of acid/what
volume of acid has to be used to make one liter of 0.2M H2SO4?
7] The density of 1.48% by weight Ca (OH) 2 solution is 1.025 g/ml.
Find i) Molarity of solution
ii) Volume of 0.1 M HCl required to neutralize 25 ml of Ca (OH) 2 solution
8] Calculate the molarity of pure water.
CLASS EXERCISE
1) 8.59 2) a 3) c 4) d 5) b 6) b 7) b
8) c 9) b 10) 1: 2
HOME EXERCISE
1) 20%, 80% 2) b 3) b 4) b 5) b
6) 15. 68 m, 12. 76 ml 7) 0.2.5 M, 102.5 ml 8) 55.5
5. Normality: It is the number of gram equivalents of the solute present in one liter of the solution. It
is denoted by ‘N’. The units of normality are gram equivalents/liter. When one-gram equivalent weight
of a solute is dissolved in 1 liter solution, the solution is called one normal (1 N) solution.
no. of gm. equivalent of solute
Normality, N =
Volume of solution in litres
Normality = ×
gm. euivalent weight vol. of sol. in ml
Mathematical Relations:
no.of moles of solute wt.of solute 1
1. Normality = (litres)
= ×
volume of solution G.E.W. volume of solution (litres)
wt. of solute 1000

= ×
G. E. W. volume of solution (ml)
2. No. of equivalents = N.V. (litres)
No. of milli equivalents = N.V. (ml)
10×%
3. Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution is given, N =
GEW
10 × % ×density
4. Calculation of Normality, when % mass of solution and density are, N = GEW

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5. When a solution of Normality N1 and volume V1 is diluted with a solvent to get a solution of Normality
N2 and volume V2, then, N1V1 = N2V2
6. Calculation of resultant Normality, when two or more solutions of the same substance are mixed.
N1 V1 + N2 V2 + N3 V3 + … … … .
N=
Vfinal
7. When two solutions of different substance are mixed together (titrated against each other), then
N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
wt
(or) = N. V. (lit)
G.E.W
i.e., no. of equivalents of both the substance should be equal.
8. Calculation of resultant normality when two solutions of different substances are mixed together. Let
Na and Va be the normality and volume of acid, Nb and Vb be the normality and volume of base.
(i) If NaVa > NbVb  acidic (pH < 7)
Na Va −Nb Vb
Nresultant =
Vfinal
(ii) If NbVb > NaVa  basic (pH > 7)

Nb Vb −Na Va
Nresultant =
Vfinal
(iii) If NaVa = NbVb  neutral

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9. Relation between Normality and Molarity
wt 1
Normality = ×
G. E. W. V(L)
wt 1
Molarity = ×
G. M. W. V(L)
Normality G. M. W. G. M. W.
= ×
Molarity G. E. W. G. M. W./x − factor
 Normality = Molarity × x-factor
x-factor is basicity for acids, acidity for bases, total +ve or –ve charges for salts, change in oxidation no.
for oxidant & reductant.
Calculation of equivalent weights:

Molecular weight
1. 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬: Equivalent weight =
Basicity of acid
Basicity is the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms present in one molecule of the acid
Acid Basicity Mol wt Eq. wt
HCl 1 36.5 36.5
HNO3 1 63 63
H2SO4 2 98 49
CH3COOH 1 60 60
H2C2O4.2H2O 2 126 63
H3PO4 3 98 32.7
H3PO3 2 82 41
H3PO2 1 66 66
Molecular weight
𝟐. 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬: Equivalent weight =
Basicity of base
Acidity is the number of replaceable OH- ions present in one molecule of the base.
Base Acidity Mol wt Eq. wt
NaOH 1 40 40
KOH 1 56 56
Ca (OH) 2 2 74 37
Molecular weight
𝟑. 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐬: Eq. weight =
Total no. of + ve or − ve charges
Salt Mol. Wt Eq. wt
NaCl 58.5 58.5/1=58.5
Na2CO3 106 106/2=53
CaCO3 100 100/2=50

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Molecular weight
𝟒. 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭: Eq. weight =
Total change in oxdn number
Oxidant/Reductant Total change Oxdn no Mol.Wt Eq. wt
Acidified K2Cr2O7 6 294.2 49.03
Acidified KMnO4 5 158 31.6
Alkaline KMnO4 1 158 158
Neutral KMnO4 3 158 52.67
Mohr’s salt 1 392 392
(acid medium)
CLASS EXERCISE
1] The weight of crystalline Oxalic acid required to prepare 100 ml of 0.05 N solution is
a) 0.1575 g b) 1.575 g c) 0.315 g d) 0.63 g
2] 20 ml of 0.1 N FeSO4 solution will be completely oxidized by ——— ml of 0.05 N KMnO4 solution in
acidic medium.
a) 20 ml b) 10 ml c) 40 ml d) 80 ml
3] The weight of KMnO4 that can oxidize 100 ml of 0.2 M oxalic acid in acidic medium is:
[Mol wt of KMnO4 = 158]
a) 1.58 g. b) 1.264 g. c) 12.64 g. d) 15.8 g.
4] 0.84 g. of an acid of Molecular weight225 is present in 100 ml of the solution. 25 ml of this solution
required 28 ml of N/10 NaOH solution for complete neutralization. The basicity of the acid is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
5] What volumes of 10 N HCl and 2 N HCl should you mix to obtain 4 liters of 5 N HCl solution.
6] V1 ml of NaOH of normality ‘x’ and V2 ml of Ba (OH) 2 of normality ‘y’ are together sufficient to
neutralize exactly, 100 ml of 0.1 M HCl. If V1: V2 = 1: 4 and if x: y = 4: 1, what fraction of the acid is
neutralised by Ba (OH)2?
a) 0.5 b) 0.33 c) 0.67 d) 0.25
7] A metal weighing 0.43 g was dissolved in 50 ml of NH2SO4. The unreacted H2SO4 required 14.2 ml of N
NaOH for neutralization. The equivalent weight of the metal is
a) 12.01 b) 6.7 c) 8.6 d) 30.3

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HOME EXERCISE
1] 10 millimoles of a Di acidic base exactly neutralizes 100 ml of an acid. Then Normality of that acid is
a) 0.2 N b) 0.1 N c) 0.4 N d) 0.5 N
2] The Molarity of 200 ml of HCI solution which can neutralise 10.6 g. of anhydrous Na2CO3 is
a) 0.1 M b) 1M c) 0.6 M d) 0.75 M
3] The volume of 0.05M K2Cr2O7 solution which can oxidise 200 ml of 0.1 M FeSO4 solution in acidic
medium is
a) 200 ml b) 40 ml c) 66 ml d) 88 ml
4] 100 ml of 2M HCI solution completely neutralises 10 g. of a metal carbonate. Then the equivalent
weight of the metal is
a) 50 b) 20 c) 12 d) 100
5] Normality of a solution of 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 7𝐻2 𝑂 containing 5.56g /200ml which converts to ferric form in a
reaction is
a) 1 b) 0.1 c) 0.01 d) 10
6] 100g of a sample of HCl solution of relative density 1.117 contains 31.2g of HCl what volume of this
HCl solution will be required to neutralize exactly 5 liters KOH solution?
a) 25ml b) 29.2ml c) 34.2ml d) 250ml
CLASS EXERCISE
1) c 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) 0.51 & 2.49 lit rest 6) a 7) 12.01
HOME EXERCISE
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) 0.1 6) 25 ml
6. Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in 1 kg of the solvent. It is
denoted by ‘m’. The units of molality are moles/kg. When one mole of a solute is dissolved in 1 kg of
the solvent, the solution is called 1 moll or 1m solution.
Molality, m =
weight of solvent in kg
∴ m= ×
GMW of solute weight of solvent in gm

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7. Mole Fraction: It is defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number
of moles of the solution. Mole fraction is denoted by ‘x’
Consider a solution containing two components A and B. If xA and xB are mole fractions of A and B
respectively and nA and nB are the number of moles of A and B respectively. Then
wA
nA M
xA = = w Aw
nA + nB A B
MA + MB
wB
nB MB
xB = =
nA + nB wA + wB
MA MB
Where, wA and wB are the weights of A and B in grams respectively and M A and MB are the molecular
masses of A and B respectively.
The sum of the mole fractions of the components of a solution is equal to unity. In a binary solution, mole
fraction of solute + mole fraction of solvent = 1
Name Units Advantage Disadvantages

mol solute Useful in stoichiometry; measure by Temperature-dependent; must know
Molarity (M)
L solution volume density to find solvent mass
Temperature-independent; useful in Measure by mass ; must know
Mole fraction (x) None
special applications density to convert to molarity
Temperature-independent; useful for Measure by mass ; must know
Mass % %
small amounts density to convert to molarity
mol solute Temperature-independent useful in Measure by mass ; must know
Molality (m)
kg solvent special applications density to convert to molarity

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CLASS EXERCISE
1] 100 ml of ethyl alcohol [d = 0.92 g/ml] and 900 ml of water [d = 1 g/ml] are mixed to form 1 lit
solution. The Molarity and molality of the resulting solution are
a) 2M and 2M b) 2M and 2.22m c) 2.2 M and 1.1m d) 2M and 1 m
2] More concentrated solution among the following is
a) 1% H3PO4 b) 1 m H3PO4 c) 1 M H3PO4 d) 1 N H3PO4
3] 1 liter of a solution of H2SO4 contains 392 g. of H2SO4. The density of the solution is 1.2 gm. ml-1. Then
its molality is
a) 5.25 m b) 4 m c) 4.95 m d) 2.95 m
4] NaOH aqueous solution is labelled as 10% (w/v). Density of the solution is 1.02 g/ml. Then the mole
fraction of the solute in the solution is
a) 0.05 b) 0.0466 c) 0.53 d) 0.053
5] The given sample of sulphuric acid was found to have mole fraction of H 2 SO 4 as 0.15.
Calculate the molality of the solution.
6] The density of 2.03 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.017 gm/ml. Calculate the molality of the
solution.
HOME EXERCISE
1] ‘x’ grams of water is mixed with 69 g of ethanol. Mole fraction of ethanol in the resultant solution is
0.6 What is the value of ‘x’ in grams?
a) 54 b) 36 c) 180 d) 18
2] A solution is prepared by adding 60 gm of methyl alcohol to 120 gm of water. Calculate the mole
fraction of methyl of methyl alcohol in it.
3] A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 gm contains 34.2 gm of sugar. Calculate the mole fraction of sugar in the
syrup.
4] 214.2 gm of sugar syrup contains 34.2 gm of sugar. Calculate the molality of the solution.
5] The density of 8.653% (w/v) Na2CO3 solution is 1.018 gm/ml. What is the molality of the solution?
CLASS EXERCISE
1) b 2) c 3) c 4) b 5) 9.8 m 6) 2.267 M
HOME EXERCISE
1) d 2) 0.22 3) 0.0099 4) 0.55 M 5) 0.8764 M

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Solubility
Solubility of a substance is defined as the maximum amount of the substance that can dissolve in a given
amount of a certain solvent under specified conditions.
Solubility of gases in Liquids (Solutions of gases in liquids):

Gases dissolve in liquids to form homogeneous solutions. The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends upon
the following factors.
(i) Nature of the gas and nature of the solvent:

Generally, the gases which can be easily liquified are more soluble in common solvents. For example, CO2
is more soluble in water than H2 or O2. The gases which are capable of forming ions in aqueous solutions
are much more soluble in water than in other solvents. Gases like HCl, NH3 are highly soluble in water but
not in organic solvents.
(ii) Temperature:
As temperature increases, kinetic energy of the gas molecule increases the greater K.E. results in greater
molecular motion of the gas particles. As a result, the gas particles dissolved in the liquid are more likely to
escape into the gas phase and the existing gas particles are less likely to be dissolved. Thus, the solubility
of a gas decreases as the temperature of the solvent is increases.
(iii) Pressure:
Solubility of a gas is related to pressure by Henry’s law. According to this law, “the mass of a gas dissolved
by a given volume of a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas”.

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When a mixture of a number of gases is brought in contact with a solvent, each constituent gas dissolves in
proportion to its own partial pressure. Therefore, Henry’s law is applied to each gas independent of the
presence of other gas. Then, “Mole fraction of the gas in a solution at a given temperature is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in solution”.
XA  PA  XA = K ′ . PA
Where XA is the mole fraction of the gas, PA is the partial pressure of the gas above the solution and ‘K’ is
the proportionality constant.
1
PA = ′ . XA or PA = K H . XA
K
1
K H = K′ is called Henry’s constant.
Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature. This suggests that KH value is a function
of the nature of the gas. Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower the solubility of the gas in the
liquid.
Limitations of Henry’s Law: It has been observed that most gases obey Henry’s Law provided.
(i) The pressure is not too high

(ii) The temperature is not too low
(iii) The gas is not highly soluble and does not enter into chemical combination with the solvent.
(iv) The gas does not dissociate or associate in the solvent.
Applications of henry’s law:
(i) In the production of carbonated beverages. To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, soda water
as well as beer, champagne, etc., the bottles are sealed under high pressure. When the bottle is opened to
air, the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution decreases. As a result, solubility decreases and hence
CO2 bubbles out.
(ii) In the deep-sea diving. Deep –sea divers (or Scuba divers) depend upon compressed air for their
oxygen supply. According to Henry’s law, solubilities of gases increase with pressure. Thus, both N 2 and O2
will dissolve considerably in the blood and other body fluids. Oxygen is used up for metabolism, but due to
high partial pressure and greater solubility, N2 will remain dissolved and will form bubbles when the diver

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comes to the atmospheric pressure. These bubbles affect nerve impulses and give rise to a disease called
bends or decompression sickness. To avoid bends and also the toxic effects of high concentration of
nitrogen in the blood, the cylinders used by the divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7%)
helium, 56.2%) nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)
(iii) In the function of lungs. When air enters the lungs, partial pressure of oxygen is high. This oxygen
combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. Partial pressure of O2 in tissues is low. Hence, O2 is
released from oxyhemoglobin which is utilized for functions of the cells.
(iv) For climbers or people living at high altitudes. At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is less
than at the ground level. As a result, there is a low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the
people living at high altitudes or climbers. Consequently, they feel weak and are unable to think property,
a disease called anoxia.

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Solubility of solids in liquids (Solutions of solids in liquids):
The amount of the solid that dissolves in 100 gm of the solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated
solution is called solubility. The concentration of the solute has the highest value in saturated solution.
The factors on which solubility of a solid in a liquid depends are
(i) Nature of the solute ad the solvent:
In general, a solid dissolve in a liquid which is chemically similar to it. ‘Like dissolves like’. i.e., the ionic
compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water and are very little soluble or almost insoluble in non-polar
solvents. Similarly, covalent compounds are soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, ether, CCl4 etc. and
are very little soluble in water.
(ii) Temperature:
Curves depicting the solubilities of different solids

The solubility of a solute in a given solvent varies appreciably with temperature. The solubility may
increase or decrease with increase in temperature. On the basis of the effect of temperature on solubility
in water, the various ionic substances are divided into three categories.
a) If a substance dissolves with absorption of heat (the process of dissolution is endothermic), the
solubility increases with rise in temperature. Exp: NaNO3, KNO3, NaCl, KCl, AgNO3, KI, NH4Cl, etc.
b) If a substance dissolves with evolution of heat (the process of dissolution is exothermic), the
solubility decreases with rise of temperature. Example: Li2CO3, Na2CO3.H2O, Li2SO4, cerium
sulphate, etc
c) For some substances, the solubility does not increase or decrease continuously.
Example: CaCl2.6H2O, Na2SO4.10 H2O, etc.
These substances on heating, at a particular temperature change from one form to another or from one
hydrated form to another or from hydrated to anhydrous form. Such substances do not show a continuous
increase or decrease of solubility. For example, the solubility curve of sodium sulphate shows a sharp
break at 32.80C. This is due to change in one solid form to another solid form.

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Vapor Pressure of Solutions:
When a liquid is placed in closed vessel, the molecules in a liquid are in random motion. A certain fraction
of the molecules at the surface of the liquid would possess high K.E.’s and these overcome the attractive
forces of the neighboring molecules. Then they escape into the space above the liquid. This process is
known as vaporization or evaporation. The number of molecules escaping from the liquid surface in unit
time is known as the ‘rate of evaporation’
The molecules of the vapour which possess lower K. E. are attracted back into the liquid, when they come
nearer to the liquid surface. The capture of the vapour molecules by the liquid is known as condensation.
The number of molecules condensing on the liquid surface in unit time is known as rate of condensation.
At may give temperature the evaporation and condensation process take place simultaneously. After
sometime the rate of evaporation becomes equal to rate of condensation. Then liquid vapour equilibrium
is established.
“At a given temperature, the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid, when it is in equilibrium with
the liquid is known as vapor pressure of the liquid”.
Factors on which vapour pressure of a liquid depends:
1) Nature of the liquid: Each liquid has a characteristic vapour pressure because each liquid has different
magnitude of intermolecular forces. The liquids which have weaker intermolecular forces tend to
escape readily into vapour phase and therefore have greater vapour pressure. Example: Vapour
pressure of diethyl ether is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
2) Temperature: The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with increase in temperature. This is because,
when the temperature of a liquid is raised the average K E of the molecules also increases. Large
number of molecules possess sufficient amount of energy to overcome the intermolecular attractions
and escape into the vapour state. Therefore, the rate of evaporation increases. As a result the vapour
pressure increases with rise in temperature. At a definite temperature, the vapour pressure becomes
equal to atmospheric pressure. This temperature is defined as the boiling point of the liquid.
Quantitatively, the effect of temperature on vapour pressure of a liquid is given by Clausius- Clapeyron
equation.
P2 Hvap T2 −T1
i.e., log = [ ]
P1 2.303 R T1 T2
Where P1 and P2 are the vapour pressures of temperature T1 and T2 respectively and Hvap is the enthalpy
of vaporization of the liquid.

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3) Effect of a non-volatile solute on the vapour pressure of a liquid (Vapour pressure of Solution):
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the solute molecules are distributed
homogeneously throughout the solution. Some solvent molecules on the surface are displaced by the
solute molecules. So the number of solvent molecules per unit area of the surface will be less as
compared to their number in the pure solvent. Therefore, the rate of evaporation from the solution is
less and hence its vapour pressure is less. i.e., The vapour pressure of a solution is less than that of the
pure solvent.
The difference between the vapour pressure of the pure solvent (P0) and the vapour pressure of
solution (Ps) is known as lowering of vapour pressure.
4) Surface Area of the liquid:
As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation increases and hence vapour pressure also
increases.
CLASS EXERCISE
1] 200 grams of a saturated solution on evaporation gave 40 grams of solute. The solubility is
a) 20 b) 25 c) 30 d) 40
2] Which of the following solutions will have the lowest vapour pressure?
a) 0.1 M Glucose b) 0.1 M NaCl c) 0.1 M BaCl2 d) 0.1 M Al2 (SO4)3
3] The graph obtained by taking vapour pressure (P) of a liquid on y-axis and temperature (T) on x-axis
will be
P P P
a) b) T c) T d) T
4] As per clausius and clapeyoron equation, if log p is plotted against 1/T the graph obtained will be [P =
vapour pressure of liquid and T = Temperature in absolute scale]
log P Log P
logP
a) 1/T b) c) 1/ T d)
5] If 𝑁2 gas bubbled through water at 293K, how many millimoles of 𝑁2 gas would dissolve in 1 liter of
water? Assume that 𝑁2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bars given that Henry’s law constant for 𝑁2
at 293k is 76.48k bar
HOME EXERCISE
1] A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour pressure at its boiling point on the average, the molecular in
two phases have equal
a) Intermolecular force b) potential energy c) total energy d) kinetic energy
2] Air contains 𝑂2 and 𝑁2 in the ratio 1:4. Calculates the ratio of solubilities in terms of mole fraction of
𝑂2 and 𝑁2 dissolved in water at atmosphere pressure and room temperature at which henrys constant
for 𝑂2 and 𝑁2 are 3.30 X 107 torr and 6.60 X 107 torr respectively

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3] The vapour pressure of a dilute solution of non – volatile solute is P and that of pure solvent is P0, the
lowering in vapour pressure is:
a) positive b) negative c) P/P0 d) P0/P
4] The substances whose solubility decreases with increase in temperature.
a) NaOH b) Na2CO3 c) Na2SO4 d) all of these
5] Which of the following has the lowest vapour pressure
a) water b) mercury c) kerosene d) rectified spirit
6] Solubility curve of a hydrated sat in water with temperature is given the curve indicts that the solution
process is
a) Exothermic
b) Exothermic till 60c and exothermic after 60C
c) Endothermic till 60C and exothermic thereafter
d) Endothermic
CLASS EXERCISE
1) b 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) 0.716
HOME EXERCISE
1) c 2) 1: 2 3) c 4) d 5) b 6) c
RAOULT’S LAW
a) Raoult’s law for solutions of volatile solutes:
“At a given temperature, for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”. This law is applicable only when
the two volatile liquids form a homogeneous solution.
Suppose a binary solution consists of two volatile liquids A and B. If P A and PB are the partial pressures of
two liquids and xA and xB are their mole fraction in solution, then
PA  xA and PB  xB
(or) PA = PA0 xA and PB = PB0 xB

Where 𝑃𝐴0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝐵0 are the vapour pressures of the pure two liquid components A and B respectively?
b) Raoult’s law for solutions containing non-volatile solutes:
For a solution containing a non-volatile solute, there is no contribution of the solute to the total vapour
pressure of the solution. Therefore, “the vapour pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the
mole fraction of the solvent”.
0
Psolution α xsolvent (or) Psolution = Psolution . xsolvent
Psolution
(or) 0 = xsolvent
Psolvent
Psolution
Subtracting both the sides from 1, 1 − = 1 − xsolvent
P0solvent
0
Psolvent − Psolution
= xsolvent
Psolvent

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w w W
[ ∵ 1 − xsolvent = xsolute = / + ]
Msolute Msolute Msolvent
Where w and W are the weights of solute and solvent respectively
P0solvent−Psolution w Msolvent
For very dilute solutions, = ×
P0solvent Msolute W
0
The term Psolvent − Psolution represents the lowering of vapour pressure and the term
0
Psolvent − Psolution
0 is called relative lowering of vapour pressure.
Psolvent
Therefore, the Raoult’s law for solutions of nonvolatile solute can be stated as “The relative lowering of
vapor pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in
the solution”.
Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law:

According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure of a volatile component in a given solution is given by
PA = PA0 xA .
In the solution of a gas in a liquid, the gaseous component is so volatile that it exists as a gas and its
solubility is governed by Henry’s Law as, P = K H x.
If we compare the equations of Raoult’s law and Henry’s law, it is clear that the partial pressure of the
volatile component or gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction in solution. Only the proportionality
constant KH differs from 𝑃𝐴0 . Thus, Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in which KH becomes
equal to 𝑃𝐴0 .
CLASS EXERCISE
1] The vapour pressure of two pure liquids (A) & (B) are 100 & 80 torr. The total pressure of the solution
obtained by mixing 2 mol. of (A) and 3 mol of (B) would be:
a) 20 torr b) 36 torr c) 88 torr d) 180 torr
o
2] The vapour pressure of a pure liquid ‘A’ is 60mm, at 25 C. It forms an ideal solution with another liquid
‘B’. The mole fraction of ‘B’ is 0.6 and the total Pressure is 64mm. Then the vapour pressure of ‘B’ at
25oC is:
a) 66.6mm b) 75mm c) 52mm d) 120mm
3] At a certain temperature the vapour pressures of pure Benzene and Toluene are 60mm and 40mm.
respectively. The mole fraction of Toluene in the vapour phase which is in equilibrium with a solution
of Benzene and Toluene containing equal number of moles of Benzene and Toluene is
a) 0.1 b) 0.3 c) 0.4 d) 0.2
o
4] The vapour pressure of pure water at 30 C is 31.8 mm. The vapour pressure of a solution containing 90
g. of glucose in 900 g. of water at the same temperature is
a) 30.24 mm b) 31.482 mm c) 32.46 mm d) 30.74 mm
o
5] The vapour pressure of pure water at 25 C is 30 mm. the vapour pressure of 10% (W/W) glucose
solution at 25oC is
a) 31.5 mm b) 30.6 mm c) 29.67 mm d) 28.56 mm

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6] The weight of urea to be dissolved in 100 g. of water to decrease the vapour pressure of water by 5%
is
a) 20g. b) 14.66 g. c) 15.24 g. d) 16.66 g.
HOME EXERCISE
1] Vapour pressure of pure A is 70 mm of Hg at 25ºC it forms an ideal solution with B in which mole
fraction of A is 0.8. If vapour pressure of solution is 84 mm of Hg at 25ºC, the vapour pressure of pure
B at 25ºC is–
a) 1 atm b) 14 mm of Hg c) 140 mm of Hg d) 56 cm of Hg
2] At 30ºC, the vapour pressure of pure ether is 646 mm and of pure acetone is 283 mm. Find out the
mole fraction of each component in vapour state for the solution of two having mole fraction of ether
0.50. Assume ideal behaviour.
a) 0.20, 0.80 b) 0.799, 0.201 c) 0.695, 0.305d) 0.535, 0.465
3] The mole fraction of the solvent in the solution of a non-volatile solute is 0.980. The relative lowering
of vapour pressure is -
a) 0.01 b) 0.980 c) 0.02 d) 0.49
4] 18 g. of Glucose is dissolved in 90 g. of water. The relative lowering of vapour pressure of solution is
1 1 18 50
a) b) c) d)
51 5.1 108 51
5] At 20oC, the vapour pressure of diethyl ether is 442 mm. When 6.4 g. of a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in 50 g. of ether, the vapour pressure falls 410 mm. The Molecular weight of the solute is
a) 150 b) 130.9 c) 160 d) 180
6] The amount of Glucose to be dissolved in 500 g. of water so as to produce the same lowering in
vapour pressure as that of 0.2 moll aqueous urea solution
a) 9 g. b) 18 g. c) 36 g. d) 1.8 g.
7] The relative lowering of vapour pressure of 0.2 moll solution in which the solvent is Benzene is
a) 15.6 × 10−4 b) 15.6 × 10−3 c) 15.6 × 10−1 d) 0.05
8] A solution is obtained by dissolving 12 g. of urea (Mol. wt. = 60) in 1 liter solution. Another solution is
prepared by dissolving 68.4 g of cane sugar (Mol. wt. = 342) in a liter of solution at the same
temperature. The lowering of vapour pressure in the first solution is
a) Nearly 5 times that of the second solution
b) Same as that of second solution
c) Double that of second solution
d) Nearly one fifth of the second solution
CLASS EXERCISE
1) a 2) a 3) c 4) b 5) c 6) d
HOME EXERCISE
1) c 2) c 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) b 7) b 8) b

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Ideal and non-ideal Solutions:
The binary solutions of the volatile liquids can be classified into two types. These are Ideal solutions and
non-ideal solutions.
Ideal Solutions:
Solutions which obey Raoult’s law at all concentrations and at all temperatures are known as Ideal
solutions.
When two liquids A and B form an ideal solution, there is no change in enthalpy or no change in volume on
mixing the components. Substances forming an ideal solution have similar molecular size, similar structure
and have almost identical intermolecular forces.
In these solutions, the intermolecular interactions between the components (A-B attractions) are of same
magnitude as the intermolecular interactions in pure components (A-A and B-B attractions)
If A and B are the two components of the solution, then
PA = PA0 xA ; PB = PB0 xB ; P = PA + PB
The characteristics of an ideal solution are listed as follows.
(i) It must obey Raoult’s law
(ii)  H mixing should be zero
(iii)  𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 should be zero
Examples of ideal solutions:

(i) Benzene and Toluene
(ii) (ii) n-hexane and n-heptane
(iii) Chlorobenzene and bromo benzene
(iv) (iv) Ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide
Graphical Representation of the behaviour of ideal solution:
From the graph following generalizations can be made;
1) Straight line (1) indicated by dotted line shows the variation in vapour pressure with the change in
mole fraction for liquid A.
When xA = 1(liquid is pure) then 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴0
When xA = 0 (liquid A is absent) then 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 = 0
This means that the vapour pressure of liquid A is maximum when xA =1 and is zero when xA=0

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2) Straight line (11) indicated by dotted line represents the variation in vapour pressure with change in
mole fraction for liquid B.
When xB= 1 (liquid is pure), then 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵0 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵0
When xB = 0 (liquid B is absent), then 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵0 𝑥𝐵 = 0
This means that the vapour pressure of liquid B is maximum when xB= 1 and is zero when xB=0
3) The total vapour pressure P of the solution indicated by the normal line (111) is the linear sum of the
partial vapour pressures of the volatile components A and B in the solution.
𝑃 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵0 𝑥𝐵
Non-ideal Solutions:
The solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law are called non-ideal solutions.
For these solutions: 𝑃𝐴  𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝐵  𝑃𝐵0 𝑥𝐵
In non-ideal solutions, there is a noticeable change in volume & enthalpy when the two components are
mixed. Most of solutions are non-ideal because they deviate from ideal behavior to more or less extent.
The characteristic of a non-ideal solution is listed as follows:
(i) They do not obey Raoult’s law
(ii)  𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 is not equal to zero
(iii)  𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 is not equal to zero
Types of non-ideal solutions:

Non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations from ideal behaviour depends on their nature.
(i) Non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law:
In this type of deviations, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is greater than
the vapour pressure as expected according to Raoult’s law.
This type of deviations is shown by the solutions in which solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions
are stronger than solvent-solute interactions. In solution, the interactions among molecules become
weaker and therefore their escaping tendency increases which results in the increase in their partial
vapour pressures. In these solutions the total vapour pressure of the solution is also greater than the
vapour pressure as expected according to Raoult’s law.

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Mathematically, PA > PA0 xA and PB > PB0 xB

Examples of solutions showing positive deviation
(i) Ethyl alcohol and cyclohexane
(ii) Acetone and carbon disulphide
(iii) Benzene and acetone
(iv) Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform
(v) Acetone and ethyl alcohol
(vi) Ethyl alcohol and water
Explanation for positive deviation:

Consider a solution of ethyl alcohol and cyclohexane. In ethyl alcohol, the molecules are held together by
hydrogen bonding. When cyclohexane is added to ethyl alcohol, the molecules of cyclohexane tend to
occupy the spaces between ethyl alcohol molecules. Hence some hydrogen bonds are broken and the
attractive forces in alcohol molecules are weakened.
The escaping tendency of alcohol and cyclohexane molecules from the solution increases. Therefore the
vapour pressure of the solution is greater than the vapour pressure as expected according to Raoult’s law.
(ii) Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviations from Raoult’s law:

In this type of deviations, the partial vapour pressure of each component of solution is less than the
vapour pressure as expected according to Raoult’s law.
These types of deviations are shown by the solutions in which solvent-solvent and solute-solute
interactions are weaker than solvent-solute interactions. In solution, the interactions among molecules
become stronger and therefore their escaping tendency decreases which results in the decrease in their
partial vapour pressures. In these solutions, the total vapour pressure of the solution is also less than the
vapour pressure as expected according to Raoult’s law. Mathematically, PA < PA0 xA and PB < PB0 xB
Examples of solutions showing negative deviations
(i) Acetone and Chloroform
(ii) Chloroform and diethyl ether
(iii) Chloroform and nitric acid
(iv) Acetone and Aniline
(v) Water and nitric acid

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Explanation for negative deviation:

Consider a solution of acetone and chloroform. When acetone and chloroform are mixed, there are new
attractive forces due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Thus, the attractive forces become stronger and
the escaping tendency of each liquid from the solution decreases. Therefore, the vapour pressure of the
solution is less than as expected according to Raoult’s law
Azeotropes:
The binary liquid mixtures having same composition in liquid and in vapour phase and boil at a constant
temperature is known as azeotropic mixtures or constant boiling mixtures. Azeotropes are two types.
(a) Minimum Boiling azeotropes: For solution showing positive deviation, the total vapour pressure of
solution becomes greater than corresponding ideal solution of same composition. The boiling
points of such solutions are lowered.
For a specific composition of a solution, the total vapour pressure of such solution will be the highest
and the boiling point will be the lowest. At this point, the composition of the constituents in the liquid
and vapour phase will be the same. Therefore, both the components present in the liquid mixture will
boil at the same temperature without undergoing any change in composition.
examples:
Components Mass % of B in Boiling points (K)
A B the azeotrope A B Azeotrope
Water Ethanol 95.57 373 351.3 351.1
Chloroform Ethanol 67 334 351.3 332.3
Benzene Ethanol 32.4 353.2 351.3 341.2
(b) Maximum Boiling azeotropes: For solutions showing negative deviation, the total vapour pressure
of solution becomes less than corresponding ideal solution of same composition. The boiling points
of such solutions are increased.
For a specific composition of a solution, the total vapour pressure of such solution will be the least
and the boiling point will be the highest. At this point both the components present in liquid mixture
will boil at the same temperature without undergoing any change in composition.

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Examples:
Components Mass % of B in Boiling points (K)
the azeotrope
A B A B Azeotrope
Water HCl 20.20 373 188 383
Chloroform Acetone 20 334 329.25 347.7
Chloroform Methyl acetate 23 334 330 347.8

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CLASS EXERCISE
1] The azeotropic mixture of water and 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 boils at 78.150 𝐶. When this mixture is distilled, it is
possible to obtain
a) Pure 𝐻2 𝑂 b) Pure 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻
c) Pure 𝐻2 𝑂 as well as Pure 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 d) Neither 𝐻2 𝑂 nor 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 in their pure state
2] An aqueous solution of methanol in water has vapour pressure:
a) less than that of water b) more than that of water
c) equal to that of water d) equal to that of methanol
3] An azeotropic solution of two liquids has a boiling point lower than either of the boiling points of the
two liquids when it:
a) Shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law
b) shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law
c) Shows no deviation from Raoult’s law d) is saturated
4] Which of the following form maximum boiling Azeotropes:
a) HNO3 + H2 O b) C2 H5 OH + H2 O
c) C6 H6 + C6 H5 CH3 d) Both a & b
5] On mixing 10ml of acetone with 40ml of chloroform, the total volume of solution is:
a) < 50ml b) > 50ml c) = 50ml d) can’t be predicted
HOME EXERCISE
1] A mixture of benzene and toluene forms:
a) An ideal solution b) Non-ideal solution c) Suspension d) Emulsion

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2] Which pair shows a contraction in volume on mixing along with evolution of heat
a) CHCl3 + C6H6 b) H2O + HCl
c) H2O + HNO3 d) All of these
3] An azeotropic solution of two liquids has a boiling point higher than either of the boiling points of the
two liquids when it
a) Shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law
b) Shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law
c) Shows no deviation from Raoult’s law
d) is saturated
4] Which of the following is not correct for ideal solution ?
a) Vmix = 0 b) Hmix = 0 c) Smix = 0 d) obeys Raoults law
5] Each pair forms ideal solution except :
a) C2H5Br and C2H5I b) C6H5Cl and C6H5Br
c) C6H6 and C6H5CH3 c) C2H5I and C2H5OH
CLASS EXERCISE
1) d 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) a
HOME EXERCISE
1) a 2) d 3) a 4) c 5) d
Colligative Properties:
The properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles but not on the nature
of the solute and solvent are called colligative properties. The main colligative properties associated with
ideal solutions are:

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1. Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure:
When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, the vapor pressure of the solution decreases. Since
there is no contribution of the solute to the total vapor pressure of the solution. Therefore, according to
Raoult’s law, vapor pressure of the solution (Ps) is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.
(𝑥𝐴 )Ps α xA (or) Ps = P 0 xA
Ps
Where P0 is the vapour pressure of pure solvent, 0 = xA
P
Ps P 0 − Ps
Subtracting both sides from 1, 1 − 0 = xA = 1 − xA
P P0
P 0 − Ps
= xB [∵ xA + xB = 1&1 − xA = xB ]
P0
𝑃 0 −𝑃𝑠
The term 𝑃0 − 𝑃𝑠 represents the lowering of vapor pressure and represents relative lowering of
𝑃0
vapor pressure. Therefore, Raoult’s law can be stated as ‘The relative lowering in vapor pressure of an
ideal solution containing non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution’.
Relative lowering of vapor pressure is the ratio of lowering of vapor pressure to the vapor pressure of pure
solvent.
Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute, i.e., it is proportional to
molar concentration of the solution and is independent of its nature. Therefore, relative lowering in
vapour pressure is a colligative property.

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Determination of molar mass of a solute from relative lowering in vapour pressure:
P0 −Ps
According to Raoult’s law, = mole fraction of solute
P0
mole fraction of solute =
no. of moles of solute + no. ofmoles of solvent
w w
Msolute P 0 − Ps Msolute
= ∴ =
w W P0 w W
+
Msolute Msolvent Msolute + Msolvent
w
Since, Raoult’s law is applicable for very dilute solutions, M in the denominator can be neglected.
solute
0
P − Ps w Msolvent
0
= ×
P Msolute W
Where, P0 = vapour pressure of pure solvent ps = vapour pressure of solution
w = weight of solute W = weight of solvent
𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = Molecular weight of solute 𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Molecular weight of solvent
Measurements of relative lowering of vapour pressure (Ostwald – Walker dynamic method):

The first set of bulbs contain a weighed amount of the solution under examination and the next set of
bulbs contain a weighed amount of the pure solvent. A weighed amount of anhy. CaCl2 is taken in the set
of U tubes at the end.
All the bulbs must be at the same temperature and air must be bubbled gradually to ensure that it gets
saturated with the vapor in each bulb. The air as it passes through the solution, takes up an amount of
vapor which is proportional to the vapor pressure of the solution (PS) at the prevailing temperature. As this
moist air passes through the solvent, it takes up a further amount of vapor which is proportional to the
difference in vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the solution(P0-PS).
The weight loss in solution bulbs  PS
The weight loss in solvent bulbs  (P0-PS)
Sum of the loss in weights of solution and solvent bulbs . (PS + (P0-PS))  P0
Total loss in mass of both sets of bulbs is equal to gain in mass of guard tubes.
P0 −Ps Loss in mass in solvent bulbs Loss in mass in solvents bulbs
Thus, = =
P0 Total loss in mass in both sets of bulbs Gain in mass of guard tubes

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2. Elevation in Boiling Point:
Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapour pressure becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
The vapour pressure of the solution containing non-volatile solute is less than that of the solvent.
Therefore, the solution has to be heated to a higher temperature so that its vapour pressure becomes
equal to the atmospheric pressure. Hence, the boiling point of the solution is always higher than that of
pure solvent.
The difference in boiling points of the solution (T b) and pure solvent (𝑻𝟎𝒃 ) is called elevation in boiling
point (ΔT𝑏 )Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑏0
The elevation in boiling point can be illustrated graphically. The curve AB gives the vapour pressure for the
pure solvent and the curve CD gives the vapour pressure for the solution at different temperatures. The
curve CD lies below the curve AB. This is because the vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of
the pure solvent.

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From the graph it is clear that the vapour pressure of pure solvent becomes equal to atmospheric pressure
at E (corresponding to temperature 𝑇𝑏0 ), while the vapour pressure of the solution becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure at F(corresponding to temperature Tb). Thus, the boiling point of pure solvent is𝑇𝑏0 ,
while that of solution is Tb. Since Tb is greater than 𝑇𝑏0 , there is an increase in the boiling point of the
solution as compared to that of solvent.
For dilute solutions, the rise in temperature (𝑇𝑏0 ) is directly proportional to the decrease in vapour
pressure. Since for a dilute solution, the decrease in vapour pressure is directly proportional to the
molality (m) of the solution, ∴ Δ𝑇𝑏 𝛼 𝑚 (𝑜𝑟) Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚
Where, Kb is called molal elevation constant or molal ebullioscopic constant. The molal elevation constant
is defined as the elevation in boiling point for 1 molal solution. It can be calculated from molar enthalpy of
vaporization as
MRTb2
Kb =
ΔHVap × 1000
Where M = molar mass, Tb = boiling point of solvent, R = gas constant, Δ𝐻𝑉𝑎𝑝 = molar enthalpy of
evaporation of solvent.
Since elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute and
therefore it is a colligative property.
Determination of molar mass of solute from elevation in boiling point:

Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚
Where,Δ𝑇𝑏 = elevation in boiling point; Kb = molal elevation constant
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 1000
∵ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚 = × ∴ 𝛥𝑇𝑏 =
𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

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3. Depression in Freezing Point:

The temperature at which both the solid and liquid states of a substance co-exist and both the solid and
the liquid states of the substance have the same vapour pressure.

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The vapour pressure of the solution containing a non-volatile solute is less than that of the solvent. Since
freezing point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid and solid phases of a
substance are equal, with the decrease in vapour pressure of solution, freezing will occur at a lower
temperature. i.e., there is a depression in freezing point of the pure solvent. The freezing point of the
solution (Tf) will be less than that of pure solvent (𝑇 0𝑓 ).
The difference in freezing points of pure solvent (𝑇 0𝑓 ) and that of solution (Tf) is called depression in
freezing point (Δ𝑇𝑓 ).
ΔTf = T 0f − Tf
The depression in freezing point can be illustrated graphically. The curve BC shows the vapour pressure for
the pure solvent and the curve DE gives the vapour pressure for the solution at different temperature. The
curve AB gives the vapour pressure of the solid at different temperatures. The temperature corresponding
to the point B represents the freezing point of pure solvent(𝑇 0𝑓 ). The temperature corresponding to the
point D represents the freezing point of the solution (𝑇𝑓 ). Since Tf is less then(𝑇 0𝑓 ), this shows that the
freezing point of the solution is less than that of pure solvent.
Experimentally it has been found that the depression in freezing point is directly proportional to the
molality of the solution. Δ𝑇𝑓 𝛼 𝑚 (𝑜𝑟) Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚
Where Kf is the molal depression constant or molal cryoscopic constant. It is defined as the depression in
freezing point for one molal solution. It can be calculated from molar enthalpy of fusion as
MRTf 2
Kf =
ΔHfus × 1000
Where M = molar mass; R = gas constant, Tf = freezing point;
Δ𝐻𝑓𝑢𝑠 = Molar enthalpy of fusion of the solvent.
Since the depression in freezing point is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute, it is
a colligative property.

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Solved examples
Example 1. A 0.01 molal solution of ammonia freezes at – 0.02ºC. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor, i and the
percentage dissociation of ammonia in water. (K f (H O) ) = 1.86 deg molal–1.
2
Sol. Experimental T = 0.02º

Theoretical T = 1.86 × 0.01 = 0.0186º
0.02
i = van’t Hoff factor = = 1.075
0.0186
i −1
Degree of dissociation ,  = (v = no. of species formed on dissociation)
v −1
0.075
= = 0.075
2 −1
% dissociation = 7.5. Ans. 1.075, 7.5.
Example 2. Van’t Hoff factors of aqueous solutions of X, Y, Z are 1.8, 0.8 and 2.5. Hence, their (assume
equal concentrations in all three cases)
(A) b.p. : X < Y < Z (B) f. p. Z < X < Y
(C) osmotic pressure : X = Y = Z (D) v. p. : Y < X < Z
Solution : As van’t Hoff factor increases RLVP increases, i.e., V.P. decreases y > x > z
Elevation in b.p. increases i.e., b.p. increases y<x<z
Depresion in f.p increases i.e., f.p decreases y>x>z
Osmotic pressure increases so y < x < z. Ans. (B)
Example 3. A 0.001 molal solution of a complex represented as Pt(NH3)4Cl4 in water had a freezing
point depression of 0.0054ºC. Given Kƒ for H2O = 1.86 molality–1. Assuming 100% ionization of the
complex, write the ionization nature and formula of complex.
Solution: Let n atoms of Cl be the acting as ligand. Then formula of complex and its ionization is:
[Pt(NH3)4Cln]Cl(4 – n) ⎯⎯
→ [Pt(NH3)4Cln]+(4 – n) + (4 – n) Cl–
1 0 0
0 1 (4 – n)
Thus, particles after dissocation = 4 – n + 1 = 5 – n

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And therefore, van't Hoff factor (i) = 5 – n
Now, Tƒ = K'ƒ × molality × van't Hoff factor
0.0054 = 1.86 × 0.001 × (5 – n)
 n = 2.1  2 (integer value)
Thus complex and its ionisation is :
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 ⎯⎯
→ [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]2+ + 2Cl–
Example 4. Depression of freezing point of 0.01 molal aq. CH3COOH solution is 0.02046°. 1 molal urea
solution freezes at – 1.86°C. Assuming molality equal to molarity, pH of CH3COOH solution is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.2 (D) 4.2
Tf 1.86
Solution : For urea, Tf = kf × m or kf = = = 1.86
m 1
Now for CH3COOH
Tf = i kf m
so i = = 1.1
Now i=1+
so  = 1.1 – 1 = 0.1
Now CH3COOH CH3COO– + H+
C 0 0
C – C C C
[H ] = C = 0.01 × 0.1 = 0.001
+
so pH = 3. Ans. (B)
 VOLATILE SOLVENT  Liq . solution

SOLUTIONS CONTAINING  
 VOLATILE SOLUTE  Liq . solution
Mixture of 2 volatile liquids
CLASS EXERCISE
1] How much urea must be added to 50 gm of water so that the vapour pressure at room temperature is
reduced by 25%. Also calculate the molality of solution obtained.
2] The vapour pressure of pure water at 300C is 31.8 mm of Hg. How many grams of urea should be
dissolved in 100 gm of water to lower the vapour pressure by 0.25 mm of Hg?
3] The molal freezing point constant for water is 1.86 K.kg mole-1. The freezing point of 0.1m NaCl
solution is expected to be
a) __1.86oCb) __0.372oC c) __0.186o C d) 0.372oC
4] The solution containing 6.8g of non-ionic solute in 100g of water was found to freeze at -0.93oC. If Kf
for water is 1.86, the molar Mass of solute is
a) 13.6 b) 68 c) 34 d) 136
5] An aqueous solution containing one gram of urea boils at 100.25oC. The aqueous solution containing
three gm of glucose in the same volume will boil at
a) 100oC b) 100.25oC c) 100.5oC d) 100.75oC

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6] Calculate the molal elevation constant for water given that 0.2 molal solution of non-volatile solute
increases the boiling point of water by 0.104 K.
HOME EXERCISE
1] The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by 10 mm of mercury when a non-volatile solute was
added to the solvent. The mole fraction of the solute in the solution is 0.2 what should be the mole
fraction of the solvent, if the decrease in the vapour pressure is to be 20 mm of mercury?
a) 0.8 b) 0.6 c) 0.4 d) 0.2
2] What is the molality of an aqueous solution, whose relative lowering of vapour pressure is 0.1
a) 2m b) 2.75 m c) 3.25 m d) 5.55 m
3] Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 0.456 gm of camphor (molar mass 152 gm mol-1)
dissolved in 31.4 gm of acetone (B.P = 329.45K). Given that the molar elevation constant per 100 gm.
of solvent is 17.2 K.
4] The boiling point of a solution containing 50 gm of a nonvolatile solute in 1 kg of solvent is 0.5 0
higher than that of pure solvent. Determine the molecular mass of the solute. Kb for solvent = 2.53K
kg mol-1
5] The freezing point of pure nitrobenzene is 278.8 K. When 2.5 gm of an unknown substance is
dissolved in 100 gm of nitrobenzene, the freezing point of the solution is found to be 276.8K. If the K f
= 8 K kg mol-, what is the molecular mass of the unknown substance?
CLASS EXERCISE
1) 41.66 g,13.88 m 2) 2.62 g 3) c 4) d 5) b 6) 0.52
HOME EXERCISE
1) b 2) d 3) 329. 614 K 4) 253 5) 100 6) 12.1 g, 269.9 K

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4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure:
The spontaneous movement of the solvent molecules either from pure solvent into the solution or
from dilute solution into the concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane is called
osmosis.
This process of movement of solvent molecules continues till the concentration on both the sides of
the membrane becomes equal. These semipermeable membranes allow only the movement of the
solvent molecules through them. These may be either naturally occurring (Ex: parchment, cellophane
membrane, etc) or may be prepared chemically.
3% salt solution solution stops rising when weight

of column equals osmotic pressure
selectively permeable salt solution rising
membrane
distilled water
During the process of osmosis, the flow of the solvent molecules from one side to the other side of the
semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some definite extra pressure is applied on the solution. This
pressure just stops the flow of solvent and is called osmotic pressure. Thus, osmotic pressure of a solution
can be defined as: ‘The excess pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent osmosis i.e., to
stop the passage of solvent molecules through the semipermeable membrane into the solution.’

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Demonstration of osmosis:
Remove outer shells of two eggs of the same size by placing them in dilute HCl for some time. Put one of
these in water while the other in brine solution. The egg placed in water will swell in size after sometime,
because, water enters the egg which contains a concentrated fluid inside. The egg placed in brine solution
will shrink after sometime, because, water present in the fluid of egg comes out as a result of osmosis
a) Normal size b) Egg swells c) Egg shrinks

of egg in water in brine
Demonstration of osmotic pressure:
Consider an aqueous sugar solution placed in an inverted thistle funnel having a semipermeable
membrane at its bottom. The thistle funnel is kept in a beaker containing water. Due to osmosis the water
molecules enter into the sugar solution. Therefore, the level of solution in the stem of the funnel will rise
and an additional hydrostatic pressure will tend to oppose the inflow of the solvent into the funnel. The
level of solution will continue rising till a particular height. At this stage, equilibrium is reached i.e., the
hydrostatic pressure of the liquid exactly balances the tendency of the liquid to pass inward. Thus, there
will be no further osmosis. The equilibrium hydrostatic pressure on the solution due to osmosis is a
measure of osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute particles and not on their
identity. For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that the osmotic pressue is directly
proportional to the molarity (M) of the solution at a given temperature (T),
 = MRT
Where = osmotic pressure, R = gas constant

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Determination of Molar mass from osmotic pressure:
wt. of solute 1000
π = MRT but M = ×
Msolute Volume of solution in ml
wsolute 1000
∴= × ×R×T
Msolute Vsolution in ml
Or
Wsolute × 1000 × R × T
Msolute =
π × Vsolution in ml

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Type of solutions:
(a) Isotonic solution: Two solutions having same osmotic pressure are consider as isotonic solution.
p 1 = p 2 (at same temperature)
(b) Hypotonic & Hypertonic solutions: If two solutions 1 and 2 are such that p2 > p1 , then 2 is called
hypertonic solution and 1 is called hypotonic solution.
Pressure
is applied
Solution 2 Solution 1
Hypertonic Hypotonic
2
1
Figure
Conclusion: Pressure is applied on the hypertonic solution to stop the flow of solvent particles, this
pressure become equal to (p2 – p1) and if hypotonic solution is replaced by pure solvent, then pressure
becomes equal to p2.

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Note: Osmotic pressure of very dilute solutions is also quite significant. So, its measurement in lab is
very easy.
Plasmolysis: When the cell is placed in solution having osmotic pressure greater than that of the cell sap,
water passes out of the cell due to osmosis. Consequently, cell material shrinks gradually. The gradual
shrinking of the cell material is called plasmolysis.
Reverse osmosis and desalination of sea water:

The process of movement of solvent through a semi permeable membrane from the solution to the pure
solvent by applying excess pressure on the solution side is called reverse osmosis.
Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea water. Sea water is taken in a tank provided with a semi
permeable membrane of cellulose acetate. This membrane allows only water to flow through it and all the
impurities and ions are not allowed. When a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied on sea
water side of the membrane. Then pure water flows from the sea water side through the semi permeable
membrane. Thus pure water is obtained.

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Biological significance of osmosis:

1. In plants: The absorption of water by plants from the soil through the roots and its movement to
different parts of plants is due to the process of osmosis. A plant body is made up of large number of
cells which contain fluid known as cell sap and the cell membranes behave as semipermeable
membrane. The cell saps have higher osmotic pressure and they take up water from soil since water
has less osmotic pressure. Then water travels to other parts of the plant body.
2. In human beings: The concentration of blood plasma in various species is equivalent to 0.9% aqueous
solution of NaCl. If blood cells come in contact with pure water, the water molecules will move into
the cells and finally the cell bursts. This is called hemolysis. If blood cells come in contact with a
solution with concentration more than 0.9%, then the fluid inside the cell will come out and the cell
shrinks. This is known as plasmolysis. Hence injectable medicines are generally dissolved in 0.9% NaCl
solution before being injected.
Na+ and K+ ions are responsible for maintaining proper osmotic pressure balance inside and outside
the cells of organisms. Osmosis is also involved in the functioning of kidneys.
Abnormal Molecular Mass:
Any colligative property is inversely proportional to molecular mass of the solute. Accurate values of
molecular masses can be obtained provided the solutes are non-electrolytes and do not undergo either
association or dissociation. But some substances when dissolved in certain solvents they may undergo
either association or dissociation.
Association of solute particles:

In certain solvents, the particles of the solute undergo association. Hence the total number of solute
particles in the solution will decrease and hence the colligative property will decrease.
Example: In benzene solvent, acetic acid and benzoic acid exist as dimer because of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding. Hence due to association of acetic acid in benzene, T value for acetic acid will be half
of the normal value. 2CH3 COOH ⇌ (CH3 COOH)2
2C6 H5 COOH ⇌ (C6 H5 COOH)2

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Normal molecular mass of acetic acid is 60 amu and its observed molecular mass should be 120 amu. The
normal molecular mass of benzoic acid is 122 amu and its observed molecular mass should be 244 amu.
Dissociation of solute particles:

In certain solvents, the particles of solute will undergo dissociation. Hence the number of particles in the
solution increases. As the observed molecular mass decreases, the colligative property increases.
Example: NaCl undergo dissociation in aqueous solution to form Na+ and Cl- ions, hence the molar mass
must be less than its normal value.
Therefore, while calculating the colligative properties
(i) the solution used must not be too concentrated
(ii) the solute must not dissociate or associate
Van’t Hoff Factor (i):

Van’t Hoff introduced a factor called Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ to express the extent of association or
dissociation of solute in the solution. It is the ratio of the normal molecular mass and the
Normal molecular mass
observed molecular mass. i =
Observed molecular mass
Since colligative property is inversely proportional to molecular mass.
Observed molecular mass
i=
Normal molecular mass
The value of i predicts the nature of solute in solution.
If i = 1, solute behaves normally in solution.
If i > 1, solute undergoes dissociation in solution.
If i < 1, solute undergoes association in solution.
 The colligative properties can be modified as
Elevation in boiling point, ΔTb = iKb. m
Depression in freezing point, ΔTf = iK f . m
Osmotic pressure, π = iMRT
P0solvent −Psolution nsolute
Relative lowering of vapour pressure, = i( )
P0solvent nsolute +nsolvent

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Relation between Van’t Hoff factor and extent of association or dissociation:
(i) Relation between degree of dissociation (α) and Vant Hoff factor (i)
no.of moles dissociated
Degree of dissociation (α) =
total no.of moles taken
An ⇌ nA
Suppose one mole of the solute when dissolved in a solvent dissociated to give ‘n’ ions and is α is the
degree of dissociation, then at equilibrium, we have (1- α) moles of undissociated molecules and nα
moles of the ions, so that the total no. of moles of ions and the undissociated solute molecules = 1 – α
+ nα = 1 + (n – 1)α
Thus, observed colligative property α 1 + (n – 1)α
Normal colligative property α 1
observed colligative property 1+(n−1) α
i= =
normal colligative property 1
𝑖−1
or 𝛼 =
𝑛−1
(ii) Relation between degree of association (α) and Van’t Hoff’s factor (i).
nA ⇌ An
Suppose one molecules of the solute A associate to form the associated molecules An and if α is the
degree of association. Then at equilibrium, the no. of moles of A = 1 – α and the no. of moles of An =
α/n
α
 The total no. of moles = 1 − α + 𝑛
α
observed colligative property 1− α+n
i= =
normal colligative property 1
1−i
α=
1
1−n
Solved Examples
Example 1. Calculate  of a solution having 0.1 M NaCl & 0.2 M Na2SO4 and 0.5 HA (weak acid which is
20% dissociation solutions at 300 K)
Sol.  = ( 0.2 + 0.6 ) RT + i3 C3 RT
i3 = 1+(1).2 = 1.2
 [0.8 + 0.6 ] RT
= ( 1.4 × 0.083 × 300 )
= 1.162 × 30 = 34.86 atm
Example 2. If 0.04 M Na2SO4 solutions at 300 K is found to be isotonic with 0.05 M NaCl (100 %
disscociation) solutions calculate degree of disscociation of sodium sulphate.
Sol. i C1 RT = i2 C2 RT

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0.05
[ 1+(2)  ] 0.042 = 2 ×
2
5
1+2 = –1
2
3
2 =
2
3
 = × 100 = 75 %.
4
Example 3. If 6 gm of CH3 COOH is dissolved in benzene to make 1 litre at 300 K  of solutions is found
to be 1.64 atm. If it is known that CH3COOH in benzene forms a dimer.
O O
CH3 C C CH3
Sol. O H O
Calculate degree of association of acetic acid in benzene
1 
i = 1 +  − 1 .
n 
1  
1.64 = 0.0823 × 300 × [ 1 +  − 1  ]  1.64 = 0.0823 × 300 [1 – ] 0.1
n  2
1.64 2- 1.64 2-
=  =  4 = 6 – 3
00.823  30 2 2.46 2
2
3 = 2  =
3

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CLASS EXERCISE
1] Which of the following solution has highest osmotic pressure?
a) 1 M NaCl b) 1 M Urea c) 1 M sucrose d) 1 M glucose
o
2] The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.40 atm. at 27 C. Number of mole of glucose to be used per liter for
an intravenous injection that is to have the same osmotic pressure is blood is
a) 0.2 b) 0.1 c) 0.3 d) 0.4
3] A 5% solution of cane sugar is isotonic with 0.877% of X. The molecular weight of substance X is
a) 59.98 b) 119.96 c) 95.58 d) 126.98
4] 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of protein contains 1.26 gm of the protein. The osmotic pressure of
such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 x 10-2 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
5] 10 g of solute A and 20 g of solute B are present in 500 mL of solution. The solution has the same
osmotic pressure as 6.67 g of A and 30 g of B present in same volume of solution at same temperature.
The ratio of molar masses of solute A and B will be–
a) 0.25 b) 0.66 c) 0.33 d) 0.75
6] A 0.002 molar solution of NaCl having degree of dissociation of 90% at 27ºC has osmotic pressure
equal to–
a) 0.94 bar b) 9.4 bar c) 0.094 bar d) 9.4 × 10-4 bar
7] The van’t Hoff factor of a 0.005 M aqueous solution of KCl is 1.95. The degree of ionisation of KCl is-
a) 0.95 b) 0.97 c) 0.94 d) 0.96

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HOME EXERCISE
1] Calculate the osmotic pressure of 5% solution of sucrose at 15oC.
2] What is the molar concentration of solute particles in human body if the osmotic pressure is 7.2 atm at
normal body temperature of 37oC.
3] A solution containing 8.6 gm urea in one liter was found to be isotonic with a 5% (wt/vol) solution of
an organic volatile solute. The molecular weight of solute is –
a) 348.9 b) 34.89 c) 861.2 d) 86.12
4] At certain temperature, the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of urea was found to be 405 mm.
How many times the solution should be diluted in order to exhibit the osmotic pressure of 81 mm at
the same temperature?
a) 2 times b) 4 times c) 8 times d) 5 times
5] 1 mole each of following solutes are taken in 5 moles water,
(i) NaCl (ii) K2SO4 (iii) Na3PO4 (iv) Glucose
Assuming 100% ionisation of the electrolyte, relative decrease in V. P. will be in order
a) i < ii < iii < iv b) iv < iii < ii < i c) iv < i < ii < iii d) equal
6] 2 gm of benzoic acid dissolved in 25 gm of benzene shows a depression in freezing point to 1.62 K. K f
of benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1. What is the percentage association of the acid?
CLASS EXERCISE
1) a 2) c 3) b 4) 61022g / mole 5) c 6) c 7) a
HOME EXERCISE
1) 3.457 atm 2) 0.283 m 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) 99.2%
MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPS)

1. A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water has 30% by weight of KOH. Calculate density of solution.
Sol. Let V = 1 lt , then moles of solute = 6.9
wt of solute = 6.9 × 56 gm
100
So wt. of solution = 6.9 × 56 × gm
30
100 1
So density = 6.9 × 56 × × = 1288 gm/ lt Ans.
30 1
2. 10 ml of sulphuric acid solution (sp. gr. = 1.84) contains 98% by weight of pure acid. Calculate the volume of 2.5
M NaOH solution required to just neutralize the acid.
98
Sol. Wt of solute = 10 × 1.84 × gm
100
18.4 98
So moles of solute = × = 0.184
98 100
Vml
So 0.184 = M ×
1000
So Vml = 147.2 Ans.

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3. The density of 3M solution of Na2S2O3 is 1.25 g mL–1. Calculate.
(a) the % by weight of Na2S2O3
(b) mole fraction of Na2S2O3
Ans. (a) 37.92 (b) 0.065
4. Calculate Molality of aqueous urea solution which has Xurea = 0.2
n
Sol. = 0.2
n+N
0.2 moles of urea in 0.8 moles water
0.2 250 125
 x 1000 = = m Ans.
0.8  18 18 9
5. If 10 gm of an unknown substance (non-electrolyic) is dissolved to make 500 mL of soln then OP at 300 K is

observed to be 1.23 atm find m.wt. ?
10 / M
Sol.  = CRT so 1.23 = × 0.082 × 300 , so M 400 gm/mol Ans.
.5
6. If 6 gm of urea, 18 gm glucose & 34.2 gm sucrose is dissolved to make 500 mL of a soln at 300 K calculate 
 6 + 18 + 34.2 
Sol. p=  60 180 342  × 0.082 × 300 = 14.76 atm Ans.
 0.5 
 
7. If 200 ml of 0.2 M BaCl2 solutions is mixed with 500 ml of 0.1 M Na2SO4 solutions. Calculate  of resulting
solutions.
Ans.  = 6.685 atm.
C1V1 + C2 V2
Sol. Cnet = Now  = Cnet RT
V1 + V2
8. 1 Lit. of aq. solution of urea having density = 1.060 gm/mL is found to have Tb = 0.5ºC, If temp. of this solution
increase to 101.5ºC then calculate amount of water which must have gone is vapour state upto this pt. given K b
= 0.5 K kg mol–1 for water
1000
Ans. Wwater = gm. = 666.67 gm
3
9. Find the molality of a solution containing a non-volatile solute if the vapour pressure is 2% below the vapour
pressure of pure water.
Ans. Given, If P° = 100 than PS = 98
P − PS w M  w  M
Now, = =  1000 
PS m W  m W  1000
 100 − 98  18
 98  = molality 
  1000
2 1000
 molality =  = 1.133
98 18
10. An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the boiling point of the
solvent. What is the molecular mass of the solute ?
Ans. Given Ps = 1.004 bar, P° = 1.013 bar (at boiling point P = P = 1.013 bar.)
Note : 2 % solution should be reported in terms of w/W and not simply 2%

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P'− Ps w M
From Raoult’s law : =
Ps m W
1.013 − 1.004 2  18
=
1.004 m  98
m = 41 g mol–1
11. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a solute in it.
1000
Ans. 1 molal = 1000 g solvent contains 1 mole of solute, moles of solvent =
18
n=1
N
 Ps = P°
n+N
 Ps = 12.08 kPa
12. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to
reduce its vapour pressure to 80%
P − Ps n wM
Ans. = = (Given m = 40, w = 114g, Moctane = 114)
Ps N m W
100 − 80 w  114
=
80 40  114
w = 10 g
P − Ps n
Note: By = (only for dilute solution, the answer comes 8 g)
P N

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Exercise - 1
1. The molal freezing point constant of water is 1.86 C. The depression in the freezing point of 0.01 molal NaCl
solution in water is
(A) 1.86 C (B) 0.186 C (C) 0.0186 C (D) 0.0372 C
2. The elevation in boiling point of a dilute solution is

(A) directly proportional to molality (B) inversely proportional to molality
(C) directly proportional to square of molality (D) directly proportional to normality
3. The elevation of boiling point produced in a solution containing 1 mol of a solute in 1 kg of solvent is known as
(A) Trouton's constant (B) cryoscopic constant
(C) molal boiling point elevation constant (D) critical constant
4. Assume that 0.1 molal solutions of sodium chloride, barium chloride, sodium phosphate and aluminium sulfate
are all 100% dissociated. The solution having the highest boiling point is that of
(A) NaCl (B) BaCl2 (C) Na3PO4 (D) Al2(SO4)3.
5. A liquid mixture that boils to produce vapours having the same composition as that of the liquid mixture is
known as
(A) a zeotrope (B) an azeotrope (C) an ideal mixture (D) supersaturated.
6. A liquid mixture which on boiling produces a vapour having a composition different from the liquid mixture is
called
(A) a zeotropic mixture (B) an azeotropic mixture
(C) a miscible mixture (D) an immiscible mixture.
7. For the experimental determination of the molecular weight of a solute by elevation of boiling point method, it
is convenient to use a solvent with
(A) a low value of Kb (B) a high value of Kb
(C) low molecular weight (D) high molecular weight
8. The example of solution of liquid in gas is

(A) dry air (B) alcohol in water (C) mercury in gold (D) moist air.
9. Which of the following represents a metastable system?

(A) A dilute solution (B) An unsaturated solution
(C) A saturated solution (D) A supersaturated solution.
10. The mass of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute (molar mass 46) required to reduce the vapour pressure of
126 g cyclohexane (C6H12) by 10% at a given temperature is
(A) 10 g (B) 7.67g (C) 5.06g (D) 4.54g
11. Molality of the solution is the

(A) number of gram mole of the solute dissolved per ml of the solution
(B) number of moles of the solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent
(C) number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of the solution
(D) number of grams of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent.

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12. The pressure under which liquid and vapour can coexist at equilibrium is called the
(A) limiting vapour pressure (B) real vapour pressure
(C) normal vapour pressure (D) saturated vapour pressure
13. The property which depend upon the number of solute particles only is/are
(A) boiling point elevation (B) depression in freezing point
(C) osmotic pressure (D) all of these.
14. Camphor is used as solvent to determine the molecular mass of nonvolatile solute by Rast method because for
camphor
(A) molal depression constant is high (B) melting point is high
(C) being cheap (D) all the above
15. The solution that exhibits the maximum elevation in boiling point is
(A) 0.1 M NaCl (B) 0.1 M CaCl2 (C) 0.1 M BaCl2 (D) 0.1 M FeCl3
16. Beckmann thermometers are used to measure

(A) boiling point of solution
(B) freezing point of solution
(C) elevation in boiling point or depression in freezing point
(D) any temperature
17. Molal elevation constant and molal depression constant for water respectively (in Kg mol–1) are
(A) 0.52, 1.86 (B) 1.86, 0.52 (C) 1.52, 0.86 (D) 0.86, 1.52
18. Molal depression constant is calculated from the enthalpy of fusion (Hf) and boiling point of solvent using the
relation
M1RT02 1000 RT02 1000 M1T02 Hf
(A) K f = (B) K f = (C) K f = (D) K f =
1000 H f M1H f RH f 1000 M1RT02
19. n moles of a non volatile solute is dissolved in W g of water. If Kf is the molal depression constant of water, the
freezing point of the solution in the Celsius scale will be
1000 K f n 1000 K f n 1000 K f W 1000 K f W
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
W W n n
20. The depression in freezing point of 0.1 M aqueous solution of HCl, CuSO4 and K2SO4 are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 1 : 1 : 1.5 (D) 2: 4 : 3
21. Which of the following aqueous solution do you expect to have the lowest freezing point?
(A) 0.1 M glucose (C6H12O6) (B) 0.1 M NaCl
(C) 0.1 M sucrose (C12H22O11) (D) 0.1 M BaCl2
22. The osmotic pressure of a solution of benzoic acid dissolved in benzene is less than expected because
(A) benzoic acid is an organic solute
(B) benzene is non polar solvent
(C) benzoic acid gets associated in benzene
(D) benzoic acid dissociates in benzene

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23. The osmotic pressure of the solution having concentration 0.05 M
(A) decreases with increase in temperature
(B) increases with increase in temperature
(C) does not change with change in temperature
(D) initially decreases and then increases with rise in temperature
24. 0.5 M solution of urea is isotonic with

(A) 0.5 M NaCl solution (B) 0.5 M sugar solution
(C) 0.5 M BaCl2 solution (D) 0.5 M solution benzoic acid in benzene
25. The hard shell of an egg is dissolved in acetic acid and then the egg was subsequently placed in saturated
solution of NaCl
(A) The egg will shrink (B) The egg will become harder
(C) The egg will swell (D) No change in the size of egg
26. The relationship between the values of osmotic pressure, of solutions obtained by dissolving 6.00 gL−1 of
CH3COOH (1) and 7.45 g L−1 of KCl (2) is
1 2
(A) 1 < 2 (B) 1 > 2 (C) 1 = 2 (D) =
1 + 2 1 + 2
27. The vapour pressure of a solvent A is 0.80 atm. When a non-volatile solute B is added to the solvent its vapour
pressure drops to 0.6 atm. The mole fraction of B in the solution is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.50 (C) 0.75 (D) 0.90
28. If 0.15 g of a solute, dissolved in 15 g of solvent increases the boiling point by 0.216 C over that of pure solvent.
The molecular mass of the solute is (molal elevation constant for the solvent is 2.16)
(A) 200 (B) 100 (C) 250 (D) 300
29. The vapour pressure of a solution containing 0.012 kg of a solute dissolved in 0.1 kg of water at 300 K is 3.50
103 Pa. Calculate the molar mass of the solute, if the vapour pressure of water at 300 K is 3.70  103 Pa.
(A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 50
30. Calculate the osmotic pressure of 3 % glucose solution at 300 K (in kPa)
(A) 208 (B) 104 (C) 416 (D) 312
31. A pair of liquids shows a small contraction in volume on mixing. This mixture shows
(A) ideal behaviour (B) ΔH (mixing) >0
(C) positive deviation from Raoult's law (D) negative deviation from Raoult's law
32. At 0 °C, ice and water are in equilibrium. If pressure is increased at a constant temperature of 0 °C, upon the
freezing system, then
(A) more solid will melt
(B) more liquid will freeze
(C) no change occurs
(D) the compound spontaneously dissociates into the elements.

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33. Kb (ebullioscopic constant) is a property which depends upon the
(A) number of solute particles that are present in a given amount of solvent.
(B) chemical nature of solute particles
(C) nature of the solvent
(D) mass of the solvent
34. The molecular weight of sodium chloride, assuming 100% dissociation in solution, as determined by elevation of
boiling point method will be
(A) equal to 58.5 (B) 29.25 (C) greater than 58.5 (D) zero
35. Equimolal solutions of potassiumhexacyanoferrate (II), (represented as X) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III),
(represented as Y) are considered, which are at equal degrees of dissociation. Which of the following statements
is correct?
(A) The boiling point of X is greater than Y (B) The boiling point of X is less than Y
(C) X and Y have the same boiling point (D) X and Y have the same freezing point
36. H(mixing) > 0 for a pair of liquids. It suggests that the liquid mixture
(A) is an ideal solution (B) shows positive deviation from Raoult' law
(C) shows negative deviation from Raoult's law (D) releases heat
37. 0.1 molal solutions of urea and glucose have

(A) the same vapour pressure (B) the same boiling point
(C) the same freezing point (D) all of (A), (B) and (C)
38. Kf of water is 1.86 K kg mol−l. The freezing point of a solution of 0.1 mol of a carbohydrate in 200 g of water,
(A) is 0.93 °C
(B) is −0.93 °C
(C) cannot be determined since carbohydrate is not identified
(D) is −0.00093 °C
39. In liquid CC14, which of the following has maximum solubility?

(A) Cl2 (B) Br2 (C) I2 (D) KCl
40. One among the following is an incorrect statement, that is

(A) normality of 0.5 M aqueous solution of H2C2O4.2H2O is 1 N
(B) molality of a solution relates moles of solute and mass of solvent
(C) molality of a solution is dependent on the temperature
(D) molarity of a solution is dependent on the temperature
41. The sum of mole fractions of A, B and C in an aqueous solution containing 0.2 moles of each
A, B and C is
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.2 (C) 1.0 (D) unpredictable
42. The lowering of vapour pressure of the solvent takes place

(A) when the solute is non-volatile (B) when the solute is volatile
(C) when the solute is a non-electrolyte (D) both (A) and (C)

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43. The vapour pressure of a liquid in a closed container depends upon
(A) amount of liquid (B) surface area of the container
(C) temperature (D) all of these
44. If n2 moles of non-volatile solute are dissolved in n1 moles of the solvent, Raoult’s law is expressed
mathematically as
p0 − ps n2 p0 − ps n1 p0 − ps n2 p0 − ps n1
(A) = (B) = (C) = (D) =
p 0
n1 + n 2 p 0
n1 + n 2 ps n1 + n 2 ps n1 + n 2
45. For determination of molecular masses, Raoult’s law is applicable only to

(A) dilute solutions of electrolytes (B) concentrated solutions of electrolytes
(C) dilute solutions of non-electrolytes (D) concentrated solutions of non-electrolytes
Exercise - 2
1. The colligative property among the following is

(A) Change in free energy (B) Dipole moment
(C) Heat of vapourisation (D) Osmotic pressure
2. Choose the correct statement:

(A) The boiling point of the solution falls on increasing the amount of the solute
(B) The freezing point of the solution is lowered on adding more of solvent
(C) The freezing point of the solution is raised on adding more of solute
(D) The freezing point of the solution decreases on increasing the amount of the solute
3. A solution with highest boiling point is

(A) 0.1 M FeCl3 (B) 0.1 M BaCl2
(C) 0.1 M NaCl (D) 0.1 M urea (NH2CONH2)
4. The plant cell shrink when placed in a

(A) solution isotonic with the cell sap (B) water
(C) hypertonic solution (D) hypotonic solution
5. The vant’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of glucose is

(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 1.5 (D) 2.0
6. Two solutions have different osmotic pressures. The solution of higher osmotic pressure is called
(A) Isotonic solution (B) Hypotonic solution
(C) Isotopic solution (D) Hypertonic solution
7. A glucose solution is to be injected into the blood stream. It must have the same ________ as the blood stream
(A) molarity (B) vapour pressure (C) osmotic pressure (D) viscosity
8. According to Boyle-van’t Hoff law for solutions, the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is
(A) equal to its volume (B) directly proportional to its volume
(C) inversely proportional to its volume (D) none of the above

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9. The substance A when dissolved in solvent B shows the molecular mass corresponding to A3. The van’t Hoff
factor will be
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/3
10. In case of electrolyte which dissociates in the solution the vant Hoff factor i
(A) > unity (B) < unity (C) = unity (D) can be > or < 1
11. van’t Hoff factor “i" is the ratio of

(A) Observed molecular mass to calculated molecular mass
(B) Observed colligative property to calculated value
(C) Calculated colligative property to observed value
(D) Number of moles dissociated to the total number of moles taken
12. Assume that 0.1 molal solutions of sodium chloride, barium chloride, sodium phosphate and aluminium sulfate
are all 100% dissociated. The solution having the highest boiling point is
(A) NaCl (B) BaCl2 (C) Na3PO4 (D) Al2(SO4)3.
13. A liquid mixture which on boiling produces a vapour having a composition different from the liquid mixture is
called as
(A) a zeotropic mixture (B) an azeotropic mixture
(C) a miscible mixture (D) an immiscible mixture.
14. For the experimental determination of the molecular weight of a solute by elevation of boiling point, it is
convenient to use a solvent with
(A) a low value of Kb
(B) a high value of Kb
(C) low molecular weight
(D) high molecular weight
15. A pair of liquids shows a small volume contraction on mixing. This mixture shows
(A) ideal behaviour
(B) H (mixing) >0
(C) positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(D) negative deviation from Raoult’s law
16. The vapour pressures of most liquids increase with temperature. Which way of plotting these data is expected
to give a straight line?
1 1
(A) P versus T (B) P versus T (C) ln P versus T (D) ln P versus T
17. Which combination of vapour pressure, intermolecular forces and H vapourisation is matched correctly?
Vapour pressure Intermolecular forces DH vap

(A) high weak small
(B) high strong large
(C) low weak large
(D) low strong small

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18. Which statement about the composition of the vapour over an ideal 1 : 1 molar mixture of benzene and toluene
is correct, at a constant temperature of 25C?
Vapour pressure of benzene 75 mm Hg
Vapour pressure of toluene 22 mm Hg
(A) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of benzene
(B) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of toluene
(C) The vapour will contain equal amounts of benzene and toluene
(D) Information is insufficient to make a prediction
19. On the basis of facts provided below, mark the correct option.
(i) In benzene and toluene mixture, intermolecular interactions of A−A and B−B type are nearly
same as A−B type interaction
(ii) In ethanol and acetone mixture, A−A or B−B type intermolecular interactions are stronger
than A−B type interactions.
(iii) In chloroform and acetone mixture, A−A or B−B type intermolecular interactions are less
than A−B type interactions.
(A) Solution (ii) and (iii) will follow Raoult’s law
(B) Solution (i) will follow Raoult’s law
(C) Solution (ii) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law
(D) Solution (iii) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law
20. When 1.2 g of sulphur is melted in 15.0 g of napththalene, the solution freezes at 77.2C. What is the molar
mass of this form of sulphur?
(Melting point of naphthalene = 80.0C, Kf for naphthalene = 6.8 K molal−1)
(A) 180 g mol−1 (B) 194 g mol−1 (C) 260 g mol−1 (D) 450 g mol−1
21. Azeotropes are
(A) liquid mixtures which distill unchanged in composition
(B) liquids which can mix with each other in all proportions
(C) solids which form solid solutions of definite compositions
(D) partially miscible binary solutions which become completely miscible above a certain
temperature.
22. When 21.2 mg of a non-ionising unknown substance is dissolved in enough water to make
10.0 mL of solution at 25C, the solution develops an osmotic pressure of 8.2 torr. What is the molar mass of the
unknown substance?
(A) 4.03  103 g/mol (B) 813 g/mol
(C) 4.8  10 g/mol
3
(D) 3.61  103 g/mol
23. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause
(A) decrease in molality (B) decrease in molarity
(C) decrease in molefraction (D) decrease in W/W %
24. A 0.6 % solution of urea (mol. mass 60) would be isotonic with
(A) 0.01 M glucose solution (B) 0.6 % glucose solution
(C) 0.1 M KCl solution (D) 0.6 % KCl solution
25. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has boiling point lower than either of them when it

ACTIVE SITE
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(A) shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law
(B) shows no deviation from Raoult’s law
(C) shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(D) is saturated
26. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K. The vapour pressure of
propyl alcohol is 200 mm. If the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.6, its vapour pressure (in mm) at the same
temperature will be
(A) 360 (B) 350 (C) 300 (D) 700
27. The depression in freezing point of 0.1 M aqueous solution of HCl, CuSO4 and K2SO4 are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 1 : 1 : 1.5 (D) 2 : 4 : 3
28. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 800 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 200 mL of 1 M HCl will be
(A) 0.8 M (B) 0.6 M (C) 0.4 M (D) 0.2 M
29. At room temperature, the mole fraction of a solute is 0.25 and the vapour pressure of a solvent is
0.80 atm. Then the lowering of vapour pressure is
(A) 0.75 (B) 0.60 (C) 0.20 (D) 0.80
30. 0.1 M solution of KBr freezes at −0.335C at atmospheric pressure. Kf for water is 1.86 K molal−1. The degree of
dissociation of the salt in solution is
(A) 0.90 (B) 0.80 (C) 0.58 (D) 0.98
31. During osmosis, flow of water through a semipermeable membrane is: [AIPMT 2006]
(A) from both sides of semipermeable memebrane with unequal flow rates
(B) from solution having lower concentration only
(C) from solution having higher concentration only
(D) from both sides of semipermeable membrane with equal flow rates
Ans (A)
Osmosis is a bilateral movement of solvent particles through semipermeable membrane and only net flow
(more from dilute solution to concentrate solution) is noticed.
32. From the colligative properties of solution which one is the best method for the determination of molecular
weight of proteins and polymers: [AIPMT 2000]
(A) osmotic pressure (B) lowering in vapour pressure
(C) lower in freezing point (D) elevation in boiling point
33. The relationship between osmotic pressure at 273 K when 10 g glucose (P1), 10 g urea (P2) and 10 g sucrose (P3)
are dissolved in 250 mL of water is: [CBSE (PMT) 1996]
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P3 > P1 > P2 (C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P2 > P3 > P1
34. Lowering in vapour pressure is the highest for: [BHU 1997]

(A) 0.2 m urea (B) 0.1 m glucose (C) 0.1 m MgSO4 (D) 0.1 m BaCl2
35. A 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX) is 20 per cent ionized. The lowering in freezing point of this
solution is. (Kf = 1.86 K/m for water) [AIPMT 2007]
(A) 0.56 K (B) –0.56 K (C) 1.12 K (D) –1.12 K

ACTIVE SITE
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Exercise - 1
46. (D)
 T = Kf m where m is molality of the solution.
T = 1.86  0.01 = 0.0186
Since NaCl ionises giving double the number of particles, actual depression doubles. i.e., 0.0186  2 = 0.0372 C.
47. (A)
Tb = Kb  molality
48. (C)
This is the definition of Kb.
49. (D)
Aluminium sulphate produces the largest number (5 particles per molecule) of ions and has the highest Tb.
50. (B)
This is the definition of an azeotropic mixture.
51. (A)
52. (B)
53. (D)
Moist air is a solution of liquid (water) in air (gas).
54. (D)
A super saturated system is a metastable system.
55. (B)
p0 − p
(p0 − p) = 10 when p0 = 100  = 0 .1
p0
n1
Hence, should be nearly 0.1.
n1 + n 2
126
n1 = = 1 .5
84
n2 0.15
 = 0.10 = 0.1n2 + 0.15; 0.9n2 = 0.15; Wl =  46 = 0.166  46 = 7.67 g
n 2 + 1.5 0 .9
n2
(alternatively = = 0.1; W2  1.5  0.1  46 = 6.90 nearest 7.67 g)
n1
(This is true only for very dilute solutions)
56. (B)
Molality is number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 g of solvent.
57. (C)
At saturation point, the liquid and vapour coexist.
58. (D) All these are colligative properties which depend on no. of solute particles.

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59. (A)
Camphor is used for the determination of molecular masses of solutes by depression in freezing point method because its molal
depression constant is very high 40 Kg mol–1
60. (D)
Greater the number of ions (particles) greater will be elevation in boiling point.
61. (C)
Beckmann thermometer cannot be used to measure temperature. It can measure only change in temperature.
62. (A)
Each solvent has a fixed value of kb and kf.
63. (A)
64. (B)
1000 K f n
Tf =
W
Tf = T0 − T
T = T0 − Tf = 0 − Tf = −Tf
65. (C)
The ratio of depression in freezing point is equal to the ratio of number of particles in solution.
i.e., 2 : 2 : 3 or 1 : 1 : 1 .5
66. (D)
More the number of particles in solution, more the depression in freezing point lower the freezing point.
67. (C)
Benzoic acid associates in benzene as
2C6H5COOH (C6H5COOH)2
The number of particles decreases and hence osmotic pressure – (a colligative property) decreases.
68. (B)
Osmotic pressure increases with increase in temperature. (van’t Hoff – Charles law)
69. (B)
Both urea and sugar do not undergo any association or dissociation in solution.
70. (A)
Molar concentration of solutes in a egg is less than the molar concentration of NaCl in a saturated solution. This is due to the very large
molecular masses of the macromolecules present in the egg white or egg yellow. Due to lower concentration of solutes in egg, water will
come out due to osmosis and the egg will shrink.
6 7.45
71. (A) n CH3COOH = = 0.1, n KCl = = 0 .1
60 74 .5
Here molar concentrations of both the solution are same.
Since KCl ionises more than CH3COOH, the number of particles in KCl solution increases.
p0 − p 0.8 − 0.6 0.2

72. (A) Relative lowering of vapour pressure = 0
= x2 = = = 0.25
p 0.8 0.8

ACTIVE SITE
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73. (B)
1000K 6  w 2 1000  2.16  0.15
M= = = 100
Tb  w1 15  0.216
74. (C)
w1 = 0.1 kg ; w2 = 0.012 kg ; molar mass of water, M1 = 18 g mol−1 = 0.018 kg mol−1 , M2 = ?
Vapour pressure of solvent, p0 = 3.70  103 Pa
Vapour pressure of solution, p = 3.50  103 Pa
p0 – p = 3.70  103 – 3.50  103 = 0.20  103 Pa
p 0 − p w 2 M1
From Raoult’s law, =
p0 w 1M 2
0.20  10 3 Pa (0.012 kg ) (0.018 kg mol −1 )

=
3.70  10 3 Pa (0.1 kg ) ( M 2 )
(0.012 kg ) (0.018 kg mol −1 ) 3.70  10 3 Pa

M2 =  = 0.040 kg mol−1
0.1 kg 0.20  10 3 Pa
Molar mass of the solute = 0.040 kg mol−1
Relative molar mass = 40
75. (C)
100 ml solution contains 3 g of glucose
1000 ml solution contains 30 g of glucose
30
 = CR’T =  8.314  300 = 415 .7 kPa .
180
Value ofR ' in SI units =

F 8.314 JK −1 mol −1
76. (D)
This indicates bond formation and exothermic reaction. Since energy has decreased the vapour pressure will be lower than expected.
77. (A)
If pressure increases, then the system responds by decreasing its volume. The specific volume of solid is greater than that of liquid. Hence
the solid melts, according to Le Chatelier principle.
78. (C) Kb is related to the boiling point and latent heat of vaporization of solvent.
79. (B)
Theoretica l molecula r weight
van't Hoff factor i = . For NaCl, i = 2.
Experiment al molecul ar weight
Experimental molecular weight = (1/2)  58.5.
80. (A) Tb = i Kbm and Tf = iKf m where m is molality. K4[Fe(CN)6] produces 5 ions whereas K3[Fe(CN)6] produces 4 ions. Therefore, Tb and
Tf for K4[Fe(CN)6] are higher.

ACTIVE SITE
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81. (B)
The process requires absorption of heat. The molecules are in a higher state of energy and have a greater tendency to escape into the
gaseous state. Vapour pressures are higher than expected so that positive deviation is observed.
82. (D)
83. (B)
Tf = molality  Kf. Since Tf is a colligative property it does not depend upon the nature of solute.
84. (C)
Out of the given choices, I2 has maximum solubility in CCl4.
85. (C)
Molality of a solution (a mass-mass relationship) is independent of temperature.
86. (C)
Total moles = 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.6
0 . 2 0 .2 0 . 2 0 .6
 Sum of mole fractions = + + = = 1 .0
0 . 6 0 .6 0 . 6 0 .6
87. (D)
Lowering of vapour pressure of solvent takes place in all cases i.e., when the solute is non volatile, electrolyte or non electrolyte.
88. (C)
The vapour pressure  Temperature
89. (A)
p0 − ps n2
= 2 =
p 0
n1 + n 2
90. (C)
Raoult’s law is applicable to dilute solutions of non electrolyte only.
Exercise - 2
1. (D)
Only osmotic pressure is dependent upon number of solute molecules.
2. (D)
More the solute, more is the depression in freezing point., lower the freezing point of the solution.
3. (A)
Except for urea (a non electrolyte) the ionisation of FeCl3, BaCl2, NaCl can be represented as follows
FeCl3 → Fe3+ + 3Cl−
BaCl2 → Ba2+ + 2Cl−
NaCl → Na+ + Cl−
As number of particles (ions) produced is maximum in FeCl3 the elevation in boiling point (a colligative property) will be maximum in case
of FeCl3.
4. (C)
A hypertonic solution has a higher osmotic pressure and as such a higher molar concentration of solute. Therefore, water will come out
of the cell sap due to diffusion and the cell shrink.

ACTIVE SITE
a
5. (B)
Glucose in water neither associates or dissociates. Therefore, van’t Hoff factor, i = 1
6. (D)
The solution with higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic solution.
7. (C)
The glucose solution must have same osmotic pressure as that of blood stream.
8. (C)
nRT
=
V
9. (D)
van't Hoff factor,
Normal mol. mass

i=
Observed mol.mass
A
As the solute associates in solution, and given mass A3  i = =1/ 3
3A
10. (A)
Dissociation increases particles in solution.  i > 1
11. (B)
observed colligative property
i=
Normal
12. (D)
13. (B)
14. (B)
15. (D)
16. (D)
17. (A)
18. (A)
19. (B)
20. (B)
21. (A)
22. (C)
23. (B)
24. (A)
25. (C)
26. (D)
27. (C)
28. (B)
29. (C)
30. (B)
31. (A)
Osmosis is a bilateral movement of solvent particles through semipermeable membrane and only net flow (more from dilute solution to
concentrate solution) is noticed.
32. (A)
If molar mass is high, Tf, Tb and P will be too small to read out accurately.

ACTIVE SITE
a
33. (C)
w
P= ST; since w, V, T are constant,
mV
1
Thus, P  .
m
34. (D)
P − PS
= molality  (1 −  + x + y )
P0
The value of P0 – PS is maximum for BaCl2.
35. (C)
T = molality × Kf × (1 + )
Given  = 0.2, molality = 0.5, Kf = 1.86
\ T = 0.5 × 1.2 × 1.86 = 1.116 K

01.
SOLUTIONS
Ans. (a) : The discussed method is standard method for
1. Methods of Expressing preparation of lyophobic sol.
Concentration of Solutions 4. The normality of H2SO4 in the solution
obtained on mixing 100 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4
with 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is ––––×10–1 H.
1. In one molal solution that contains 0.5 mole of
(Nearest Integer)
a solute there is
(a) 1000 g of solvent (b) 500 mL of solvent JEE Main 27.07.2022, Shift-II
(c) 500 g of solvent (d) 100 mL of solvent Ans. (1) : Given data–
NEET-17.06.2022 Volume of H2SO4(V1)=100 mL
Molarity of H2SO4(N1)= 0.1 M
moles of solute
Ans. (c) : 1 molal solution = Volume of NaOH (V2)= 50 mL
weight of solvent Molarity of NaOH(N2) = 0.1 m
0.5 No. of equivalent of H2SO4= 100×0.1×2=20
weight of solvent = kg
1 No of equivalalent of NaOH = 50×0.1 = 5
0.5 N V − N 2 V2
weight of solvent = × 1000g Resultant normality = 1 1
1 V1 + V2
weight of solvent = 500g 20 − 5
2. What mass of 95% pure CaCO3 will be =
required to neutralize 50mL of 0.5 M HCl 150
solution according to the following reaction ? 15
= = 0.1
CaCO3(s) +2HCl(aq)→CaCl2(aq) +CO2(g)+ H2O(I) 150
[Calculate up to second place of decimal point] 5. While estimating the nitrogen present in an
(a) 9.50 g (b) 1.25 g organic compound by kjeldahl’s method, the
(c) 1.32 g (d) 3.65 g ammonia evolved from 0.25 g of the compound
NEET-17.06.2022 neutralized 2.5 mL of 2 M H2SO4. The
Ans. (c) : Given reaction percentage of nitrogen persent in organic
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) compound is …….. .
∴ Number of moles of CaCo3 (pure) JEE Main 25.07.2022, Shift-I
1 Ans. (56) : Given data,
= × mole of HCl Weight of compound = 0.25 g
2 molarity of H2SO4 = 2
1 50
= × 0.5 × volume of H2SO4 = 2.5 mL
2 1000 milli equivalent of H2SO4 = 2.5 × 2 × 2
= 0.0125 = 10 Meq. of NH3
Weight of CaCO3(pure) = mole × molecular weight Milli moles of NH3 = meq. of NH3 [n(−1)] = 10
= 0.0125 × 100
Milli moles of N = 10, moles of N = 10 × 10−3
= 1.25 g
weight of N = 10−2 × 14 = 0.14 gm
weight of pure substance
% purity = ×100 0.14
weight of impure sample % of N = × 100 = 56%
0.25
1.25 6. 20mL of 0.02 M K2CrO7 solution is used for the
95 = ×100
weight of impuresample titration of 10 mL of Fe2+ solution in the acidic
1.25 medium.
∴ weigth of impuresample = ×100 The molarity of Fe2+ solution is ––––– × 10–2 M.
95
= 1.32 g (Nearest Integer)
JEE Main-27.07.2022, Shift-I
3. 100 mL of 5% (w/v) solution of NaCl in water –2
was prepared in 250 mL beaker. Albumin from Ans. (24) : 24 × 10
the egg was poured into NaCl solution and The redox reaction is a s follows:
stirred well. This resulted in a/an: Cr2 O 27 − + Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr2+ + Fe3+ + 7H2O
(a) Lyophilic sol (b) Lyophobic sol The redox change involved are given
(c) Emulsion (d) Precipitate
JEE Main 29.07.2022, Shift-I (1) 6e– + Cr2 O 27 − → 2Cr3+ (x = 6)
Objective Chemistry Volume-II 21 YCT

(2) Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e– (x = 1) Ans. (25) : Given data-
Eq. of K2 Cr2 O7 = Eq. of Fe2+ Volume of H2SO4 = 2L
(M × V × h.f) of K2 Cr2 O7 = (M × V × h.f) of Fe2+ Molarity of H2SO4 = 0.2M
0.02 × 20 × 6 = M × 10 × 1 Volume of NaOH = 2L
Molarity of NaOH = 0.1M
M = 0.24
Reaction–
Molarity = 24 × 10–2
H 2SO 4 + 2 NaOH 
→ Na 2SO 4 + 2H 2 O
7. Boiling point of a 2% aqueous solution of a
non- volatile solute A is equal to the boiling 0.4 mol 0.2 mol −
point of 8% aqueous solution of a non-volatile 0.3mol − 0.1mol
solute B. The relation between molecular 0.1
weights of A and B is. Molarity of Na2SO4 = = 0.025m
4
(a) MA = 4MB (b) MB = 4MA
= 25 millimolar
(c) MA = 8MB (d) MB = 8MA
10. A gaseous mixture of two substances A and B,
JEE Main-27.07.2022, Shift-I under a total pressure of 0.8 atm is in
Ans. (b): ∆Tb = K b × m equilibrium with an ideal liquid solution. The
mole fraction substance A is 0.5 in the vapour
( ∆Tb )A = ( ∆Tb ) B phase and 0.2 in liquid A is ____ atm. (Nearest
m A = mB integer)
JEE Main 28.07.2022, Shift-II
% ( W / W ) ×1000 Ans. (2) : Given data-
Molality =
M A × Wsolvent Total pressure = 0.8 atm
2 × 1000 8 × 1000 Mole fraction of A in vapour phase = 0.5
= ⇒ M B ≈ 4M A Mole fraction of A in liquid phase = 0.2
M A × 98 M B × 92
YA = 0.5 YB = 0.5
8. When 800 mL of 0.5 M nitric acid is heated in a
beaker, its volume is reduced to half and 11.5 g PA = PB = 0.4 atm
of nitric acid is evaporated. The molarity of the PA = PA × YA
0
remaining nitric acid solution is x × 10–2 M. P 0 = 2

A
(Nearest Integer)
–1 ∆Tf
(Molar mass of nitric acid is 63 g mol ) 11. The factor represents:
JEE Main 26.07.2022, Shift-I Kf
Ans. (54) : Given that, (a) Molarity (b) Molality
–1 n
molar mass of nitric acid 63 g mol HNO3 = 0.5 × 0.8 (c) Normality (d) Formality
CG PET-22.05.2022
= 0.4 mole
Ans. (b) : Freezing point depression is a colligative
property observed in solutions that results from the
11.5 introduction of solute molecule to a solvent.
(nHNO3) = 0.4 –
63 ∆Tf =K f .m
or
= 0.2175 ∆T
m= f
Kf
Moles solute
Molarity = or
Volume of solution in(L)
∆T
Molality (m) = f
Kf
0.2175
= × 1000 Where,
400 m = molality
∆Tf = Freezing point depression
= 0.5437 mol/Lit
Kf = Cryoscopic constant
≃ 54 × 10–2 mol/Lit 12. Elevation in boiling point for 1.5 molal
solutions of glucose in water is 4K. The
9. 2L of 0.2 M H2SO4 is reacted with 2L of 0.1 M depression in freezing point for 4.5 molal
NaOH solution, the molarity of the resulting solution of glucose in water is 4K. The ratio of
product Na2SO4 in the solution is _____ molal elevation constant to molal depression
millimolar. (Nearest integer) constant (Kb/Kf) is_____.
JEE Main 28.07.2022, Shift-II JEE Main-29.06.2022, Shift-II
Ans. (3) : Given, ∆Tb = ∆Tf = 4K, m = 1.5, m = 4.5 i=1+α
Now, from the relation between ∆Tb = and Kb – ∴ 0.0198 = (1 + α) × 1.85 × 1.224
∆Tb = mKb or
or α = 1.049 − 1
∆T α = 0.049
Kb = b or
m
4 % α = 4.9%
Kb = ....(i) or
1.5
and %α≈5%
∆Tf = mKf 15. 2 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute is
dissolved in 200g of two different solvents A
∆T
Kf = f and B whose ebullioscopic constants are in the
m ratio of 1 : 8. The elevation in boiling points of
4 A and B are
Kf = ...(ii)
4.5 x
From equation (i) and (ii) – we get In the ratio (x : y). The value of y is_____.
y
K b 4 4.5 (Nearest Integer)
= ×
K f 1.5 4 JEE Main-27.06.2022, Shift-I
Kb Ans. (y=8×x) : Given, MA = 1, MB = 8
=3 We know that,
Kf
∆Tb = Kb × m
13. The osmotic pressure exerted by a solution
prepared by dissolving 2.0 g of protein of molar ( ∆Tb )A ( K b × m )A 1
mass 60 kg mol–1 in 200 mL of water at 27°C–– = = as m A = m B
( ∆Tb )B ( K b × m )B 8
––– Pa. [Integer value]
(Use R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1) (∆Tb )A 1  x ( ∆Tb ) A 
JEE Main-26.06.2022, Shift-II ∴ = ∵ = 
(∆Tb ) B 8  y ( ∆Tb )B 

Ans. (415) : Given, amount of solute = 2.0g
Molar mass = 60 kg mol−1 = 60 × 103 g mol−1 x 1
=
Amount of solution = 200 mL y 8
T = 27oC + 273 K = 300 K y = 8x
Now,
16. The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.47 bar at
Π = C.R.T 300K. To inject glucose to a patient
2 ×1000 intravenously, it has to be isotonic with blood.
Π= × 0.083 × 300
60 ×103 × 200 The concentration of glucose solution in gL–1
Π = 0.00415bar (∵ 1bar =10 pascal)
5 is____. (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol–1)
R = 0.083 L bar K–1 mol–1) (Nearest integer)
Π = 415 Pa
JEE Main-24.06.2022, Shift-I
14. 1.2 mL of acetic acid is dissolved in water to –1
make 2.0 L of solution. The depression in Ans. (54 gL ) : Given that,
freezing point observed for this strength of acid Pressure, P = 7.47 bar −1 −1
is 0.0198ºC. The percentage of dissociation of T = 300 K, R = 0.0832 L bar K mole
the acid is –––––. We know that,
[Nearest integer] P = C.R.T
[Given: Density of acetic acid is 1.02 g mL- 7.47 = C × 0.083 × 300
MOlar mass of acetic acid is 60g/mole 5 92
Kf(H2O) = 1.85 Kg mol–1 C= × = 0.3M
92 100
JEE Main-29.06.2022, Shift-I = 0.3 × 180
Ans. (5) : Given, volume of acetic acid (V) = 1.2 mL, = 54 gL–1
−1
∆Tf = 0.0198ºC, Density (d) = 1.02 gmL 17. The vapour pressures of two volatile liquids A
M and B at 25°C are 50 Torr and 100 Torr,
∴ d=
V respectively. If the liquid mixture, contains 0.3
or M = 1.02 × 1.2 g mole fraction of A, then the mole fraction of
M = 1.224 g x
liquid B in the vapour phase is . The value
Number of moles of acetic acid = 0.0204 moles in 2L 17
Now, ∆Tf = i × Kf × M of x is ––––––
∵ for acetic acid, JEE Main-28.06.2022, Shift-I
YB Po  X  i = 1.989
Ans. (14) : = Bo  B  i = 1 + α (n – 1) (∵ n –1 = 1)
1 − YB PA 1 − X B 
1.989 = 1 + α
YB 100  0.7  14 α = 98.9 % ≃ 99%
= =
1 − YB 50  0.3  3 21. A commany dissolves ‘X’ amount of CO2 at 298
14 x K in 1 litre of water to prepare soda water. X =
YB = = ____×10–3g. (nearest integer)
17 17
Hence, the value of x = 14 JEE Main-24.06.2022, Shift-II
18. 0.01 M KMnO4 solution was addes to 20.0 mL Ans. (1221) : P = KH × X CO2
of 0.05 M Mohr’s salt solution through a
burette. The initial reading of 50 mL burette is n CO2
0.835 = 1.67 × 103 ×
zero. The volume of KMnO4 solution left in n H 2O
burette after the end point is ______
ml.[nearest integer] WCO2 / 44
0.835 = 1.67 × 103
JEE Main-28.06.2022, Shift-II  1000 
 
Ans. (30) : We know that,  18 
N 1V 1 = N 2V 2 1.67 ×18
0.835 = × WCO2
0.01 × 5 × V1 = 0.05 × 1 × 20 44
V1 = 20 mL used WCO2 = 1.2222 kg
∴ Volume left = 50 – 20 = 30 mL
= 1222.2 × 10−3 gm
19. 2.5 g of protein containing only glycine
(C2H5NO2) is dissolved in water to make 500 ml 22. The rise in boiling point of a solution
of solution. The osmotic pressure of this containing 1.8 g of glucose in 100g of solvent is
solution at 300 K is found to be 5.03x10-3 bar. 0.1 °C . The molar elevation constant of the
The total number of glycine in the protein is liquid is
_______. (a) 2K kg/mol (b) 10K kg/mol
(Given : R = 0.83 L bar K-1 mol-1) (c) 0.1K kg/mol (d) 1K kg/mol
JEE Main-28.06.2022, Shift-II Karnataka CET-17.06.2022, Shift-II
Ans. (330) : Given, Ans. (d) :
π = 5.03 × 10−3 bar, T = 300 K ∆Tb 0.1× 100
R = 0.083 L, bar K−1 mol−1 Kb = =
m 1.8
Van’t Hoff equation ×1000
180
π = CRT
= 1Kkg / mol
5.03 × 10−3 = C × 0.083 × 300
C = 0.202 × 10−3 M 23. If 3 g of glucose (molar mass=180g) is dissolved
in 60 g of water at 15°C , the osmotic pressure
Moles of protein = 0.202 × 10−3 × 0.5
of the solution will be
= 1.01 × 10−4
(a) 6.57 atm (b) 5.57 atm
2.5 (c) 0.34 atm (d) 0.65 atm
Molar mass of protein (M) =
1.01×10−4
Karnataka CET-17.06.2022, Shift-II
= 24752 Ans. (a) : T = (15 + 273)K
24752 = 288K
Number of glycine units =
75 Van’t Hoff equation
= 330.03
20. A 0.5 percent solution of potassium chloride 3 ×1000
was found to freeze at –0.24oC. The percentage Π = CRT = × 0.0821× 288
dissociation of potassium chloride is ______. 180 × 60
(Nearest integer) = 6.56atm
(Molar depression constant for water is 1.80 K 24. Which of the following colligative properties
kg mol–1 and molar mass KCl is 74.6 g mol–1) can provide molar mass of proteins, polymers,
JEE Main-26.06.2022, Shift-I and colloids with greater precision ?
0.5 1.8 (a) Depression in freezing point
Ans. (99) : m = × = 0.12064 (b) Osmotic pressure
74.6 0.1
We know that, (c) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
∆Tf = i × m (d) Elevation in boiling point
0.24 = i × 0.12064 Karnataka CET-17.06.2022, Shift-II
Ans. (b) : Osmotic pressure method is especially 3 × 96500
suitable for the determination of molecular masses of 1g →
56
macromolecules such as protein and polymer because 3 × 96500
for these substances the value of other colligative For 0.3482 g → × 0.3482
properties such as elevation in bolling. 56
= 1800.06
25. Which property of CO 2 makes it biologically
We know that,
and geo-chemically important ? Q = it
(a) Its low solubility in water 1800.06 = 1.5 t
(b) Its high compressibility t = 1200 sec. or t = 20 min
(c) Its acidic nature
29. Solute A associates in water. When 0.7 g of
(d) Its colourless and odourless nature solute A is dissolved in 42.0 g of water, it
Karnataka CET-17.06.2022, Shift-II depresses the freezing point by 0.2oC. The
Ans. (a) : Due to the low solubility of CO2 in water, it percentage association of solute A in water is:
is important in biological and geochemical processes. [Given: Molar mass of A = 93 g mol–1 Molal
26. An aqueous solution of alcohol contains 18g of depression constant of water is 1.86 K kgmol–1]
water and 414g of ethyl alcohol. The mole (a) 50% (b) 60%
fraction of water is (c) 70% (d) 80%
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.9 JEE Main-25.06.2022, Shift-II
(c) 0.1 (d) 0.4 Ans. (d) : Given that, ∆T = 0.2 K, Kf = 1.86 K
Karnataka CET-17.06.2022, Shift-II ∆T = iKf × m
Ans. (c) : Molecular weight of C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 0.7 1000
0.2 = i × 1.86 × ×
1 = 46 93 42
Molecular mass of H2O = 18 0.2 × 93 × 6
414 i=
414 g of C2H5OH has = 9 mole (i.e. n1 = 9 mole) 1.86 ×100
46 i = 0.60
18
18 g of H2O has = = 1 mole (i.e. n2 = 1 mole) 2A ↽ ⇀ A 2
18 1−α α
n2 1 2
mole fraction of water = = α
n1 + n 2 1 + 9 i = 1− α +
2
1
= = 0.1 α
10 i = 1−
2
27. The neutralization occurs when 10 mL or 0.1M
α
acid ‘A’ is allowed to react with 30 mL of 0.05 1− = 0.60
M base M(OH)2. The basicity of the acid ‘A’ is 2
[M is a metal] α
1 − 0.60 =
JEE Main-25.06.2022, Shift-II 2
Ans. (3) : α = 0.80 × 100
Acid + Base → salt + H2O α = 80%
0.1 M M(OH)2 30. At 298 K, vapour pressure of two pure liquids
10 ml 0.05 m A and B are 200 and 400 mm Hg respectively,
30 ml If mole fractions of A and B in solution are 0.7
At equivalence point equivalent of acid = Equivalent of and 0.3 respectively. What is the mole fraction
base of B in vapour phase?
0.1 ×10 × n = 30 × 0.05 × 2 (a) 0.279 (b) 0.721
n=3 (c) 0.538 (d) 0.462
AP-EAMCET-06.07.2022, Shift-II
28. A solution of Fe2(SO4)3 is electrolyzed for ‘x’
min with a current of 1.5 A to deposit 0.3482 g Ans. (d) : Given that,
of Fe. The value of x is–––.[nearest integer] Vapour pressure of liquids PA0 = 200 mm Hg
–1
Given: 1F = 96500 C mol Vapour pressure of liquids PB0 = 400 mm Hg
–1
Atomic mass of Fe = 56 mol Mole fractions of A (XA) = 0.7
JEE Main-25.06.2022, Shift-II Mole fractions of B (XB) = 0.3
+3 −
We, know that,
Ans. (20) : Fe + 3e → Fe
P = PA0 . XA + PB0 . XB
3F →1mole Fe is deposited P = 200 × 0.7 + 400 × 0.3
for 56 g → 3 × 96500 P = 260

So, mole fraction of B is- N Solute
P P 0 .X C=
XB = B = B B V solution
P P Molarity depends on volume, and as well know if the
400 × 0.3 temperature increases then volume also increases.
XB =
260 Similarly if we decreases.
XB = 0.460 33. The molality and molarity of a solution of a
31. 3.1 g of a compound, ‘X’ (molar mass = 62g glucose in water which is labeled as 10%
mol–1) is dissolved in 19.5 g of other compound, (w/w) are respectively (density of solution =
Y (molar mass = 78 g mol–1). The ratio of mole 1.2 g mL-1)
fractions of X and Y in the solution is (a) 0.57m, 0.517M (b) 0.67m, 0.617M
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 5 : 1 (c) 0.617m, 0.67M (d) 0.517m, 0.57M
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 AP-EAMCET-07.07.2022, Shift-I
AP-EAMCET-07.07.2022, Shift-II Ans. (c) : According to question
Ans. (a) : Given, 100g of water solution 10% solution of glucose.
Mass of solute = 3.1 g w
Molar mass of solute (X) = 62 g/mol glucose concentration is 10%  
w
Mass of solvent = 19.5 g Mass of solution = 100g
Molar mass of solvent (Y) = 78 g/mol Mass of solution (glucose) = 10g
Mass Mass of solution = 90g
Mole =
Molar Mass Molar Mass of glucose is 180g/mol
3.1 Mass of solute 1
Mole of solute (X) = = 0.05 mole Molality = ×
62 Molar Mass of solute Mass of solute
19.5 10 1
Mole of solvent (Y) = = 0.25 mole Molality = ×
78 180 .090
Total number of Mole = nA + nB = 0.05+ 0.25 = 0.30 = 0.617m
Mole of solute The Molality of the solution is 0.617m
Mole traction of solute (X) = Volume of the solution [density of solution 1.2 g mL–1]
Total mole
Mass 100
0.05 = =
= density 1.2
0.3
= 0.167 = 83.33 mL
0.25 Mass of solute 1
Mole fractional solvent (Y) = = 0.833 Molarity = ×
0.3 Molar Mass of solute Volume of solution
Then Ratio 10 1000
Molarity = ×
0.05 0.25 180 83.33
X:Y= :
0.3 0.3 = 0.67M
X : Y = 5 : 25 Molarity of the solution is 0.67M
=1:5 Hence option (c) is correct.
32. Assertion (A) : Molality of solution increases 34. Which of the following are correct for an ideal
with temperature. solution?
Reason (R) : Molality expression does not (a) ∆Vmix = 0
involve any volume term. (b) Vsolvent + Vsolute = Vsolution
(a) Both A and R correct and R is the correction (c) ∆Hmix = 0
explanation of A. (d) H2O+CO2→H2CO3 is an example of ideal
(b) Both A and R are correct, R is not the solution
correction explanation of A. (a) a, b only (b) b, c only
(c) A is correct, R is not correct. (c) a, b, c only (d) a, b, c, d
(d) A is not correct, R is correct. TS-EAMCET-18.07.2022, Shift-I
Ans. (c) : The solutions which obey result's law over
Ans. (d) : Molarity of a solution depends upon the entire range of concentration are in own as ideal
temperature where as molality does not depend upon solutions. The enthalpy of solution is zero.
the temperature. Molarity and molality both depend
If the enthalpy of the solution gets closer to zero it is
only on the number of moles of solute particles.
more likely to show an ideal behavior.
Molarity is number of moles of solute which are
dissolved per liter of solution i.e. ∆ mix H = 0

Thus, the volume of mixing is Ans. (c) : 15ppm corresponds to 15g chloroform in
Also zero. 1000,000g of solution.
∆ mix H = 0 ∴ Molality =
Thus, option (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
35. If 2 g of NaOH is dissolved to make 200 ml Massof chloroform
×1000
solution at 25 oC, the molarity (M) at 90 oC is MolarMof chloroform×(Mof solution − Mof chloroform)
(a) M < 0.25 (b) 0.5 > M > 0.25 15
(c) M = 0.25 (d) 0.5 < M < 1.0 ∴ Molality = × 1000
119.5 × (1000, 000 − 15)
TS-EAMCET-20.07.2022, Shift-II
= 1.25 × 10–4 mol Kg–1
Ans. (a) : Given that,
Mass = 2 g 38. The molarity of 10% (w/w) aqueous NaOH
Molecular mass of NaOH = 40 solution (density 1.11 g mL-1)
V = 200 ml (a) 2.50 M (b) 3.25 M
We know that (c) 2.78 M (d) 1.52 M
AP-EAPCET-11.07.2022, Shift-I
mole
Molarity = Ans. (c) :
volume in (Liter)
Molarity(M)=
mass of NaOH 2 wt.of solute × density of solution × 10
Mole of NaOH = =
molecular mass of NaOH 40 molecular mass of solute × wt.of solution
2 1000 10 × 1.11×10
Molarity = × = 0.25M =
40 200 40
= 2.78
Molarity is dependent on volume and volume rise as the
temperature does, molarity is inversely proportional to 39. 50% of the reagent is used for
temperature. So, If temperature increases molarity dehydrohalogenation of 6.45 gm CH3CH2Cl.
decreases. What will be the weight of the main product
Thus at 90oC molarity is M < 0.25 obtained?
36. A solvent freezes at 17 oC and it has latent heat (Atomic Mass of H, C and Cl are 1, 12 & 35.5)
of fusion 180 J g−1. The molal depression (gm mol-1 respectively)
constant of the solvent is [units of Kf = K kg (a) 0.7 gm (b) 1.4 gm
mol−1] (c) 2.8 gm (d) 5.6 gm
(a) 3.88 (b) 3.55 GUJCET-2016, 2015
(c) 3.70 (d) 4.77 Ans. (b) : CH 3CH 2 Cl  
HCl
→ CH 2 = CH 2
TS-EAMCET-20.07.2022, Shift-II Number of moles of CH3CH2Cl
Ans. (a) : Given that, given mass
Tf = 17o C =
molar mass CH 3CH 2 Cl
= 17 + 273 = 290k
Latent heat of fusion (Lf) = 180 Jg–1 6.45
=
R = 8.314 J/k/ mol 64.5
Molal depression constant (Kf) = ? = 0.1 mol.
We know that, 50% of product will be formed because of reagent used
R Tf 2 50%, So 0.05 mole of CH3CH2Cl will give 0.05 mole
Kf = Ethene.
1000 ×Lf
Mass of ethane = moles × molar mass of ethene
8.314 × 290 ×290 = 0.05 × 28
=
1000 × 180 = 1.4 g
Kf = 3.88 k. kg mol–1 40. The boiling points for aqueous solutions of
sucrose and urea are same at constant
37. A sample of drinking water has 15 ppm (by temperature. If 3 gm of urea is dissolved in its 1
mass) of a carcinogen (molar mass 120 g mol-1). litre solution, what is the weight of sucrose
The molality of carcinogen in water sample in dissolved in its 1 litre solution?
mol kg-1 is [Urea – 60 gm/mole, sucrose = 342 gm/mole]
(a) 2.50×10-4 (b) 2.50×10-3 (a) 34.2 gram (b) 17.1 gram
-4
(c) 1.25×10 (d) 1.25×10-3 (c) 6.0 gram (d) 3.0 gram
AP-EAPCET-11.07.2022, Shift-II GUJCET-2015, 2016
Ans. (b) : From formula (c) the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1
Wurea Wsucrose kg of solution
= (d) the number of moles of solute dissolved in
(molar mass) urea (molar mass)sucrose
100 dm3 volume of solution
3 Wsucrose 3 × 342 MHT CET-2018, 2015
= =
60 342 60 Ans. (a) : Molarity is the total number of moles of
Wsucrose = 17.1g solute per litre of solution.
41. Which one of the following concentration units 45. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00
is independent of temperature? m aqueous solution?
(a) Normality (b) molarity (a) 1.770 (b) 0.0354
(c) molality (d) ppm (c) 0.0177 (d) 0.177
J & K CET-2000, 2008 (NEET-2015, 2011)
Ans. (c) : Molality involves only with mass and It does Ans. (c) : 1 molal solution means 1 mole of solute
not depend upon volume. So, we can say Molality is dissolved in 1000 gm solvent
independent of temperature.
∴ nsolute =1, Wsolvent =1000 g
42. 250 mL of a sodium carbonate solution
1000
contains 2.65 g of Na2CO3. If 10 mL of this ∴ nsolvent = =55.56
solution is diluted to 1 L, what is the 18
concentration of the resultant solution? (Mol. 1
wt. of Na2CO3 = 106) Xsolute = = 0.0177
1 + 55.56
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.001 M 46. Which one of the following is independent of
(c) 0.01 M (d) 10–4 M temperature?
JCECE-2011 (a) Normality
AP EAMCET (Engg.)-2001 (b) Molality
Ans. (b) : Molarity of Na2CO3 solution (c) Molarity
No.of moleof solute (d) Weight-volume percentage
Molarity =
volumeof solvent ( L ) UPTU/UPSEE-2005
2.65 1 UP CPMT-2001
= × × 1000 = 0.1 M AIPMT -1995, 1992
106 250
Molarity of mixture- Ans. (b) : Volume depends on temperature. So, the
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2 terms which have volume in them will be temperature
10 × 0.1 = 1000 × M2 dependent. Write the formula of each of them to find
term which is independent of volume.
10 × 0.1
∴ M2 = = 0.001 M No.of moles of solute
1000 (a) Molarity =
43. What amount of Cl2 gas liberated at anode, if 1 volume of solution in litre
ampere current is passed for 30 minute from gram − equivalent of solute
NaCl solution? (b) Normality =
volume of solution in litre
(a) 0.66 mol (b) 0.33 mol
(c) 0.66 g (d) 0.33 g (c) Weight-volume percentage
JIPMER-2006, 2005 Weight of solute
= × 100
Ans. (c) : Given, volume of solvent
i = 1 ampere moles of solute
t = 30 minute = 30×60 sec (d) Molality =
mass of solvent in kg
We know that,
Q = it ∴ Molality does not involve volume
= 1 × 30 × 60 ∴ Molality is independent to temperature.
= 1800 C 15
1× 1800 × 71 47. C6 H 6 (liq) + O 2 ( g ) → 6CO 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 O(liq)
Anode = (∴ 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–) 2
2 × 96500 Benzene burns is oxygen according to the
= 0.66g above equation. What is the volume of oxygen
44. Molarity is (at STP) needed for complete combustion of 39
(a) the number of moles of solute present in 1 gram of liquid benzene?
dm3 volume of solution (a) 11.2 litre (b) 22.4 litre
(b) the number o moles of solute dissolved in 1 (c) 84 litre (d) 168 litre
kg of solvent WB-JEE-30.04.2022
Ans. (c) : Required Reaction, 2x + 7(−2) = −2
2C6 H 6 + 15O 2 
→12CO 2 + 6H 2O x =6
Molar mass of 2C6 H 6 = 2 × 78  15 × M Fe 2+   20 × 0.03 
= 156   ×1 =   ×6
 1000   1000 
Molar mass of 15O2 = 15 × 32 MFe2+ ×15 ×1 = 0.03 × 6 × 20
= 480 MFe2+ = 0.24
Now, MFe2+ = 24 × 10–2 M.
39g of benzene required with the respect of
51. The mole fraction of a solute in a 100 molal
156g of benzene in oxygen (S.T.P.) aqueous solution……×10-2
15 × 22.4 × 39 (Round off to the nearest integer)
=
156 [Given, atomic masses H : 1.0u 0 : 16.0u].
= 84L [JEE Main 2021, 17 March Shift-I]
48. How much solid oxalic acid (Molecular weight Ans. (64): Given,
126) has to be weight to prepare 100 mL Moles of solute = 100
exactly 0.1 (N) oxalic solution in water? 1000
(a) 1.26 g (b) 0.126 g Number moles of H2O = ∴ (WH O = 1000g)
18 2
(c) 0.63 g (d) 0.063 g

1800
WB-JEE-30.04.2022 Mole fraction of solute =
2800
Ans. (c) : Given :
= 64 × 10–2
Molecular weight = 126g/mol
'n' factor = 2 52. CO2 gas is bubbled through water during a soft
drink manufacturing process at 298 K. If CO2
126 exerts a partial pressure of 0.835 bar then x m
eq.w.t = = 63g / mol.
2 mol of CO2 would dissolve in 0.9 L of water.
W ×1000 The value of x is ....... . (Nearest integer)
M= (Henry's law constant for CO2 at 298 K is 1.67
molecular weight × Vol × 103 bar)
W × 100 [AIEEE 2021 Shift-I]
0.1 =
63 × 100 Ans. (25) : Given that, Partial pressure = 0.835 bar
W = 0.63g V = 0.9 L = 900 mL
Applying Henry laws
49. If the concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in
blood is 0.72 gL the morality of glucose in PCO2 =K H X gas
-1
blood is….. ×10-3 M. (Nearest integer) 0.835 =1.67 × 103 X CO2

[Given : Atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1,O = 16u]
−3
[JEE Main 2021, 22 July Shift-II] X CO2 =0.5 × 10
Ans. (4) : Given,  900 
Concentration of glucose = 0.72 gL−1 X CO2 =
n CO2  nH 2 O = 18 
n CO2 + nH 2 O  
= 50 
Molecular mass of glucose C6H12O6
= 12×6+1×12+96=180 g/mol 
n CO2
Molarity of Glucose =
Concentration X CO2 =
n H 2O
( )
n CO2 << n H2O
molar mass
0.72 n CO2
= 0.5 × 10−3 =
180 50
= 4 ×10–3 M n CO2 = 25 × 10−3 moles
1 L solution contains 0.04 mole glucose or the molarity
of glucose 0.004 M. Millimmoles of CO 2 = 25 × 10−3 × 1000 = 25
2+
50. 15 mL of aqueous solution of Fe in acidic 53. The vapour pressures of A and B at 25°C are
medium completely reacted with 20 mL of 0.03 90 mm Hg and 15 mm Hg respectively. If A
M aqueous Cr2 O72- . The morality of the Fe2+ and B are mixed such that the mole-fraction of
A in the mixture is 0.6, then the mole fraction
solution is…..×10-2 M
of B in the vapour phase is x × 10–1. The value
(Round off to the nearest integer). of X is .......... (Nearest integer)
[JEE Main 2021, 17 March Shift-I] [AIEEE 2021 Shift-II]
Ans. (24): By the law of equivalence, Ans. (1) : Given,
neq Fe2+ = n eq Cr2O 72– PAo = 90 mm Hg XA + XB = 1
n factor Cr2 O 27 − PBo = 15 mm Hg 0.6 + XB = 1

XA = 0.6 XB = 0.4 56. Sodium oxide reacts with water to produce
We know that, sodium hydroxide. 20.0 g of sodium oxide is
dissolved in 500 mL of water. Neglecting the
PT = PAo XA + PBo XB
change in volume, the concentration of the
PT = 90 × 0.6 + 15 × 0.4 resulting NaOH solution is……×10--1 M.
= 60 mm Hg (nearest integer)
Now [Atomic mass : Na = 23.0, O =16.0 H=1.0]
Mole factor of B in vapour phase [JEE Main 2021, 31 Aug Shift-II]
PB P o .X Ans. (13) : Required equation
YB = = B B ∴ PB = PBo .X B
PT PT Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
Number moles of NaOH formed as product to
15 × 0.4
YB = = 0.1 or 1 × 10−1 20
60 = ×2
Therefore, X × 10–1 = 1 × 10–1 62
So, X = 1 = 0.6451
Now,
54. At 20°C, the vapour pressure of benzene is 70
torr and that of methyl benzene is 20 torr. The 40 / 62
Concentration of resulting NaOH =
mole fraction of benzene in the vapour phase at 500 /1000
20°C above an equimolar mixture of benzene = 1.29 M ≃ 13 × 10–1
and methyl benzene is ........ ×10–2 (Nearest
integer) 57. 100 g of propane is completely reacted with
1000 g of oxygen. The mole fraction of carbon
[AIEEE 2021 Shift-I] dioxide in the resulting mixture is x ×10-2 The
Ans. (78): Given formula, value of x is……..(Nearest integer) [Atomic
PTotal = PCo6 H6 × X C6H6 + PCo6 H5CH3 + X C6 H5CH3 weight H=1.008, C=12.00, O=16.00]
[JEE Main 2021, 27 Aug Shift-II]
1 1
= 70 × + 20 × Ans. (19): Required reaction–
2 2 C3H8(g)+5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(I)
= 35 + 10 100 g of propen = 2.27 mol
= 45 1000 g of oxygen = 31.25 mol
1 2.27 mol of propen will react with 11.35 mol oxygen to
70 ×
Mole fraction of Y benzene = 2 give 6.81 mol CO2 and 9.08 mol H2O.
45 C3H8(g) + SO2(g) → 3CO2(g)+ 4H2O(I)
= 0.777
= 0.78 ≃ 78 × 10–2 t = 0 2.27 31.25 0 0
Here, t=∞ 0 19.9 6.81 9.08
X × 10−2
So, X = 78 × 10–2 6.81
X CO2 =
55. 10.0 mL of Na2CO3 solution is titrated against 19.91 + 6.81 + 9.08
0.2 M HCI solution. The following titre values = 0.1902 = 19.02×10–2
were obtained in 5 readings. 4.8 mL, 4.9 mL, So, volue of x is 19.
5.0 mL, 5.0 mL and 5.0 mL based on these
readings and convention of titrimetirc 58. If 80g of copper sulphate CuSO4 ⋅ 5H 2O is
estimation of concentration of Na2CO3 solution dissolved in deionised water to make 5L of
is…….mM solution. The concentration of the copper
(Round off to the nearest integer). sulphate solution is x × 10–3 mol L–1. The value
[JEE Main 2021, 18 March Shift-II] of x is..........
Ans. (50) : Required equation; [Atomic masses Cu = 63.54 u, S=32 u, O=16 u,
H=1 u]
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2CO3
[AIEEE 2021 Shift-II]
Equivalents of Na2CO3 (N × V) = equivalents of HCl
(N × V) Ans. (64) : Given, CuSO4.5H2O with mass = 80 g
[n1 × M1 × V1] = [n2 × M2 × V2] Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 63.54+32+16×4+5×18
= 249.54 g/mole
2 × M × 10 = 1 × 0.2 × 5
The concentration of copper sulphate solution x×10–3
0.2 × 5 1.0 mol/L.
M= =
2 × 10 20 weight of solute
Number of mole of solute =
M Na 2CO3 = 0.05 mol / L molecular mass of solute
= 0.05 × 1000 80
= = 0.32 mol
= 50 mM 249.5
Now, 61. 100 mL of Na3PO4 solution contains 3.45 g of
sodium. The molarity of the solution is.......×10–
2
mol L–1. (Nearest integer)
Number of moles of solute
Molarity = [Atomic masses – Na = 23.0 u,
Volume(litre) O=16.0 u, P = 31.0 u]
0.32 Ans. (50) : Required equation:
= = = 64.11× 10−3 mol/L
5 Na3PO4 → 3Na+ + PO 4–
Hence, = 64.11 ≈ 64 3.45
59. The molarity of the solution prepared by So, no of moles Na+ →
23
dissolving 6.3 g of oxalic acid (H2C2 O4 . 2 H2O) 3.45
in 250 mL of water in mol L–1 is x × 10–2. The No. of moles of Na3PO4= = 0.05
value of x is .......... (Nearest integer) [Atomic 23 × 3
0.05
mass H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0] Molarity (M)= × 1000 = 0.5 = 50 ×10−2 mol L−1
[AIEEE 2021 Shift-I] 100
Ans. (20) : Given, Oxalic acid C2H2O4.2H2O of mass 62. The exact volumes of 1 M NaOH solution
6.3 g required to neutralise 50 mL of 1M H3PO3
solution and 100 mL of 2M H3PO2 solution,
Then, molar mass = 126 g/mole respectively, are
weight (a) 100 mL and 100 mL (b) 100 mL and 50 mL
Mole =
molar mass (c) 100 mL and 200 mL (d) 50 mL and 50 mL
6.3 [AIEEE 2021 Shift-II]
= Ans. (c) : Required reaction,
126
2NaOH + H3PO3 → Na2HPO3 + 2H2O
Then, 50 ml 1M
weight of solute 1M V=?
Molarity=
molecular mass of solute n NaOH 2
6.3 /126 = [n=m×v]
Molarity = n H3PO3 1
250 /1000 1× V 2
= ⇒ VNaOH = 100ml
6.3 × 1000 50 × 1 1
n ×10−2 =
126 × 250 NaOH + H3PO2 → NaH2PO2 + H2O
= 0.02 M 100 ml 1M
= 20×10–2 2M V=?
Hence, n NaOH 1
n = 20 =
n H3PO3 1
–3
60. The density of NaOH solution is 1.2 g cm . The
1× V 1
molality of this solution is ...........m. = ⇒ VNaOH = 200ml
(Round off to the nearest integer) 2 × 100 1
[Use : Atomic masses : Na = 23.0 u, O=16.0 u, 63. A 6.50 molal solution –3
of KOH (aq) has a
H=1.0 u, density of H2O : 1.0g cm ] –3 density of 1.89 g cm . The molarity of the
solution is ........ mol dm–3. (Round off to the
[AIEEE 2021 Shift-I] nearest integer).
Ans. (5) : Given, Density = 1.2 g/cm3 [Atomic masses: K : 39.0 u,
Then, Mass of Solution = 1.2 × 1000 O : 16.0 u, H : 1.0 u]
= 1200 gm [AIEEE 2021 Shift-I]
Mass of NaOH = (1200 – 1000) = 200 gm. Ans. (9) : Wt. of solute= 6.5×56= 364 g
weight Wt. of solution = 1000+364= 1364 g
Then, mole of NaOH= 1364
molar mass Volume of solution = ml
Moler mass of NaOH= 23+16+1 = 40 g/mole 1.89
Moleof solute 6.5 × 1.89 × 1000
Mole of NaOH =
200g
= 5 mol Molarity = = =9
40g / mol Volumeof solution 1364
64. 4.5g of compound A (MW = 90) was used to
mole of solute make 250 mL of its aqueous solution. The
Now, Molality =
weight of solvent molarity of the solution in M is x × 10–1. The
5 value of x is ......... (Rounded off to the nearest
Molality = = 5m. integer).
1 [AIEEE 2021 Shift-I]
Ans. (2) : Given, Mass of compound = 4.5 g and molar Ans. (b) : Given that
mass = 90 g/mole. Vapour pressure (PA° ) = 7 × 103 Pa
Then, Moles of A (xA)= 0.4
weight 4.5 Vapour pressure (PB) = 12 × 103
Moles = = Mol
molar mass 90 Moles of B(xB) = 0.6
Then, From formula,
Number of moles of solute PA° x A
Molarity = Moles fraction of A (YA) =
Volume P x A + PB° x B
°
A
4.5 7 × 103 × 0.4
YA =
= 90 7 × 10 × 0.4 + 12 × 103 × 0.6
3
250 2.8
1000 YA =
10
= 0.2 YA = 0.28
= 2 × 10–1 m. And, moles fraction of B (YB) = 1–0.28
Here, M= x × 10–1 m = 0.72
So, x = 2
68. The OH– concentration in a mixture of 5.0 mL
65. If a compound AB dissociates to the extent of of 0.0504 M NH4Cl and 2 mL of 0.0210 M NH3
75% in an aqueous solution, the molality of the
solution is X × 10–6 M. The value of X is ..........
solution which shows a 2.5 K rise in the boiling
point of the solution is ........ molal. (Rounded (Nearest integer)
off to the nearest integer) [Given, Kw = 1×10–14 and Kb = 1.8 × 10–5]
[Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1] [JEE Main 2021, 26 Aug Shift-I]
[JEE Main 2021, 25 Feb Shift-II] Ans. 3
Ans. (3) : Given: Required equation.
–
α = 0.75 NH3 + H2O → NH +4 + OH
n=2 From formula
i = 1– α + nα =1– 0.75 + 2 × 0.75  NH 4+  OH – 
= 1.75 Kb =
∆Tb = iKbm [ NH3 ]
m=
2.5
= 2.74 ≃ 3 (nearest integer value) 0.0504 × 5 OH –1 
1.75 × 0.52 Kb =
0.0210 × 2
66. 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2B3 2 0.0210
is 60% ionised. The boiling point of the solution OH  = 1.8 × 10 × ×
–1 –5
at 1 atm is ....... K (Rounded off to the nearest 5 0.0504

integer). [Given, Kb for (H2O)= 0.52 K kg mol– 756 × 10 –3
1
] = = 0.3 × 10 –5
2520
[JEE Main 2021, 25 Feb Shift-I] So,
Ans. (375) : From formula OH –  = 3 × 10 –6
∆Tb = iKbm
= (1 + 4α) × 0.52 × 1 (α=0.60) 69. 3.0 gram ethanoic acid in 50 gram benzene
= 3.4 × 0.52 × 1 having –––––– molality?
(Atomic weights : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16).
= 1.768
(a) 0.1 (b) 1.0
Tb = 1.768 + 373.15
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.06
= 374. 918K
GUJCET-2021
= 375 K
Ans. (b) : Given,
67. Liquids A and B form an ideal solution in the Molecular weight of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
entire composition range. At 350 K, the vapor
= 60 g/mol
pressures of pure A and pure B are 7 × 103 Pa
and 12 × 103 Pa, respectively. The composition We know that,
of the vapour is in equilibrium with solution moles of solute
Molality =
containing 40 mole percent of A at this Amount of solvent (in kg)
temperature is:
(a) xA = 0.37; xB = 0.63 3gm / 60g mol −1
=
(b) xA = 0.28; xB = 0.72 50 × 10 −3 ( kg )
(c) xA = 0.4; xB = 0.6 3 ×1000
(d) xA = 0.76; xB = 0.24 = =1
BITSAT – 2021 60 × 50

70. In basic medium CrO 42– oxidizes S 2O 32– to form We know that, molality = number of moles of solute
present per kg of the solvent
SO42– and itself changes into Cr ( OH )4 . The
–
∵ 6.5 mole KOH solvent present in 1000g solvent

volume of 0.154 M CrO 42– required to react
∴ Weight of solute (KOH) = 6.5×56= 364 g
with 40 mL of 0.25 M S 2O 32– is _____ mL. ∴ Weight of solution = 1000+364= 1364g
(Rounded –off to the nearest integer) Mass ( m )
JEE Main 25-02-2021, Shift-I Density ( ρ ) = Volume v
( )
Ans. : (173.16 mL) Reaction of CrO 2– 4 ion with
m
S2 O32– in basic medium is given as follows – or Vol. =
ρ
( )
–
CrO 2–
4 + S O
2 3
2–
→ SO 2–
4 + Cr OH 1364
4
Volume = = 721.69mL = 721.69 × 10–3L
Balance this equation using oxidation number method, 1.89
we get – no.of moles of solute
+6 +2 +6 +3 ∴ Molarity ( M ) =
8Cr O + 3S 2 O → 6 S O + 8C r ( OH )
2– 2– 2– –
Volume of solution ( in litre )
4 3 4 4
Now, 0.154 M CrO 2–

= 0.154 × 3 N CrO 2– 6.5 × 1000
4 4 ∴ Molarity =
721.69
Similarly, the normality of 0.25 M S2 O32– solution is
Molarity (M) = 9.00 mol dm−3
0.25 × 8 N
gm equivalent of CrO42− = S2O32− 73. If a compound AB dissociated to the extent of
75% in an aqueous solution, the molality of the
⇒ N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
solution which shows a 2.5 K rise in the boiling
⇒ V × 0.154 × 3 = 0.25 × 40 × 8
point of the solution is molal.
0.25 × 40 × 8
⇒V= (Rounded-off to the nearest integer)
0.462 [Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1]
80
⇒V= = 173.16 mL . JEE Main 25.02.2021, Shift-II
0.462 −1
Ans.: (3mol Kg ) Reaction is given by,
71. If the density of a 2 M solution of ethylene
glycol in water is 1.11 g/ml, the molality (in 'm') AB ⇌ A + + B−
of the solution is approximately 1–α α α
(a) 1.92 (b) 1.57 ∴ α = 3/4 and n = 2
(c) 2.05 (d) 2.15 i = 1+(n–1) α
TS EAMCET 04.08.2021, Shift-I 3
Ans. (c) : Mole of ethylene glycol = 2 ⇒ i = 1+ (2 − 1)
4
Mass of solution = Volume × density
3 7
= 1000 × 1.11 ⇒ i = 1+ =
= 1110 gm 4 4
Mass of ethylene glycol = 2 × 62.07 = 124.14 gm ∆Tb = iKbm
Where, 62.07 = molecular mass of ethylene glycol ∆Tb
m=
Mass of water = 1110 – 124.14 = 985.86 gm i × Kb
Moles of solute ( ethyleneglycol ) 2.5
∴ Molality(m) = =
Mass of solution ( water ) in kg 7
× 0.52
2 2000 4
= = ≃ 2.05
985.86 × 10−3 985.86 2.5 × 4 10
= = = 2.747 ≈ 3 mol kg −1
72. A 6.50 molal solution of KOH (aq.) has a 7 × 0.52 3.64
density of 1.89 g cm-3. The molarity of the 74. Consider titration of NaOH solution versus
solution is __________ mol dm-3. (Round off to 1.25 M oxalic acid solution. At the end point
the Nearest Integer). following burette readings were obtained.
[Atomic masses: K = 39.0 u; O = 16.0 u; H = 1.0 (i) 4.5 mL (ii) 4.5 mL (iii) 4.4 mL
u]
(iv) 4.4 mL (v) 4.4 mL
JEE Main 16.03.2021, Shift-I
If the volume of oxalic acid taken was 10.0 mL
Ans. (9.00) :
then the molarity of the NaOH solution is
Given :- Density ( ρ ) = 1.89g cm-3 M. (Rounded-off to the nearest integer)
Molarity (M) =? JEE Main 25.02.2021, Shift-II

Ans. (6M) : Average burette reading = volume of N1×V1=N2×V2
NaOH solution (V1) ⇒ 0.5×VKOH= 0.2×25
4.5 + 4.5 + 4.4 + 4.4 + 4.4 0.2 × 25
= ⇒ VKOH= = 10 ml
5 0.5
= 4.44 mL Therefore, 10 ml of KOH solution required for
Strength of NaOH solution = S1(M) = S1(N) completing the titration.
Volume of oxalic acid solution (V2) = 10mL 77. Concentrated HNO3 is 63% HNO3 by mass and
Strength of oxalic acid solution (S2) = 1.25 M has a density of 1.4 g/ml. How many milliliters
= 1.25×2 N of this solution are required to prepare 250 ml
So, of a 1.2M HNO3 solution?
(a) 18.0 (b) 21.42
V1S1 = V2S2 (∵ Law of eqivalence)
(c) 20.0 (d) 14.21
V S 10 × (1.25 × 2)
⇒ S1 = 2 2 = AP EAPCET-6 Sep. 2021, Shift-II
V1 4.44 Ans. (b): Concentration of a solution is the amount of
S1 = 5.63 M moles of the solute present in 1 liter volume of solution.
S1 ≈ 6 M No.of moles of solute
Conc. of solutions =
75. 4.5 g of compound A (MW = 90) was used to volume of solution (in litre)
make 250 mL of its aqueous solution. The Given:– Concentration of HNO3 is 63% by weight
molarity of the solution in M is x×10–1. The density of HNO3= 1.4 gram/ml
value of x is ______.(Rounded off to the nearst Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 gram/mol
integer)
63 gram of HNO3 is present in 100 gram of solution
JEE Main 24.02.2021, Shift-I
∴ No, of moles of HNO3 in solution
Ans. : (2) Given that,
63gram
W = 4.5g = = 1 mol
Molecular weight (m) = 90 63gram / mol
V = 250 mL Mass
Volume of solution=
Molarity (M) = x×10–1 density
x=?
100gram  m
Now, we use the following molarity equation – = ∵ ρ = 
W ×1000 1.4gram / ml  V
Molarity = = 71.428 ml
m×V
4.5×1000 No.of moles of solute
x ×10 =–1
= 2 × 10–1 Molarity of HNO3 solution=
90× 250 Volume of solution in L
or x = 2 1
Hence, the value of x is 2. =
0.071428
76. 50 mL of 0.2 N HCl is titrated against 0.1 N = 14 m
NaOH solution. The titration is discontinued Therefore, volume of HNO3 solution needed to prepare
after adding 50 mL of NaOH solution. The 1.2m of 250 ml HNO3 solution,
remaining titration is completed by adding 0.5
N KOH solution. What is the volume of KOH M1V1 = M 2 V2
solution required for completing the titration? M 2 V2
(a) 10 mL (b) 11 mL V1 =
M1
(c) 12 mL (d) 10.5 mL
1.2 × 250
AP-EAPCET-6 Sep. 2021, Shift-II =
Ans. (a) : Amount of HCl left after completing 1st 14
= 21.4 ml
titration.
78. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by
HCl= 0.2 N, NaOH = 0.1N
20 mm of Hg when a non-volatile solute was
VHCl= 50 ml added to the solvent. The mole-fraction of the
We Know that, N1 × V1 = N 2 × V2 solute in the solution is 0.5. What should be the
mole-fraction of the solvent for the decrease in
⇒ 0.1×50 = 0.2×V the vapour pressure needs to be 10 mm of Hg?
50 3 2
⇒ V= = 25 ml (a) (b)
2 4 3
i.e, 25 ml of 0.2 N HCl has been consumed and 1 3
therefore 0.2 N HCl left 50 – 25 = 25ml (c) (d)
4 2
Calculation of KOH used in 2nd titration- AP EAPCET 20.08.2021 Shift-II
Ans. (a): Ist condition: 81. The equivalent weight of KMnO4 in acidic and
Vapour pressure of solvent decreased = 20 mm of Hg strongly alkaline medium, respectively, are,
Mole fraction of solute = 0.5 (a) 158; 79 (b) 31.6; 158
Applying the formula- (c) 158 ; 158 (d) 31.6; 79
TS EAMCET 10.08.2021, Shift-II
Po − P ∆P1 X a1
= Xa = Ans. (b) : Molecular weight of KMnO 4 = 158g/mol.
Po ∆P2 X a 2
⇒ In neutral medium:-
∆P 20 0.5
Po
= Xa =
10 X a 2 {Mn +7
→ Mn +4 }
+ 3e − 
Vf → 3
0.5 mol.weight 158

Xa2 = ∴ Eq. weight = = = 52.6
2 v.f . 3
1 In acidic medium :-
Xa2 =
4 {Mn +7
→ Mn +2 }
+ 5e − 
Vf →5
Mole fraction of solvent = 1– 1/4
158
= 3/4 ∴ Eq. weight = = 31.6
5
79. 0.63 g of Oxalic acid as dissolved in order to
In alkaline medium :-
obtain 250 cm3 of its solution. Find the
normality of this solution [Oxalic acid {Mn +7
→ Mn +6 }
+ e − 
Vf →1
(COOH)2 2H2O]
158
(a) 0.05 N (b) 0.01 N ∴ Eq. weight = = 158
(c) 0.04 N (d) 0.02 N 1
So, the equivalent weight of KMnO4 in acidic and
AP EAPCET 20.08.2021 Shift-II
strongly alkaline medium are :-
Ans. (c): Given that,
31.6; 158
weight of oxalic acid = 0.63 gm
82.The exact volumes of 1 M NaOH solution required
volume of solution = 250 cm3 = 0.25 liter
to neutralise 50 mL of 1 M H3PO3 solution and
∴Normality 100 mL of 2 M H3PO2 solution, respectively,
gram weight of sulute
= ........( i ) are:
volume of solution × equi.volume weight (a) 50 mL and 50 mL
Equivalence weight of oxalic acid = 63 gm (b) 100 mL and 50 mL
Putting these value in eqn. (i) we get (c) 100 mL and 200 mL
0.63 (d) 100 mL and 100 mL
N=
0.25 × 63 JEE Main-16.03.2021, Shift-II
1 Ans. (c) : During the process, the following reaction
N= occurred-
25
Normality N = 0.04N H3PO3 + 2NaOH 
→ Na2HPO3 + 2H2O
80. A 100 mL of aqueous solution contains 10 gm 1M 1M
of urea. If the solvent is hypertonic with respect 50mL VNaOH = ?
to a 100 mL glucose solution containing W gm n NaOH 2
of the compound. Which of the following is =
n H3PO3 1
correct?
(a) W glucose = 10 gm (b) W glucose < 30 gm 1× V 2
=
(c) W glucose > 30 gm (d) W glucose < 10 gm 50 × 1 1
TS EAMCET 10.08.2021, Shift-II or VNaOH = 100mL
Ans. (b) : From,
H3PO2 + 2NaOH → NaH2PO2 + H2O
N1 N 2
= 2M 1M
V1 V2 100mL vNaOH = ?
10 W n NaOH 1
= =
60×100 180×100 n H3PO2 1
180×10
W= 1× V 1
60 =
W = 30gm 2 ×100 1
If solvent is hypertonic than Wglucose < 30 gm VNaOH = 200mL

83. If 500 ml of CaCl2 solution contains 3.01 × 1022 Ans. (d) : Given that,
chloride ions, molarity of the solution will be K sp ( SrCO3 ) = 7.0 ×10−10
(a) 0.05 M (b) 0.01 M
(c) 0.1 M (d) 0.02 M K sp ( SrF2 ) = 7.9 ×10−10
AP EAPCET 20.08.2021 Shift-I
It is clear that It is AB2 type salt so,
Ans. (a) : Given that,
Volume = 500ml = 0.5 litre From formula.
Since CaCl2 has 2 chloride ions is K sp = 4s3
3.01×1022
=
2
moles
(
= 7.9 × 10−10 = 1.2 × 10−3 ×  F− 
2
)
moles of solute 2+ 2−
Molarity = Because Sr  Show equality with the Co 3
Volumeof solution
So,
3.01× 1022
=  F−  = 3.7 × 10−2 M
2 × 6.023 ×1023 × 0.5
3.01 86. The mole fraction of ethanol in water is 0.08.
= Its molality is
6.023 ×10
= 0.0499 (a) 6.32 mol kg–1 (b) 4.83 mol kg–1
–1
= 0.05 M (c) 3.82 mol kg (d) 2.84 mol kg–1
84. A solution of 122 g of benzoic-acid in 1000g of WB-JEE-2020
benzene shows a boiling point elevation of 1.4°. Ans. (b) : Given:
If the solute is dimerized to an extent of 80% Mole fraction of ethanol = 0.08
the boiling of pure benzene will be ______ Molar mass of solvent = 18
(Molar enthalpy of vaporization of benzene = Mole fraction of H 2 O = 1 − 0.08
7.8 kcal. mol-1)
= 0.92
(a) 420 K (b) 370 K
Now,
(c) 540 K (d) 460 K
AP- EAPCET- 07-09-2021, Shift-I 0.08 1000
Molality = ×
Ans. (a) : Given data – 0.92 18
Weight of solute (benzoic acid) = 122 gm = 4.83 mol kg −1
Weight of solute (benzene) = 1000 gm 87. A solution is prepared by dissolving 20g NaOH
Boiling point elevation = 1.4° in 1250 mL of a solvent of density 0.8 g/mL.
Tb − Ti ( ∆Tb ) = iK b m Then the molality of the solution is
[Where, I = van’t Hoff factor, m = molality] (a) 0.2 mol kg–1 (b) 0.08 mol kg–1
–1
(c) 0.25 mol kg (d) 0.0064 mol kg–1
122 1000  1   –1
Tb − Ti = × × K b 1 +  − 1 α  (e) 0.5 mol kg
122 1000  n   Kerala-CEE-2020
 1  Ans. (e) : Weight of NaOH = 20 gram
Tb − Ti = K b 1 −  × 0.8   Molar mass of NaOH = 23+16+1= 40 gram
 2 
20 1
Tb – Ti = 0.6 Kb So, no. of moles = = mole
40 2
RTb × M solvent
2
Now, volume of solvent = 1250 ml and density = 0.8
Kb =
1000 × L vap g/ml
So, mass of solvent = 0.8×1250
2 × Tb × 78
2
Kb = = 1000 gram
1000 × 7.8 × 1000 = 1 kg.
0.4 × 2 2
1.4 = T b So, molality =
moles of solute
105 mass of solvent in kg
Tb = 418.33K ≈ 420K
1/ 2 1
85. A solution is saturated with SrCO3 and SrF2 = =
1 2
2 −
The [CO3 ] is found to be 1.2×10 M. The -3
= 0.5 mol kg –1
88. In qualitative analysis, NH4Cl is added before

concentration of F- in the solution would be NH4OH
Given: Ksp (SrCO3) = 7.0×10–10 (a) to increase [OH–] concentration
Ksp(SrF2) = 7.9×10–10 (b) for making HCl
(a) 3.7×10–6 M (b) 3.2×10–3 M (c) to decrease [OH–] concentration
–7 –2
(c) 5.1×10 M (d) 3.7×10 M (d) statement is wrong
WB-JEE-2020 Manipal-2020
Ans. (c) : NH4Cl is added before NH4OH to decrease 92. The mole fraction of glucose (C6H12O6) in an
[OH–] concentration by the common ion effect. aqueous binary solution is 0.1 The mass
89. Certain electric current for half an hour can percentage of water in it, to the nearest integer,
collect 11.2 L of hydrogen at NTP. Same is…… .
current when passed through an electrolytic [JEE Main 2020, 3 Sep Shift-I]
solution for one hour, can deposit how much Ans. (47): Given that,
silver? Molecular mass of C6H12O6 = 180g.
(a) 216 g (b) 108 g Molecular mass of H2O = 18g
(c) 47 g (d) 60 g Mole fraction = 0.1
Manipal-2020 0.1 × 180
Ans. (a) : Given that : Mass % C6H12O6 = × 100
0.1 × 180 + 0.9 × 18
11.2L H2 gas at N.T.P. = 1g of H2
from formula, 1800
= %
W1 E1 1 1 34.2
= = = = 52 .63 %
W2 E 2 W2 108
= 53 %
W2 = 108 g
∴ mass % of H2O = 100–53%
Now,
Silver will be deposited in = 47 %
22
One hour = 108 × 2 93. 6.023×10 molecules are present in 10 g of a
= 216 g substance 'X'. The morality of a solution
containing 5 g of substance 'X' in 2 L solution is
90. The morality of HNO3 in a sample which has …….×10-3.
density 1.4 g/mL and mass percentage of 63%
is……(Molecular weight of HNO3 = 63) [JEE Main 2020, 3 Sep Shift-II]
[JEE Main 2020, 9 Jan Shift-I] Ans.(25):
Ans. (14): Given that, 10 × 6.0 23 × 1023
Molar mass = = 100g / mol
mass percentage = 63% or 63 gm in weight 6. 023 × 1022
d = 1.4 g / ml
5
100 Molarity =
v= = 71.428ml 100
1.4
So, 2
= 0.025 Or 25 × 10–3
No.of moles of solute
Molarity =
Volume (L) From equation
63 × 1000 X × 10–3 = 25×10–3
Molarity =
63 × 71.428 So, X = 25
63/ 63 94. At 300 K, the vapour pressure of a solution
= containing 1 mole of n-hexane and 3 moles of n-
0.0714 heptane is 550 mm of Hg. At the same
= 14 M. temperature, if one more mole of n-heptane is
91. A 100 mL solution was made by adding 1.43 g added to this solution, the vapour pressure of
of Na2CO3. xH2O. The normality of the solution the solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. What is
is 0.1 N. The value of x is…… . the vapour pressure in mm Hg of n-heptane in
[JEE Main 2020, 4 Sep Shift-II] its pure state............. ?
Ans. (10): Molecular mass of Na2CO3 × H2O [JEE Main 2020, 4 Sep Shift-I]
= 23 × 2 + 12 + 48 + 18 x Ans. (600) : Given, Vapour pressure PT = 550
= (106 + 18x) We know that- PT = PA × A + PB × B
Charge present in dissolution = 2 For first condition;
M 1 3
So, Eqwt = = ( 53 + 9x ) 550 = PA   + PB  
2 4 4
Number equction of solute PA + 3PB = 2200 ….(1)
Normality =
Volume(L) Second condition;
1.43 1 4
=
53 + 9x
{normality = 0.1N is given} 560 = PA   + PB  
5 5
0.1 PA + 4PB = 2800 …..(2)
⇒ 53 + 9x = 143 From first and second equation,
9x = 90 PA = 400 mm Hg
x = 10 PB = 600 mmHg
95. Two open beakers one containing a solvent and X has lower intermolecular interaction as compared to
the other containing a mixture of that solvent Y.
with a non-volatile solute are together sealed in Because at a particular tempurature as the
a container. Over time
intermolecular force of attraction increases vapour
(a) The volume of the solution decreases and the
volume of the solvent increases pressure decreases
(b) The volume of the solution does not change 97. A solution of two components containing n1
and the volume of the solvent decreases moles of the 1st component and n2 moles of the
(c) The volume of the solution increases and the 2nd component is prepared. M1 and M2 are the
volume of the solvent decreases molecular weights of component 1 and 2
(d) The volume of the solution and the solvent respectively. If d is the density of the solution in
does not change
g mL–1, C2 is the molarity and χ2 is the mole-
[JEE Main 2020, 7 Jan Shift-I]
fraction of the 2nd component, then C2 can be
Ans. (c) : If a non–volatile solute is added to a solvent
to form a solution, the vapour pressure gets decreased. expressed as
According to Raoult’s law, If vapour pressure of pure 1000χ2
(a) C2 =
solvent is P1o , vapour pressure of solvent in solution (p). M1 + χ2 (M 2 − M1 )
So, p = P1o × x1 dχ 2
(b) C2 =
p< P o M 2 + χ2 (M 2 − M1 )
1
Since, vapour pressure of solution is less, there will be 1000dχ2
net backward reaction [i.e. vapour → liquid] in that (c) C2 =
M1 + χ2 (M 2 − M1 )
beaker.
Thus, its volume increases. dχ 2
(d) C2 =
In another beaker containing only net reaction is M 2 + χ2 (M 2 − M1 )
forward.
[AIEEE 2020 Shift-I]
Thus, volume decreases.
96. A graph of vapour pressure and temperature Ans. (c) : Component ‘A’ molecular weight = m1
for three different liquids X, Y and Z is shown Component ‘B’ molecular weight = m2
below : Mole fraction of (B) = χ2
Molarity of component (B) = C2
So,
Total moles of two component = 1
χ2 = moles of component (2)
(1– χ2) = moles of component (1)
χ2M2 = mass of component (2)
(1–χ2)M1= mass of component (1)
The following inference are made :
(A) X has higher intermolecular interactions compared Total mass = (χ2 M2 + (1– χ2) M1) gm
to Y.  χ 2 M 2 + (1 − χ 2 ) M1 
(B) X has lower intermolecular interactions compared Total volume =   ml
to Y.  d 
(C) Z has lower intermolecular interactions compared Moles
to Y. Molarity =
Volume
The correct inference(s) is/are:
χ 2 .d
(a) (C) (b) (B) Molarity (C2) = ×1000
(c) (A) (d) (A) and (C) χ 2 M 2 + (1 − χ 2 ) M1
[JEE Main 2020, 8 Jan Shift-I] d
Ans. (b) : d
1000.d.χ 2
C2 =
M1 + χ 2 ( M 2 − M1 )
98. The hardness of a water sample containing 10–3
M MgSO4 expressed as CaCO3 equivalents (in
ppm) is........
(molar mass of MgSO4 is 120.37 g/mol)

Ans. (100): P = 2.176 atm
Hardness of water is measured in PPM (CaCO3) Applying Boyle’s law, P1V1 = P2V2
10−3 ×100 2.176 × 1 = 1atm × V
= ×106 V2 = 2.176 ≃ 2.18 dm3.
1000
101. Which of the following is a reversible sol?
100
(∴ Grams of CaCO3 in 1M = × 10−3 grams) (a) Gelatin solution (b) As2S3 solution
1000 (c) Fe(OH)3 solution (d) Gold solution
= 100PPM
GUJCET-2020
99. 10.30 mg of O2 is dissolved into a litre of sea
Ans. (a) : Reversible solutions are those, where
water of density 1.03 g/mL. The concentration
of O2 in ppm is components can be separated again from the solution.
[AIEEE 2020 Shift-II] ex – Gelatin solution
Ans. (10.00): Given, 102. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be
dissolved in a specified amount of given liquid
WO2 =10.30 mg = 10.30×10–3 g solvent does not depend upon_____
Vwater = 1 litre = 1000 mL i. Temperature ii. Nature of solute
Density of solution (ρ) = 1.03g/mL iii. Pressure iv. Nature of Solvent
M=ρ×V = 1.03×1000 = 1030 g (a) i. and iii. (b) Only ii.
mass of solute (c) ii. & iv. (d) Only iii.
PPM = ×106 GUJCET-2020
Total mass of solution
Ans. (d) : Maximum amount of a solid solute that can
10.30 ×10−3
= × 106 = 10 PPM of O 2 conc. be dissolved in a specified amount of given liquid
1030 solvent does not depend upon pressure. Solid and liquid
100. A cylinder containing an ideal gas (0.1 mol of are highly incompressible so, they are unaffected by
1.0 dm3) is in thermal equilibrium with a large change in pressure so we can say that given solvent
volume of 0.5 molal aqueous solution of does not depend upon pressure.
ethylene glycol at its freezing point. If the 103. The molality of aqueous solution of any solute
stoppers S1 and S2 (as shown in the figure) are having mole fraction 0.25 is_____.
suddenly withdrawn, the volume of the gas in (a) 18.52 m (b) 16.67 m
litres after equilibrium is achieved will be
.............. (c) 33.33 m (d) 9.26 m
(Given, Kf (water) = 2.0 K kg mol–1, R =0.08 GUJCET-2020
dm3 atm K–1mol–1) Ans. (a) : Given that:
Mole fraction = 0.25
Mole fraction of solute in solution = 1– 0.25
= 0.75
Is moles of solutions 0.75 moles of
dissolved 0.75 mole = 18 × 0.75
= 13.5 g
= 0.0135 kg
So,
0.25
molality =
0.0135
[JEE Main 2020, 9 Jan Shift-II] = 18.52 m
Ans. (2.18) : Given, Kf = 2.0 m = 0.5 104. The vapour pressure of two pure liquids A and
As we know, B that form an ideal solution, are 400 and 800
∆Tf = Kf.m mm of Hg respectively at a temperature toC.
The mole fraction of A in a solution of A and B
∆Tf = 2.0 × 0.5 = 1
whose boiling point is toC will be
Now,
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8
∆Tf = 273 – Ti
(c) 0.1 (d) 0.2
1 = 273 – Ti
BITSAT – 2020
Ti = 272 K
PV = nRT Ans. (c) : From formula,
nRT P = PAº .x A + PBº .(1 − x A )
(∵ forx binarysolution )
P =
V
0.1× 0.08 × 272 A + x =1
B
P= ⇒ 760 = 400xA + 800 (1 – xA)
1
⇒ –40 = –400xA 1 kg toothpaste will contain 200 × 2 = 400 mg fluoride
xA = 0.1 ions.
The mole fraction of A is 0.1 Hence, concentration of fluoride ion is 400 ppm or 4 ×
105. The molority of solution containing 8 g of 102 ppm.
NaOH in 250 mL water would in Hence, option (b) is correct.
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.4 m 109. 10 g of NaOH is dissolved in 500 mL of aqueous
(c) 0.8 m (d) 1.0 m solution. Calculate the molarity of this solution
Assam CEE-2020 ? (Given, formula weight of NaOH = 40)
Ans. (c) :
Volume of Solution = 250 mL (a) 0.5×10–3 M (b) 0.4 M
Mass of NaOH = 8 gm (c) 0.25×10–3 M (d) 0.5 M
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol AP EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020 Shift-I
WNaOH × 1000 Ans. (d) :
Molarity =
M NaOH × Vsolution (L) Molarity =
Moles of solute
8 × 1000 Volume of solution ( in litre )
=
40g / mol × 250(L) Weight of solute × 1000
=
= 0.8 mol/L Molecular weight solute × Volume ( mL )
106. If active mass of a 6% solution of a compound 10 ×1000
is 2, its molecular weight will be = = 0.5M
40 × 500
(a) 30 (b) 15
(c) 60 (d) 22 110. A 40% HCl solution has density 1.2 g mL–1.
COMEDK-2020 The molarity of the solution is nearly ........... .
(a) 11 M (b) 12 M
Ans. (a) : Given,
(c) 13 M (d) 14 M
The percentage of solute in the solution = 6%
Mass of the compound = 2moles/ liter AP EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020 Shift-I
As 100 ml solution contains 6 gm of solute, Ans. (c) : As, density (d) of HCℓ solution is given (pc)
6 × 1000 (1.2 g mL-1), the percentage strength of the solution
∴ 1000 ml Solution contains = = 60 gm of solute.
100 (40%) is of (w/w) type.
60 pc ( w / w ) × d ( gmL−1 ) × 10
Thus, molecular weight of the compound = = 30 ⇒ Molarity =
2 M HCℓ
107. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution 40 ×1.2 × 10
prepared by dissolving 0.4 g of NaOH in = = 13.15 ≃ 13M
enough water to form 500 mL of the solution. 36.5
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.05 111. The density of oxygen gas at 5 atm and 127ºC
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.03 will be
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 18.9.2020 Shift-I (a) 2.80 g/L (b) 4.88 g/L
0.4 (c) 1.49 g/L (d) 5.60 g/L
× 100
WB gL−1 500 AP EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020, Shift-II
Ans. (a) : Molarity = = = 0.02 M
M Bg mol−1 40 Ans. (b) : Density of a gas,
pM
[∴ WB = mass of solute (NaOH) = 0.4 g/mL d=
MB = molar mass of NaOH = 40 g mol ] –1 RT
108. Calculate the concentration of fluorine in ppm ∵ p = pressure = 5 atm
in 500 g of toothpaste containing 0.2 g of M = molar mass of O2 gas = 32 g mol–1
fluorine. R = 0.082L atm mol–1 K–1
2 2
(a) 2 × 10 (b) 4 × 10 T = 400 K
(c) 4 × 100 (d) 4 × 103 5 × 32
d=
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 21.09.2020, Shift-II 0.082 × ( 273 + 127 )
Ans. (b) : PPM or Parts Per Million is expressed as 1
milligram of substance per kilogram of parent = 4.878 ≈ 4.88 gL–1
substance. 112. The molarity of 0.2 N Na2CO3 solution will be
Since, mass of toothpaste = 500 g = 0.5 kg, (a) 0.05 M (b) 0.2 M
and mass of fluoride ion = 0.2 g = 200 mg, (c) 0.1 M (d) 0.4 M
0.5 kg toothpaste contains 200 mg fluoride ions, AP EAMCET (Engg.) 21.09.2020, Shift-I
Ans. (c) : n-factor for Na2CO3 = 2 116. Calculate molarity of one litre solution of 22.2
The n-factor of such salts is defined as the number of gm CaCl2.
moles of electrons exchanged (lost or gained) by one (a) 0.4 M (b) 0.2 M
mole of the salt and there is the exchange of 2 electrons, (c) 0.8 M (d) 0.6 M
so its n-factor is 2. JIPMER-2019
Therefore, normality = n-factor × molarity ⇒ Molarity
Ans. (b) : Applying molarity formula.
= 0.2/2 = 0.1 M
Number of molessolute
113. The density of 2 M aqueous solution of NaOH Molarity =
is 1.28 g/cm3. The molality of the solution is Volumeof solution (L)
[Given that molecular mass of NaOH = 40 g 22.2
mol–1] = (∴ CaCl2 molar mass =111g )
(a) 1.20 m (b) 1.56 m 111×1
(c) 1.67 m (d) 1.32 m = 0.2M
NEET-Odisha 2019 117. If molarity of Cu+2 ions is 3×10-4 express this in
Ans. (c) : given ppm
Molarity = 2M (a) 0.3 (b) 0.2
d = 1.28g / cm3 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6
From formula, JIPMER-2019
1000 × molarity Ans. (a) : Given,
Molality = Molarity of Cu+2 ions = 3 × 10–4 in 1000 ml
( density ) − ( molarity × molecular mass )
3 ×10−4
10000 × 2 Now, changing in ppm = × 106
= 1000
(1.28 × 1000 ) − ( 2 × 40 ) = 0.3 ppm
2000
= 118. Liquid M and liquid N form an ideal solution.
1200 The vapour pressures of pure liquids M and N
= 1.67m are 450 and 700 mmHg, respectively, at the
114. In water saturated air, the mole fraction of same temperature. Then correct statement is
water vapour is 0.02, If the total pressure of the xM = mole fraction of M in solution;
saturated air is 1.2 atm, the partial pressure of xN = mole fraction of N in solution;
dry air is yM = mole fraction of M in vapour phase;
(a) 1.18 atm (b) 1.76 atm
yN = mole fraction of N in vapour phase;
(c) 1.176 atm (d) 0.98 atm
x y x M yM
(Odisha NEET-2019) (a) M > M (b) =
Ans. (c) : Given, mole fraction of water vapour x N yN x N yN
( X H2O ) = 0.02 (c)
x M yM
< (d) ( x M − yM ) < ( x N − y N )
Total pressure of saturated air (PT) = 1.2 atm x N yN
PO2 = PT × H 2 O [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
So, Ans. (a) :
Po2 = 1.2 × 0.02 Given,
= 0.024 PM° = 450 mm Hg
Then partial pressure of dry air = 1.2 – 0.024
PN° = 700 mm Hg
x = 1.176 atm
115. A mixture of NaCl and K2Cr2O7 is heated with We know
conc. H2SO4, deep red vapours are formed. PMo x M
Which of the following statements is false? y M =
Ps
(a) The vapours give a yellow solution with NaOH
o
(b) The vapours contain CrO2Cl2 only P X
yN = N N
(c) The vapours contain CrO2Cl2 and Cl2 Ps
(d) The vapours when passed into lead acetate in o
acetic give a yellow precipitate y P X /P
Then, M = Mo M s
Karnataka-CET-2019 y N PN X N / Ps
Ans. (c) : Reaction will be, y M PMo x M y 450 x M
K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 4NaHSO4 + = o× ⇒ M= ×
y N PN x N y N 700 x N
2KHSO4 + 3H2O
y M 450 x M x y
If the salt is NaCl on heating deep red vapoure of × = ⇒ M> M
chyroml chloride are evolved. y N 700 x N x N yN

119. What would be the molality of 20% 92
(mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI? =
23
Molar mass of KI = 166 g mol–1) =4
(a) 1.48 (b) 1.51 4
Molality =
(c) 1.35 (d) 1.08 1
[AIEEE 2019 Shift-I] Hence, Molality = 4
Ans. (b) : Given, 122. The amount of sugar (C12H22O11) required to
100g solution contain 20g KI prepare 2L of its 0.1M aqueous solution is
Then solvent = 100 – 20 = 80 g (a) 17.1 g (b) 68.4 g
(c) 136.8 g (d) 34.2 g
Molar mass of KI = 40 +126 = 166g/mole
weight 20
Then, mole = = Ans. (b) : We know
molar mass 166
Number of mole
mole of solute Molarity =
So, Molality = Volume of solution
weight of solvent Given, Molarity = 0.1 M
20 Then,
n
molality = 166 0.1 =
80 2
1000 Moles (n) = 0.2
m = 1.506 mol / kg Now,
Weight of solute
120. The mole fraction of a solvent in aqueous Moles (n) =
solution of a solute is 0.8. The molality (in mol Molar mass of suger
kg–1) of the aqueous solution is W
0.2 =
(a) 13.88×10–2 (b) 13.88×10–1 342 g
(c) 13.88 (d) 13.88×10–3 W = 68. 4g
[AIEEE 2019 Shift-I] 123. 8g of NaOH is dissolved in 18g of H2O. Mole
Ans. (c) : Given, η solvent = 0.8 fraction of NaOH in solution and molality (in
mol kg–1) of the solution respectively are
We know,
(a) 0.2, 11.11 (b) 0.167,22.20
ηTotal = ηsolute + ηsolvent (c) 0.2, 22.20 (d) 0.167, 11.11
1 = 0.8 + η solute [AIEEE 2019 Shift-II]
ηsolute = 0.2 Ans.(d): Given, Weight of NaOH = 8 g
mole of solute Then, molar mass NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40 g/mol
Molality =
weight of solvent 8
Number of moles of 8g NaOH = = 0.2 mol
0.2 40
Molality = ×1000 = 13.88 18g H2O mole has 1 mol
0.8 × 18
0.2
Mole fraction of NaOH =
121. A solution of sodium sulphate contains 92g of 1.2
Na+ ions per kilogram of water. The molality of = 0.167
Na+ ions in that solution in mol kg–1 is So,
(a) 16 (b) 4 0.2 ×1000
Molality =
(c) 132 (d) 8 18
[AIEEE 2019 Shift-I] = 11.11m
Ans. (b) : Molality is define as the number of moles of 124. A mixture of 100 mmol of Ca(OH)2 and 2 g of
solute present in per kg of solvent. sodium sulphate was dissolved in water and the
Hence, volume was made up to 100 mL. The mass of
calcium sulphate formed and the concentration
Number of moles of solute of OH- in resulting solution, respectively, are:
Molality =
weight of solvent (Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 Na2SO4 and CaSO4
Then, are74, 143 and 136 g mol-1 respectively; Ksp of
Ca(OH)2 is 5.5×10-6
(a) 13.6 g, 0.28 mol L-1 (b) 1.9 g, 0.28 mol L-1
weight
Number of moles of solute = (c) 13.6 g, 0.28 mol L-14 (d) 1.9 g, 0.14 mol L-1
molar mass [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]

Ans. (b): Required equation, On substituting in Eq. (i), we get
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2NaOH 62 ×1000
0 − (−10) = 1.86 × ×1
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol 62 × w A
Now, 1.86 × 62 ×1000
Mass of CasO4 = 14 × 10–3 × 136 wA = = 186g
10 × 62
= 1.9g
So, amount of water separated as ice (solid solvent)
– 28 = 250 – wA= 250 – 186 = 64 g
[OH ] =
100 128. Liquids A and B form an ideal solution in the
= 0.28 mol/L entire composition range. At 350 K, the vapour
125. The strength of 11.2 volume solution of H2O2 is pressures of pure A and pure B are 7×103 Pa
[Given that molar mass of H = 1g mol-1 and and 12×103 Pa, respectively. The composition of
O=16g mol-1] the vapour in equilibrium with a solution
(a) 1.7% (b) 34% containing 40 mole percent of A at this
(c) 13.6% (d) 3.4% temperature is
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] (a) XA = 0.76; XB = 0.24
Ans. (d) : Required equation (b) XA = 0.28; XB = 0.72
At S.T.P. (c) XA = 0.4; XB = 0.6
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 (d) XA = 0.37; XB = 0.63
68g 22.4L. at STP [JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-I]
Now, Ans. (b) : Given that;
11.2 L of O2 at STP will be produced by H2O2 PA° = 7 × 103 Pa
68 PB° = 12 × 103 Pa
= × 11.2 = 34 g/L
22.4
Now Ptotal = YA PAo + YB PBo
w 34 Ptotal = 0.4 × 7 × 103 + 0.6 × 12 × 103
Percentage = × 100 Mole fraction of A (vapour phase) is
w 1000
= 3.4 % XA × Pt = YA × PA°
126. On mixing 20 mL of acetone with 60 mL of 0.4 × 7 × 103
chloroform, the total volume of the solution is XA =
0.4 × 7 × 103 + 0.6 + 12 × 103
(a) less than 80 mL (b) more than 80 mL
(c) equal to 80 mL (d) unpredictable. ∴ mole fraction of A = 0.4 
 
J & K CET-2019  molefraction of Bin Solution = 0.6 
Ans. (a) : A mixture of chloroform (CHCl3) and 2.8
acetone (CH3)2 CO slows negative deviations from ⇒XA =
10
Raoult’s law due to formation of hydrogen bonding = 0.28
between the two molecules. Hence, a slight decrease in
∴XB = 1 – 0.28
volume takes place.
= 0.72
127. A solution contain 62g of ethylene glycol in
250g of water is cooled upto –10°C. If K, for 129. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal
water is 1.86 K kg mol–1, then amount of water aqueous solution is
(in g) separated as ice is (a) 0.1770 (b) 0.0177
(a) 32 (b) 48 (c) 0.0344 (d) 1.7700
(c) 64 (d) 16 BITSAT – 2019
[JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II] Ans. (b) : 1.00 molal solution means 1 mole of solute in
Ans. (c) : Considering the expression of the depression 1 kg of water.
in freezing point of a solution, Number of moles of solute = 1
∆Tf = Kf × mi 1000
Number of moles of solvent =
w ×1000 18
Tfo − Tf = K f × B ×i ..…..(i) = 55.55
MB × w A
mole fraction of solute
Here, Tfo = 0oC, Tf = –10oC moleof solute
mass of ethylene glycol (wB)= 62g =
Total number of molesin solution
molar mass of ethylene glycol(MB)=32 g mol–1
mass of water in g as liquid solvent (wA), 1
=
van’t-Hoff factore (i)= 1 (for ethylene glycol in water) 56.6
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 ≈ 0.0177

130. 25 mL of the given HCl solution requires 30 Ans. (b) : Given :
mL of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution. What V = 500 cm3
is the volume of this HCl solution required to = 0.500 L
titrate 30 mL of 0.2 M aqueous NaOH
mole
solution? Molarity
(a) 75 mL (b) 25 mL volume(L)
(c) 12.5 mL (d) 50 mL 15 / 60mol
=
[JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-II] 0.500ml
Ans. (b) : From Normality equation, = 0.5 mol dm–3
2HCl+Na2CO3→2NaCl+H2O+CO2 134. If 1 mol of NaCl solute is dissolved into the 1 kg
m. eq of HCl solution = m.eq of Na2Co3 Solution of water, at what temperature will water boil at
25 × N1 = 30 × N2 1.013 bar ?
25 × n – factor × M1 = 30 × n – factor × M2 (Kb of water is 0.52 K kg mol-1)
25 × 1 M1 = 30 × 2 × 0.1 (a) 373.15 K (b) 373.67 K
60 × 0.1 (c) 374.19 K (d) 373.19 K
M1 =
25 (e) 375 K
6 Kerala-CEE-2018
= Ans. (b) : Given that,
25
Now, Kb = 0.52k kg mol–1
m. eq of HCl = m. eq. of NaOH n = 1, WA = 1kg
N1 × V1 = N2 × V2 now,
⇒ n-factor × M1 × V1 = n – factor × M1 × V2 we know that
6 n
⇒ 1× × V1 = 1× 0.2 × 30 ∆Tb = Kb
25 WA
0.2 × 30 × 25 0.52 ×1
⇒ V1 = = = 0.52K
6 1
V1 = 25 mL So, the boiling point of solution (at 1atm)
131. Which one of the following is an example of = (373.15 + 0.52)
ideal solution? = 373.67K
(a) Carbon tetrachloride + Chloroform 135. When attraction between A–B is more than
(b) Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene that of A–A and B–B, the solution will show:
(c) Toluene + Benzene (a) positive deviation from Raoult's law
(d) Benzene + Acetone (b) negative deviation from Raoult's law
Assam CEE-2019 (c) no deviation from Raoult's law
Ans. (c) : Benzene and toluene are non-polar, operating (d) Cannot be predicted
intermolecular forces are almost similar, So, they form Manipal-2018
an ideal solution.
Ans. (b) : When attraction b/w A–B is more than that of
132. The mole fraction of gas in the solution is A–A and B–B, the solution will show negative
(a) Proportional to the partial pressure of the gas deviation from Raoult’s law because, the forces of
over the solution attraction b/w components A and B is greater.
(b) Proportional to the partial pressure of the gas 136. What is the density of solution of sulphuric acid
in the solution used as an electrolyte in lead accumulator?
(c) Proportional to the square of the partial (a) 1.5 gmL–1 (b) 1.2 gmL–1
pressure of the gas over the solution –1
(c) 1.8 gmL (d) 2.0 gmL–1
(d) Proportional to the square of the partial
MHT CET-2018
pressure of the gas in the solution
Assam CEE-2019 Ans. (b) : H2SO4 used as an electrolyte in lead
accumulator with the quantity of 1.2 gm–1, which is
Ans. (a) : The mole fraction of gas in the solution is 38% of its mass.
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the
solution. 137. Calculate the molarity of a solution of 30g of
Co (NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of lsolution?
133. The molarity of urea (molar mass 60 g mol–1)
solution by dissolving 15 g of urea in 500 cm3 of Consider atomic mass of Co = 59 u, N = 14 u,
water is O = 16 u, H = 1u
(a) 2 mol dm–3 (b) 0.5 mol dm–3 (a) 0.023 M (b) 0.23 M
(c) 0.125 mol dm –3
(d) 0.0005 mol dm–3 (c) 0.046 M (d) 0.46 M
MHT CET-2018 J & K CET-2018
Ans. (a) : Given : Ans. (c) : Molality =
Volume of solution = 4.3L 720 × 1000
Weight of CO(NO3)2 6H2O in solution = 30 g 18 × 720
Molar mass = 59 + 14 × 2 + 12 × 16 + 12 × 1 = 291 = 55.5M
30 141. Which one of the following is the correct
Molarity =
291 statement?
4.3 (a) Surface tension of a liquid decreases with
= 0.023M. increase in temperature
138. A 100 mL flask contained H2 at 200 torr, and a (b) Vapour pressure of a liquid decreases with
200 mL flask contained He at 100 torr. The two increase in temperature
flask were then connected so that each gas (c) Viscosity of a liquid decreases with decreases
filled their combined volume. Assume, no in temperature
change in temperature, total pressure is (d) In gravity free environment droplets of a
(a) 104 torr (b) 163.33 torr liquid on flat surface are slightly flattened.
(c) 279 torr (d) 133.33 torr BCECE-2018
JIPMER-2018 Ans. (a) : Kinetic energy of molecules increases due to
increasing temperature and then the intermolecular
Ans. (d) : We can take T as constant.
force decreases, because of this surface tension
Now, from equation decreases.
P 1V 1 + P 2V 2 = P f V f
142. Equimolar solution of urea and KCl are
100 × 200 + 200 × 100 = Pf × 300 separated by a semi permeable membrane.
40000 Which one of the following will take place?
Pf = torr
300 (a) No net flow of solvent in either directions
= 133.33 torr (b) Solvent will flow from KCl to urea solution
139. Chloroform, CHCl3, boils at 61.7oC. If the Kb (c) Solvent will flow from urea to KCl solution
for chloroform is 3.63oC/molal, what is the (d) Nothing can be predicted
boiling point of a solution of 15.0kg of CHCl3 BCECE-2018
and 0.616 kg of acenaphthalene, C12 H10? Ans. (c) : Osmosis is the movement of solvent, which
(a) 61.9 (b) 62.0 allows solvent to move through a barrier from a less
(c) 52.2 (d) 62.67 concentrated solution to more concentrated solution.
BITSAT – 2018 The molecules of solvent can pass through semi
Ans. (d) : Given: permeable membrane.
Kb = 3.63ºC/ Molal 143. What will be the normality of the salt solution
WA = 15kg obtained by neutralising x mL y (N) HCI with y
mL x (N) NaOH, and finally adding (x + y) mL
= 15000 gm
distilled water
WB = 0.616 kg
= 616 gm 2(x + y) xy
(a) N (b) N
Now, xy 2(x + y)
MB=Acenaphthalene (C12H10)  2xy  x+y
Molecular mass of C12H10 (c)  N (d)  N
MB = 12 × 12 + 10 × 1 x+y  xy 
WB-JEE-2017
= 154 g/mol
From formula, Ans. (b) : Required Reaction.
∆Tb = Kb.m HCl + NaOH 
→ NaCl + H2O
−3 −3
Initial = xy ×10 xy ×10 0 0
616 1  W 1000 
= 3.63 × × ∵ m = B ×  Final = 0 0 xy × 10 −3 xy × 10 −3
154 15  M B WA 
Now,
∆Tb = 0.968
Volume of water added = ( x + y ) mL
Now,
Tbs = Tbº + ∆Tb = 61.7 + 0.968 = 62.668 VT of solution = ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) mL
= 62.67 xy ×10 −3
Normality = × 1000
140. The molality of 720g of pure water is: ( x + y) + ( x + y)
(a) 40 M (b) 4 M xy
(c) 55.5 M (d) None = N
2( x + y)
HP CET-2018
144. Which of the following solutions will turn violet So,
when a drop of lime juice is added to it? 20ml
(a) A solution of NaI From 15ml, H2O2 oxygen liberated = ×15
1000ml
(b) A solution mixture of KI and NaIO3 = 0.3 litre
(c) A solution mixture of NaI and KI = 300 ml
(d) A solution mixture of KIO3 and NaIO3 148. The molality of the 3M solution of methanol if
WB-JEE-2017 the density of the solution is 0.9 g cm–3 is
Ans. (b) : Reaction will be, (a) 3.73 (b) 3.0
NaIO3 + 5KI + 6H  + +
→ 3H 2 O + 3I 2 + 5K + Na + (c) 3.33 (d) 3.1
(e) 3.2
From reaction, It is clear that A solution mixture of KI
Kerala-CEE-2017
and NaIO3 was the solution which turn violet.
Ans. (a) : We know that,
145. The molality of solution containing 15.20 g of WB (%) × 1000
urea, (molar mass = 60) dissolved in 150 g of Molality(m) = …….(i)
100 − WB (%) × M B
water is
(a) 1.689 mol kg–1 (b) 0.1689 mol kg–1 C × MB 3 × 32
WB(%) = =
(c) 0.5922 mol kg –1
(d) 0.2533 mol kg –1
d × 10 0.9 ×10
MHT CET-2017 = 10.66 gm (%)
Ans. (a) : Given: Where, WB = Mass of solute
W = 15.20 g MB = Molecular mass
Molar mass of urea (NH2CONH2) = 60g Putting the value in eq. (1)
Mass of water = 150 g 10.66 × 1000
m =
= 0.150 kg (100 − 10.66) × 32
moleof sloute = 3.728 ≅ 3.73
Molality =
mass of solven(kg) 149. The volume of water to be added to 100 cm3 of
Mass of urea 0.5 NH2SO4 to get decinormal concentraction is
= (a) 100 cm3 (b) 450 cm3
Molar mass of urea × Mass of solvent (kg) 3
(c) 500 cm (d) 400 cm3
Mass of solute JIPMER-2017
∵ Mole of solute =
Molar mass of solute Ans. (d) : Given, N1 = 0.5 N, V1 = 100 cm2, N2=0.1N
15.20g From Normality equation,
= N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
60 g / mol × 0.150 kg
0.5 × 100 = 0.1 × V2
= 1.689 mol/kg V2 = 500 cm3 (Total volume)
146. Which of the following is dependent on So,
temperature Volume Should be added
(a) Molarity (b) Mole fraction = 500 - 100
(c) Weight percentage (d) Molality = 400cm3
(NEET-2017) 150. The normality of 10%(w/v) of acetic acid is
Ans. (a) : Molarity depends on the volume of a solution (a) 1 N (b) 1.3 N
which can be changed with change in temperature. (c) 1.7 N (d) 1.9 N
Molarity is defined as moles present in per unit volume JIPMER-2017
of solution. On changing the temperature the volume of Ans. (c) : Given:
the solution changes due to which molarity will also be W = 10g.
affected. So as far the temperature changes, the volume Molar mass of acetic acid = 60g
will also change due to which molarity changes. We know that,
147. The volume of oxygen liberated at STP from gram eq.of solute
Normality =
15mL of 20 volume H2O2is volumeof solution in ( L )
(a) 100 mL (b) 150 mL
W × 1000
(c) 200 mL (d) 250mL N=
(e) 300 mL M × V(ml)
Kerala-CEE-2017 10 × 1000
=
Ans. (e) : Given, 60 × 100
amount of H2O2 = 15ml and volume = 20 = 1.66 ≈ 1.7N

151. When a mixture of 10 moles of SO2 and 16 Putting the values,
moles of O2 were passed over a catalyst, 8 mole i = 1+ (2 – 1) 0.9
of SO3 were formed at equilibrium. The = 1.9
number of moles of SO2 and O2 remaining Now
unreacted were
Π = iCRT
(a) 2, 12 (b) 12, 2
(c) 3, 10 (d) 10, 3 Where, C = Molar concentration
AMU-2017 R = Ideal gas constant
T = (27° + 273 = 300 K)
Ans. (a) : Required equation:
Π = 1.9 × 0.002 × 0.082 × 300
2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3
= 0.0934 or 0.094 bar.
Initial t = 0 10 16 0
Final teq (10 – 2x) (16 – x) 2x 154. Commercially available H2SO4 is 98 g by
weight of H2SO4 and 2 g by weight of water.
∵ 8 mol of SO3 were formed at equilibrium It's density is 1.38 g cm–3. Calculate the
So, 2x = 8 molality (m) of H2SO4 (molar mass of H2SO4 is
x=4 98 g mol–1)
Remaining SO2 = 10 – 8 (a) 500 m (b) 20 molal
= 2mol. (c) 50 m (d) 200 m
Remaining O2 = 16 – 4 TS EAMCET-2017
= 12mol. Ans. (a) : We know that,
152. Water + CH3OH mixture shows +ve deviation Mass of solute
from ideal solution behaviour. 100 mL of water
is mixed with 100 mL of CH3OH. Then total Moles of solute Molar mass of solute
Molality = =
volume of the mixture will be. Weight of solvent Weight of solvent(kg)
(a) 200 mL 98
(b) less than 200 mL because of additional H- × 1000
bonding between H2O and CH3OH = 98
(c) more than 200 mL because H-bonding within 2
H2O molecules vanishes Molality = 500 m
(d) more than 200 mL because H-bond between 155. How many millilitres of 20 volume H2O2
H2O and CH3OH is weaker than that between solution is needed to react completely with 500
H2O and H2O mL of acidified 1N KMnO4 solution?
AMU-2017 (a) 224 (b) 280
Ans. (d) : Total volume of mixture (water + CH3OH) (c) 140 (d) 56
V = Vwater + VCH3OH AP EAMCET-2017
= 100 + 100 Ans. (c) : Given that :-
= 200 mL Normality of KMnO4 (N1) = 1N
Here, solution does not follow the Roult’s law i.e. Volume of KMnO4 = 500 mL
positive deviation from ideal solution behavior. Which Volume of H2O2 solution = 20
means solution is non-ideal. vol.of O 2 at NTP
So, answer will be ‘more than 200mL because H– bond Normality of the H2O2 (N2) = 5.6 ( eq.mass )
between H2O and CH3OH is weaker than that between
H2O and H2O. 20
N2 =
153. 0.002 molar solution of NaCl having degree of 5.6
dissociation of 90% at 27o C has osmotic N2 = 3.5 > N
pressure equal to ∴ N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
(a) 0.94 bar (b) 9.4 bar 1 × 500 = 3.57 × V2
(c) 0.094 bar (d) 9.4 × 10–4 bar 500
AMU-2017 V2 = = 140 mL
3.57
Ans. (c) : We know that- Hence, the volume of H2O2 used = 140 mL.
i = 1 + ( n – 1) α 156. 5.0 g of sodium hydroxide (molar mass 40 g
Required equation, mol–1) is dissolved in little quantity of water
NaCl ↽ ⇀ Na + + Cl− and the solution is diluted upto 100 mL. What
is the molarity of the resulting solution?
Where, (a) 0.1 mol dm–3 (b) 1.0 mol dm–3
n=2 (c) 0.125 mol dm –3
(d) 1.25 mol dm–3
α = 0.9 MHT CET-2016
Ans. (d) : Given , Ans. (d) : Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. The
−1 particles in a suspension are so much greater than the
Wsolute = 5.0g Msolute = 40 g mol solution. The dispersed particle diameter in a
V = 100 ml suspension is 1000 times greater than sand in the
mole solution. In a suspension, the diameter of dispersed
molarity = particle is of the order of 2000Å.
volume(L)
161. 40 mL of xM KMnO4 solution is required to
5.0 / 40 react completely with 200 mL of 0.02 M oxalic
molarity =
100 /1000 acid solution in acidic medium. The value of x
= 1.25 mol dm–3 is
157. Milk is an emulsion in which (a) 0.04 (b) 0.01
(a) a gas is dispersed in water (c) 0.03 (d) 0.02
(b) lactose is dispersed in water AP-EAMCET – 2016
(c) milk fat is dispersed in water Ans. (a) : Given data,
(d) a solid is dispersed in water Volume of KMnO4 (V1) = 40 mL
UPTU/UPSEE-2016 Molarity of KMnO4 (M1) = x M
Volume of oxalic acid (V2) = 200 mL
Ans. (c) : Milk is an emulsion, which are colloids and
Molarity of oxalic acid (M2) = 0.02 M
they get dispersed and dispersion medium are liquids.
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 + 5H 2 C 2 O 4 → K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2 O + 10CO 2
158. The normality of 26% (wt/vol) solution of
M1V1 M 2 V2
ammonia (density = 0.855) is approximately : ∴ =
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.4 n1 n2
(c) 15.3 (d) 4 x × 40 0.02 × 200
=
BITSAT 2016 2 5
26 x = 0.04 M
Ans. (c) : Weight of NH3 = 26 g = g = 1.53 g 162. The molality of an aqueous dilute solution
17
Volume of solution = 100 mL = 0.1 L containing non-volatile solute is 0.1 m. What is
the boiling temperature (in °C) of solution?
1.53
∴ Normality = = 15.3 N (Boiling point elevation constant, Kb = 0.52 kg
0.1 mol–1 K; boiling temperature of water =
159. Calculate the molality of a solution that 100°C).
contains 51.2 g of naphthalene (C10H8) in 500 (a) 100.0052 (b) 100.052
mL of carbon tetrachloride. The density of (c) 100.0 (d) 100.52
CCl4 is 1.60 g/mL. TS-EAMCET-2016
(a) 0.250 m (b) 0.500 m Ans. (b) : Given that,
(c) 0.750 m (d) 0.840 m Kb = 0.52 kg mol–1 K
(d) 1.69 m Boiling temperature of water = 100°C
Kerala-CEE-2016 Molality = 0.1 m
Ans. (b) : Given, ∴ ∆Tb = Kb.m
Mass of naphthalene WB=51.2g = 0.52 × 0.1
Molar mass of naphthalene MB = C10H8 ∆Tb = 0.052
= 12×10+8×1 Thus, the boiling point of solution–
= 128 g (Tb) = 100 + ∆Tb
Mass (WA) = density(d) ×Volume (v) = 100 + 0.052
WA= 1.60 ×500 =800 g Tb = 100.052oC
WB  1000  163. For preparing 3.00L of 1M NaOH by mixing
Since MA= ×  portions of two stock solutions (A and B) of
M B  WA  2.50 M NaOH and 0.40 M NaOH respectively.
51.2 × 1000 Find out the amount of B stock solution (in L)
MA= = 0.500 m added.
128 × 800 (a) 8.57 L (b) 2.14 L
160. In a suspension, the diameter of the dispersed (c) 1.28 L (d) 7.51 L
particles is of the order JIPMER-2015
o o
(a) 10 A (b) 100 A Ans. (b) : Moles needed = 3.00L×1.00 M
o o = 3 mol
(c) 1000 A (d) 2000 A Let xL of 2.50 M NaOH is added to (3–x) L of .40 M
AMU-2016 NaOH is added ……..(I)

The number of moles of solute from more concentrated So,
solutions 2.50 is (0.40) (3.00–x) 32
32g CH3OH =
Total moles = 3.00 0.8
∴ 2.50 x+0.40(3.00–x) = 3.00 32 ×10
=
2.10x = 1.8 8
x = 0.857 L of 2.50 M NaOH…….(II) = 40 mL.
Putting value of x form (II) in (I) 167. The vapour pressure of pure water is 23.5mm
3–0.857 = 2.14 L of 0.40 M NaOH the amount of B Hg. Then, the vapour pressure of an aqueous
stock solution to be added is 2.14 L solution which contains 5 mass percent of urea
164. Which one of the following binary liquid is (Molar mass of urea is 60).
mixture exhibit positive deviation from (a) 23 mm Hg (b) 18 mm Hg
Raoult's law? (c) 31 mm Hg (d) 35 mm Hg
(a) Carbon disulphide -acetone BCECE-2015
(b) Chloroform-acetone Ans. (a) : Mole fraction of solvent =
(c) Bromobenzene-chlorobenzene Number of moles of water
(d) Benzene-toluene Total Number of moles
(e) Phenol-aniline Wmassof water / M molar mass of water
Kerala-CEE-2015 =
Number of moles of water + Number of moles of urea.
Ans. (a) : Carbon disulphide – acetone (CS2 – CH3C
CH3) shows positive ∵ Mass of urea = 5 g
deviation from Raoults law. ∴ Mass of water = 100 – 5 = 95gm
165. Vapour pressure of a solution at 100ºC having 95
No. of moles of water = = 5.278
3.42 g of cane sugar in 180 g water is 18
(a) 759.2mm (b) 760 mm 5
(c) 740 mm (d) 748.5 mm No. of moles of urea = = 0.083
60
CG PET- 2015 95 /18
Ans. (a) : Raoult's law, =
5.278 + 0.083
PA° – Ps nB 95 /18
= (relative lowering in pressure) Ps = × 23.5
PA° nA + nB 5.278 + 0.083
180 = 23.14mm Hg
nA = ≃ 23mm Hg.
18
168. What is the mole fraction of the solute in 2.5
= 10
molal aqueous solution?
3.42 (a) 0.043 (b) 0.053
nB = = 0.01
342 (c) 0.063 (d) 0.073
Now, AMU-2015
760 – Ps 0.01 Ans. (a) : Given; moles of solute = 2.5
=
760 10 + 0.01 Molecular weight of solvent (water) = 18g
760 – Ps = 0.75924 1000
Number of moles of solvent =
Ps = 760 – 0.75924 18
= 759.2mm = 55.56 mol.
166. If the density of methanol is 0.8 kg L–1, what is So,
its volume needed for making 4 L of its 0.25 M nA
Mole fraction of solute =
solution? nA + nB
(a) 4 mL (b) 8 mL 2.5
(c) 40 mL (d) 80 mL =
2.5 + 55.56
J & K CET-2015 = 0.043
Ans. (c) : Given 169. A solution containing 2.44 g of a solute
density of methanol = 0.8 kg L-1 dissolved in 75 g of water boiled at 100.413oC.
Molarity = 0.25M What will be the molar mass of the solute?
1ML → 0.8g CH3OH (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1)
No. of moles = 4×0.25 (a) 40.96 g mol−1 (b) 20.48 g mol−1
−1
= 1 Mole (c) 81.96 g mol (d) None of these
molecular mass of CH3OH (12+4+16) g = 32 g AMU-2015

Ans. (a) : Given: 173. Gaseous benzene reacts with hydrogen gas in
2.44g of a solute dissolved in 75g of water boiled at presence of a nickel catalyst to form gaseous
100.413°C. cyclohexane according to the reaction,
Wsolute = 2.44g C6 H 6 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) → C6 H12 ( g )
Wsolvent = 75g A mixture of C6H6 and excess H2 has a pressure
Tb = 100.413oC of 60 mm of Hg in an unknown volume. After
So, the gas had been passed over a nickel catalyst
∆Tb = 100.413 – 100°C and all the benzene converted to cyclohexane,
= 0.413°C the pressure of the gas was 30 mm of Hg in the
From formula, same volume at the same temperature. The
k × Wsolute × 1000 fraction of C6H6 (by volume) present in the
Msolute = b original volume is
∆Tb × Wsolvent (a) 1/3 (b) 1/4
0.52 × 2.44 ×1000 (c) 1/5 (d) 1/6
=
75 × 0.413 VITEEE-2015
= 40.96g mol–1. Ans. (d) :
170. Density of 3 M NaCl solution is 1.25 g/cc. The
C6 H 6 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 
→ C6 H12 (g)
molality of the solution is
(a) 2.79 Molal (b) 0.279 Molal Intial P1 P2 0
(c) 1.279 Molal (d) 3.85 Molal At, t = 0
AMU-2015
Ans. (a) : Given: P1 + P2 = 60 mm Hg ....(i)
Msolution = 3 C6 H 6 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 
→ C6 H12 (g)
Density = 1000 × 1.25
= 1250 After P1 − P1 P2 − 3P1 P1
3M NaCl solution molecular weight = 2 × 58.5 time,(t)
= 175.32gms So, total pressure = P2 – 3P1 + P1 = 30 mm Hg
So, kg of solvent = 1250 – 175.32 = 1074.7 = P2 – 2P1 = 30 mm Hg ….(ii)
3 On solving equation (i) and (ii)
m= × 1000 P1 = 10 mm Hg, P2 = 50 mm Hg
1074.7
= 2.79 mol/kg Fraction of C6H6 by volume = moles fraction of
10 1
171. The number of Cl− ions in 100 mL of 0.001 M pressure = =
HCl solution is 60 6
(a) 6.022 × 1023 (b) 6.022 × 1020 174. Which one of the following is the wrong
(c) 6.022 × 10 19
(d) 6.022 × 1024 statement about the liquid?
AMU-2015 (a) It has intermolecular force of attraction
(b) Evaporation of liquids increase with the
N A × 10–3 decrease of surface area
Ans. (c) : Number of molecules = × 100
1000 (c) It resembles a gas near the critical
6.022 ×1023 × 10−3 temperature
= × 100 (d) It is an intermediate state between gaseous
1000
and solid state
= 6.022 × 1019
–
172. The molarity of NO3 in the solution after 2L of AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 2015
3M AgNO3 is mixed with 3L of 1 M BaCl2 is Ans. (b) : Evaporation occurs when molecules get
(a) 1.2 M (b) 1.8 M enough energy from heat to escape the liquid. An
(c) 0.5 M (d) 0.4 M increased surface area means more liquid will be
VITEEE-2015 exposed to air at one time.
Ans. (a) : 2L of 3M AgNO3 will contain 6 moles of 175. The volume of oxygen evolved at STP by
AgNO3. decomposition of 0.68 g '20 volume' hydrogen
3L of 1M BaCl2 will contain 3 moles of BaCl2. peroxide solution is
2AgNO3 + BaCl2 → 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2 (a) 2.24 mL (b) 22.4 mL
So, 6 moles of AgNO3 will react with 3 moles of BaCl2 (c) 224 mL (d) 2240 mL
it means, two solution will react completely to form 3 MHT CET-2014
moles of Ba(NO3)2 = 6 moles of NO3 ions in 2+3 = 5L Ans. (c) : 2H 2 O 2 
−
→ 2H 2O + O 2
solution. 2mol 1mol
6 =2×34= 68g 22400 ml
Hence, the molarity of NO3− = = 1.2 M ∴ At STP, 68g H2O2 produced O2 = 22400 ml
5
∴ At STP, 0.68g H2O2 will produce Ans. (a) :
22400 × 0.68 π = iCRT
O2 = Electrolyte i C i×C
68 KBr 2 0.25 0.5
= 224 mL. C2H5OH 1 0.5M 0.5
176. What is the molality of a solution containing Mg3(PO4)2 5 0.1M 0.5
200 mg of urea (molar mass 60 g mol-1) Na3PO4 4 0.125 0.5
dissolved in 40 g of water? So, option (a) is correct.
(a) 0.0825 (b) 0.825 179. If 10 ml of 0.1 M aqueous solution of NaCl is
(c) 0.498 (d) 0.0013 divided in to 1000 drops of equal volume. What
MHT CET-2014 will be the concentration of one drop?
Ans. (a) : Given: (a) 0.01 M (b) 0.10 M
(c) 0.001 M (d) 0.0001 M
W1 = 200 mg = 0.2g, W2 = 40 g = 0.04 kg of water
GUJCET-2014
Molar mass = 60 g mol–1
Ans. (b) : Given.
0.2g
No. of moles of urea = = 0.0033mol Volume (V) = 10mL
60g mol−1 Now, n = M × V = 0.1 × 10 mL = 1 m moL
40 1m moL
Mass of water in kg = = 0.04 kg n=
1000 1000
0.0033 10mL 1
Molality of solution = = 0.0825mol kg −1 V= =
0.04 1000 100
177. Molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) 1 1
M= = = 0.1M
in 75 g of benzene is 1000 10
(a) 0.565 mol kg–1 (b) 0.656 mol kg–1 1
–1
(c) 0.556 mol kg (d) 0.665 mol kg–1 100
J & K CET-2014 180. What will be the value of molality for an
aqueous solution of 10% w/w NaOH (Na = 23,
Ans. (c): Given that, O = 16, H = 1)
Molecular mass of CH3COOH = 60g (a) 2.778 (b) 5
w (c) 10 (d) 2.5
Number of moles of CH3COOH =
m GUJCET-2014
2.5 Ans. (a) : Molality =
=
60 given weight of NaOH
= 0.0417 mol. Molar Mass of NaOH
75g Mass of solvent
Mass of benzene = kg −1
10000 Volume
= 7.5 × 10–3 kg. 10 / 40 100
= =
2.5g × 1000 90 /1000 36
Molality = = 2.778 mole/kg
60g mol−1 × 7.5
181. 2.5 mL of 2/5 M weak monoacidic base
= 0.556 mol kg–1 (Kb = 1× 10–12 at 250C) is titrated with 2/15 M
178. Consider the separate solutions of 0.500 M HCl in water at 250C. The concentration of H+
C2H5OH (aq), 0.100 M Mg3 (PO4)2 (aq), 0.250M at equivalence point is (Kω = 1 × 10–14 at 250C)
KBr (aq) and 0.125 M Na3PO4 (aq) at 25°C. (a) 3.7 × 10–13 M (b) 3.2 × 10–7 M
Which statement is true about these solutions, (c) 3.2 × 10 M–2
(d) 2.7 × 10–2 M
assuming all salts to be strong electrolytes? BCECE-2014
(a) They all have same osmotic pressure
Ans. (d) : Given:
(b) 0.100 M Mg3 (PO4)2 (aq) has the highest
2
osmotic pressure N1 = 2.5, V1 = 2/5 , N2 = V2 =?
(c) 0.125 M Na3PO4 (aq) has the highest osmotic 15
pressure From Normality equation
2 2
(d) 0.5000 M C2H5OH (aq) has the highest 2.5 × = × V2 (∵ N1V1 = N2V2)
osmotic pressure 5 15
JEE Main-2014 V2 = 7.5mL

Required equation, 184. When the concentration is expressed as the
BOH + HCl → BCl + H 2 O number of moles of solute per kilogram of the
solvent, it is known as
2
Salt of BCl formed = 2.5 × (a) molarity (b) molality
5 (c) normality (d) mole fraction
= 1mol.
COMEDK-2014
Volume of total solution = (2.5 + 7.5)ml = 10ml
Now, Ans. (b) : Molality is defined as concentration is
expressed as the number of moles of solute per
1
For salt [BCl]. = = 0.1 kilogram of the solvent.
10
Concentration of H+ at equivalent point 185. KMnO4 reacts with KI, in basic medium to
form I2 and MnO2. When 250 mL of 0.1 M KI
Ch 2 k w 10−14 solution is mixed with 250 mL of 0.02 M
kx = = = = 10–2
1 − h k b 10−12 KMnO4 in basic medium, what is the number
of moles of I2 formed?
0.1× h 2
10−2 = (a) 0.015 (b) 0.0075
1− h (c) 0.005 (d) 0.01
Here, h=0.27 (significant will be suitable, not negligible)
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) - 2014
So, [H+] = 0.1× 0.27
Ans. (b) :
= 2.7 × 10 –2 M.
182. A solution containing 10g per dm3 of urea
(molecular mass = 60 gmol-1) is isotonic with a
5% solution of a non-volatile solute. The Chemical equivalents on left hand side is equal to
molecular mass of this non volatile solute is Chemical equivalent on right hand side.
(a) 300 g mol-1 (b) 350 g mol-1 No. of equivalent = No. of equivalent of I2
-1
(c) 200 g mol (d) 250 g mol-1 of KMnO4
AIIMS-2014 M×n-factor × V = Moles of I2 × n-factor of I2
Ans. (a): Given, 250
Molecular mass of urea = 60g/mol. 0.02 × 3 × = Moles of I 2 × 2
Let m = molecular mass of non-volatile solute 1000
Concentration of the both compound is same 0.02 × 3 × 250
Moles of I2 =
So, C1 = C2 (∵ Isotonic compound) 2 × 1000
Now, Moles of I2 = 0.0075
5 1000 186. 19.85 mL of 0.1 N NaOH reacts with 20 mL of
Concentration of non- volatile solute = × HCl solution for complete neutralisation. The
100 m molarity of HCl solution is
According to question,
(a) 9.9 (b) 0.99
10 5 × 1000
= (c) 0.099 (d) 0.0099
60 m × 100 VITEEE-2014
m = 5 × 60
= 300g/mol or 300g mol-1. Ans. (c) : Given data –
Volume of NaOH = 19.8 mL
183. A one molal solution of sodium chloride in
water has the same boiling point as Volume of HCl = 20 mL.
(a) 1 m solution of magnesium sulphate Normality of NaOH = 0.1 N
(b) 1 m solution of magnesium chloride Normality 0.1
Molarity of base = = = 0.1
(c) 1 m solution of aluminium sulphate Acidity 1
(d) 1 m solution of aluminium chloride. ∴ M 1 V1 = M 2 × V2
COMEDK-2014
0.1 × 19.85 = M2 × 20
Ans. (a) : We know that,
M2 = 0.09925 ≈ 0.099
∆Tb = iK b m
187. The volume strength of 1.5 N H2O2 solution is
For NaCl, i=2
(a) 16.8L (b) 8.4L
MgSO4, i=2
MgCl2, i=3 (c) 4.2L (d) 5.2L
Al2(SO4)3, i=5 VITEEE-2014
AlCl3, i=4 Ans. (b) : Given that,
Two solutions having same molality and same Normality = 1.5 N
Vanthoff's factors will have same elevation in boiling Volume strength of H2O2 = 5.6 × normality
points (∆Tb ) and thus, have same boiling points as one = 5.6 × 1.5
molal solution of MgSO4. = 8.4 litre.
188. The molarity of a solution in which 5.3 g 191. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid
Na2CO3 is dissolved in 500 mL will be solution should be used to prepare 250mL of
(a) 1.0M (b) 0.1 M 2.0 M HNO3? The concentrated acid is 70%
(c) 0.20 M (d) 0.2 M HNO3.
UPTU/UPSEE-2013 (a) 70.0g con. HNO3 (b) 54.0g con. HNO3
Ans. (b) : Molecular mass of Na2CO3= 106 g mol–1 (c) 45.0g con. HNO3 (d) 90.0g con. HNO3
(NEET-2013)
5.3
∴ Number ofmoles = = 0.05mol Ans. (c) : given
106
As 0.05 mol are dissolved in 500 mL; M = 2.0 Vsol = 250ml
Number of moles dissolved in 1000 mL (1L) or M w = 63
molarity of the solution W × 1000
0.05 Molarity =
= × 1000 = 0.1M M w × Sol( m1)
500
W 1000
189. A gas X is passed through water to form a 2= ×
saturated solution. The aqueous solution on 63 250
treatment with silver nitrate gives a white 1
precipitate. The saturated aqueous solution W = 2 × 63 ×
4
also dissolves magnesium ribbon with evolution = 31.5gm
of colourless gas Y. Identify 'X' and 'Y' are
respectively 31.5gm is the weight of 100% HNO3 for 70%,
(a) CO2, Cl2 (b) O2, CO2 100
(c) Cl2, H2 (d) N2, H2 Weight = 31.5 ×
70
UP CPMT-2013 = 45g
Ans. (c) : Chlorine reacts with water forming HCl and
192. A current strength of 9.65 A is passed through
HClO (hypo-chlorous acid). HClO further decomposes excess fused AlCl3 for 5 h. How many litres of
to give HCl and nescent oxygen. chlorine will be liberated at STP? (F = 96500
Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HClO C)
HClO → HCl + O (a) 2.016 (b) 1.008
Thus, saturated aqueous solution of Cl2 has HCl acid (c) 11.2 (d) 20.16
and HCl when reacts with AgNO3 solution, gives white (e) 10.08
precipitate of AgCl. Kerala-CEE-2013
AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl ↓+ HNO3 Ans. (d) : Given,
White ppt
i = 9.65A
HCl solution also reacts with magnesium ribbon quite t = (5 × 60 × 60) sec.
rapidly forming magnesium chloride and H2 gas.
1
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H 2 ↑ Now, C1– → Cl 2 + ie − (Faraday electrolysis)
Magnesium Hydrogen 2
35.5 × 9.65 × 5 × 60 × 60
190. The molar concentration of chloride ions in the w= (∴w = z it)
resulting solution of 300 mL of 3.0M NaCl and 1× 96500
200 mL of 4.0 M BaCl2 will be = 63.9g
(a) 1.7 M (b) 1.8 M Now,
(c) 5.0 M (d) 3.6 M Chlorine will be librated at STP
UP CPMT-2013 22.4 × 63.9
=
Ans. (c) : The number of moles of chlorides ion in 300 71
3 = 20.16 L
mL of 3.0 M NaCl = × 300 = 0.9mol. The number of
1000 193. Which of the following aqueous solutions will
moles of chloride ion in 200 mL of 4.0 M BaCl2 exhibit highest boiling point?
4 (a) 0.01 M urea (b) 0.01 M KNO3
solution = × 200 = 0.8 mol.
1000 (c) 0.01 M Na2SO4 (d) 0.015 M C6H12O6
As BaCl2 ⇌ Ba2+ + 2Cl– Karnataka-CET-2013
Ans. (c) : Urea and Glucose having covalent molecules
∴ Moles of Cl– ions = 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 mol. and they do not dissociate.
Total volume of solution = 200 + 300 = 500 mL. As we know that elevation in boiling point is directly
As 1.6 + 0.9 = 2.5 moles of chloride ions are present in proportional to solute particle concentration.
500 mL solution. The highest number of solute particles in 0.01M
∴ Molar concentration of Cl– ions in the resulting Na2SO4 solution.
2.5 Therefore, 0.01 M Na2SO4 solution will show the
solution = × 1000 = 5.0M .
500 highest boiling point.

194. A beaker contains a solution of substance 'A'. 250 mL of 2 M HCl
On dissolving substance 'A' in small amount in M2= 250 mL
this solution, precipitation of substance 'A' V2= 2M
takes place. The solution is
M1V1 + M 2 V2
(a) concentrated (b) saturated Total molarity(M f ) =
(c) unsaturated (d) super saturated V1 + V2
JCECE-2013 750 × 0.5 + 250 × 2
=
Ans. (d) : A saturated solution cannot dissolve any 750 + 250
more solute at that temperature. If precipitation occurs, 875
It is supersaturated solution. =
1000
195. 4L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was Mf = 0.875 M
diluted by adding 1L of water. The molality of
the resultant solution is 199. Equal weights of NaCl and KCl are dissolved
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.008 separately in equal volumes of solutions.
Molarity of the two solutions will be:
(c) 0.012 (d) 0.016
(a) Equal
JCECE-2013
(b) That of NaCl will be less than that of KCl
Ans. (d) : Given,
(c) That of NaCl will be more than that of KCl
Molarity of NaCl (M1) = 0.02M
solution
Volume (V1) of NaCl solution = 4 L
(d) That of NaCl will be about half of that of KCl
We know that,
solution
Molality of mixture is-
BITSAT – 2013
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2
or 0.02 × 4 = M2 × 5 Ans. (c) : Molecular mass of KCl = (39+35.5)
or M2 = 0.016 = 74.5
196. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid Molecular mass of NaCl= 23+35.5
solute in a volatile liquid solvent is = 58.5
(a) less than the rate of crystallization Weight
n=
(b) greater than the rate of crystallisation Atomic weight
(c) equal to the rate of crytallisation 74.5
(d) zero n KCl = mol = 1 mol
74.5
JIPMER-2013
74.5
Ans. (c) : At equilibrium, the rate of dissolution of a n NaCl = = 1.27 mol
solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is equal to the 58.5
rate of crystallization. number of moles 1.27
Molality = =
197. Which of the following solutions will have the volume 1
highest boiling point? n NaCl 1.27
(a) 1 M glucose solution (Molarity) NaCl = =
1 1
(b) 1 M sodium nitrate solution
(c) 1 M barium chloride solution 1
(Molality) KCl = =1
(d) 1 M aluminium chloride solution 1
J & K CET-2013 (Molality)NaCl > (Molality)KCl
Ans. (d) : Elevation of boiling point is a colligative Hence, the molality of NaCl is greater than molality of
property and it depends upon the number of solute KCl.
particles. 200. Volume of 3% solution of sodium carbonate
So, 1M aluminium chloride solution have highest necessary to neutralize a litre of 0.1 N
boiling point. sulphuric acid
198. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing (a) 176.66 ml (b) 156.6 ml
750 mL of 0.5 M HCI with 250 mL of 2M HCI (c) 116.0 ml (d) 196.1ml
will be
BITSAT-2013
(a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
(c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M Ans. (a) : Given:
JEE Main-2013 N1 = 0.1, V1 = 100mL
Normality of Volume of 3% Na2CO3 solution,
Ans. (a): Given,
750 mL of 0.5 M HCl 3 × 100
N2 =
M1= 750 mL 53 × 100
V1= 0.5 M = 0.0566 N.

So, from normality equation Ans. (b) : Given that,
0.1 × 100 = 0.0566 × V2 V = 200mL, Molarity = 2M
0.1×100 Molecular weight (w) of urea = 60g
V2 = Mole of solute
0.0566 Molarity(M) =
= 176.66mL Volumeof solution in litre
201. Which condition is not satisfied by an ideal w ×1000
solution ? Molarity =
M×V
(a) ∆ mix V = 0 M × V × Molarity
w=
(b) ∆ mix S = 0 1000
(c) Obeyance to Raoult’s Law 60 × 200 × 2
=
(d) ∆ mix H = 0 1000
Karnataka NEET-2013 w = 24 gm of Urea
Ans. (b) : For ideal solution is follow as- 204. The volume of water to be added to 100 mL of
0.5N H2SO4 acid solution to get solution
(i) Volume Change (∆V) of mixing should be zero.
decinormal concentration is :
(ii) Obey Raoult's law at every range of concentration. (a) 400 mL (b) 450 mL
(iii) Heat change (∆H) on mixing should be zero. (c) 500 mL (d) 100 mL
Hence option (b) not follow for ideal condition of MPPET-2013
solution. Ans. (a) : Given that, N1 = 0.5 N, N2 = 1/10N
202. Solution "X" contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. V1 = 100 mL, V2 = ?
20 mL of X when titrated using methyl orange ∴ According to law of dilution,
indicator consumed 60 mL of 0.1 M HCl N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
solution. In another experiment, 20 mL of X
1
solution when titrated using phenolphthalein 0.5 × 100 = × V2
consumed 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution. The 10
–1
concentrations (in molL ) of Na2CO3 and V 2 = 0.5 × 10 × 100
NaHCO3 in X are respectively = 500 mL
(a) 0.01,0.02 (b) 0.1,0.1 Therefore, volume to be added
(c) 0.01,0.01 (d) 0.1,0.01 = 500 – 100 = 400mL
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 2013 205. A 5 molar solution of H2SO4 acid is diluted
Ans. (b) : from 1 litre to 10 litre. What is normality of
solution?
Na 2 CO3 + HCl  → NaHCO3 + NaCl (a) 0.25 N (b) 1N
∴ Volume of Na 2 CO3 = Volume of consumed HCl (c) 2N (d) 7N
20 mL of 0.1M = 20 mL of 0.1M MPPET-2013
Conc. of Na2CO3 = 0.1M. Ans. (b) : Given that,
∴ The concentration of Na2CO3 in solution X = 0.1M Molarity of solution = 5 M
NaHCO3 + HCl  → NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O V1 = 1 litre, V2 = 10 litre
Given Normality = Molarity × Valency factor of H2SO4
= 5 × 2 = 10N
Na 2 CO3 = 2 × 20mL = 40mL
N1 = 10N, N2 = ?
If methyl orange is used, the end point is indicated Therefore, by law of dilution-
when all the alkali is neutralized. N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
NaHCO3 + HCl  → NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 10 × 1 = N2 × 10
As 40 mL of 0.1M HCl is consumed in complete N2 = 1N
neutralizing of Na2CO3 at methyl orange end point 206. Which of the following statement is false?
remaining HCl solution = 60–40 = 20 mL of 0.1 M (a) Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of
As the equation = 1 mole of NaHCO3 = 1 moL of HCl a component over a solution is proportional to
∴ 0.1 mol of NaHCO3 = 0.1mol of HCl. its mole fraction
(b) The osomotic pressure (π) of a solution is
203. Weight of Urea required to prepare 200 ml of given by the equation π = MRT, where M is
2M solution will be : the molarity of the solution
(a) 12 gm (b) 24 gm (c) The correct order of osmotic pressure for 0.01
(c) 20 gm (d) 60 gm M aqueous solution of each compound is
MPPET-2013 BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose
(d) Two sucrose solution of same molality 210. The density of a solution prepared by
prepared in different solvents will have the dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. mass=60u) in
same freezing point depression 1000 g of water is 1.15 g/ml. The molarity of
UPTU/UPSEE-2012 this
Ans. (d) : Two sucrose solutions of the same molality (a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M
prepared in different solvents will have the same (c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M
freezing point depression. Different solvents have AlEEE-2012
different values of kf. Thus ∆Tf will be different even if Ans. (d) : Given that,
molality is same. The density of a solution = 120 g
207. Aluminum chloride exists as dimer, Al2Cl6, in Molecular make of urea = 60 u
solid state as well as in solution of non-polar Total mass of solution = 1000+120
solvents such as benzene. When dissolved in = 1120 g
water, it gives 1120
Volume of solution = mL
(a) Al3+ + 3Cl− 1.15
(b) [ Al(H 2 O6 )] + 3Cl−
3+ mass of solution
molecular mass of solution
(c) [ Al(HO)6 ] + 3HCl
3− Molarity =
Volumeof solution
(d) Al2 O3 + 6HCl 120 / 60 2 × 1000 × 1.15
= × 1000 =
UPTU/UPSEE-2012 1120 /1.15 1120
Ans. (b) : Required reaction = 2.05 M
3+
AlCl3 + 6H 2 O →  Al ( H 2O )6  + 3Cl − 211. What will be the volume of O2 at NTP liberated
by 5 A current flowing for 193 and through
Hence option (b) is correct acidulated water?
208. The molar concentration of chloride ions in the (a) 56 mL (b) 112mL
resulting solution of 300 mL of 3.0 M NaCl and (c) 158mL (d) 965mL
200 mL of 4.0 M BaCl2 will be BITSAT – 2012
(a) 1.7 M (b) 1.8 M Ans. (a) : Volume of 32g of O2 = 22400 mL
(c) 5.0 M (d) 3.5 M And,
MHT CET-2012 I× t × E
W=
Ans. (c) : Given, M1 = 3.0, M2 = 4.0 × 2 F
Reaction : 5 × 193 × 8
W=
NaCl ↽ ⇀ Na+ + Cl − 96500
2+ − = 0.08g
BaCl 2 ↽ ⇀ Ba + 2Cl
Now,
Now, At NTP, volume of 32 g O2 = 22400 mL
Molar Concentration of Cl– 22400 × 0.08
M1V1 + M 2 V2 Volume of 0.08g of O2 =
= 32
V1 + V2 = 56 mL
3.0 × 300 + 2 × 4.0 × 200 212. The normality of 0.2 M H3PO2 is
= (a) 0.2 N (b) 0.4 N
300 + 200
(c) 0.6 N (d) 0.06 N
= 5.0 M
CG PET- 2012
209. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing
Ans. (b) : : Given that:
800 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 200 mL of 1 M HCl
will be M = 0.2
(a) 0.8 M (b) 0.6 M Normality = molarity×basicity
(basicity of base is equal to two)
(c) 0.4 M (d) 0.2 M
Normality = M × basicity of H3PO2
JCECE-2012
= 0.2 × 2
Ans. (b) : We know that, = 0.4 N
Molarity of mixture is-
213. The molarity of pure water is
M1V1 + M2 V2 = M3 V3 (a) 18 (b) 5.56
Initial Final
(c) 55.6 (d) 100
V3 = V1 + V2 = 800 + 200 = 1000 mL CG PET- 2012
= 0.5 × 800 + 1 × 200 = M3 × 1000
Ans. (c) : Mass of 1L of water = Density × volume
600 = 1kg
M3 = = 0.6M
1000 = 1000g
Molecular mass of H2O = 18 Mc 3
Molarity of pure water =
Mo 1
number of moles of water (in kg) Mc = 3Mo
=
volumeof solution in litre Hence, Mo < Mc
1000 217. At a certain temperature vapour pressure of
= pure water is 3000 Nm–2. 5 g of non-electrolyte
18
and non-volatile solute is added to 100 g of
1L water. Vapour pressure of the solution is 2985
= 55.56M. Nm–2. Assume that it is a dilute solution, find
214. Two solutions of HCl, A and B, have the molar mass of the solute.
concentrations of 0.5 N and 0.1 M respectively. (a) 90 (b) 180
The volume of solutions A and B required to (c) 200 (d) 270
make 2 litres of 0.2 N HCl are
SRMJEEE – 2012
(a) 0.5 L of A+1.5 L of B
(b) 1.5 L of A+0.5 L of B Ans. (b) : Given :-
(c) 1.0 L of A+1.0 L of B Mass of non-electrolyte, non-volatile solute (W1) = 5g ;
Mass of water (W2) = 100g
(d) 0.75 L of A+1.25 L of B
AMU-2012 Vapour pressure of solution (Ps) = 2985 Nm−2
Vapour pressure of pure water (Po) = 3000 Nm−2
Ans. (a) : let x L of A and (2−x) L of B are mixed.
Molecular weight of water (H2O) = 18
From normality Equation:-
M1 V1+ M2 V2 = MR (V1+V2) Po − Ps W1 × M 2
Now, =
Substituting the values, we get :- Po W2 × M1
0.5 × x + 0.1 (2 − x) = 0.2 × 2 3000 − 2985 5 ×18
(0.5−0.1) x = 0.4 − 0.2 =
3000 100 × M1
0.4x = 0.2
x = 0.5 L 15 90
=
∴0.5 L of A and 1.5 L of B should be mixed. 3000 100 × M1
215. The mole fraction of benzene in a solution 90 × 30 2700
containing 39% by mass in an organic solvent M1 = =
15 15
of molecular mass 122 is M1 = 180
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.6
218. Normality of 0.25 M phosphorous acid H3PO3
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.35 is
COMEDK-2012 (a) 0.125 N (b) 0.75 N
Ans. (a) : Given, Molecular Mass of solvent (M1)=122 (c) 0.50 N (d) 0.25 N
g/mol SRMJEEE – 2012
Molecular mass of benzene (M2)= 78 g mol–1
Ans. (c) : Given that,
Mass of benzene ( W2 ) = 39gm Normality of H3PO3 is 0.25 M.
Mass of solvent ( W1 ) = 61gm ∴ Normality = Molarity × no. of equivalents
39 N = M×n
∴Mole fraction of benzene = 78 Since phosphorous acid (H3PO3) is dibasic, thus the
39 61 valency is 2.
+
78 122 Therefore Normality = 0.25 × 2
= 0.5 = 0.50 N
216. The experimentally determined molar mass of 219. What is the concentration of a solution
a non-volatile solute, BaCl2 in water by prepared by dissolving 4.20 g of NaF in 500 g of
Cottrell's method, is water ?
(a) equal to the calculated molar mass (a) 0.00840 Molal (b) 0.00840 Molar
(b) more than the calculated molar mass (c) 0.200 Molar (d) 0.200 Molal
(c) less than the calculated molar mass SCRA-2012
(d) double of the calculated molar mass
Ans. (d) : Given that,
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) - 2012
Weight of NaF (w) = 4.20g,
Ans. (c) : Required Reaction, Weight of water (W) = 500g
BaCl2 → Ba2+ + 2Cl– Molecular weight of NaF = 42 g/mol
Now, Concentration = ?
(Normal molar mass ) w ×1000
i= Now, Molality =
Abnormal molar mass M×W

4.20 × 1000 224. An aqueous solution of urea containing 18 g
Molality = urea in 1500 cm3 of the solution has a density
42 × 500 equal to 1.052. If the molecular weight of urea
Molality = 0.200 molal is 60, the molality of the solution is
220. In which mode of expression of concentration (a) 0.200 (b) 0.192
of a solution remains independent of (c) 0.100 (d) 1.200
temperature? MHT CET-2011
(a) Molarity (b) Molality
Ans. (b) : Given :
(c) Formality (d) Normality
d = 1.052 g/ml
MPPET-2012
According to question,
Moles of solute 1500 cm3 of the solution has a density equal to 1.052,
Ans. (b) : Molality =
Mass of solvent (in kg) So,
The molality of a solution remains independent of It will correspond = 1.052 × 1500
temperature because it involves only mass, which is = 1578 g
independent of temperature. 18g
221. 100 mL of an acid solution is neutralized by 50 No. of mole of urea = = 0.3mol
60 g (mol)
mL of NaOH solution containing 0.2 g NaOH.
The concentration of acid solution is: Mass of H2O in solution = (1578–18)g
(a) 0.1 N (b) 0.05 N = 1560 g
(c) 0.5 N (d) 0.25 N = 1.560 kg
MPPET-2012 Now,
0.3
Ans. (a) : Given that, molality =
V1 = 50 mL, N1 = 0.2 N, V2 = 100 mL, N2 = ? 1.560
N1 V1 = N2 V2 = 0.192 m.
0.2 × 50 225. What volume of 2 M H2SO4 is required to form
N2 = 0.2 N of 100 mL of solution?
100
(a) 5 mL (b) 20 mL
N2 = 0.1 N
(c) 10 mL (d) 50 mL
222. The normality of '30 volume H2O2' is MHT CET-2011
(a) 2.678N (b) 5.336N
Ans. (a) : Given :
(c) 8.034N (d) 6.685N
N1 = 2 M correspond 4NH2SO4
WB-JEE-2011
N2 = 0.2, V1 = 9, V2 = 100 ml
Ans. (b) : Given, From formula
Volume = 30 N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
Now,
N × V2
Volume V1 = 2
Normality = N1
5.6
30 0.2 × 100
= =
5.6 4
= 5.3N = 5 ml
223. One mole of P4O10 is allowed to react fully with 226. A solution made by dissolving 40 g NaOH in
dust and salt-free doubly distilled water and 1000 g of H2O is
the volume is made up to 1L. What is the (a) 1 molar (b) 1 normal
normality of the so-generated orthophosphoric (c) 1 molal (d) None of these
acid? JIPMER-2011
P4O10+6H2O→4H3PO4 Ans. (c) : Given:
(a) 1.0 N (b) 8.0 N Weight of NaOH in Solution = 40g
(c) 12.0 N (d) 4.0 N Amount of Solvent = 1000gm
UPTU/UPSEE-2011 W
no. of moles of NaOH =
Ans. (c) : Required reaction. M
P4 O10 + 6H 2 O → 4H 3 PO 4 40
no. of moles of NaOH is n = =1
From reaction 40
Molality = 4M 1000
Mass of solvent in kg ism = = 1kg
Normality = M × basicity 1000
= 4×3 n 1
So, molality of solution is = = 1molal
= 12N m 1

1 molal:– 1 molal aqueous solution means 1 mole of 230. Consider the following statements.
solute in 1 kg of water. I. The colour of the hydrophobic sol depends
Hence option (c) is correct. on the wavelength of the light scattered by
227. In a volumetric experiment, it was found that a the dispersed particle.
solution of KMnO4 is reduced to MnSO4 If the II. The smaller the gold number value of a
normality of the solution is 1.0N, then molarity hydrophilic colloid, the greater is its
of the solution will be protective power.
(a) 0.5 M (b) 0.2 M III. The movement of sol particle under an
applied electric potential is called
(c) 1.0 M (d) 0.4 M
electroosmosis.
J & K CET-2011 Which of the above statements are correct?
Ans. (b) : Required equation; (a) I and II (b) I and III
+7 +2 (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
KMnO4 → MnSO4 BCECE-2011
molecular weight Ans. (a) : The movement of sol particles under the
Equivalent weight =
5 influence of electric potential is called electrophoresis.
Normality All other given statement are correct.
Molarity =
5 231. Choose the correct statement:
1 When concentration of a salt solution is
= = 0.2 N increased........
5
(a) Boiling point increases while vapour pressure
228. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 decreases.
g of urea, [(NH2)2 CO] is added to 0.3000 dm3 (b) Boiling point decreases while vapour pressure
of water at STP is increases.
(a) 5.55×10-4 M (b) 33.3 M (c) Freezing point decreases while vapour
(c) 3.33×10-2 M (d) 0.555 M pressure increases.
AlEEE-2011 (d) Freezing point increases while vapour
Ans. (a): Given that, pressure increases.
0.0110 GUJCET-2011
Number of moles of urea = mol
60 Ans. (a): On increasing the concentration of salt
water at STP = 0.3 dm = 0.3kg [∵ 1 dm3=1000 ml]
3 solution, the boiling point of salt solution increases
moles of solute while vapour pressure of the solution decreases.
molality = 232. To prepare 2 dm3 of decinormal solution of
kg of water
oxalic acid, the mass of oxalic acid required is
0.010 (a) 6.3 g (b) 0.63 g
= = 5.55 × 10−4 M.
60 × 0.3 (c) 12.6 g (d) 1.26 g
229. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, COMEDK-2011
CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction Ans. (c) :Given,
of methyl alcohol in the solution? Volume = 2 dm3
(a) 0.100 (b) 0.190 1
Normality = N
(c) 0.086 (d) 0.050 10
[AIEEE 2011] Weight of Oxalic acid
Ans. (c): Given of moles of CH3OH= 5.2 and mass of ∴N =
Eq.Wt × Volumein L
water = 1Kg
weight W = N × Eq.Wt × volume in L
Mole of water =
molar mass 1
W= × 63 × 2
1000g 10
= = 55.56 mol W = 12.6 gm
18g / mol
233. 25 mL of 0.08 N HCl neutralizes with 20 mL of
Mole fraction of solute methyl alcohol
NaOH. The mass of NaOH present in 5 dm3 is
m
= (a) 20 g (b) 40 g
m + 55.56 (c) 10 g (d) 30 g
5.2 COMEDK-2011
=
5.2 + 55.56 Ans. (a) : Given that, N1 = 25, V1 = 0.08
= 0.086 V2 = 20, N2 = ?

We know, Ans. (a) : Given, W = 4g
N 1V 1 = N 2V 2 250
V = 250mL = L
25×0.08= N2×20 1000
25 × 0.08 Now,
N 2=
20 Moles  4 
Molarity =  Moles = 
N 2 = 0.1 Volume  40 
Therefore, 4.0
W 40g molL−1
Normality = Molarity = = 0.4M
Eq.wt × Volumein dm3 250
W 1000
0.1 = 237. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in
40 × 5
W = 0.1 × 40 × 5 = 20 gm water is 1.02 g / mL. The molality of the
solution is
234. 19g of a mixture containing NaHCO3 and (a) 2.28 mol kg-1 (b) 3.28 mol kg-1
-1
Na2CO3 on complete heating liberated 1.12 L of (c) 0.44 mol kg (d) 1.14 mol kg-1
CO2 at STP. The weight of the remaining solid UPTU/UPSEE-2010
was 15.9 g. What is the weight (in g) of Na2CO3
Ans. (a) : Given : M = 2.05, m = 60; d = 1.02
in the mixture before heating?
M
(a) 8.4 (b) 15.9 Molality ( m ) = × 1000
(c) 4.0 (d) 10.6 1000d − Mm
AP-EAMCET- (Engg.)-2011 2.05
= × 1000
Ans. (d) : Molecular weight of NaHCO3 =23+1+12+48 (1000 ×1.02 ) − ( 2.05 × 60 )
= 84
= 2.28mol kg −1
Molecular weight of Na2CO3 = 46+12+48 = 106
Total weight = 84+106 = 190 238. The normality of 10 L volume H2O2 is
∵ In 190 gm of a mixture, weight of Na2CO3 is = 106 (a) 0.176 (b) 0.88
19 gm of a mixture weight contains (c) 1.78 (d) 3.52
UPTU/UPSEE-2010
106 × 19
Na 2 CO3 = =10.6gm. Ans. (c) : Hydrogen peroxide dissociates in the
190 following manner
235. The volume in mL of 0.1 M solution of NaOH 1
required to completely neutralise 100 mL of 0.3 H 2O2 → H 2O + O2
M solution of H 3 PO 3 is 1mol 2 1 mol
2
(a) 60 (b) 600 34g 11.2L
(c) 300 (d) 30 ∵ 1M H2O2 solution = 2N
AP-EAMCET- (Engg.)-2011 Normality = Molarity × n factor
Ans. (b) : Phosphorus acid ( H 3 PO3 ) is a dibasic acid. 2 × 10
∴ Normality = = 1.78N
Normality = molarity × basicity 11.2
For H3PO3 , Normality = 0.3M × 2 = 0.6N 239. An aqueous solution is 1.00 molal in KI. Which
change will cause the vapour pressure of the
Given that, N1 = 0.1 N, N2 = 0.6 N, V2 = 100 mL
solution to increase?
We know that,
(a) Addition of NaCl
N1V1 = N 2 V2 (b) Addition of Na2So4
0.1× V1 = 0.6 ×100 (c) Addition of 1.00 molal KI
0.6 ×100 (d) Addition of water
V1 = (AIPMT -2010)
0.1
Ans. (d) : Addition of water to the aqueous solution of
V1 = 600ml
KI, will cause the vapour pressure of the solution to
Hence, 600mL of volume is required to completely increase. Vapour pressure depends upon the surface
neutralize 0.3 M of H3PO3. area of the solution.
236. The molarity of a NaOH solution by dissolving 240. 2.5 cm3 of 0.2 M H2SO4 solution is diluted to 0.5
4 g of it in 250 mL water is. dm3. Find normality of the diluted solution.
(a) 0.4M (b) 0.8M (a) 0.2 N (b) 0.02 N
(c) 0.2M (d) 0.1M (c) 0.002 N (d) 0.04 N
WB-JEE-2010 MHT CET-2010
Ans. (c) : Given: from Raoult's law,
V1 = 2.5 cm3 V2 = 0.5 dm3 p1o − p1
Concentration of H2SO4 before dilution = 0.2M = X2 = X
p1
and as we know that,
3000 − 2985 9
1N = 2M =
So, 0.2 M = 0.4N (N1) 3000 10x
x = 180
From Normality equation
180g/mol is the molecular formula of glucose.
NV
N2 = 1 1 244. What is the molarity of 0.2 N Na2CO3 solution?
V2 (a) 0.1 M (b) 0 M
−3
2.5 × 10 × 0.4 (c) 0.4 M (d) 0.2 M
= JCECE-2010
0.5
= 0.002 N Ans. (a) : Given,
Normality of Na2CO3 is solution = 0.2 N
241. 450 mg of glucose is dissolved in 100 g of Molecular weight = 2M
solvent. What is the molality of solution?
(a) 0.0025 m (b) 0.025 m (∵ Na2CO3 is dipositive.)
(c) 0.25 m (d) 2.5 m equivalent weight
Molarity = normality ×
MHT CET-2010 molecular weight
Ans. (b) : Given : M
Wsolute = 450 mg ∴ Molarity = 0.2 ×
2M
molar mass of glucose = 180 = 0.1 M
Wsolvent = 100 245. 36 g of glucose (molar mass=180g/mol) is
present in 500 g of water, the molarity of the
Now, solution is
450 × 10−3 × 1000 (a) 0.2 (b) 0.4
Molality =
180 × 100 (c) 0.8 (d) 1.0
= 0.025 m J & K CET-2010
242. 200 mL of water is added to a 500 mL of 0.2M Ans. (b) : Given,
solution. What is the molarity of this diluted W= mass of glucose = 36g
solution? Volume of water = 500 mL
(a) 0.5010 M (b) 0.2897 M Mass of glucose = 180g
(c) 0.7093 M (d) 0.1428 M Now.
(e) 0.4005 M W ×1000
Molarity =
Kerala-CEE-2010 M×V
Ans. (d) : Given that, M1 = 0.2, V1 = 500, V2 = 700 36 ×1000
Molarity =
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2 180 × 500
0.2 × 500 = M2 (500 + 200) = 0.4M.
M2 = 0.14M 246. On mixing, heptane and octane form an ideal
243. The vapour pressure of 100g water reduces solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the
from 3000 Nm–2 to 2985 Nm–2 when 5g of two liquid components (heptane and octane)
substance 'X' is dissolved in it. Substance 'X' is are 105 kPa and 45 kPa, respectively. Vapour
pressure of the solution obtained by mixing 25
(a) methanol (b) glucose g of the heptane and 35 g of octane will be
(c) carbon dioxide (d) cannot predict (molar mass of heptane = 100 g mol–1 and of
JIPMER-2010 octane = 114 g mol–1).
Ans. (b) : Given: (a) 72.0 kPa (b) 36.1 kPa
p1 = 3000Nm
o −2 (c) 96.2 kPa (d) 144.5 kPa
-2 AIEEE-2010
p1= 2985Nm
Ans. (a) : Given,
X2 = mole - fraction of Solute
Let molecular whight of substance X is x. PHo = 105kPa,POo = 45kPa
So, number of moles X will be 5/x PT = X H .PHo + X o Poo
100 25 /100
No. of moles of solvent is XH = = 0.45
18 25 /100 + 35 /114
Mole fraction of X=
5/ x
=
9 ∴ Xo = 1–XH =1– 0.45= 0.55
100 /18 10x PT = 0.45×105+0.55×45= 72.0 kPa

247. Volume of 0.6M NaOH required to neutralize x 16 × 2
30cm3 of 0.4M HCl is XO = ×
2 32 x × 3
(a) 30 cm3 (b) 45 cm3 1
(c) 20 cm 3
(d) 50 cm3 XO =
2 3
BCECE-2010
1
Ans. (c) : We know that, Thus, fraction of pressure exerted by oxygen =
3
N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
250. What is the normality of a solution containing
So, 20 g acetic acid in 2 L of solution?
n × M 1V 1 = n × M 2 V 2 (a) 0.20 N (b) 1.06 N
1 × 0.4 × 30 = 1 × 0.6 × V (c) 4.00 N (d) 0.166 N
V = 20cm3 SCRA-2010
248. What is the volume of 0.1 M H2SO4 required in Ans. (d) :
litres to neutralize completely 1 L of a solution No. of gram equivalent
containing 20 g of NaOH ? Normality (N) =
volume of solution (L)
(a) 5.0 (b) 0.5
weight
(c) 2.5 (d) 10.0 Gram equivalent weight =
AP- EAMCET(Medical) -2010 equivalent weight
Ans. (c): Given data, Molecular weight
Equivalent weight =
Molarity (M1) of H2SO4 = 0.1 M n
Volume of NaOH solution (V2) = 1 L Where, n = Valence factor
Mass of NaOH (M2) = 20 g 20
So, N=
20 1 60 × 2
Molarity of NaOH = × = 0.5M {Molecular mass of CH3COOH (M) = 60}
40 1
H 2SO 4 + 2NaOH → Na 2SO 4 + 2H 2 O 1
2 mole
N=
1mole 6
M1V1 M 2 V2 or N = 0.166 N
⇒ =
n1 n2 251. What is the total number of moles of H2SO4
needed to prepare 5.0L of a 2.0M solution of
0.1× V1 0.5 × 1 H2SO4?
⇒ =
1 2 (a) 2.5 (b) 5.0
⇒ Volume of H2SO4 (V1) = 2.5 litre. (c) 10 (d) 20
249. Equal weight of methane and oxygen are mixed UPTU/UPSEE-2009
in an empty container at 25oC. The fraction of Ans. (c) : Moles of solute in 5 litres of 2.0M Solution
the total pressure exerted by oxygen is No. of moles = Molarity × Volume
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3 = 5 × 2.0 = 10.0
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/3 252. 2.5 L of NaCl solution contain 5 moles of the
AP-EAMCET(Medical) -2010 solute. What is the molarity?
(a) 5 M (b) 2 M
Ans. (d): Given- (c) 2.5 M (d) 12.5
Weights of methane (CH4) = weights of oxygen (O2) = UPTU/UPSEE-2009
x
Moles of solute
x Ans. (b) : Molarity =
volumeof solution
∴ Mole fraction of O 2 X O =
2
( ) 32
x x Molarity =
5
+
32 16 2.5
=2M
x
N N
XO = 32 253. 60 mL. of H 2SO4 , 10 mL of HNO 3 and
2 x 1  5 2
 + 1 N
16  2  30 mL. of HCI, aremixed together. The
10
x Strength of the resulting mixture is
XO = 32 (a) 0.1 N (b) 0.2 N
2 x 3 (c) 0.3 N (d) 0.4 N
×
16 2 UP CPMT-2009
Ans. (b): Strength of resulting mixture, 257. 0.01 mole of a non-electrolyte is dissolved in
N V + N 2 V2 + N 3 V3 10g of water. The molality of the solution is
N= 1 1 (a) 0.1 m (b) 0.5 m
V1 + V2 + V3
(c) 1.0 m (d) 0.18 m
N N N JCECE-2009
60 × + 10 × + 30 ×
= 5 2 10 Ans. (c) : Given,
60 + 10 + 30 10 g water contain 0.01 mol
N = 0.2N
∵ 1000g water contain = 1 mol
254. When 10 A current is passed for 80 min, the no.of mole of Solute
volume of hydrogen gas liberated is Molality of Solution (m) =
(a) 11.14 L (b) 5.57 L Mass of Solvent in (kg)
(c) 22.4 L (d) 2.78 L 0.01
MHT CET-2009 = × 1000
10
Ans. (b) : Given : = 1.0 m
+ − 1 258. 25 g of a solute of molar mass 250 g mol–1 is
H + e  → H2
IF 2 dissolved in 100 mL of water to obtain a
10 A current is passed for 80 min is solution whose density is 1.25 g mL–1. The
equal to 10 × 80 × 60 C molarity and molality of the solution are
It will liberated hydrogen respectively
11.2 × 10 × 80 × 60 (a) 0.75 and 1 (b) 0.8 and 1
gas volume = (c) 1 and 0.8 (d) 1 and 0.75
96500
(∴ 96500 C = 11.2 H2) J & K CET-2009
= 5.57 L H2 gas. Ans. (c) : Given.
255. The volume of 2 N H2SO4 solution is 0.1 dm3. W = 25 g
The volume of its decinormal solution (in dm3) Molar mass = 250
will be density = 1.25g mL–1
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 Now,
(c) 2 (d) 1.7 No.of moles of solute
MHT CET-2009 Molarity =
Volume
N
Ans. (c) : Given, N1 = 2N, N2 = , V1 = 0.1, V2 = ? 25 0.1
10 Molarity = = = 1M.
250 100
For solution of same substance,
N 1V 1= N 2V 2 100 1000
N 1000
2N×0.1= ×V2 And
10
V2 = 2 dm3. No.of moles of solute
Molality =
mass
256. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, MnO 4− ion
0.1
is converted to Mn2+. What is the number of Molality = = 0.8M (∵ m = d × v)
equivalents of KMnO4 (mol. wt. = 158) present 125 /1000
in 250 mL of 0.04 M KMnO4 solution? 259. Two liquids X and Y form an ideal solution at
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.05 300 K, vapour pressure of the solution
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.07 containing 1 mol of X and 3 mol of Y is 550
JIPMER-2009 mmHg. At the same temperature, if 1 mol of Y
UPCPMT-2008 is further added to this solution, vapour
Ans. (b) : Required equation. pressure of the solution increases by 10 mm
+7 Hg. Vapour pressure (in mmHg) of X and Y in
Mn O 4− + 8H + + 5e −  → Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O their pure states will be, respectively
Normality = Molarity × Change in oxidation number. (a) 200 and 300 (b) 300 and 400
= 0.04 × 5 (c) 400 and 600 (d) 500 and 600
= 0.2N AIEEE-2009
Gram eq.of Solute Ans. (c) : Given.
Normality =
Volume of Solution ( litre ) 1 3
P = 550mm Hg; X = ,Y=
0.2 × 250 1 + 3 1 + 3
no. of equivalents = From Raoult’s law
1000
= 0.05 P = Px° X + Py° Y

1 3 Ans. (c) : Given that,
550 = Px° × + Py° ×
4 4 ∆Tb = 1.00 K
2200= Px + 3Py ......(i)
o o Kb = 0.512 K kgmol–1
According to the Raoult's law–
Adding 1mole of Y then,
∆Tb = Kb × m
1 4
560 = Px° × + Py° × Where, m = molality
5 5
∆T
2800= Pxo + 4Pyo ......(ii) or m= b
Kb
From (i) and (ii)
1
Py° = 600 mm Hg and Px° = 400 mm Hg m=
0.512
260. A binary liquid solution is prepared by mixing m = 1.95 m
n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of the
following statements is correct regarding the 263. 20 mL of 10N HCl and mixed with 10 ml of 36
behaviour of the solution? N H2SO4 and the mixture is made one litre.
(a) The solution formed is an ideal solution Normality of the mixture will be
(b) The solution is non-ideal, showing positive (a) 0.56 N (b) 0.50 N
deviatioin from Raoult’s law. (c) 0.40 N (d) 0.35 N
(c) The solution is non-ideal, showing negative MPPET- 2009
deviation from Raoult's law Ans. (a) : Given,
(d) n-heptane shows positive deviation while HCl (1) H2SO4(2) Mixture
ethanol show negative deviation from
V1 = 20mL V2 = 10mL VM = 1L
Raoult's law
AIEEE-2009 N1 = 10N N2 = 36N NM = ?
Ans. (b) : n- heptanes and ethanol forms a non-ideal N 1V l + N 2V 2 = N M V M
solution that shows positive deviation from Raoult’s 10 × 20 + 36 × 10 = NM × 1000
law. 200 + 360 = NM × 1000
In solution, heptane– ethanol interactions are weaker 560
than ethanol– ethanol interactions. NM = = 0.56 N.
1000
261. Sodium bicarbonate on heating decomposes to 264. The molarity of 98% H2SO4 (d = 1.8g/ml) by
sodium carbonate, CO2 and H2O. If 0.2 moles weight is
of sodium bicarbonate are completely
(a) 6 M (b) 18 M
decomposed, how many moles of sodium
carbonate are formed ? (c) 10M (d) 4 M
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.1 MPPET- 2009
(c) 0.05 (d) 0.025 Ans. (b) : Molar mass of solute (H2SO4) = 98 gm
SCRA - 2009 Mass of solution = 100 gm
Ans. (b): When sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) d = 1.8 gm/mL = 1800 gm/litre
decomposed on heating it gives, sodium carbonate 98
(Na2CO3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). ∴ No. of moles = = 1 mole.
98
Mass of solution M
2NaHCO3 ( s ) 
∆
→ Na 2CO3 ( s ) + Ca 2 ( g ) + H 2 O ( l ) and Density (d) = =
Volume V
Form the above reaction, we can say that 2 moles of M 100 1
sodium bicarbonate decompose into 1 mole of sodium V= = = litre
d 1800 18
carbonate.
Then, No.of moles of solute 1
∴ Molarity = =
0.2 mole of sodium bicarbonate will decompose into = Volume of solution 1/18
1 = 18 M
× 0.2 = 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate
2 265. The vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 0.80
262. Molality of an aqueous solution that produces atm. When a non volatile B is added to A its
an elevation in boiling point of 1.00 K at 1 atm vapour pressure drops to 0.60 atm. The mole
pressure is (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1) fraction of B in the solution is
(a) 0.512 m (b) 0.195 m (a) 0.125 (b) 0.25
(c) 1.95 m (d) 5.12 m (c) 0.5 (d) 2.5
AP-EAMCET(MEDICAL) - 2009 UPTU/UPSEE-2008
Ans. (b) : Given that, (a) 400 cm3 (b) 450 cm3
P o = 0.80, PS = 0.60 (c) 500 cm3 (d) 100 cm3
BCECE-2008
Applying Raoults law–
Ans. (a) : From formula.
P o − PS
XB = N 1V 1 = N 2 V 2
Po 0.5 × 100 = 0.1 × V2
0.80 − 0.60 V2 = 500 cm3
So, XB =
0.80 Volume of water to be added to 100 cm3
= 0.25 = 500 – 100
266. In transforming 0.01 mole of PbS to PbSO4 the = 400 cm3
volume of ‘10 volume’ H2O2 required will be 270. The volume of CO2 formed at STP on burning
(a) 11.2 mL (b) 22.4mL A mixture of 0.5 mole of methane and 24 gram
(c) 33.6 mL (d) 44.8 mL of oxygen is
WB-JEE-2008 (a) 84 litre (b) 8.4 litre
Ans. (d) : Required Reaction. (c) 22.4 litre (d) 0.84 litre
AMU – 2008
PbS + 4H 2 O 2  → PbSO 4 + 4H 2 O
Ans. (b) : CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
∵ 1 mole of PbS requires 4 moles of H2O2 16gm 64gm 44gm 36gm
∴ 0.01 moles of PbS requires 0.04 moles of H2O2 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
Volume Strength = M ×11.2 24
0.5 mol = = 0.375 mol
10 = M × 11.2 64
M = 0.892 O2 is a limiting reactant.
MV So, if 64 g of O2 gives 22.4 L of CO2
No. of moles =
1000 22.4 × 24
then 24 g of O2 will give = = 8.4 L of CO2.
0.892 × V 64
0.04 =
1000 271. How many grams of NaOH will be required to
V = 44.8mL prepare 500 gram solution containing 10%
267. Which of the following concentration factors is w/w NaOH solution?
affected by change in temperature? (a) 5.0 grams (b) 0.5 grams
(a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) 50 grams (d) 100 grams
(c) Mole fraction (d) Weight fraction GUJCET-2008
MHT CET-2008 Ans. (c) : Given that ,
Ans. (a) : Molarity is dependent on temperature. The Mass of solution = 500gm.
definition of molarity is, the number of moles per unit w
% of NaOH solution = 10%
volume. When volume changes the temperature is also w
changes. Let x = Mass of NaOH (solute)
268. The concentration of H2O2 solution of ’10 Then,
volume’ is w Mass of solute
(a) 30% (b) 3% %= × 100
w Total mass of solution
(c) 1% (d) 10%
x
JCECE-2008 10 = × 100
Ans. (b) : Required equation: 500
2H 2 O 2  → O2 + H 2O 10 × 500
x=
100
Molar mass of H 2 O 2 = 2 × 34
x = 50gram
∴10L of O2 will produced from (S.T.P)
68 × 10 272. Molarity is expressed as
= (a) Litre/mole (b) Moles/litre
22.7
= 29.9 ≈ 30g H2O2 (c) Moles/1000gms (d) Grams/litre
So, MPPET-2008
30 Ans. (b) : Molarity is expressed as the moles of solute
Concentration of H2O2 Solution of 10 Volume = per litres of solution. Molarity is also known as molar
10 concentration of a solution.
= 3%
moles of solute
269. The volume of water to be added to 100 cm3 of Molarity =
Volume (litre)
0.5N H2SO4 to get decinormal concentration is–
273. 10.6 g of a substance of molecular weight 106 276. If 20 mL of 0.4 N NaOH solution completely
was dissolved in 100 mL, 10 mL of this solution neutralised 40 mL of a dibasic acid, the
was pipetted out into a 1000 mL flask and molarity of the acid solution is
made up to the mark with distilled water. The (a) 0.1M (b) 0.2M
molarity of the resulting solution is (c) 0.3M (d) 0.4M
(a) 1.0M (b) 10–2M AP-EAMCET-2008
(c) 10–3M (d) 10–4M Ans. (a) : Given that,
AP-EAMCET-2008 N1 = 0.4N
Ans. (b) : Given data- V1 = 20mL
Weight of substance = 10.6 g V2 = 40mL
Molecular weight of substance = 106 g N2 = ?
Volume of solution =100 mL Now, from normality equation–
Volume of flask = 1000 mL N 1 V 1 = N 2V 2
Pipetted volume of solution = 10mL 0.4 × 20 = N2×40
Then,
0.4 × 20
moles of solute N2 = = 0.2N
Initial molarity = 40
volume of solution ( L ) N 0.2
10.6 × 1000 For dibasic acid, molarity (M) = 2 ⇒ = 0.1 M
M1 = =1 M 2 2
106 × 100 277. 9.8 g of H2SO4 is present in two litres of a
We know that- solution. The molarity of the solution is
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2 (a) 0.1 M (b) 0.05 M
1×10 = M2×1000 (c) 0.2 M (d) 0.01 M
10 AP-EAMCET-2008
M2 = = 10−2 M
1000 Ans. (b) : Given that,
274. The weight, in gram, of KCl (mol. wt. = 74.5) in Weight of H2SO4 = 9.8 gm
100 mL of a 0.1 M KCl solution is Volume of solution (V) = 2 litre
(a) 74.5 (b) 7.45 We know that-
(c) 0.745 (d) 0.0745 Molecular weight of H2SO4 = 98 g
AP-EAMCET-2008
Ans. (c) : Given that, m = 74.5 W
∴ M=
V = 100 mL m×V
M = 0.1 9.8
=
Weight 1000 98 × 2
∴ Molarity = ×
m V(mL) = 0.05 M
w 1000 278. The weight of oxalic acid crystals,
0.1 = × H2C2O4⋅2H2O required to prepare 500 mL of
74.5 100
0.2 N solution is
7.45
w= (a) 3.4 g (b) 63 g
10 (c) 6.3 g (d) 126 g
w = 0.745 gm AP-EAMCET-2008
275. 5.85 g of NaCl (mol. wt. 58.5) is dissolved in Ans. (c) : Given that,
water and the solution is made up to 500ml. Volume (V) = 500 mL
The molarity of the solution will be N = 0.2
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
Molecular weight
(c) 1.0 (d) 0.117 Gram equivalent weight =
AP-EAMCET-2008 Basicity
Ans. (b) : Given that, Equivalent weight of oxalic acid
Weight of NaCl (w) = 5.85 gm Molecular mass of H 2 C 2 O 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O
=
Molecular weight of NaCl (Mol.wt.) = 58.5 2
Volume of solution (V) = 500 mL 126
We know that – = = 63 g/mol
2
w ×1000 N × E × V 0.2 × 63 × 500
Molarity (M) = ∴ W= =
Mol.wt. × V 1000 1000
5.85 × 1000 W = 6.3 gm
or M=
58.5 × 500 The mass of oxalic acid crystals required to prepare
M = 0.2 M 500mL of a 0.2 N solution = 6.3gm.

279. 138 g of ethyl alcohol is mixed with 72 g of Ans. (a) : Let V litre of 10 N HCl be mixed with (1 –
water. The ratio of mole fraction of alcohol to V) litre of 4 N HCl to give (V + 1 – V) = 1L of 7 N
water is HCl.
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 N1V1 + N2V2 = NV
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1 10 V + 4 (1 – V) = 7 × 1
AP-EAMCET-2008 6V = 7 – 4
Ans. (a) : Given that, 3
V = = 0.05 L
Mass of H2O, m H2O = 72g 6
Mass of C2H5OH, m C2 H5OH = 138g ∵ Volume of 10 N HCl = 0.50 L
∴ Volume of 4 N HCl = 1 – 0.50 = 0.50 L
72 282. When a sulphur sol is evaporated sulphur is
No. of moles of H2O = =4
18 obtained. On mixing with water sulphur sol is
138 not found. The sol is
No. of moles of C2H5OH = =3 (a) lyophilic (b) reversible
46
(c) hydrophobic (d) hydrophilic
3 3
∴ Mole fraction of C2H5OH = = Karnataka-CET-2007
3+ 4 7 Ans. (c) : Hydrophobic sol are irreversible in nature.
4 4 They have a affinity between the dispersed phase and
and mole fraction of H2O = =
4+3 7 the dispersion medium (H2O). Further once precipitated,
they do not form the colloidal sol by simple addition of
Therefore, the ratio of mole fraction of ethyl alcohol to
water.
3
X C2 H5OH 7 3 283. 4.5 g of aluminium (Atomic mass 27 amu) is
H2O is = = ⇒ 3: 4 deposited at cathode from Al3+ solution by a
X H 2O 4 4
certain quantity of electric charge. The volume
7 of hydrogen produced at STP from H+ ions in
280. Equal masses of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas solution by the same quantity of electric charge
are placed in a closed container at a pressure of will be
3.4 atm. The contribution of hydrogen gas of (a) 22.4 L (b) 44.8 L
the total pressure is (c) 5.6 L (d) 11.2 L
(a) 1.7 atm (b) 0.2 atm JIPMER-2007
(c) 3.2 atm (d) 3.02 atm Ans. (c) : Required equation.
SRMJEEE – 2008 2Al → 2Al3+ + 6e–
Ans. (c) : Given that, 6H+ + 6e– → 3H2
WO2 = WH2 = M 2Al + 6H+ → 3H2 + 2Al3+
From faraday second law;
Total pressure (P) = 3.4 atm
m Al E Al
Mole fraction of X H2 – =
mH EH
M
n H2 4.5 27 / 3
X H2 = = 2 =
16 =
n H 2 + n O2 M M 17 m H 1
+ mH = 0.5g
2 32
( )
∴ Partial pressure PH2 = Ptotal × X H2
∵ Volume of 2g H2 at S.T.P = 22.4L
Volume of 0.5g H2 at S.T.P
16 22.4 × 0.5
PH2 = 3.4 × = L
17 2
PH2 = 3.2 atm = 5.6 L
284. The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving
281. The volume of 10 N and 4 N HCl required to only carbondioxide) in the production of 270 kg
make 1 L of 7 N HCl are of aluminium metal from bauxite by the Hall
(a) 0.50 L of 10 N HCl and 0.50 L of 4N HCl process is
(b) 0.60 L of 10 N HCl and 0.40 L of 4N HCl ( Atomic mass Al = 27 )
(c) 0.80 L of 10 N HCl and 0.20 L of 4N HCl (a) 180 kg (b) 270 kg
(d) 0.75 L of 10 N HCl and 0.25 L of 4N HCl (c) 540 kg (d) 90 kg
Karnataka-CET-2007 JIPMER-2007
Ans. (d) : Required equation: 288. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60M sulphuric
2Al2O3 + 3C → 4Al + 3CO2 acid solution that is 29% H2SO4 (molar mass =
 equivalent w.t of  98 g mol–1) by mass will be
 27  (a) 1.64 (b) 1.88
 Al = 
 3  (c) 1.22 (d) 1.45
No. of gram of equivalent of Al- [AIEEE 2007]
Ans. (c) : Let the density of the solution is 'd'
270 × 103
Al = 1L of solution contains = 3.6 ×98gm of H2SO4
27 / 3 Now,
= 30 × 103 100/d ml solution contains 29gm of H2SO4
No. of gram equivalent of C- Then,
Mass mass 1000 mL solution contains 3.6 × 98g of H2SO4
C= =
Gram equivalent weight 3 So,
(∵gram equivalent w.t of Al 2 O3 = Gram equivalent of C ) 29 × d
3.6 × 98 = × 1000
Now, 100
Mass d = 1.22
30 × 103 =
3 289. Equal masses of methane and oxygen are
mixed in an empty container at 25°C. The
mass = 90 × 103g fraction of the total pressure exerted by oxygen
= 90kg is
285. The molarity of the solution obtained by 2 1 273
(a) (b) ×
dissolving 2.5g of NaCl in 100 mL of water is 3 3 298
(a) 0.00427 moles (b) 427 moles 1 1
(c) 0.427 moles (d) 0.027 moles (c) (d)
3 2
J & K CET-2007 [AIEEE 2007]
Ans. (c) : Given: Ans. (c):
V= 2.5g Mass of methane = wm
Molar mass of NaCl = = 58.5
Mass of oxygen = wo
Now,
Mole fraction (x) of oxygen =
N 2.5 ×1000
Molarity = = Number of moles of oxygen
V 58.5 × 100 Number of moles of oxygen + Number of moles of methane
= 0.427 mol
1
286. One part of solute in one million parts of
1
solvent is expressed as = 32 =
(a) ppm (b) milligrams/100 cc 1 1 3
+
(c) grams/litre (d) grams/100 cc 32 16
J & K CET-2007 Partial pressure of oxygen = X O2 × PTotal
Ans. (a) : One parts per million as ppm is 1
Concentration of solution and can be numerically =P×
expressed as. 3
No.of parts of thecomponent Hence, option (c) is correct answer.
= × 106 290. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol
Tota l number of parts of the solution
has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K. The
287. On mixing ethyl acetate with aqueous sodium vapour pressure of propyl alcohol is 200 mm. If
chloride, the composition of the resultant the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.6, its
solution is vapour pressure (in mm) at the same
(a) CH3COOC2H5 + NaCl temperature will be
(b) CH3COONa + C2H5OH (a) 350 (b) 300
(c) CH3COCl + C2H5OH + NaOH (c) 700 (d) 360
(d) CH3Cl+C2H5COONa AIEEE-2007
AIEEE-2007
Ans. (a) : Given;
Ans. (a) : CH3COOC2H5 + NaCl → no reaction.
PT = 290mm
The resultant solution contains ethyl acetate and sodium
Vapour pressure of propyl alcohol = 200mm
chloride.
Aqueous NaCl is in neutral state so there will be no Mole fraction of C2H5OH = 0.6
such a reaction between ethyl acetate and aqueous Mole faction of propyl Alcohol = 1– 0.6
NaCl. = 0.4

From formula, 294. The volume of water to be added to 100 cm2 of
PT = PA° × XA + PB° × XB 0.5 N H2SO4 to get decinormal concentration is
(a) 400 cm3 (b) 450 cm3
290 = 200 × 0.4 + PB° × 0.6 3
(c) 500 cm (d) 100 cm3
PB° = 350mm. UP CPMT-2006
291. The volume strength of 1.5 N H2O2 solution is Ans. (a) : Given, N1= 0.5N, N2 = 0.1
(a) 8.4 (b) 4.8 V1= 100 cm2
(c) 5.2 (d) 8.8
N1V1 = N2V2 ⇒ 0.5 × 100 = 0.1 × V2
CG PET -2007 V2 = 500 cm3
Ans. (a) : Equivalent weight of H2O2 =
molar mass ∴ Water to be added to 100 cm3 solution = 500 − 100 =
2 400 cm3
1× 2 + 16 × 2295. Which of the following concentration terms
=
2 is/are independent of temperature?
= 17 (a) Molarity
So, (b) Molarity and mole fraction
Strength = Normality × Equivalent weight (c) Mole fraction and molality
= 1.5 × 17 (d) Molality and normality
= 25.5
(e) Only molality
Now, required equation-
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 Kerala-CEE-2006
(2 × 34 = 68 g) (22.4L) Ans. (c) : Molality is the ratio of moles and mass and
Since, 68 grams H2O2 produces 22.4 litres oxygen at mass does not change at any temperature so, we can say
NTP, therefore 25.5 grams of H2O2 will produce. molality is independent of temperature.
22.4 Mole fraction is the number of moles of solute divided
= × 25.5 by the total number of solute moles and solvent moles.
68
= 8.4 It will also not change with the respect of temperature
Thus, volume strength of given H2O2 solution is 8.4 L. and it does not depend on volume.
292. Disperse phase and dispersion medium in 296. 5 litres of a solution contains 25 mg of CaCO3.
butter are respectively What is its concentration in ppm? (mol. wt. of
(a) solid and liquid (b) liquid and solid CaCO3 is 100)
(c) liquid and liquid (d) solid and solid (a) 25 (b) 1
AP-EAMCET (Medical) - 2007 (c) 5 (d) 2500
Ans. (b) : Butter is type of dairy product which contains J & K CET-2006
buffer fat upto 80% which is solid in state when preserved
Ans. (c) : Given:
in a cooled environment or at room temperature. It is an mass of solute = 25 × 10-3g
example of solid emulsion type colloid. The continuous
medium in which the dispersed phase is distributed dilute Solution volume = 5 kg
throughout is called dispersion medium. Water in milk is = 5000 g.
an example of dispersion medium. The phase that is 5000 gm contains 25 × 10−3 gm of CaCO3
composed of particles that are distributed through another
25 × 10−3 g
phase is called the dispersed phase. 106 gm contains = ×106
293. An aqueous solution of glucose is 20% in 5000g
strength. The volume in which 1 g-mole of it is = 5 ppm.
dissolved will be: 297. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in
(a) 9 L (b) 1.8 L
water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution
(c) 8 L (d) 0.9 L
is
UPTU/UPSEE-2006
(a) 1.14 mol kg–1 (b) 3.28 mol kg–1
Ans. (d) : Molar Mass of Glucose = 180g –1
(c) 2.28 mol kg (d) 0.44 mol kg–1
20g glucose  →100mL [AIEEE 2006]
Solution
So, Ans. (c) : Given that,
180g glucose will be disolved Density D = 2.05, Molar mass = 60
100 × 180 Weight of acetic acid = d × molar mass
=
20 = 2.05 × 60
= 900mL = 123 g
= 0.9L Weight of solution = 1000 × 1.02 = 1020g

∴ Weight of water = Weight of solution – weight of 300. The mole fraction of the solute in one molal
acetic acid aqueous solution is
= 1020 – 123 (a) 0.009 (b) 0.018
= 897g (c) 0.027 (d) 0.036
Now, (AIPMT -2005)
2.05 ×1000 Ans. (b) : nA = solute 1kg
molality = nB = number of moles of water (solvent)
897
nA
= 2.285 mol kg–1 mole fraction of solute nA =
nA + nB
298. Acidified KMnO4 oxidises oxalic acid to CO2.
What is the volume (in liters) of 10-4 M KMnO4 =
1mol
required to completely oxidise 0.5 L of 10-2 M 1mol + 55.56 mol
oxalic acid in acid medium? = 0.018
(a) 125 (b) 1250
301. Identify the incorrect statement:
(c) 200 (d) 20
(a) The molarity of a solution is independent of
AP-EAMCET (Medical), 2006 temperature
Ans. (d) : Following reaction occurs during the process (b) The tendency for catenation is much higher
2MnO4– + 5C2O 24 − + 16H+→2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O for carbon than for silicon
–4 (c) Nitriles and iso nitriles constitute metamers
N KMnO4 = 5 × molarity = 5 × 10 N
(d) t-buty 1 carbocation has planar carbons and is
N C O 2− = 2 × molarity = 2 × 10−2 N very reactive
2 4
JCECE-2005
Now, from the normality equation-
Ans. (a) : Molarity is dependent on temperature, but
N 1 V 1 = N 2V 2
molality is independent on temperature because its
or N KMnO4 × V1 = N C O2− × V2 value does not change with changes in temperature.
2 4
−2 302. If 117g NaCl is dissolved in 1000g of water the

2 ×10 × 0.5
or V1 = −4 concentration of the solution is said to be:
5 ×10
2 (a) 2 molar (b) 2 molal
V1 = 0.2 ×10 L
(c) 1 normal (d) 1 molal
or V1 = 20 L
JCECE-2005
299. A solution has a 1:4 mole ratio of pentane to
Ans. (b) : Given.
hexane. The vapour pressures of the pure
Weight of solute = 117g
hydrocarbons at 20°C are 440 mm Hg for
pentane and 120 mm Hg for hexane. The mole Molar mass (NaCl) = 58.5
fraction of pentane in the vapour phase would Molality = no.of mole of solute
be mass of solvent in ( kg )
(a) 0.200 (b) 0.549 117 / 58.5
(c) 0.786 (d) 0.478 Molality =
1kg
(AIPMT -2005)
= 2 molar
Ans. (d) : Given, mole ratio = 1:4
303. Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal
PCo5 H12 = 440 mmHg solutions. At 20°C, the vapour pressure of
benzene is 75 torr and that of toluene is 22 torr.
PCo6 H14 = 120 mmHg
The partial vapour pressure of benzene at 20°C
Totel pressure (Pt) = PCo5 H12 × X C5H12 + PCo6 H14 × X C6H14 for a solution containing 78g of benzene and 46
g of toluene in torr is
1 4
(Pt ) = 440 × + 120 × (a) 53.5 (b) 37.5
5 5 (c) 25 (d) 50
920 AIEEE-2005
= = 184
2 Ans. (d) : Given,
PC5H12 Vapour pressure of benzene (PBo ) = 75 torr
YC5H12 =
Pt Vapour pressure of toluene (P o ) = 22 torr
T
88 Molar mass of benzene = 78 g
Now, YC5H12 = = 0.478
184 Molar mass of toluene = 92 g
78 / 78 1 Data: MA = 0.1, VA = 20
Mole fraction of benzene (χ) = = MB = 0.1 VB =?
78 46 1 + 0.5
+ Required equation,
78 92
= 0.667 H 3 PO3 + 2KOH  → K 2 HPO3 + 2H 2 O
Partial pressure of benzene = Po×χ 0.1 × 20 0.1× VB
= 75 × 0.667 = 50 torr =
1 2
304. Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) So ,
are mixed in the following manner. 480 mL of 0.1 × VB = 2(0.1 × 20)
1.5 M first solution + 520 mL of 1.2 M second
⇒ 0.1 × VB = 4
solution. What is the molarity of the final
mixture? 4
VB = = 40
(a) 2.70 M (b) 1.34 M 0.1
(c) 1.50 M (d) 1.20 M VB = 40mL.
[AIEEE 2005] 307. Assertion: The molecular weight of acetic acid
Ans. (b) : Given, determined by depression in freezing point
m1 = 1.5, v1 = 480 method in benzene and water was found to be
m2 = 1.2, v1 = 520 different.
M V + M 2 V2 Reason: Water is polar and benzene is non-
Now, total molarity = 1 1 polar
V1 + V2
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
1.5 × 480 + 1.2 × 520 the Reason is a correct explanation of the
=
480 + 520 Assertion.
= 1.34 M (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but
305. Which of the following solutions will have the Reason is not a correct explanation of the
highest boiling point? Assertion.
(a) 0.5 molal BaCl2 (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is
(b) 1.0 molal KBr incorrect
(c) 1.8 × 1024 glucose molecules per litre (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are
(d) 100 g powdered glucose in one litre water incorrect.
BITSAT – 2005 (e) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is
correct.
Ans. (c) : Boiling points depends on:
AIIMS-2005
More no of ions → more elevation in boiling point.
On increasing the no. of moles → molality also Ans. (a): The freezing point depression is directly
increases and it is directly proportional to boiling point. proportional to the molal concentration of the solute.
For electrolytes multiply the concentration by van’t In this case, the number of particles are different for
Hoff’s factor ‘i’. benzene and water because acetic acid associated with
(a) 0. 5×3=1.5 for BaCl2; benzene whether dissociated in water.
(b) 1.0×2=2 for KBr, So, the depression in freezing point method is different.
308. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, MnO4 ion is
1.8 × 1024
(c) = 2.98for Glucose converted to Mn2+. What is the number of
6.023 × 1023 equivalents of KMnO4 (mol. Wt. = 158) present
100 in 250 mL of 0.04 N KMnO4 solution?
(d) = 0.55 for glucose
180 (a) 0.02 (b) 0.05
Hence, the highest boiling point will be observed in (c) 0.04 (d) 0.07
case of option (c). AP-EAMCET (Engg.)-2005
306. To neutralise completely 20 mL of 0.1 M Ans. (b) : For the given oxidation reduction reaction-
aqueous solution of phosphorus acid (H3PO3),
the value of 0.1 M aqueous KOH solution
required is Change in oxidation number = (+7) – (+2)
(a) 40mL (b) 20mL =5
(c) 10mL (d) 60mL The normality of solution will be 5×0.04 = 0.20 V
BITSAT – 2005 Given:- V = 250 mL
Ans. (a) : From formula: 250
M A VA M B VB ∴ Number of equivalents of KMnO4 = 0.20 ×
= 1000
nA nB = 0.05

(0.5 mL × 1.05 g ml−1)HCOOH in 1L
2. Colligative Properties and 0.525 g HCOOH in 1L
Determination of Molar Mass Molarity =
0.525
moles/lit
46
309. 1.80 g of solute A was dissolved in 62.5 cm2- of ∆Tf = i × Kf × Molarity
ethanol and freezing point of the solution was 0.525
found to be 155.1 K. The molar mass of solute 0.0405 = i × 1.86 ×
A is ___g mol-1. 46
[Given: Freezing point of ethanol is 156.0K. 46 × 0.0405
i=
Density of ethanol is 0.80 g cm-3. 1.86 × 0.525
Freezing point depression constant of ethanol is i = 1.9
2.00 K kg mol-1] 312. The elevation in boiling point for 1 molal
JEE Main 29.07.2022, Shift-II solution of non-volatile solute A is 3K. The
Ans. (80) : Mass of C2H5OH = 62.5× 0.8=50g depression in freezing point for 2 molal
∆Tf = Kf × m solution of A in the same solvent is 6 K. The
∆Tf = 156 –155.1= 0.9 ratio of Kb and Kf i.e., Kb/Kf is 1: X. The value
of X is [nearest integer]
2 × 1.8 ×1000
0.9 = JEE Main-26.07.2022, Shift-II
M w × 50 Ans. (1) : Given ∆Tb = 3k
2 ×1.8 × 1000 ∆Tf = 6k
Mw = = 80
0.9 × 50
∆Tb = ikb ml , ∆Tf = i k f m 2
310. Two solution A and B are prepared by
dissolving 1 g of non-volatile solutes X and Y. ∆Tb k b ×1 3 1 k b 1
respectively in 1 kg of water. The ratio of = = = = ×
∆Tf k f × 2 6 2 k f 2
depression in freezing points for A and B is
found to be 1 : 4. The ratio of molar masses of kb 1
= ⇒ x =1
X and Y is: kf 1
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 0.25
313. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous
(c) 1 : 0.20 (d) 1 : 5
solution will be highest for
JEE Main 25.07.2022, Shift-II + −
Ans. (b) : (a) C6 H 5 − NH N H 3 Cl (b) Ba(NO3)2
∵ ∆Tf = Kf. m (c) LaCl3 (d) C6H12O6
TS-EAMCET-20.07.2022, Shift-I
Ans. (d) : Higher the value of i, leaser will be the
∴ freezing point. Glucose has not least value of i, or it is
∆Tfx 1/ M x /1 non-electrolyte so has the highest freezing point.
∴ =
∆Tfy 1/ M y /1 314. The freezing point depression of a solution
containing 0.6 g of urea (molar mass = 60 g
Given :-
mol-1) in 100g of benzene (in K) is (Kf of
∆Tfx 1 CH3COOH = 4.0 K Kg mol-1)
=
∆Tfy 4 (a) 0.30 (b) 0.58
(c) 0.40 (d) 0.24
1 My
∴ = AP-EAMCET-06.07.2022, Shift-II
4 Mx Ans. (c) : Given that, Mass of urea = 6 g
∴ Mx : My = 1: 0.25 Molar mass of urea = 60 g
311. The depression in freezing point observed for a Mass of benzene = 100 g
formic acid solution of concentration 0.5 mL Kf = 4.0 kgmol–1
L−1 is 0.0405oC. density of formic acid is 1.05 g We know that
mL−1. The Van’t Hoff factor of the formic acid ∆Tf = Kf × m
solution is nearly: (Given for water kf = 1.86 K Where,
−1
kg mol ) m = molality
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.1
(c) 1.9 (d) 2.4 Mole solute
=
JEE Main 25.07.2022, Shift-I kg solvent
Ans. (c) : Given that, kf × mole of soluble
Conc. of formic acid [HCOOH] = 0.5 mL ∆Tf =
−1 kg of solvent
L ∆Tf = 0.0405
.01 .6
Density of formic acid = 1.05 gm/mL 4× = 0.40 ∴Mole of soluble = = 0.01
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1 .1 60

315. 0.05 mole of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 318. Which of the following solution has the highest
500 g of water. What is the depression in freezing point?
freezing point of resultant solution? (Kf (H2O) = (a) 0.1 mol KCℓ in 1 kg water
1.86 k kg mol-1)
(a) 0.047 K (b) 0.372 K (b) 0.1 mol K 2SO 4 in 1 kg water
(c) 0.093 K (d) 0.186 K (c) 0.1 mol Urea in 1 kg water
AP-EAMCET-05.07.2022, Shift-I (d) 30 g of glucose in 1 kg water
Ans. (d) : Given data, mole = 0.05, W (solvent) = 500 g AP-EAMCET-06.07.2022, Shift-I
Tf = ?, Kf = 1.86 Kg mo–1 Ans. (c) : Freezing point will be given by formula ∆Tf
Now, Tf = Kf × m = iKf m
0.05 (a) 0.1 mol KCl in 1 kg water
Tf = 1.86 × ×1000 KCl → K+ + Cl–
500
Tf = 0.186 K Thus, i = 2
316. At T (K) x g of a non-volatile solid (molar mass (b) 0.1 mol K2SO4 in 1 kg water
78 g mol–1) when added to 0.5 kg water, Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO 24−
lowered its freezing point by 1.0°C. What is x Thus, i = 3
(in g)? (Kf of water at T(K) = 1.86 K Kg mol–1) (c) 0.1 mol urea in 1 kg water
(a) 10.48 (b) 20.96 urea is a non -electrolyte
(c) 41.92 (d) 5.24
Thus, i = 1
AP-EAMCET-04.07.2022, Shift-I
∆Tf = i × Kf × m = I × Kf × 0.1 = 0.1Kf
Ans. (b) : Given that, W1= w g (d) 30g glucose in 1 kg water
W2 = 0.5 kg = 500g
∆Tf = i × Kf × m
M1 = 78g mol–1
glucose is non-electrolyte i = 1
kf = 1.86 k kg mol–1
∆Tf = 1°C 30 /180
∆Tf = i × Kf × = 0.166 K f
we know that 1
w × 1000 The highest freezing point will be of the solution having
∆ T f = Kf × l the lowest ∆Tf value. Thus, the highest freezing point of
W2 M 2 option (c) because it, give lowest ∆Tf vlue.
x × 1000 319. Which of the following is not a colligative
1 = 1.86 ×
500 × 78 property?
x = 20.96 g (a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Optical activity
317. 1.8 g of glucose (molar mass 180 g mol–1) is
dissolved in 0.1 kg of water. The freezing point (c) Depression in freezing point
of the solution (in ºC) is (d) Elevation in boiling point
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) Karnataka-CET-2016, 2013
(a) +0.186 (b) –0.372 MHT CET-2009, UPTU/UPSEE-2009
(c) –0.186 (d) +0.372 AMU-2007, J & K CET-2003
AP-EAMCET-07.07.2022, Shift-I AIIMS-2001, UP CPMT-2001
Ans. (c) : Given, Mass of solute (glucose) = 1.8 g Ans. (b) : Certain properties of an solution depend only
Molar Mass of solute = 180 mol–1 on the number of particles of the solute in a definite
Mass of solvent = 0.1 kg amount of the solvent and do not depend on the nature
of solute. Such properties are called colligative
Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1 properties. Osmotic pressure, lowering of vapour
∆Tf = Kf × m pressure, elevation in boiling point and depression in
Where m is modality freezing point are some colligative properties. Hence,
Mass of solute 1 the one which is not colligative property is optical
Molality = × activity.
Molar Mass of solute Mass of solution in Kg
320. An aqueous solution freezes at – 0.186ºC, then
1.8 1 elevation in boiling point is :
= × = 0.1m
180 0.1 (Kb = 0.512, Kf = 1.86)
∆Tf = 1.86 × 0.1 (a) 0.0512ºC (b) 100.0512ºC
= 0.186 K (c) – 0.0512ºC (d) None of these
∆Tf = To – Tf [To = 273.15K Manipal-2019
0.186 = 273.15K–Tf AIEEE-2002, BCECE-2018
Tf = 273.15 –0.186 Ans. (a) : Given that–
= 272.964K Tf (freezing point of an aqueous solution = –0.186°C)
Tf = 272.964 K ∴ ∆Tf = Tf° − Tf = 0 − (−0.186°C)
Tf = – 0.186 °C ∆Tf = 0.186°C

Since, ∆Tf = Kf × molality So,
∆Tf ∆Tf K f
molality (m) = =
Kf ∆Tb K b
it is known that , ∆Tb = Kb × m ∆Tf 1.86
=
∆Tf 0.18 0.512
∆Tb = 0.512 × 1.86 × 0.18
Kf or ∆Tf =
0.816 0.512
= 0.512 × = 0.654
1.86 Now,
= 0.0512°C
∆Tf = T1 – T2
321. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of 0.654 = 0° C – T2
10g of solute (mol. wt.=100) in 100g of water is
∴T2 = – 0.654°C
∆Tb, the ebullioscopic constant of water is
(a) 10 (b) 100 Tb 324. Gold sol is not a
(a) lyophobic sol
∆Tb
(c) ∆Tb (d) (b) negatively charged sol
10 (c) macromolecular sol
(e) 10Tb (d) multimolecular colloid
Kerala-CEE-2007, BITSAT-2012 Karnataka-CET-2018, 2014
Ans. (c) : We know that– Ans. (c) : Gold sol is not a macromolecular sol colloid.
∆Tb = m.K b Gold sol contains a large number of particles so it is
1000× w multimolecular, lyphobic and negatively charged sol.
∆Tb = ×K b 325. During the depression in freezing point
W×M
where, w = weight of solute experiment, an equilibrium is established
between the molecules of
W = weight of solvent (a) liquid solvent and solid solvent
Kb = ebullioscopic constant of water (b) liquid solute and solid solvent
∆Tb = elevation in boiling point (c) liquid solute and solid solute
M = molar mass of solute (d) liquid solvent and solid solute
1000×10 AP EAMCET (Engg.)-2009
∆Tb = ×Kb VITEEE- 2009
100×100
∆Tb = K b Ans. (a) : Freezing point of a substance is the
temperature at which the solid and the liquid forms of
322. Tyndall effect shown by colloids is due to: the substance are in equilibrium. During the depression
(a) scattering of light by the particles in freezing point experiment, an equilibrium is
(b) movements of particles established between the molecules of liquid solvent and
(c) reflection of light by the particles solid solvent.
(d) coagulation of particles 326. Which among the following is a colligative
UPTU/UPSEE-2005, UP CPMT-2010 property?
Ans. (a) : Tyndall effect is due to scattering of light by (a) Surface tension (b) Osmotic pressure
colloidal particles. This effect can be observed in (c) Optical rotation (d) Viscosity
theaters when a beam of light is thrown on the screen AP EAPCET 24.08.2021 Shift-II
we observe the path of light clearly visible because dust CG PET-2006
particles in air scatter light. Ans. (b) : Colligative properties of solutions are
323. A solution of urea (mol. Mass 56g mol-1) boils properties that depend upon the concentration of solute
at 100.18oC at the atmospheric pressure. If kf molecules or ions. Colligative properties include vapour
and kb for water are 1.86 and 0.512 k kg mol-1 pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing
respectively, the above solution will freeze at point depression and osmotic pressure.
(a) – 6.54o C (b) 6.54o C 327. Assertion: If one component of a solution obeys
(c) 0.654o C (d) – 0.654o C Raoult’s law over a certain range of
AIIMS-2015, JIPMER-2007 composition, the other component will not obey
Ans. (d) : Given that– Henry’s law in the range.
Molecular mass of urea = 56 g mol–1 Reason: Raoult’s law is a special case of
Boiling point = 100.18°C Henry’s law
Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1 the Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
From formula,
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
∆Tf = Kf × molality of solution and Reason is not the correct explanation of
∆Tf = Kb × molality of solution Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Tf(solution) = ?
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are From formula –
incorrect. ∆Tf = i × Kf × m
[AIIMS-2017, 2013, 2011] 1× 5.12 × 10
Ans. (b): If one compound obeys Henry's law, then the ∆Tf =
58200 × 1000
other component must obey Raoult's law over the same
composition range. Conversely if one component obeys 5.12 × 50
∆Tf =
Raoult's law over a given composition range, the other 58
component must be obey Henry's law over the same = 4.414
range. Raoult's law is in general only obeyed by We know that–
component A in the limiting case when the solution Tf = TK – ∆Tf
consists practically entirely of component A, so that
= 5.5 – 4.414
component B, being present in very small amount,
obeys Henry's law. = 1.086°C ≃ 1°C
Yes the Raout's law special case of Henry's law. 331. When 3.00 g of a substance 'X' is dissolved in
328. In a 0.2 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid 100 g of CCl4, it raises the boiling point by 0.60
HX the degree of ionization is 0.3. Taking Kf K. the molar mass of the substance 'X' is ........ g
for water as 1.85, the freezing point of the mol–1. (Nearest integer)
solution will be nearest to [Given, Kb for CCl4 is 5.0 K kg mol–1]
(a) –0.360oC (b) –0.260oC [JEE Main 2021, 25 July Shift-II]
o
(c) +0.480 C (d) –0.480oC Ans. (250) : Given that–
BITSAT-2008, AIEEE-2003 Mass of substance 'X' (solute) = 3 g
Ans. (d) : Given, Mass of CCl4 (solvent) = 100 g
α = 0.3, m = 0.2, Kf = 1.85 Difference in boiling point (∆Tb) = 0.60 K
HX ↽ ⇀ H+ +X– Kb for CCl4 = 5.0 K kg mol–1
From formula–
i = 1 + α = 1.3
∆Tb = iKb.m where i = 1
∆Tf = molality × Kf × i
= 0.2 × 1.85 × 1.3 n (solute ) × 1000
0.6 = 1 × 5 ×
= 0.481º w (solvent )
∴Freezing point = –0.481ºC ≈ –0.480 °C
3 × 1000
329. Which colligative property is more useful to 0.6 = 5 ×
determine the molecular weight of the M x × 100
substances like proteins and polymers? 150
(a) Lowering of vapour pressure Mx =
0.6
(b) Elevation in boiling point = 250g/mol
(c) Depression of freezing point
332. Which one of the following 0.06 M aqueous
(d) Osmotic pressure
solutions has lowest freezing point?
GUJCET-2016, 2015
(a) Al2(SO4)3 (b) C6H12O6
Ans. (d) : Osmotic pressure is the best method for the (c) KI (d) K2SO4
determination of molar mass of proteins and polymers.
[JEE Main 2021, 22 July Shift-II]
w RT
M2 = 2 Ans. (a) : ∆Tf = i × Kf × m or ∆Tf ∝ i
ΠV Van't hoff factor 'i' for the given compound are-
Where, KCl: 2; C6H12O6: 1; Al2 (SO4)3: 5; K2SO4:3
Π = osmotic pressure Hence, Al2(SO4)3 will show the largest depression in
R = gas constant freezing point.
V = Volume of the solution in (l)
333. A solute a dimerises in water. The boiling point
M2 = Molar mass of a 2 molar solution of A is 100.52°C.
w2 = weight of solute The percentage association of A is ...... (Round
330. C6H6 freezes at 5.5°C. The temperature at off to the nearest integer)
which a solution 10 g of C4H10 in 200 g of C6H6 [Use : Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1, boiling
freeze is .........°C. (The molal freezing point point of water = 100°C]
depression constant of C6H6 is 5.12°C/m.)
[JEE Main 2021, 18 March Shift-II]
[JEE Main 2021, 24 Feb Shift-II]
Ans. (100) :
Ans. (1) : Given data –
Freezing point of C6H6 = 5.5 °C ∆Tb = i × Kb × m
Mass of C4H10 = 10 g 0.52 = i × 0.52 × 2
Molecular mass of C6H6 = 200 g 1
i=
Tk(solvent) = 5.5°C 2

We know that– Ans. (518) : Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol–1
1  So, Mass of sucrose per kg of solvent = 0.75× 342
i = 1 +  − 1 α = 256.5g
n  Mass of sucrose in 1 kg of solution
n = 2 for dimerization
256.5
1 1  = ×1000
∴ = 1 +  − 1 α 1000 + 256.5
2 2  = 204.14g
α =1 Mass of solvent = 1000 – 204.14
Now = 795.86g
α = 1 × 100 = 100 204.14 1000
∆Tf = i × Kf × m = 1× 1.86 × ×
334. 2 molal solution of a weak acid HA has a 342 W
freezing point of 3.885°C. The degree of 1.86× 204.14×1000
dissociation of this acid is ......... × 10–3. (Round 4=
off to the nearest integer). 342× W
[Given : Molal depression constant of water = W = 277.55 g
1.85 K kg mol–1, freezing point of pure water = Amount of ice will be separated = 795.86 – 277.55
0°C] = 518.31g
[JEE Main 2021, 18 March Shift-II] 337. The following solutions were prepared by
Ans. (50) : Given that– dissolving 10 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 250 ml
Molality of solution = 2 of water (P1). 10 g of urea (CH4N2O) in 250 ml
Freezing point of weak acid HA = 3.885 °C of water (P2) and 10g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in
250 ml of water (P3)
Kf for water = 1.85 K kg mol–1
The right option for the decreasing order of
∆Tf = i × Kf × m osmotic pressure of these solutions is.
3.885 = i × 1.85 × 2 (a) P3> P1> P2 (b) P2> P1> P3
3.885 (c) P1> P2> P3 (d) P2> P3> P1
i=
1.85 × 2 (NEET-2021)
i = 1.05 Ans. (b) : Osmotic pressure = i CRT Higher will be the
Now, 1.05 = 1 + (2 – 1) α molar mass of solute, smaller will be molar
1.05 = 1 + α concentration and smaller will be osmotic pressure.
α = 1.05 – 1 Decreasing order = sucrose > Glucose >urea.
α = 0.05 338. 1.22 g of an organic acid is separately dissolved in
α = 50 × 10–3 100 g of benzene (Kb = 2.6 K kg mol–1) and 100 g
335. 40g of glucose (Molar mass = 180) is mixed of acetone (Kb = 1.7 K kg mol–1). The acid is
with 200 mL of water. The freezing point of known to dimerise in benzene but remain as a
solution is............. K. (Nearest integer) monomer in acetone. The boiling point of the
solution in acetone increases by 0.17°C. The
[Given, Kf = 1.86K kg mol–1
increase in boiling point of solution in benzene in
density of water = 1.00 g cm–3 °C is x × 10–2. The value of x is ....... (Nearest
freezing point of water = 273.15 K] integer) [Atomic mass : C = 12.0, H = 1.0, 0=16.0]
[JEE Main 2021, 27 Aug Shift-II] [JEE Main 2021, 31 Aug Shift-II]
Ans. (271) : Given data– Ans. (13) : Benzene as a solvent–
Mass of solute = 40 g From formula–
Molecular mass of solute = 180 g ∆Tb = iKbm
Mass of solvent = 200 mL
1 1.22 Mw
Tf = 273.15k = × 2.6 × × .....(i)
Tf' = ? 2 100 1000
Now,
From formula Acetone as solvent–
∆Tf = K f m 1.22 × Mw
40 × 1000 ∆Tb = 1 × 1.77 ×
∆Tf = Tf – Tf' = 1.86 × 100 × 1000
180 × 200 1.22 × Mw
Tf' = 273.15 – 2.06 0.17 = 1× 1.7 × …….(ii)
100 × 1000
= 271.09K. Dividing equation (i) by (ii) we get–
336. 1 kg of 0.75 molal aqueous solution of sucrose 0.26
can be cooled up to –4°C before freezing. The ∆Tb = = 0.13
amount of ice (in g) that will be separated out is 2
......... (Nearest integer) ∆Tb = 13×10–2
[Given, Kf (H2O) = 1.86 K kg mol–1] So,
[JEE Main 2021, 27 Aug Shift-I] x = 13
339. Which one of the following 0.10 M aqueous 342. 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2B3
solutions will exhibit the largest freezing point is 60% ionised. The boiling point of the solution
depression? at 1 atm is _______K. (Rounded-off to the
(a) Hydrazine (b) Glucose nearest integer)
(c) Glycine (d) KHSO4 [Given Kb for (H2O) = 0.52 kg mol–1]
[JEE Main 2021, 31 Aug Shift-II] JEE Main 25-02-2021, Shift-I
∆Tf = i × K f × m Ans. : Reaction is given by, A 2 B3 ⇌ 2A 3+ + 3B2–
Ans. (d) : We know that –
∆Tf ∝ i No. of ions = 5
Here – ⇒ i = 1 + (n–1) α
∆Tf = Depression in freezing point ⇒ i = 1 + (5–1) × 0.6
Kf = Molar depression constant ⇒ i = 1 + 4 × 0.6
m = molality
⇒ i = 3.4
i = van't hoff factor
van't of hoff factor ' i ' for the given compounds are – We know that, ∆Tb = i Kbm
Hydrazine (NH2–NH2) : 1; Glucose (C6H12O6) : 1 ; where, Kb = boiling point elevation constant or
Glycine (H2N–CH2–COOH) : 1 ; KHSO4 : 2 molal elevation constant/Ebullioscopic constant.
Hence, KHSO4 will so the largest depression in freezing m = molality of solution
point. ∆Tb = Tb - Tb° is elevation of boiling point.
340. When 12.2 g of benzoic acid is dissolved in 100g Tb° = boiling point of pure solvent
of water, the freezing point of solution was
found to be –0.93°C (Kf (H2O) = 1.86 K kg mol– Tb = boiling point of solution.
1
). The number (n) of benzoic acid molecules
associated (assuming 100% association) is ∴ ∆Tb = i × m × Kb
[JEE Main 2021, 26 Feb Shift-II] = 3.4 × 1 × 0.52
Ans. (2) : Given that, = 1.768 ºC
Mass of benzoic acid = 12.2g
mass of water = 100 g ( )
⇒ ∆Tb = (Tb) solution – Tb°
puresolvent
freezing point of solution = – 0.93 °C 1.768 = (Tb)solution – 100
Kf (H2O) 1.8 K kg mol–1 (Tb)solution = 101.768 ºC
According to freezing point depression is – = 374.768K ≈ 375 K
∆Tf = i × Kf × m 343. Which one of the following graphs correctly
12.2 represents change in freezing point as a
0 – (– 0.93) = i × 1.86 × × 1000
122 × 100 function of solute concentration?
0.93
i= = 0.5
1.86
Now, (a) (b)
1 
i = 1 +  – 1 α
x 
1 1 
= 1 +  – 1 × 1 (c) (d)
2 x 
x=2
341. 83 g of ethylene glycol dissolved in 625 g of TS-EAMCET 09.08.2021, Shift-I
water. The freezing point of the solution is ........ Ans. (b) :
K. (Nearest integer)
[Use, molal freezing point depression constant
of water = 1.86 K kg mol–1, Freezing point of
water = 273 K and Atomic masses : C = 12.0 u,
O = 16.0 u, H = 1.0 u]
[JEE Main 2021, 26 Aug Shift-II]
Graph represents change in freezing point as a function
Ans. (269) : We know that– of solute concentration.
∆Tf = Tf° – Tf (s) = i × K f × m. 344. On mixing urea, the boiling point of H2O
 83 × 1000  changed to 100.5oC. Calculated the freezing
273.15 – Tf(s) = 1 × 1.86 ×   point of the solution, if Kf of water is 1.87 K.
 62 × 625g  Kg.mol–1 and Kb of water is 0.52 K.kg.mol–1.
273.15 – Tf(s) = 3.984 (a) –1oC (b) –0.5oC
Tf(s) = 269.166 K o
(c) –1.8 C (d) 0oC
≃ 269 K TS EAMCET 05.08.2021, Shift-I
Ans. (c): ∴ i = (1+2α )
Given that, Boiling point of solution = 100.5oC Now,
Kb = 0.52K kg mol–1, Kf = 1.87K kg mol–1 ∆Tb = i × m × K b
∆Tb = 100.5 – 100oC = 0.5
∆T = Kb × molality ∆Tb = (1 + 2 × 0.1) × 10 × 0.5
0.5 ∆Tb = 6 °C
Molality =
0.52 ∵∆Tb = Tb − Tbo
∆TFreezing = Kf × molality or Tb = ∆Tb + Tbo
0.5 Tb = 6 + 100 = 106°C
= 1.87 ×
0.52 So, boiling point = 106 °C
= 1.8 oC 347. During which of the following processes, does
Freezing point of solution = 0 °C – 1.8 oC entropy decrease?
= –1.8 oC (a) Freezing of water to ice at 0°C
345. Match of following (b) Freezing of water to ice at –10°C
(A) Ebullioscopic (I) Depression of freezing (c) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2NH 3 (g)
constant point (d) Adsorption of CO(g) on lead surface.
(B) Cryosopic (II) Total pressure is the (e) Dissolution of NaCl in water
constant sum of partial Choose the correct answer from the options
pressures of the given below:
(C) Henry's law components (a) (a),(b),(c) and (d) only
(III) Elevation of boiling (b) (a), (c) and (e) only
(D) Dalton's law point (c) (a) and (e) only
(IV) Solubility of a gas in (d) (b) and (c) only
liquid JEE Main 17.03.2021, Shift-II
The correct match is Ans. (a) :The entropy decreases during the formation of
A B C D ice from water at 0°C i.e.
0° C
(a) III I II IV Water → ice, ∆S = –ve
(b) I III II IV (b) At –10°C, the conversion of water into ice.
(c) III I IV II ∆S having negative value.
–10° C
(d) I III IV II Water  → ice, ∆S = –ve
TS EAMCET 05.08.2021, Shift-I (c) The formation of ammonia by Haber's process
Ans. (c) : which is given as-
Ebullioscopic constant Elevation of boiling point N 2 (g) + 3N 2 (g) ↽ ⇀ 2NH 3 (g), ∆S = –ve
Cryosopic constant Depression of freezing (d) Adsorption of CO(g) at lead surface decrease the
point entropy of the system.
Henry's law Solubility of a gas in liquid (e) Dissolution of NaCl in water increases the entropy.
Dalton's law Total pressure is the sum So, in the process a, b, c, d entropy decrease.
of partial pressures of the 348. At 298 K, the enthalpy of fusion of a solid (X) is
components. 2.8 kJ mol–1 and the enthalpy of vaporisation of
346. AB2 is 10% dissociated in water to A2+ and B–. the liquid (X) is 98.2 kJ mol–1. The enthalpy of
The boiling point of a 10.0 molal aqueous sublimation of the substance (X) in kJ mol–1 is
solution of AB2 is_______ 0C. (Round off to the ............ . (Nearest integer)
Nearest Integer). [JEE Main 2021, 25 July Shift-I]
[Given : Molal elevation constant of water Ans. 101
Kb= 0.5 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water Given that,
= 1000C] ∆Hfus = 2.8 kJ mol–1
JEE Main 16.03.2021, Shift-I ∆Hvap = 98.2 KJ mol–1
Ans. (106) : Given that, ∆Hsub = ∆Hfus + ∆Hvap
∆Tb = i × m × K b = 2.8 + 98.2
= 101 KJ/mol
α =0.1, m=10, K b = 0.05K kg mol−1 349. 2 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass is
The dissociation of AB2 is : 500 g mol-1) was dissolved in 57.3 g of xylene. If
the freezing point depression constant Kf of
AB2 ↽ ⇀ A 2+ + 2B− Xylene is 4.3 K kg mol-1 . Then the depression
t=0 a 0 0 in freezing point of Xylene is ____
t=T a − aα aα 2aα (a) 57.3 k (b) 0.3 k
(c) 4.3 k (d) 0.002 k
Total mole ( n ) = a − aα + aα + 2aα = a (1 + 2α ) AP EAPCET 24.08.2021 Shift-II
Ans. (b): Given that, Ans. (a) : We have formula of elevation constant (Kb)
Weight of solute (W1) = 2 gm and elevation of boiling point (∆Tb) –
Weight of solvent (W2) = 57.3 gm ∆Tb= i Kb m
Molar mass of solute (M1) = 500 g mol-1) For binary electrolyte – i.e. i=2
Freezing point depression const (Kf ) = 4.3 Kkg mol-1 ∆Tb= 2 Kb × m
∆Tf = ? or
∆Tb  10 × 1000 
W1 × 1000 Kb =  ∵ m=
∆Tf = Kf × 2m  100 ×100 
W2 × M1 m=1
2 × 1000
∆Tf = 4.3 × ∆Tb
57.3 × 500 ∴ Kb =
2
∆Tf = 0.3k 353. Which of the following aqueous solution has
350. Which of the following will form an ideal highest boiling point? (Assume identical
solution? conditions)
(a) C2H5OH & H2O (a) 1% Glucose (b) 1% Sucrose
(b) HNO3 & H2O (c) 1% Urea (d) 1% Phenol
TS EAMCET 10.08.2021, Shift-I
(c) CHCl3 & CH3COCH3
(d) C6H6 & C6H5CH3 Ans. (c) : ∆Tb = mk b
AP EAPCET 19-08-2021 Shift-I Elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to
Ans. (d) : An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a molality.
solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties Species Mole Molality (m)
analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. Benzene 1 1/ 80
(C6H6) and C6H5CH3 (Toluene) will form an ideal 1% glucose = 0.126 m
180 99 × 10−3
solution over the entire range of composition. The 1 1/ 342
bonding interactions among the molecules will be same 1% sucrose = 0.088m
before and after mixing. Other species given in the 342 33 × 10−3
option are not form ideal solution because they deviate 1 1/ 60
from the Raoult's Law. 1% Urea = 0.168m
60 99 ×10−3
351. If a solution of maltose (molecular mass = 342.3 1/ 94
g.mol-1) was prepared by dissolving 72.4 g of 1% Phenol 1/ 94 = 0.107 m
maltose in 1000 g of ethanol then depression in 99 ×10−3
freezing point of ethanol is ______ K. So, urea will have more boiling point.
Given for ethanol. Kf = 1.23 K kg mol and -1 354. Calculate the molal depression constant of a
molecular mass = 46.07g.mol-1 solution, which freezes at 15°C. The latent heat
(a) 0.26 (b) 272.74 of fusion is 180.7 Jg–1
(a) 3.81 K molal–1 (b) 0.381 K molal–1
(c) 46.07 (d) 72.40 –1
(c) 1.90 K molal (d) 0.19 K molal–1
AP EAPCET-6 Sep. 2021, Shift-II TS-EAMCET (Engg.), 07.08.2021 Shift-II
Ans. (a) : The depression in freezing point Ans. (a) : Given data,
∆Tf = m × K f Tf = 15°C + 273 = 288K
Lf = 180.7 J/g, R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1
K f × w B × 1000
∆Tf = Molal depression constant–
M B × WA
RTf2
1.23 × 72.4 × 1000 Kf =
= 1000 × Lf
342.3 × 1000 Where, Kf = Molal depression constant
89052 R = Gas constant
= Tf = Freezing point of the solution
342300
And Lf = Latent heat of fusion.
∆Tf = 0.26 K
8.314 × (288) 2
352. The elevation in boiling point of a solution of 10 ∴ Kf =
g of a binary electrolyte (of molecular mass 1000 ×180.7
100) in 100 g of water is ∆Tb. Then the value of Kf = 3.81K molal–1
Kb water is ______. 355. Which condition is not satisfied by an ideal
solution?
∆Tb (a) Both ∆mix H = 0 and ∆mix S = 0
(a) (b) 10
2 (b) Obeyance on Raoult's law
∆Tb (c) Both ∆mix H = 0 and ∆mix V = 0
(c) 10∆Tb (d)
10 (d) ∆mix H = 0
AP EAPCET 24.08.2021, Shift-I AP-EAPCET 19.08.2021, Shift-II
Ans. (a) : The condition, 358. The freezing point depression constant (Kf) of
∆mix H = 0 and ∆mix S = 0 is not satisfy the ideal solution benzene is 5.12 k kg mol–1. The freezing point
depression for the solution of molality 0.078 m
because an ideal solution follows; containing a non-electrolyte solute in benzene is
• Volume change (∆V) of mixing should be zero. i.e. (rounded off upto two decimal places)
∆mix V = 0 (a) 0.20k (b) 0.80k
• Heat change (∆H) of mixing should be zero. i.e. ∆mix (c) 0.40k (d) 0.60k
H = 0. (NEET-2020)
• Obeys Raoult's law at every range of concentration. Ans. (c) : We know that,
356. A solution of urea (molar mass 60 g mol-1) boils ∆Tf = i Kf m
at 100.20ºC at the atmospheric pressure. if Kf Where,
and Kb for water are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol-1 Kf = freezing point depression constant
respectively. The freezing point of the solution m = molality
will be ____. ∆Tf = 1 × 5.12 × 0.078 (because i = 1)
(a) – 0.654º C (b) + 0.654º C = 0.399
(c) – 0.726º C (d) + 0.726º C ≈ 0.40K
AP EAPCET 19.08.2021, Shift-II 359. Function of potassium ethyl xanthate in froth
Ans. (c) : Given - Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Tf = ? floatation process is to make the ore
(a) lighter (b) hydrophobic
K b = 0.512 K kg mol−1 (c) hydrophilic (d) heavier
∆Tb = K b × molality ...( i ) Karnataka-CET-2020
Ans. (b) : Hydrophobic compounds do not dissolve
∆Tf = K f × molality ...( ii ) easily in water, and they are usually non-polar. The
function of potassium ethyl xanthate in froth floatation
Tb – Tb = Kb m = ∆Tb
°
process is to make the are hydrophobic.
100.20 °C – 100 °C = 0.20 °C 360. The elevation of boiling point of 0.10 m
From (i) and (ii) we get– aqueous CrCl3 . xNH3 solution is two times that
∆Tb K b of 0.05 m aqueous CaCl2 solution. The value of
= x is.......
∆Tf K f [Assume 100% ionisation of the complex and
K  1.86 CaCl2, coordination number of Cr as 6, and
or ∆Tf = ∆Tb  f  = 0.20 × that all NH3 molecules are present inside the
 Kb  0.512 coordination sphere]
∆Tf = 0.726º C [JEE Main 2020, 6 Sep Shift-II]
Freezing point (Tf)= 0 – 0.726ºC = – 0.726ºC. Ans. (5.00) : Given,
Molality = 0.05m (CaCl2 solution)
357. Kf (water)=1.86 K kg mol-1 The temperature at From formula
which ice begins to separate from a mixture of ∆Tb = iKbm = 3 × Kb × 0.05
10 mass % ethylene glycol is
o o = 0.15 Kb…..(i)
(a) –1.86 C (b) – 3.72 C Molality of CrCl3.xNH3 = 0.10m from formula,
o o
(c) –3.3 C (d) –3 C ∆Tb = i Kb × 0.10
WB-JEE-2020 Now, It is given that
Ans. (c) : Given that– ∆Tb = 2∆Tb
Kf = 1.86 k kg mol–1 iKb × 0.10 = 0.15 Kb
We know that– i=3
∆Tf = Kf × m Coordination Number of Cr = 6
mole Now,
molality (m) = from the reaction.
solvent(in kg) –
[Cr(NH3)5 Cl] Cl2 → [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+ + Cl
 10 1000  x=5
∆Tf = 1.86  × 
 62 90  361. How much amount of NaCl should be added to
= 3.3oC 600g of water (ρ = 1.00 g/mL) to decrease the
Since the freezing point of ice is 0°C. freezing point of water to –0.2°C? ...... (The
freezing point at which ice becomes to seprate freezing point depression constant for water =
2 K kg mol–1)
∆Tf = 3.3°C [JEE Main 2020, 9 Jan Shift-I]
Tf° – Tf = 3.3°C Ans. (1.76) : Given that,
0 – Tf = 3.3°C ∆Tf = 0.2 i = 2
Tf = –3.3°C ∆Tf = i (Kf . m)

So, 364. Match the item given in Column-I (method
NaCl ↽ ⇀ Na+ +Cl– used for determining colligative property) and
Column-II (for the corresponding colligative
w property) and find the correct order.
0.2 = 2 × 2 ×
58.5 Column I Column II
600 A. Beckmann 1. Osmotic pressure
1000 method
2 × 585 × 6 B. Ostwald-Walker 2. Elevation in B.P
w= method
4000
w = 1.76 gm C. Berkeley-Hartley 3. Depression in F.P.
362. 160 g of non-volatile solute 'A' is disolved in 54 method
mL of water at 373 K. What is the vapour D. Landsberger 4. Relative lowering of
pressure of aqueous solution of A. method vapour pressure
(Given, molecular weight of A = 160 g mol-1) Code:
(a) 760 Torr (b) 720 Torr A B C D
(c) 570 Torr (d) 450 Torr (a) 2 4 3 1
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020 Shift-I (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 2 3 4 1
Ans. (c) : Raoult's law of vapour pressure =
( pº -p ) (d) 3 4 1 2
pº AP EAMCET (Engg.) 18.9.2020 Shift-I
[ ∵ pº = vapour pressure of H2O(g) at 373 K = 760 bar Ans. (d) : The correct matching between Column I and
Let, d of water = 1 g/mL Column II are–
⇒ 54 mL = 54 g water Method Colligative property
then, Backmann method Depression in freezing point
nA Ostwald-Walker method Relative lowering of vapour
mole fraction ( χ A ) = pressure
n A + n H 2O
Berkeley-Hartley method Osmotic pressure
160 Landsberger method Elevation in boiling point
760 − p 1
= 160 = 365. What is the density of water vapour at boiling
760 160 54 4 point of water?
+
160 18 (a) 1×10–4 g cm–3 (b) 1 g cm–3
–4 –3
p 1 (c) 6×10 g cm (d) 4×10–4 g cm–3
1− = MHT CET-02.05.2019, SHIFT-II
760 4
Ans. (c) : Water has never absolute density, because
3
⇒ p = × 760 = 570 torr. density of water directly belongs to temperature.
4 So, The density of water vapour at 100°C is 6 × 10–4g
363. Assertion : Standard boiling point of a liquid is cm–3.
slightly higher than the normal boiling point. 366. A non-volatile solute, 'A' tetramerises in water
Reason : 1 bar pressure is slightly less than 1 to the extent of 80%. 2.5 g of 'A' in 100 g of
atm pressure. water, lower the freezing point by 0.3oC. The
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct statements moler mass of 'A' in g is
and reason is the correct explanation for (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
Assertion. (a) 62 (b) 221
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct statements (c) 155 (d) 354
and Reason is not the explanation for Karnataka-CET-2019
Assertion. Ans. (a) We know that–
(c) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect.
i × K f × w 2 × 1000
(d) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct. ∆Tf =
m 2 × 100
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 18.09.2020, Shift-I
1– i
Ans. (d) : α=
• Assertion is incorrect because standard boiling point 1
1–
(b.p. at 1 bar pressure) of a liquid is slightly lower 4
than the normal boiling point (b.p. at 1 atm pressure). 1– i
It is because 1 bar pressure is slightly lower than 1 ⇒ 0.8 =
1
atm pressure. 1–
4
• Reason is correct because 1 atm = 1.01325 bar. i = 0.4
Given– Ans. (c) : For same freezing point, molality of both
w2 = 2.5g solution should be same.
∆Tf = 0.3°C Mx = My
Kf = 1.86 k.kg mol–1 4 ×1000 12 ×1000
=
0.4 × 1.86 × 2.5 ×10 96 × M x 88 × M y
m2 =
0.3 4×1000×88× My = 12 × 1000 × 96 × Mx
m2 = 62 g mol–1
96 × M x × 12
367. The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B or, My =
are 400 and 600 mmHg, respectively at 298 K. 88 × 4
On mixing the two liquids, the sum of their My = 3.27A ≃ 3A
initial volumes is equal to the volume of the 370. 1 g of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute is
final mixture. The mole fraction of liquid B is dissolved in 100g of two different solvents A
0.5 in the mixture. The vapour pressure of the and B, whose ebullioscopic constants are in the
final solution, the mole fractions of components ratio of 1:5. The ratio of the elevation in their
A and B in vapour phase, respectively are ∆T (A)
(a) 450 mmHg, 0.4, 0.6 (b) 500 mmHg, 0.5, 0.5 boiling points, b , is
∆Tb (B)
(c) 450 mmHg, 0.5, 0.5 (d) 500 mmHg, 0.4,0.6
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-I] (a) 5 : 1 (b) 10 : 1
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 0.2
Ans. (d) : Given that–
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-II]
Vopour pressure of pure liquid A = 400 mmHg
Vopour pressure of pure liquid B = 600 mmHg Ans. (c) : Given that –
From Partial pressure formula– Mass of non-volatile non-electrolyte solute = 1 g
Mass of solvents A & B = 100 g
PT = X A PA° + X B PB°
Ebullioscopic constants ratio = 1 : 5
PT = 0.5 × 400 + 0.5 × 600 = 500 mmHg From formula,
Now,
∆Tb = Kb × m
Mole fraction of A in vapour–
Here, molality of A and B is same.
P 0.5 × 400
YA = A = ∆Tb (A) K b (A)
PT 500 = as mA = mB
∆Tb (B) K b (B)
= 0.4
Then, mole fraction of B ∆Tb (A) 1
= =
YB = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6 ∆Tb (B) 5
368. Elevation in the boiling point for 1 molal 371. The freezing point of a diluted milk sample is
solution of glucose is 2 K. The depression in the found to be –0.2°C, while it should have been –
freezing point for 2 molal solution of glucose in 0.5°C for pure milk. How much water has been
the same solvent is 2 K. The relation between added to pure milk to make the diluted
Kb and Kf is sample?
(a) Kb = 1.5 Kf (b) Kb = 0.5 Kf (a) 2 cups of water to 3 cups of pure milk
(c) Kb = Kf (d) Kb = 2 Kf (b) 1 cup of water to 3 cups of pure milk
[JEE Main 2019, 10 Jan Shift-II] (c) 3 cups of water to 2 cups of pure milk
Ans. (d) : Given that – (d) 1 cup of water to 2 cups of pure milk
∆Tb = 2, ∆Tf = 2 [JEE Main 2019, 11 Jan Shift-I]
m1 = 1, m2 = 2 Ans. (c) : Applying formula for both diluted milk and
∆Tb = iK b m1 , ∆Tf = iK f m 2 pure milk
∆Tb iK b m1 ∆Tf = i × Kf × m
= For diluted milk.
∆Tf iK f m 2
W ×1000
2 1× K b 0 – (– 0.2) = Kf × × 1......(i)
= M × W1 (H 2O)
2 2 × Kf
For pure milk.
iKf × 2 = iKb × 1
W × 1000
Kb = 2Kf (∴ i of glucose = 1) 0 – (0.5) = 1 × Kf × ......(ii)
M × W2 (H 2 O)
369. Freezing point of a 4% aqueous solution of X is
equal to freezing point of 12% aqueous solution From eq. (i) and (ii) we get–
of Y. If molecular weight of X is A, then 0.2 W2 (H 2 O)
molecular weight of Y is = ,
0.5 W1 (H 2O)
(a) 4A (b) 2A
(c) 3A (d) A 2 W2 (H 2 O)
=
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-I] 5 W1 (H 2 O)

372. Molecules of benzoic acid (C6H6COOH) K f × w1 × 100
dimerise in benzene 'w' g of the acid dissolved (d) ∆Tf =
M2 × w 2
in 30 g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point equal to 2K. If the percentage Assam CEE-2019
association of the acid to form dimer in the Ans. (a) : ∆Tf = Kf M
solution is 80, then w is (Given that Kf = 5K kg Molar of solvent = W2/M2
mol–1, molar mass of benzoic acid = 122g mol–1) Weights of solvent = W1×10-3 Kg
(a) 1.8 g (b) 1.0 g W2
(c) 2.4 g (d) 1.5 g Morality (m) =
M 2 W1 × 10−3
[JEE Main 2019, 12 Jan Shift-II]
Ans. (c) : Given that– K f × W2 ×1000
∆Tf =
i = 1 – 0.8 + 0.4 = 0.6 M 2 W1
∆Tf = 2, Kf = 5K kg mol–1 376. Assertion: Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law
Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122g mol–1 Reason: ∆Hmix and ∆Vmix for an ideal solution are
∆Tf = i × Kf × m less than zero.
W ×1000 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
2 = 0.6 × 5 × Reason is the correct explanation of
122 × 30 Assertion.
W = 2.44g
373. If morality of solution is 0.05 and elevation in Reason is not the correct explanation of
boiling point is 0.16 K then, what is the molal Assertion.
elevation constant of the solvent? (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(a) 3.2 (b) 1.6 (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(c) 2.2 (d) 2.3 AIIMS 25 May 2019 (Evening)
GUJCET-2019 Ans. (c) : If any solution followed by Raoult's law then
Ans. (a) : Given that– it will be a ideal solution. In ideal solution, Solute-
∆Tb = 0.16 Solute behave same interaction with molecules as well
m = 0.05m as solvent shows with solvent.
∆Tb = Kbm 377. Vapour pressure of CCl4 at 25º C is 143 mm
0.16 = Kb × 0.05 Hg. 0.5 g of a non-volatile solute (mol. wt. 65) is
dissolved in 100 mL of CCl4. Find the vapour
0.16
Kb = pressure of the solution. (Density of CCl4 = 1.58
0.05 g/cm3)
Kb = 3.2 (a) 141.93 mm Hg (b) 94.39 mm Hg
374. The depression in freezing point of 0.1 M (c) 199.34 mm Hg (d) 143.99 mm Hg
aqueous solution of HCI. CuSO4 and K2SO4 are AIIMS 25 May 2019 (Evening)
in the ratio Ans. (a) : Given that,
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 Vapour pressure of pure solvent P° = 143 mm
(c) 1 : 1 : 1.5 (d) 2 : 4 : 3 Ps = vapour pressure of solute
Assam CEE-2019 WB = weight of solute = 0.5 g
Ans. (c) : ∆Tf = i × Kf × m WA = weight of solvent = (100 × 1.58) = 158g
Thus, ∆Tf ∝ i (as concentration is same for all solution) MB = molar mass of solute = 65
i for HCl = 2, i for CuSO4 = 2 , is for K2SO4 = 3 MA = molar mass of solvent = 154g/mol
Thus, ratio of depression in tracing point = P° − Ps WB M A
= ×
2:2:3=1:1:1.5 P° M B WA
[Note: If 1 molecule of solute dissociates to given ions,
WB M A
then i = n] Ps = P0 – × × P0
375. w2 gram of a solute having molar mass M2 M B WA
dissolve in w1 gram of solvent produces the 0.5 ×154
depression of freezing point ∆Tf of the solvent if Ps =143 – × 143
65 × 158
Kf is the cryoscopic constant of the solvent then
Ps = 141.93mm Hg .
K × w 2 × 1000
(a) ∆Tf = f 378. 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX)
M 2 × w1 is 20% ionised. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg
K f × w 2 × 100 mol–1, the lowering in freezing point of the
(b) ∆Tf = solution is
M 2 × w1
(a) –1.12 K (b) 0.56 K
K f w1 ×1000
(c) ∆Tf = (c) 1.12 K (d) –0.56 K
M2 × w 2 UPTU/UPSEE-2018
Ans. (c) : HX →H++ X– Lasser is the Van't Hoff factor greater will be the
HX → H + X+ − freezing point of solution.
(a) [Co(H2O)6] Cl3 i=4
initial 1 0 0 (b) [Co(H2O)5] Cl2 . H2O i=3
final 1− α α α (c) [Co(H2O)4Cl2] Cl.2H2O i = 2
(d) [Co(H2O)3 Cl3].3H2O i = 1
From formula
[Co(H2O)3 Cl3].3H2O this complex will show highest
(i − 1) freezing point.
α= (dissociation of electrolyte)
(n − 1) 382. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze to
20 reduce freezing point of water to –2.4 ºC. What
α = 20% = = 0.2 mass of antifreeze is required for 2 L water?
100
(Kf water = 1.86 K. kg/mol)
(i − 1)
0.2 = (a) 16 kg (b) 160 kg
(2 − 1) (c) 1.60 kg (d) 16 g
i = 1+0.2= 1.2 [AIIMS-27 May, 2018 (E)]
Given, Kf = 1.86, m = 0.5 Ans. (b): Given that,
∆Tf = i × Kf × m ∆Tf = 2.4
= 1.2 × 1.86 × 0.5
w water = 2
= 1.12 K
379. Which one of the following solutions exhibits Now,
the maximum elevation in boiling point? ∆T × w water × msolute
w solute = f
(a) 0.1 m NaCl (b) 0.1 m FeCl3 Kf
(c) 0.1 m CaCl2 (d) 0.1 m CaCl2
2.4 × 2 × 0.062
Manipal-2018 =
1.86
Ans. (b) : Greater the number of ions greater will be
elevation in boiling point. FeCl3 furnishes more number = 160g
of ions (i = 3). 383. Freezing point of 0.4 m solution in a weak
380. The correct relation between elevation of monoprotic acid is – 0.1 ºC what is its van’t
boiling point and molar mass of solute is Hoff factor i?
(Kf = 1.86 ºC/m)
k .w K .w
(a) M 2 = b 2 (b) M 2 = b 1 (a) 1.5 (b) 1.6
∆Tb .w1 ∆Tb .w 2 (c) 1.34 (d) 1.1
∆Tb .K b ∆Tb .w1 [AIIMS-27 May, 2018 (M)]
(c) M 2 = (d) M 2 = Ans. (c): The freezing point depression can be seen as –
w1.w 2 K b .w 2
°
MHT CET-2018 ∆ Tf = Tf − T f
Ans. (a) : For dilute solution, Tf° is the freezing point of the pure solvent.
∆Tb ∝ m Tf is the freezing point of the solution.
∆Tb = Kb m ∆Tf = 0°C − ( −0.1°C ) = 0.1°C
(where Kb is molal boiling point elevation constant
Now by putting all the values in formula we obtain
Now,
∆Tf = i.K f .m
K b .w 2
∆Tb = ∆Tf
M 2 × w1 i=
So, K f .m
K .w 0.1°C
M2 = b 2 i=
∆Tb .w1 1.86°C m × 0.4 molkg −1
−1
381. For 1 molal aqueous solution of the following i = 1.34

compounds, which one will show the highest 384. When 45 g solute is dissolved in 600 g water,
freezing point? freezing point is lowered by 2.2K, calculate
(a) [Co(H2O)6] Cl3 molar mass of solute (Kf =1.86 K kg mol-1)
(b) [Co(H2O)5] Cl2 . H2O (a) 63.4 g/mol (b) 80 g/mol
(c) [Co(H2O)4Cl2] Cl.2H2O (c) 90 g/mol (d) 21 g/mol
(d) [Co(H2O)3 Cl3].3H2O [AIIMS-26 May, 2018 (M)]
[JEE Main-2018] Ans. (a): We know that–
Ans. (d) : We know, ∆Tf = i Kf × m ∆Tf = Kf × m .....(i)
At same molality , the depression in freezing point will m = molality
depend on Van't Hoff factor. Given that, ∆Tf = 2.2, Kf = 1.86

45 × 1000 Now,
m= 2CH3COOH → (CH3COOH)2
Molar mass of solute × 600
initial 1 0
Putting the value of m in the equation (i) we get–
Final 1–α α/2
∆Tf = 1.86 × m
α
75 i = 1– = 0.527
2.2 = 1.86 × 2
Molar mass 2 (1 – 0.527) = α
1.86 × 75 α = 0.946
Molar mass of solute = = 63.4 gm
2.2 % dissociation = 94.6%
385. Assertion: A non volatile solute is added in 388. The colligative properties of a dilute solution
liquid solvent the freezing point of mixture depend upon
decreases. (a) The nature of solute
Reason: Vapour pressure decreases by addition (b) The diffusion of solvent
of non volatile solute, so equilibrium point (c) The number of particles of solute
where V.P. of solid and V.P. of liquid are equal (d) The number of particles of solvent.
can reach at lower temp.
J & K CET-2017
the Reason is the correct explanation of Ans. (c) : Colligative properties depends only on the
Assertion. number of the solute particles in a definite amount of
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but solution not on the nature of the solute.
Reason is not the correct explanation of 389. When the pure solvent diffuses out of the
Assertion. solution through the semi-permeable
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. membrane then the process is called
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (a) sorption (b) dialysis
[AIIMS-27 May, 2018 (M)] (c) reverse osmosis (d) osmosis
Ans. (a): When a non-volatile solute is added in solvent Karnataka-CET-2017
liquid then freezing point of mixture decreases. Ans. (c) : When the pure solvent diffuses out of the
On adding a non volatile solute in a liquid the vapour solution through the semi-permeable membrane then the
pressure decreases because some molecules of the process is called reverse osmosis. In Reverse osmosis
solvent on the surface are replaced by the molecules of excess pressure which must be applie to a solution to
the solute. prevent the passage of solvent in to it through a
386. If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the semipermeabele membrane.
value of molal depression constant (Kf)will be 390. The freezing point of equimolal solution will be
(a) halved (b) tripled highest for
(c) unchanged (d) doubled (a) C6H5NH3Cl (b) AgNO3
(NEET-2017) (c) Ca (NO3)2 (d) La(NO3)3
Ans. (c) : Kf (molal depression constant) is independent (e) D-fructose
of molality. It is a characteristic of solvent. Hence Kerala-CEE-2017
molality of the dilute solutionis doubled, the value of Ans. (e) : Lower the value of i, smaller will be
molal depression constant (Kf) unchanged. depression in freezing point, higher will be the freezing
387. The freezing point of benzene decreases by temperature, if molalities are equal.
0.45°C when 0.2 g of acetic acid is added to 20 g Thus D–fructose is lower the value of i = 1 hence
of benzene. If acetic acid associates to form a freezing point will be highest.
dimer in benzene, percentage association of 391. Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s
acetic acid in benzene will be (Kf for benzene = law when
5.12 K kg mol–1)
(a) K H = P1o (b) K H > P1o
(a) 64.6% (b) 80.4%
(c) 74.6% (d) 94.6% (c) K H < P1o (d) K H > P1o
JEE Main-2017 BITSAT-2017
Ans. (d) : Given that, Ans. (a) : Due to Raoult’s law;
∆Tf = 0.45ºC Vapour pressure of a volatile component
Kf = 5.12 K kg mol–1 P = P°x …….(i)
∆Tf = Kf.m.i By Henry’s law,
w 1000 Partial solubility of a component,
0.45 = 5.12 × 2 × ×i P = KH x ……(ii)
m2 w1
On compairing equation (i) and (ii)
0.45 × 60 × 20 P o = KH
i=
0.2 × 1000 × 5.12 When KH = Po henry law becomes special case of
i = 0.527 raoults law.

392. Which of the following aqueous solution will (ii) Pure water freezes at the higher temperature
have the boiling point 102.2oC? The molal than pure methanol.
elevation constant for water is 2.2 K kg mol–1. (iii) A 0.1 m NaOH solution freezes a lower
(a) 1m CH3COOH (b) 1m NaCl temperature than pure water.
(c) 1M NaCl (d) 1m glucose Choose the correct answer from the codes
GUJCET-2017 given below.
Ans. (d) : Given, (a) (i),(ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
Molal elevation constant Kb = 2.2 K kg mol–1 (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iii)
We know that elevation in boiling point given by AIIMS-2017
∆Tb = iKbm Ans. (d): It is clear that colligative properties depends
= i × 2.2 × m ……(i) upon the no. of particles. Here, methanol shows non
Here, electrolyte property hence cannot be considered.
∆Tb = 102.2 – 100…..(i) 396. 31g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is dissolved in
= 2.2° C 600 g of water. The freezing point depression of
Comparing both- equation we get, the solution is (Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1)
i = 1, m = 1 (a) 0.77 K (b) 1.55 K
So, option (d) is correct. (c) 4.65 K (d) 3.10 K
393. The depression in freezing point for 0.01 m AP EAMCET-2017
aqueous solution of Kx[Fe(CN)6] is 0.0744 K. Ans. (b) : Given that, molecular mass of ethylene
the molal depression constant for solvent is 1.86 glycol = 62
K kg mol-1. If the solute undergoes complete
dissociation, what is the correct molecular Mass of ethylene glycol (W1) = 31 gm.
formula for the solute? Mass of water (W2) = 600 gm.
(a) K2[Fe(CN)6] (b) K3[Fe(CN)6] Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1
(c) K[Fe(CN)6] (d) K4[(CN)6] We know that
GUJCET-2017 W ×1000
∆Tf = Kf × m = K f × 1
Ans. (b) Depression in freezing point (∆Tf) = i × Kf × m M × W2
0.0774 = i× 1.86× 0.01 1.86 × 31× 1000
0.0774 ∆Tf =
i= 62 × 600
1.86 × 0.01 ∆Tf = 1.55 K.
i = 4.16 ≈ 4 397. Which one of the following solution of
i −1 compounds shows highest osmotic pressure?
Degree of dissociation (α) =
n −1 (AB, AB2 and A2B3 are ionic compounds)
4 −1 (a) 5.0 M urea i = 1.0 and temperature is 67°C
1= (b) 1.5 M A2B3 type i = 4.1 and temperature is
(x + 1) − 1 27°C
x ≃3 (c) 3.0 M AB type i = 1.6 and temperature is
Molecular formula of compound is K3[Fe(CN)6] 27°C
394. The solution having lowest freezing point is (d) 2.5 M AB2 type i = 2.5 and temperature is
(a) 0.1 M potassium chloride 57°C
(b) 0.1 M potassium sulphate AP EAMCET-2017
(c) 0.1 M potassium nitrate Ans. (d) : We know that,
(d) 0.1 M aluminium sulphate. Osmotic pressure (π) = iCRT
COMEDK-2017 (i) i = 1, C = 5, T = 67 + 273 = 340 K
Ans. (d) : Depression in freezing point is a colligative so , π = 1 × 5 × R × 340
property. Higher the value of 'i' higher will be
depression in freezing point and lower will be the π = 1700R
freezing point of solution. (ii) i = 4.1 , C = 1.5, T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
For KCl, i=2 ∴ π = 4.1 × 1.5 × 300 R
KNO3, i = 2 π = 1845 R
K2SO4 i = 3 (iii) i = 1.6, C = 3 , T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
Al2(SO4)3, i = 5 ∴ π = 1.6 × 3 × 300 R
Aluminium sulphate has highest value of 'i' among π = 1440 R
given option hence (d) is correct. (iv) i = 2.5, C = 2.5, T = 330 K
395. Which observation (s) reflect (s) colligative ∴ π = 2.5 × 2.5 × 330 R
properties?
π = 2062.5 R.
(i) A 0.5 m NaBr solution has a higher vapour
pressure than a 0.5 m BaCl2 solution at the Hence, the highest osmotic pressure we will get in
same temperature. option (d)

398. To prepare XeF6. Xe and F2 are mixed at 573 K Ans. (b) : Depression in freezing point, ∆Tf = i Kf m
and 60-70 bar in the ratio of
(i) ∆Tf for 0.1 M NaCl
(a) 20 : 1 (b) 1 : 5
m = 0.1, i = 2
(c) 5 : 1 (d) 1 : 20
AP EAMCET-2017 ∆Tf = 0.1 × 2 × Kf = 0.2 Kf
Ans. (d): (ii) ∆Tf for 0.1 M sucrose
m = 0.1, i = 1
Xe + 3F2  573K
→ XeF6
60–70bar
∆Tf = 0.1 × 1 × Kf
1 20
∆Tf = 0.1 Kf
Xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) is formed by taking Xe and
F2 in ratio 1 : 20 under pressure of 60 – 70 bar at 573 K. (iii) ∆Tf for 0.01 M Na2SO4
399. The experimental depression in freezing point i = 3, m = 0.01
of a dilute solution is 0.025 K. If the van't Hoff ∆Tf = 3 × 0.01 × Kf
factor(i) is 2.0, the calculated depression in ∆Tf = 0.03 Kf
freezing point (in K) is (iv) ∆Tf for 0.01 M NaCl
(a) 0.00125 (b) 0.025 i = 2, m = 0.01
(c) 0.0125 (d) 0.05 ∆Tf = 2 × 0.01 × Kf
TS-EAMCET-2016
∆Tf = 0.02 Kf
Ans. (c) : Given that, depression in freezing point of a
dilute solution = 0.025 K, i = 2.0 ∆Tf will follow the order
0.1 M NaCl > 0.1 M sucrose > 0.01M Na 2SO 4 > 0.01 M NaCl
Observed colligative property i=2 i=1 i=2
Van't Hoff factor (i) = i=3
Calculated colligative property Depression in freezing point is minimum in case of

0.025 0.01M NaCl solution hence, it will have maximum
2= freezing point.
Calculated depression in freezing point
403. Fog is colloidal solution of
Calculated depression in freezing point = 0.0125 K.
(a) Liquid particles dispersed in a gas
400. Cryolite is (b) Gaseous particles dispersed in a liquid
(a) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolysis of
alumina for decreasing electrical conductivity (c) Solid particles dispersed in a liquid
(b) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolysis of (d) Solid particles dispersed in a gas
alumina for lowering the melting point of JCECE-2015
alumina only Ans. (a) : Fog is a colloidal solution in which water
(c) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolysis of (liquid, dispersed phase) is dispersed in air (gas,
alumina for lowering the melting point and dispersion medium).
increasing the conductivity of alumina A collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals
(d) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolytic suspended in the Earth's surface is called fog. We can
refining of alumina say that fog is a colloidal solution in which water is the
Karnataka-CET-2015 dispersed phase and air is the dispersion medium. i.e.
Ans. (c) : Cryolite (Na3AlF6) is used in the electrolysis liquid dispersed is gas.
of alumina for lowering the melting point and 404. If a homogeneous colloid placed in dark is
increasing the conductivity of alumina. observed in the direction of light, it appears
401. After adding non-volatile solute freezing point clear and if it is observed from a direction at
of water decreases to –0.186oC. Calculate ∆Tb, right angles to the direction of light beam, it
if Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 and Kb = 0.521 K Kg appears perfectly dark. This is known as
mol–1.
(a) Brownian effect (b) Hardy-Schulze effect
(a) 0.521 (b) 0.0521
(c) 1.86 (d) 0.0186 (c) Einstein effect (d) Tyndall effect.
Karnataka-CET-2015 J & K CET-2015
0.186 Ans. (d) : When a beam of light is passed through a
Ans. (b) : Molality = colloidal solution, placed in a dark room then beam of
1.86 light is scattered by the colloidal particles and the path
= 0.1 of the beam becomes visible and this phenomenon is
Now, ∆Tb = Kb × m called Tyndall effect.
= 0.521 × 0.1 405. By dissolving 68.4g of a compound whose
= 0.0521°C molecular mass is 342 in 1 kg of water, a
402. Which of the following aqueous solution has solution is prepared. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg
the highest freezing point? mol-l then freezing point of the solution will be
(a) 0.1 M sucrose (b) 0.01 M NaCl (a) 272.8 K (b) 273.5 K
(c) 0.1 M NaCl (d) 0.01 M Na2SO4 (c) 282.3 K (d) 263.7 K
Karnataka-CET-2015 SCRA-2014
Ans. (a) : Depression in freezing point (∆Tf) = Kf × m So, It shows that ∆Tf is maximum for 0.10m
Where, molality (m) = B
W × 1000 Al2 ( SO 4 )3 because of 'i' is maximum (i.e. = 5) for
M B × WA Al2(SO4)3.
68.4 ×1000 68.4 Hence, Al2 ( SO 4 )3 has lowest freezing point.
= =
342 ×1000 342 408. The depression in freezing point of water
68.4 observed for the same amount of acetic acid (I),
∴ ∆Tf = 1.86 × = 0.372K trichloroacetic acid (II) and trifluoroacetic
342
acid (III) decreases in the order
Hence, the freezing point of solution will be–
(a) I > II > III (b) II > I > III
273 – 0.372 = 272.8K.
(c) III > I > II (d) III > II > I
406. A solution prepared from 1.25g of oil of AMU-2014
wintergreen in 99.0 g of benzene has a boiling Ans. (d) : Flurine is more electronegative than Cl.
point of 80.31°C. What is the molar mass of the Trifluroacetic acid gives maximum ions in solution so it
compound, given that the normal boiling point of is the strongest acid. Depression of freezing point will
benzene is 80.10°C and its boiling point elevation be maximum in this case and it shows least for acetic
constant Kb is 2.53 K kg mol-1? acid which is the weakest acid.
(a) 137 gm mol-1 (b) 150 gm mol-1 409. Which among the following is a non-colligative
-1
(c) 560 gm mol (d) 117 gm mol-1 property?
SCRA-2014 (a) Elevation in boiling point
Ans. (b) : Given that, (b) Osmotic pressure
Weight of solute (W2) = 1.25gm (c) Refractive index
Weight of solvent (W1) = 99.0gm (d) Lowering of vapour pressure
Boiling point of solution (Tb) = 80.31 °C J & K CET-2014
Molar mass (m) = ? Ans. (c) : Colligative properties of solutions are
properties that depend upon the concentration of solute
( )
Boiling point of solvent Tbo = 80.10°C molecules or ions.
Elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, lowering
Kb = 2.53 K kg mol–1
of vapour pressure are colligative properties but
∴ ∆ Tb = Tb − Tb° = 80.31°C − 80.10°C = 0.21°C refractive index is a non-calligative property.
Now, 410. Glucose is added to 1 L water to such an extent
K × W2 × 1000 that ∆Tf/Kf becomes equal to 10–3 the weight of
M= b glucose (C6H12O6) added is
∆Tb × W1 (a) 180 g (b) 18 g
2.53 K kg mol−1 × 1.25 × 1000 (c) 1.8 g (d) 0.18 g
or M= UPTU/UPSEE-2013
0.21× 99.0
Ans. (d) : Given–
3162.5
or M= gm mol−1 ∆Tf
20.79 = 10−3
Kf
or M = 152.1 gm mol–1 ≈ 150 gm mol–1.
407. Which of the following 0.10 m aqueous solution M 2 = 180 gmol−1 (molecular mass of glucose)
will have the lowest freezing point? W1 = 1000gm
(a) Al2(SO4)3 (b) C6H12O6 we know that,
(c) KCl (d) C12H22O11 1000K f W2
AIIMS-2014 ∆Tf= =
W1 × M 2
Ans. (a): Ionization, Or
Al2 ( So 4 )3  → 2Al3+ + 3SO 42 − (Here, i = 5) ∆T W M
W2 = f 1 2
KCl ↽ ⇀ K + Cl + −
(Here, i = 2) 1000 × K f
∆Tf = i × K f × m 10−3 × 1000 ×180
=
∆Tf ∝ i 1000
W2 = 0.18g
It is clear that Depression in freezing point is directly
proportional to number of particle. 411. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous
So, solution will be highest for
i C12 H22O11 = 1, i( KCl ) = 2 (a) C6 H 5 NH 3+ Cl − (b) Ca(NO3 )2
(c) La(NO3 )2 (d) C6 H12 O 6
i( Al (SO ) ) = 5, i C6 H12O6 = 1
2 4 3
AIIMS-2013
Ans. (d): Glucose does not dissociate (i.e., i = 1), so it 2xz yz
has the minimum number of particles and therefore it (a) (b)
y x
shows minimum depression in freezing point. Hence,
glucose have highest freezing point. xz yz
(c) (d)
412. 25 mL of an aqueous solution of KCI was y 2x
found to require 20 mL of 1 M AgNO3 solution xz
when titrated using a K2CrO4 as indicator. (e)
Depression if freezing point of KCl solution 2y
with 100% ionisation will be [KF = 2.00 mol–1 kg, Kerala-CEE-2013
molarity = molality] Ans. (b) : we know that,
(a) 3.20 (b) 1.60 ∆Tb = Kb × m
0
(c) 0.8 (d) 5.00 y = x × molality
BCECE-2013
y
Ans. (a) : Given, V1 = 25 ml, V2 = 20 ml, M1 = 1 M molality =
During neutralization x
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2 ∆Tf = Kf × molality (Kf = z)
1× 20 ∆Tf = z × molality
M1 = = 0.8M y
25 ∆Tf = z ×
i = 1+ α = 1 + 1 = 2 x
∴ ∆Tf = molality × Kf × i [molality ≈ molarity] yz
= 0.8 × 2 × 2
∆Tf =
x
= 3.2ºC 416. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and
∴ Tfo = Tf + ∆Tf = 0 + 3.2ºC toluene at a particular temperature are 100 mm
= 3.2ºC and 50 mm respectively. Then the mole fraction
of benzene in vapour phase in contact with
413. 2.56 g sulphur in 100 g of CS2 has depression in
equimolar solution of benzene and toluene is
freezing point of 0.01ºC. Atomicity of sulphur
in CS2 in– (a) 0.67 (b) 0.75
(Given, Kf = 0.10 molal–1) (c) 0.33 (d) 0.50
(a) 2 (b) 4 (e) 0.20
(c) 6 (d) 8 Kerala-CEE-2013
BCECE-2013 Ans. (a) : PTotal = P1 + P2
Ans. (d) : Let atomicity be n, then it exist as (S)n PT = 100 + 50
molar mass of sulphur = 32n = 150 mm
1000w1 k f P1
∆Tf = Mole fraction (benzene) x =
m1 w 2 P1 + P2
given, 100
=
w1 = 2.56g 150
w2 = 100g = 0.67
kf = 0.1º (molal)–1 417. Colloidal solutions of gold, prepared by
∆Tf =0.010º different methods are of different colours
1000 × 256 × 0.1 because of
m1 = = 256 (a) Variable valency of gold
0.01×100
∴ 32n = 256 (b) Different concentration of gold particles
n=8 (c) Impurities produced by different methods
414. The unit of ebullioscopic constant is (d) Different diameters of colloidal gold particles
(a) K or K (molality)–1 JCECE-2012
(b) mol kg K–1 or K–1 (molality) Ans. (d) : Colour of the colloidal solution depends upon
(c) kg mol–1 K–1 or K–1 (molality)–1 the particle size of colloid.
(d) K mol kg–1 or K (molality) So, colloidal solutions of gold, prepared by different
JCECE-2013 methods are of different colours because of different
diameters size of colloidal gold particles.
Ans. (a) : The unit of ebullioscopic constant, Kb = K or
K (molality)–1. 418. Assertion (A): Molar mass of acetic acid found
415. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of by the depression of freezing point method,
non-volatile, non-electrolytic and non- separately in the solvents water and benzene
associating solute in a solvent (Kb = x K kg mol- are different.
1
) is y K, then the depression in freezing point Reason (R): Water helps in ionization but
of solution of same concentration would be (Kf benzene brings association of acetic acid.
of the solvent = z K kg mol-1) Identify the correct option.

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct (iii) NaCl ↽ ⇀ Na2+ Cl–
explanation for 'A'.
(iv) KCN ↽ ⇀ K+ CN–
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the
correct explanation for 'A'. Because PO34− has highest charge among the given
(c) A is true but R is false. anions, therefore, Mg3(PO4)2 is the most effective in the
(d) A is false but R is true. coagulation of Fe(OH)3 solution.
SRMJEEE – 2012 421. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a
Ans. (a) : Acetic acid dissociates in water sharply but cold climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which
the acetic acid exists in dimer form when we dissolve should be added to 4 kg of water to prevent it
the acetic acid in benzene due to hydrogen bonding. from freezing at –6°C will be (Kf for water =
H 2O
1.86 K kg mol–1 and molar mass of ethylene
CH3COOH ↽ ⇀ –
CH3COO + H +
glycol = 62 g mol–1)
C6 H 6 (a) 804.32 g (b) 204.30 g
2CH3COOH ↽ ⇀ (CH3COOH)2 (c) 400.00 g (d) 304.60 g
Hence, molar mass of acetic acid is different when AIEEE-2011
dissolved in benzene and water. Ans. (a) : Mass of water = 4 kg
419. The correct order of increasing boiling points Mass of glycol = W
of the following aqueous solutions Molar mass of glycol = 62 g / mol
0.0001 M NaCl (I), 0.0001 M Urea (II) Molality of glycol solution =
0.001 M MgCl2 (III), 0.01 M NaCl (IV) is W / 62g mol W
(a) I < II < III < IV (b) IV < III < II < I =
4 kg 62 g mol × 4 kg
(c) II < I < III < IV (d) III < II < IV < I
∆
o
AMU-2012 T f = 6 C
Kf = 1.86k kg mol–1
Ans. (c) : Applying formula –
∆T = i ×Kb × m Using the formula, ∆Tf = Kf .m
For 0.01M NaCl, i × m o W
6 C = 1.86k kg mol–1 ×
= 2 × 0.01 62g mol−1 × 4 kg
= 0.02 6o C × 62g mol−1 × 4kg
since, i = 2 and conc. of ions will be 2 × 10–2 W= = 800g
1.86o C kgmole −1
For 0.001MgCl2 = 3×0.001
= 0.003 422. An aqueous solution of NaCl shows the
depression of freezing point of water equal to
i = 3 as it is a electrolyte and conc. of ions will be 3 × 0.372 K. The boiling point of BaCl2 solution of
–3
10 same molality will be K f (H 2 O) = 1.86 K kg
For 0.0001 NaCl = 2×0.0001
= 0.0002 mol-1 ; K b (H 2 O) = 0.52 K kg mol -1 )
i = 2 and conc. of ions will be 2 × 10–4 (a) 100.52 ºC (b) 100.104 ºC
For urea = 1×0.0001 (c) 101.56 ºC (d) 100.156 ºC
= 0.0001 AIIMS-2011
i = 1 as it is a non electrolyte and conc. of ions will be Ans. (d): Given that,
10–4 K f ( H 2 O ) = 1.86K kg mol−1
Hence, II < I < III < IV K b ( H 2 O ) = 0.52K kg mol −1
Priority given to concentration, option decide by
concentration. ∆Tf = 0.372
420. Which of the following will be the most i1 = 2 for NaCl
effective in the coagulation of Fe(OH)3 soil? i 2 = 3 for BaCl2
(a) Mg3(PO4)2 (b) BaCl2 Now,
(c) NaCl (d) KCN From formula–
BITSAT-2012 ∆Tf i1 K f m
=
Ans. (a) : According to hardy-schulze rule, coagulation ∆Tb i 2 K b m
power of ions is directly proportional to charge of an
ion. 2 × 1.86 0.372
⇒ =
∴ Fe (OH)3 is positively charged colloid. 3 × 0.52 ∆Tb
∴ It will coagulated by anion ∆Tb = 0.156 C o
(i) Mg3(PO4)2 ↽ ⇀ 3 Mg2+ 2PO34− i.e. Tb = 100 + 0.156

⇀ 2+ –
(ii) BaCl2 ↽ Ba 2Cl = 100.156 oC

423. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass → Na + + Cl− ( i = 2 ions )
For NaCl 
250g mol-1) was dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene.
If the freezing point depression constant, Kf of For Mg ( NO3 )2 
→ Mg 2+ + 2NO3− ( i = 3 ions )
benzene 5.12 K Kg mol-1, the freezing point of
benzene will be lowered by Hence, Aqueous solution of AlCl3 has the highest
(a) 0.3 K (b) 0.5 K boiling point.
(c) 0.4 K (d) 0.2 427. Exactly 1 g of urea dissolved in 75 g of water
BITSAT-2011 gives a solution that boils at 100.114ºC at 760
Ans. (c) : Given that, torr. The molecular weight of urea is 60.1. The
boiling point elevation constant for water is
Kf = 5.12K Kg mol–1, W1 = 1 g, M1 = 250 gmol–1
(a) 1.02 (b) 0.51
W ×1000
∆Tf = Kf × 1 (c) 3.06 (d) 1.51
W2 × M1 AIIMS-2010
1×1000 Ans. (b): Given that,
= 5.12 ×
51.2 × 250 weight of solute (w) = 1 g
∆Tf = 0.4k weight of solvent (W) = 75 g
424. The size of colloidal particles is in between Boling point of solution = 100.114°C
(a) 10–7 - 10–9 cm (b) 10–9-10–11 cm Boling point of solvent = 100°C
–5 –7
(c) 10 -10 cm (d) 10–2-10–3 cm ∆T = 100.114 – 100 = 0.114°C
JCECE-2010 Molecular weight of solute (m) = 60.1
Ans. (c) : The size of colloidal particles is in the range Boiling Point elevation Constant (K)
of 100 nm to 1 nm or 10–5 cm to 10–7 cm. m × ∆T × W
425. If sodium sulphate is considered to be =
100 × w
completely dissociated into cations and anions
60.1× 0.114 × 75
in aqueous solution, the change in freezing =
point of water ( ∆Tf ) , when 0.01 mole of 1000 × 1
= 0.513
sodium sulphate is dissolved in 1 kg of water, is
(Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1) 428. Gold number indicates
(a) 0.0372 K (b) 0.0558 K (a) protective action of lyophlic colloid
(c) 0.0744 K (d) 0.0186 K (b) charge on gold sol
AIEEE-2010 (c) protective action of lyophobic colloid
Ans. (b) : Reaction will be (d) quantity of gold dissolved in a given sol
Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO42– (i = 3 ions) AMU-2010
Here, Ans. (a) : Gold number is defined as the number of
i=3 milligrams of a lyophilic colloid that will just prevent
m = 0.01 the precipitation of 10 cc of a gold solution on the
∆Tf = i Kfm addition of 1 cc of 10% sodium chloride solution.
= 3 × 1.86 × 0.01 Higher the value of gold number, lower will be the
= 0.0558K protective power.
426. Which one of the following 1.0×10-3 molal 429. Maximum depression in freezing point is
aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? caused by
(a) Aluminium (III) chloride (a) potassium chloride
(b) Lead (II) nitrate (b) sodium sulphate
(c) Sodium chloride (c) magnesium sulphate
(d) Magnesium nitrate (d) magnesium carbonate
AP- EAMCET(Medical) -2010 MHT CET-2009
Ans. (a): Colligative properties like boiling point Ans. (b) : Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) produces
elevation depends only upon the number of particles in maxinmum number of particles so it show maximum
solution but not on their nature. depression in Freezing point. because depression in the
Now, ∆T = i × K b × m freezing point is a colligative property, so it depends
where- i = Vant Hoff's factor upon the number of particles.
Kb = boiling point elevation constant 430. One component of a solution followos Raoult’s
m = molality. law over the entire range 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 1. The second
∴ More the number of particles, higher will be the component must follow Raoult’s law in the
value of elevation of boiling point. range when x2 is
For AlCl3  → Al3+ + 3Cl− ( i = 4 ions ) (a) close to zero (b) close to 1
(c) 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.5 (d) 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
For Pb ( NO3 )2 
→ Pb2+ + 2NO3− ( i = 3 ions ) AMU-2009
Ans. (d) : Ideal solution obeys Raoult's law at every ∆Tf is directly proportional to the molality of the
range of concentration. so, the second component must solution i
follow Raoult's law in the range, when
∆Tf ( KCl ) = −2°C
x2 is 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
431. Which one of the following impurities present Now,
in colloidal solution cannot be remove by ∆Tf ( KCl ) i ( KCl )
electrodialysis? =
∆Tf ( BaCl2 ) i ( BaCl2 )
(a) Sodium chloride (b) Potassium sulphate
(c) Urea (d) Calcium chloride ∆Tf ( KCl ) 2
⇒ =
(e) Magnesium chloride ∆Tf ( BaCl2 ) 3
Kerala-CEE-2009
Ans. (c) : Urea, being non-electrolyte and covalent 3 × ( −2 )
⇒ ∆Tf (BaCl 2 ) =
compound hence, it does not dissociate to give ion so it 2
can not be removed by electrodialysis method. = −3°C
Other impurities are electrolyte so it is easily removed
by electodialysis method. 435. The change in entropy for the fusion of 1 mole
of ice is [m.p. of ice = 273 K, molar enthalpy of
432. Abnormal colligative properties are observed fusion for ice = 6.0 kJ mol–1]
only when the dissolved non-volatile solute in a (a) 11.73 JK–1 mol–1 (b) 18.84 JK–1 mol–1
given dilute solution –1 –1
(a) Is a non-electrolyte (c) 21.97 JK mol (d) 24.47 JK–1 mol–1
(b) Offers an intense colour JCECE-2007
(c) Associates or dissociates Ans. (c) : Given data,
(d) Offers no colour Molar enthalpy of fusion for ice = 6.0 kJ mol–1
J & K CET-2008 ∆Hfusion. = 6.0 × 103 J mol–1
Ans. (c) : When experimentally measured colligative ∆H fusion
property of a solution shows is different in theoretical ∴Sfusion =
Tm.p.
form by the law of osmosis, then it means it has
abnormal colligative property. 6.0 × 103 Jmol –1
When non-volatile solute associates or dissociates in a =
273K
solution, values of colligative properties deviates i.e., = 21.976JK–1 mol–1
abnormal colligative properties are obtained.
436. 1 mol each of the following compounds is
433. Which is not a colligative property in the dissolved in 1L of solution. Which will have the
following
largest ∆Tb value?
(a) pH of a buffer solution
(a) HF (b) HCl
(b) Boiling point elevation
(c) Freezing point depression (c) HBr (d) HI
(d) Vapour pressure AIIMS-2007
MPPET-2008 Ans. (d): HF is most stable halogen acid and HI is least
Ans. (a) : Colligative properties are those properties of stable.
solution that depend on the ratio of the number of solute Higher the bond dissociation energy, lower is the degree
particles to the number of solvent particles in a solution of ionization.
eg- Boiling point of elevation and freezing point of Bond dissocation energy increase in the order –
depression and lowering of vapour are examples of HI < HBr < HCl < HF
colligative properties. Whereas the pH of a buffer As we know ∆Tb = i.Kb. m
solution is not a colligative property bcz pH depends Hence, ∆Tb is largest for HI. All colligative properties
only upon the molar concentration of H+ ion not in their depend upon number of particles.
number of particles in it.
437. If for a sucrose solution, elevation in boiling
434. 0.01 M solution of KCl and BaCl2 are prepared
point is 0.1°C then what will be the boiling
in water. The freezing point of KCl is found to
be –2ºC. What is the freezing point of BaCl2 to point of NaCl solution for same molal
be completely ionised? concentration?
(a) –3ºC (b) +3ºC (a) 0.1°C (b) 0.2°C
(c) –2ºC (d) –4ºC (c) 0.08°C (d) 0.01°C
AIIMS-2008 JIPMER-2006
Ans. (a): Ionic reaction, Ans. (b) : ∆Tb ∝ n
KCl  → K + + Cl− (Here, i = 2) It is clear that Elevation in a boiling point is a
colligative property as it depends upon the number of
BaCl2  → Ba 2+ + 2Cl− (Here,i = 3) particle.
As, we know that, Number of particle for sucrose, n = 1, ∆Tb = 0.1°C
∆Tf α i Number of particle for NaCl , n = 2, ∆Tb = 0.2°C

438. Assertion: The water pouch of instant cold Ans. (c): For
pack for treating athletic injuries breaks when C12 H 22 O11
squeezed and NH4NO3 dissolves lowering the
temperature. WSolute = 5g, ammount of solution = 100g
Reason: Addition of non-volatile solute into Molar mass of C12 H 22 O11 = 342g
solvent results into depression of freezing point
of the solvent. WSolvent = 100 − 5 = 95g
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and From formula.
the Reason is a correct explanation of the WSolute ×1000
Assertion. ∆Tf = K f ×
Molar mass × WSolvent
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but
5 × 1000
Reason is not a correct explanation of the ( 273 − 271) = K f ×
Assertion. 342 × 95
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is K f = 13.97
incorrect Molar mass of glucose = 180 g/mol
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are
since water contains 5% of glucose
incorrect.
5g of glucose is present in (100 – 5) g
(e) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is
correct. 5
Number of moles of glucose = = 0.0278 mol
AIIMS-2006 180
Ans. (a): Ammonium nitrate being a non-volatile solute 0.278mol
Molality of the solution, m =
when dissolved in the water, lowers the temperature of 0.095kg
the solution and reason is also correct as depression in = 0.2926 mol kg –1
freezing point of the solvent occurs due to the addition
of non-volatile solute into solvent. For C6 H12 O6 (i = 1)
Note:- ∆Tf = iKf. m
Freezing point of a substance is defined as the ∆Tf = 13.99 K kg mol–1 × 0.2926 mol kg–1
temperature at which the substance changes its states = 4.09 K (approx)
from liquid to solid, also the vapour pressure of both ∴ The freezing point of 5% glucose solution
the solid state and liquid state must be equal.
= (273.15 – 4.09) K
439. Assertion: If red blood cells were removed = 269.06 K
from the body and place in pure water,
pressure inside the cells increase. 441. Which of the following solution will have lowest
Reason: The concentration of salt content in boiling point?
the cells increase. (a) 0.1M NaCl (b) 0.1M KCl
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and (c) 0.1M CaCl2 (d) 0.1M glucose
the Reason is a correct explanation of the BITSAT-2006
Assertion. Ans. (d) : Elevation in boiling point is a colligative
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but property. Smaller the no. of solute particles lesser will
Reason is not a correct explanation of the be elevation in boiling point.
Assertion.
442. Observe the following abbreviations
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect Π obs = observed colligative property
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are Π cal = theoretical colligative property
incorrect. assuming normal behavior of solute. Van’t
(e) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is Hoff factor (i) is given by
correct. (a) i = Πobs × Π cal (b) i = Π obs + Π cal
AIIMS-2006
Ans. (c) : If the red blood cells are placed in pure water, Π obs
(c) i = Π obs – Πcal (d) i =
pressure inside the cells increases due to osmosis. Π cal
440. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in J & K CET-2006
water has freezing point of 271 K and freezing Ans. (d) :
point of pure water is 273.15 K The freezing
Observed colligative property
point of a 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in Van't Hoff factor (i) =
water is Theoreticalcolligative property
(a) 271 K (b) 273.15 K Π obs
(c) 269.07 K (d) 277.23K So, i=
Π cal
AIIMS-2006
443. Lyophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic Ans. (d) : Given data –
sols because the particles : Kf = 1.86 ∆Tf = 0.465
(a) are positively charged w(non-electolyte) = 4.5 W = 100g
(b) are negatively charged From formula,
(c) are solvated 1000 × K f × w (H2O) 1000 ×1.86 × 4.5
(d) repel each other m= =
∆Tf × W 0.465 × 100
(e) are heavy
= 180g.
Kerala-CEE-2005
448. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of
Ans. (b) : Lyophilic sol is more stable than Lyphobic 10 g of solute (mol. Wt. = 100) in 100 g of water
sol due to the extensive salvation (solvated). Stability of is ∆ Tb, the ebullioscopic constant of water is
lyophilic sols is a result of two factors. the presence of (a) 10 (b) 100 Tb
charge and the salvation of colloidal particles. while
lyophobic sols is only because of the presences of ∆Tb
(c) ∆ Tb (d)
charge. 10
444. The molal elevation constant for water is 0.52. VITEEE-2014
What will be the boiling point of 2 molal sugar Ans. (c) : Given,
solution at 1 atm pressure? (Assume B.P. of W2 = 100 M= 100
pure water as 100oC) W1 = 10
(a) 101.04oC (b) 100.26oC We know that,
(c) 100.52 Co
(d) 99.74oC 1000 × K b × W1
∆Tb =
AMU-2005 W2 × M
Ans. (a) : Given that, 1000 × K b × 10
Kb = 0.52 k mol–1, m = 2 m, i = 1 ∆Tb =
100 × 100
∆Tb = Kb × m × i ∆Tb = K b .
∆ Tb = 0.52 × 2 × 1 = 1.04°C 449. Equimolar solution in the same solvent have
∆Tb = boiling point of soluction – boiling point (a) Different boiling point and different freezing
of solvent (i.e. H2O) point
∴ boiling point of solution = ∆Tb+boiling point of H2O (b) Same boiling point and same freezing point
= 1.04°C + 100°C (c) Same freezing point but different boiling
= 101.04°C. point
(d) Same boiling point but different freezing
445. Molal solution means 1 mole of solute present
point
in:
AIEEE-2005
(a) 1000g of solvent (b) 1 L of solvent
Ans. (b) : Equimolar solutions are the solution which
(c) 1 L of solution (d) 1000 g of solution
contains the same number of moles of solute dissolved
BCECE-2005 in a solvent. Hence the concentration of solution or
Ans. (c) : Molar solution means 1 mole of solution molarity or molality will be the same. The colligative
present in 1L of solution. properties are the physical change in the solutions
Molality is the ratio of number of moles of solute and which result from the addition of solute to the solvent.
volume of solution in liter present in solution. So, Equimolar Solution in the same solvent have same
446. Which of the following shows maximum boiling point and same freezing point.
depression in freezing point? 450. A pressure cooker reduces cooking time for
(a) K2SO4 (b) NaCl food because
(c) Urea (d) Glucose (a) Heat is more evenly distributed in the cooking
space
BCECE-2005
(b) Boiling point of water involved in cooking is
Ans. (a) : The substance which have maximum number increased
of particles on dissociation, will have low at freezing (c) The higher pressure inside the cooker crushes
point and involve with the high depression. the food material
447. A solution of 4.5 g of a pure non-electrolyte in (d) Cooking involves chemical changes helped
100 g of water was found to freeze at 0.465°C. by a rise in temperature
The molecular weight of the solute is closest to Rajasthan PMT-2008
(Kf = 1.86): Ans. (b) : High temperature causes food to cook faster.
(a) 135.0 (b) 172.0 So, we can say that a pressure cooker reduces cooking
(c) 90.0 (d) 180.0 time for food because boiling point of water involved in
JCECE-2005 cooking is increased.

S1 S2
3. Lowering of Vapour Pressure =
P1 P2
Where, S = solubility
451. Calculate the quantity of CO2 required to P = Pressure
prepare 1 L of soda water when the soda water Henry’s law is valid for
was packed under 2 atm of CO2. (a) Ammonia gas dissolution in water.
[Henry's law constant for CO2 is 1.67 × 108 Pa] (b) CO dissolution in water.
2
(a) 5.98 g (b) 1.21 g
(c) 2.9 g (d) 67.1 g 454. The vapour pressure of two liquids X and Y
are 80 and 60 Torr respectively. The vapour
TS-EAMCET-19.07.2022, Shift-II pressure of the ideal solution obtained by
Ans. (c) : As we know that Henry's law : – mixing 3 moles of X and 2 moles of Y would be
P = KH × x (a) 68 Torr (b) 140 Torr
2×1.013×10 5 (c) 48 Torr (d) 72 Torr
x= 8 (e) 54 Torr
1.6×10
n Kerala-CEE-2009, JCECE - 2008
CO 2 2×1.013 UPTU/UPSEE-2007
=
100 /18 1.6×1000 Ans. (d) : Given that,
n 20 1.013 The vapour pressure of two liquids X and Y are-
CO 2 = ×
16 18 PXo = 80Torr
20 44×1.013
Mass of CO2 dissolved = × PYo = 60Torr
16 18
Moles of X = 3
20×11×1.013 Moles of Y = 2
=
4×18 ∴ Total vapour pressure = PXo ⋅ X + PYo ⋅ Y
= 3.0
≈ 2.9 gram 3 2
= 80 × + 60 ×
452. The Henry’s law constant for the solubility of 2 + 3 3 + 2
N2 gas in water at 298 K is 1×10 atm. The+5 3 2
= 80 × + 60 ×
mole fraction of air is 0.8. The number of moles 5 5
of N2 from air dissolved in 10 mole of water at = 16 × 3 + 12 × 2
298 K and 5 atm pressure is = 48 + 24
(a) 4×10−5 (b) 4×10−4 = 72 Torr
(c) 5×10−4 (d) 4×10−6 455. Which option is inconsistent for Raoult’s law?
TS-EAMCET-19.07.2022, Shift-I (a) Volume of liquid solvent + volume of liquid
Ans. (b) : PN 2 = Total pressure × mole fraction solute = volume of solution.
(b) The change in heat of dilution for solution = 0
= 5 × 0.8 = 4atm (c) Solute does not undergo association in
From Henry's Law, solution
PN2 = K H × N 2 (d) Solute undergoes dissociation in solution
4 GUJCET-2016, 2015
X N2 = = 4 × 10−5 Ans. (d) : Raoult’s law is not applicable to solutes
1× 10 5
-5
∴ 1 mole of solution will contain 4 × 10 moles of N2
which dissociates in the particular solutions.
and 1 mole of water contain 1 – 4 × 10–5 is 456. 18g of glucose (C6H12O6) is added to 178.2 g
approximately equal to 1. water. The vapour pressure of water (in torr)
∴ 10 moles of water contain 4 × 10–4 moles of N2 for this aqueous solution is
(a) 76.0 (b) 752.4
453. Henry's law is valid for
(c) 759.0 (d) 7.6
(A) Ammonia gas dissolution in water
[JEE Main 2016], [AIEEE 2006]
(B) O 2 gas dissolution in unsaturated blood
Ans. (b) : Solution:–
(C) O 2 dissolution in water 18
(D) CO 2 dissolution in water Number of moles of glucose = = 0.1mol
180
(a) A and B (b) B and C 178.2
(c) C and D (d) B and D Number of moles of water = = 9.9 mol
18
Mole fraction of water in solution–
Ans. (c) : Henry’s law states that, at a given
9.9 9.9
temperature the solubility, (S) of gas in a liquid is X H 2O = = = 0.99
directly proportional to the pressure (P) 9.9 + 0.1 10
S∝P So, vapour pressure of H2O

PH2O = PH° 2O × X H2O M2 = molecular mass of benzene (solvent)
PH2O = 760 torr × 0.99 {
P° = vapour pressure of pure solvent.
Ps = vapour pressure of solution }
PH2O = 752.4 torr (640 − 600)mmHg 2.175 × 78
=
457. For dilute solutions, Raoult’s law states that 640mmHg M1 (39.08)
(a) lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the 2.175 × 78 × 640
mole fraction of the solute M1 =
(b) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal 40 × 39.08
to the mole fraction of the solvent = 69.457 mol–1 ∼ 69.60g mol–1
(c) Relative lowering of vapour pressure of the 460. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by
solvent is equal to the mole fraction of the 10 mm of mercury when a non-volatile solute
solute was added to the solvent. The mol fraction of
(d) Vapour pressure of the solution is equal to the the solute in the solution is 0.2. What should be
vapour pressure of the solvent the mole fraction of the solvent if the decrease
JCECE - 2014 in the vapour pressure is to be 20 mm of
J & K CET-(2010),(1999) mercury ?
Ans. (c) : For dilute solutions, Raoult’s law states that (a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
the relative lowering of vapour pressure of the solvent is (c) 0.8 (d) 0.2
equal to the mole fraction of the solute. (AIIMS -2015), (AIPMT -1998)
°
P −P Ans. (b) : From Raoult's formula,
i.e, mathematically = XB
P° P º − Ps
= XB
Where, P ° − P = lowering in vapour pressure Pº
X B = mole fraction of solute. 10
= 0.2
458. The relative lowering of vapour pressure of Pº
aqueous solution containing non-volatile solute Pº = 50
is 0.0125. The molality of the solution is P º − Ps 20
(a) 0.70 (b) 0.50 Now, for X B = =
Pº 50
(c) 0.60 (d) 0.80
(e) 0.40 = 0.4
Kerala-CEE-2008, 2007 XA + XB = 1
Ans. (a): By Raoult’s law X B = 0.0125 Mole fraction of solvent (XA) = 1– 0.4
m × MA = 0.6
∴ XB = 461. The mixture which shows positive deviation
1000 + m × M A
from Rault's Law is
m × 18 (a) Ethanol +acetone
∴ 0.0125 =
1000 + m ×18 (b) Benzene + toluene
12.5 + 0.225m = 18m (c) Acetone + chloroform
17.775m = 12.5 (d) Chloroform +bromoethane.
12.5 NEET-2020, 2006
m= Ans. (a) : Mixture of ethanol and acetone shows
17.775
m = 0.70 positive deviation from Raoult’s law. In pure ethanol,
molecules are hydrogen bonded. On adding acetone, its
459. The vapour pressure of benzene at a certain molecules get in between the host molecules and break
temperature is 640 mm of Hg. A non-volatile some of the hydrogen bonds between them. Due to
and non-electrolyte solid weighing 2.175 g is weakening of interaction, the solution shows positive
added to 39.08 g of benzene. If the vapour deviation from Raoult’s law.
pressure of the solution is 600 mm of Hg, what
is the molecular weight of solid substance? 462. Value of Henry's constant KH _____.
(a) 49.50 (b) 59.60 (a) no effect by changing temperature
(c) 69.60 (d) 79.82 (b) decreases with increase in temperature
MHT CET-2008, (AIPMT -1999), AIIMS-1999 (c) increases with increase in temperature
Ans. (c) : From Raoult's second law, (d) first decreases and then increases by increase
°
in temperature
P − Ps w1 × M 2 GUJCET-2022
=
P° M1 × w 2 Ans. (c) : Henry’s law constant (KH) increases with
Where, w1 = weight of solid substance increasing in temperature. Henry’s constant value
M1 = molecular mass of solid substance depends only on the nature of gas or liquid and
w2 = weight of benzene (solvent) temperature.

463. Pick the correct statement 466. 224 mL of SO2(g) at 298 K and 1 atm is passed
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure through 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution. The
independent of T non-volatile solute produced is dissolved in 36 g
(b) Osmotic pressure always depends on the of water. The lowering of vapour pressure of
nature of solute solution (assuming the solution is dilute)
(c) Elevation of boiling point is independent of ( P(H 2O) = 24mm of Hg) is x×10–2 mm of Hg, the
nature of the solvent value of x is ______ (Integer answer)
(d) Lowering of freezing point is proportional to JEE Main 26.02.2021, Shift-I
the molar concentration of solute Ans. (18) : The balanced equation is,
WB-JEE-30.04.2022 SO2+2 NaOH → Na 2SO3 + H 2 O
Ans. (a) : Colligative properties depends on relative no. ∴ Moles of NaOH= molarity ×Volume (litre)
of solute particles and does not depend on nature of
= 0.1×0.1 = 0.01 moles
solute particles.
So, we can say that relative lowering of vapour pressure 2mole NaOH will form1moleof Na 2SO3
independent of T is correct statement. Then,
464. When 12.2 g of benzoic acid is dissolved in 100g 1
0.01moleof NaOH willform = × 0.01 moles of Na 2SO3
of water, the freezing point of solution was 2
found to be – 0.93°C [Kf(H2O)=1.86 K kg mol– = 0.005moleof Na 2SO3
1
]. The number (n) of benzoic acid molecules
36
associated (assuming 100% association) is Therefore, moles of H2O = = 2 moles
_____. 18
JEE Main 26.02.2021,Shift-II According to relative lowering vapour pressure
Ans.(2) : Given that - PA° – PA n
Mass of benzoic acid(m) = 12. 2 gm = iX B = i B (∵ n A > n B )
PA° nA
Molecular mass of benzoic acid (M) = 122
Na 2SO3 → 2Na + + SO32−
Freezing point of solution ( ∆Tf ) = 0.93°C
i = 2+1=3
K f = 1.86K kg.mol –1 24 – PA 3 × 0.005
=
We know that , 24 2
 1  24–PA =0.18
∆Tf = i × K f × m ∴ i = and m = molality 
 n  PA = 23.82
1 12.2 × 1000 Lowering in pressure = 0.18 mm of Hg = 18×10 –2 mm Hg
0 – (–0.93) = × 1.86 × x = 18
n 122 ×100
1.86 467. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B
n= ×1 are 450 and 700 mm at Hg of 350 K
0.93 respectively. If the total vapour pressure of the
n=2 mixture is 600 mm of Hg, the composition of
465. The freezing point of an aqueous solution the mixture in the solution is
containing 25 g of ethanol in 1000g of H2O is (a) xA = 0.4 and xB = 0.6
[Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1] (b) xA = 0.6 and xB = 0.4
(a) 0.25°C (b) 0.5°C (c) xA = 0.3 and xB = 0.7
(c) –1.5°C (d) –1°C (d) xA = 0.7 and xB = 0.3
TS-EAMCET (Engg.), 06.08.2021 Kerala-CEE-29.08.2021
Ans. (d): Given data, Ans. (a) : Given that,
Mass of ethanol = 25 g Vapour pressure of pure liquid A ( PAo ) = 450 mm Hg
Mass of solvent (H2O) = 1000g = 1kg
We know that, Vapour pressure of pure liquid B ( PBo ) = 700 mm Hg
Molecular mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) = 46 g Total vapour pressure = 600 mm Hg
W × 1000 From the Raoult's laws -
∆Tf = K f B 600 = (450 – 700) xA + 700
M B × WA
– 100 = – 250 xA
WB = Weight of solute 100
MB = Molecular weight of solute xA = = 0.4
WA = Mass of solvent 250
And xB = 1- xA
1.86 × 25 × 1000 = 1– 0.4 = 0.6
∆Tf = = 1.01
46 × 1000 Hence, the composition of the mixture in the solution is
Freezing point of solution = 0 – 1.01 = – 1.01°C ≈ –1°C xA = 0.4 and xB = 0.6

468. Henry's law constant for the solubility of N2 gas 1 2
in water at 298 K is 1.0 × 105 atm. The mole PT = × 21 + × 18
fraction of N2 in air is 0.8. The number of moles 3 3
of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at PT = 7+12
298 K and 5 atm pressure is PT = 19kPa
(a) 4.0 × 10-4 (b) 4.0 × 10-5 471. A set of solutions is prepared using 180g of
(c) 5.0 × 10-4 (d) 4.0 × 10-6 water as a solvent and 10 g of different non-
Kerala-CEE-29.08.2021 volatile solutes A,B and C. The relative
IIT-JEE, 2009 lowering of vapour pressure in the presence of
these solutes are in the order
Ans. (a) : Given that, X N2 = 0.8
[Given, molar mass of A = 100g mol–1: B = 200g
Henry's law constant (KH) = 1.0×105atm mol : C = 10,000g mol-1]
-1
Total pressure (PTotal) = 5 atm (a) B > C > A (b) C > B > A
Now, Partial pressure of N2 = PTotal × X N2 (c) A > B > C (d) A > C > B
P = 5 × 0.8 = 4 atm [JEE Main 2020, 6 Sep Shift-II]
According to the Henry's law – Ans. (c) : From formula,
P = K HX ∆P
Where, P = Partial pressure of gas Relative lowering of vapour pressure = o = Xsolute
P
KH = Henry law constant So,
X = Mole fraction of the gas 0.1 1
4atm −5
for PA = =
∴ X= = 4 × 10 10.1 101
1× 105 atm 0.05 1
PB = =
n 10.05 201
∴ 4 × 10−5 = ⇒ n = 4 × 10−4 mol
10 10−3
469. The correct option for the value of vapour PC = = 10−4
10
pressure of a solution at 45°C with benzene to Hence option (c) A > B > C is correct option.
octane in molar ratio 3:2 is
[At 45°C pressure of benzene is 280 mm Hg 472. Solute 'X' dimerises in water to the extent of
and that of octance is 420 mm Hg. Assume 80%. 2.5g of 'X' in 100g of water increases the
ideal gas] boiling point by 0.3oC. The molar mass of 'X' is
(a) 350 mm of Hg (b) 160 mm of Hg [Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1]
(c) 168 mm of Hg (d) 336 mm of Hg (a) 13 (b) 52
(NEET-2021) (c) 65 (d) 26
Ans. (d) : According to the Raoult's law Karnataka-CET-2020
PT = PAo .X a + PBo X B Ans. (d) : Given, ∆Tb = 0.3
α
3 2 i =l–α+
= 280 ×   + 420 ×   2
5 5 = 1 – 0.8 + 0.4 = 0.6
 nC6 H 6 : nC8 H18 = 3 : 2  From formula.
  W 1000
 X A = 3/ 5 XB = 2 / 5  ∆Tb = iKb × B ×
= 336 mm of Hg. M WA
470. At 363 K, the vapour pressure of A is 21 kPa 2.5 1000
0.3 = 0.6 × 0.52 × ×
and that of B is kPa. One mole of A and 2 M 100
moles of B are mixed. Assuming that this M = 26g
solution is ideal, the vapour pressure of the 473. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose,
mixture is ---------- kPa. (Round off to the the depression in freezing point of a 0.01M
Nearest Integer).
JEE Main 16.03.2021, Shift-II MgCℓ2 solution is .......... (Molecular weight of
Ans. (19) : Given data : P°A = 21kPa, P°B = 18kPa MgCℓ2=95, molecular weight of glucose = 180).
An ideal solution is prepared by mixing 1mol A and (a) the same (b) about twice
2mol B. (c) about three times (d) about six times
1 1 AP EAMCET (Engg.) 21.09.2020, Shift-II
Mole fraction of A(XA) = =
2 +1 3 Ans. (c) : 0.01 M solution of glucose does not ionise
2 2 while 0.01 M MgCℓ2 solution furnishes 3 ions (Mg+2 +
Mole fraction of B(XB) = =
1+ 2 3 2Cℓ–) in the solution.
According to the Raoult's law - Hence, the value of colligative property of MgCℓ2 solution
PT = X A PAo + X B PBo is about 3 times. Hence, the correct option is (c).

474. Which of the following relations is true based Ans. (d) : The partial pressure of gas in the vapour
on the partial pressure and mole fraction ? phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas
(a) ρi = xi ×T (b) ρi = xi × ρtotal (X), in the solution, "according to Henry".
ρ p ∝ X or p = kHX
(c) i = V (d) ρixi = ρtotal Where, kH = Henry's law constant.
xi
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 18.9.2020 Shift-I 479. The elevation in boiling point of 0.25 molal
Ans. (b) : Partial pressure = mole fraction × total aqueous solution of a substance is (Kb = 0.52 K
pressure kg mol–1)
So, the ith, component of a gas mixture, which obeys (a) 0.15 K (b) 0.50 K
Dalton's law of partial pressure, (c) 0.13 K (d) 2.08 K
Pi = Xi × Ptotal MHT CET-03.05.2019, SHIFT-I
475. Which of the following does not show positive Ans. (c) : From formula,
deviation from Raoult’s law? Given, m=0.25
(a) Benzene-Chloroform Kb=0.52K kg mol–1
(b) Benzene-Acetone ∆Tb = Kb × m
(c) Benzene-Ethanol = 0.52 × 0.25
(d) Benzene-Carbon tetrachloride =0.13K
COMEDK-2020 480. 9 gram anhydrous oxalic acid (mol. wt. = 90)
Ans. (a) : Benzene-Chloroform does not show a was dissolved in 9.9 moles of water. If vapour
positive deviation from Raoult's law instead it shows a pressure of pure water is p10 1 the vapour
negative deviation. pressure of solution is
In the presence of strong Van-der Wall's force of (a) 0.99 p10 (b) 0.1 p10
0
attraction between benzene and chloroform leads to (c) 0.99 p1 (d) 1.1 p10
decrement in vapour pressure which implies negative MHT CET-02.05.2019, SHIFT-II
deviation from Rault’s law.
Ans. (a) : By Raoult law
476. Which of the following change decrease the
vapour pressure of water kept in a sealed vessel? Pw = Xw Pwº
(a) Decreasing the quantity of water Anhydrous oxalic acid is a non-volatile chemical.
(b) Adding salt to water Vapour pressure of solution = vapour pressure of water
(c) Decreasing the volume of the vessel to one- (pw).
half 9.9 ( moles of water )
(d) Keeping the temperature of water constant No.of moles of oxalic acid =
9.9 + 0.1
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020, Shift-II
Ans. (b) : When salt (non-volatile solute) is added to = 0.99
water kept in a sealed vessel, boiling point of the ⇒ Ps = Pw
solution will be elevated or increased. So, vapour = 0.99 × P1º
pressure of water (solution) will be decreased.
481. Relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute
Lowering of vapour pressure (∆P = Pº - P) is also solution of glucose dissolved in 1 kg of water is
proportional to mole fraction of the solute (XB) present 0.002. The molality of the solution is
in the solution.
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.222
∆P ∝ XB [Pº = Vapour pressure of pure water
(c) 0.111 (d) 0.021
P = Vapour pressure of solution]
Karnataka-CET-2019
477. The Henry's law constant for O2 dissolved in
water is 4.34 × 104 atm at certain temperature. Ans. (c) : Given ,
If the partial pressure of O2 in a gas mixture ∆P
W1 = 1000g, = 0.002, m1 = 18
that is in equilibrium with water is 0.434 atm, P°
what is the mole fraction of O2 in solution? ∆P n 2 W2 m1
(a) 1 ×10–5 (b) 1 ×10–4 = = ×
(c) 2 ×10–5 (d) 1 ×10–6 P° n1 m 2 W1
–6
(e) 2 ×10 18
0.002 = n 2 × ⇒ n 2 = 0.111mol
Kerala-CEE-2019 1000
Ans. (a) : According to Henry's law, P = KH × x n 0.111
PO Molality (m) = 2 ×1000 = ×1000
0.434 W1 1000
xO = 2 = = 1 × 10–5
2 K H 4.34 × 104 = 0.111mol / kg
Mole fraction of O2 in water =1×10–5.
482. Solution 'A' contains acetone dissolved in
478. 'K' is Henry's constant and has the unit chloroform and solution 'B' contains acetone
(a) atm mol–1 dm3 (b) mol–1 dm3 atm–1 dissolved in carbon disulphide. The type of
–3
(c) atm mol dm (d) mol dm–3 atm–1 deviations from Raoult's law shown by solution
MHT CET-02.05.2019, SHIFT-III A and B, respectively are
(a) positive and positive n = moles of urea 
(b) positive and negative  
(c) negative and negative  N = moles of water 
(d) negative and positive P ° − Ps 0.60 / 60
Karnataka-CET-2019 =
P° 0.60 360
+
Ans. (d) : Acetone in chloroform show negative 60 18
deviation and carbon disulphide show positive 0.01
∆P = P × °
deviation. 0.01+20
483. The vapour pressure of pure CHCl3 and
CH2Cl2 are 200 and 41.5 atm respectively. The ∆P = 35× 0.01 = 0.0175 mm Hg
20.01
weight of CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 are respectively
11.9 g and 17 g. The vapour pressure of 485. Acetic acid dimerizes when dissolved in
solution will be? benzene. As a result boiling point of the
(a) 80.5 (b) 79.5 solution rises by 0.36ºC, when 100g of benzene
(c) 94.3 (d) 105.5 is mixed with "X" g of acetic acid. In this
AIIMS-25 May 2019 (Morning) solution, if experimentally measured molecular
weight of acetic acid is 117.8 and molar
Ans. (c):Given, elevation constant of benzene is 2.57 K kgmol–1,
Vapour pressure of CHCl3 (PV1 ) = 200 atm what is the weight % and degree of dissociation
Vapour pressure of CH2Cl2 (PV2 ) = 41.5 atm (in %) of acetic acid in benzene?
(a) 1.62 and 98.3 (b) 0.81 and 98.3
Weight of CHCl3 (W1) = 11.9 gram (c) 0.5 and 8.6 (d) 1 and 98.3
Weight of CH2Cl2 (W2) = 17 gram (e) 1.4 and 99
weight Kerala-CEE-2019
Number of moles =
molecular weight Ans. (a) : Given that,
W 11.9 ∆Tb = 0.36ºC, Kb = 257 Kg/ mol, Ma = 100gm.
n1 = 1 = = 0.1 Experimental molecular weight of acetic acid = 117.8
M1 119
normal molar mass 60
W2 17 i= = = 0.51
n2 = = = 0.2 Abnormal molar mass 117.8
M 2 85
We know that, ∆Tb = iK b × m
Vapour pressure of solution (Pv)
PV = PV1 X1 +PV2 X 2 x
× 1000
 Where , X1 = mole fraction of CHCl3  0.36 = 0.51 × 257 × 60 × 100
  100
 X 2 = mole fraction of CH 2 Cl2  x = 1.65 gm
Weight of CH 3COOH
X1 =
0.1
,X 2 =
0.2 % weight of CH3COOH= × 100
0.3 0.3 Weight of solution
1 2 1.65
= = = ×100 = 1.62
3 3 101.65
1 2
PV = 200 × + 41.5 × i −1
3 3 Degree of dissociation (α) =
PV = 94.33 atm 1
−1
484. At room temperature, a dilute solution of urea n
is prepared by dissolving 0.60g of urea in 360 g 0.51 − 1
of water. If the vapour pressure of pure water (α) = = 0.98 = 98%
1
at this temperature is 35 mm Hg, lowering of −1
vapour pressure will be (Molar mass of urea = 2
60g mol–1) 486. Calculate Van't Hoff-factor for 0.2 m aqueous
(a) 0.027 mmHg (b) 0.031 mmHg solution of KCl which freezes at - 0.680°C.
–1
(c) 0.017 mmHg (d) 0.028 mmHg (K f = 1.86 K kg mol )
(a) 3.72 (b) 1.83
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April Shift-I]
(c) 6.8 (d) 1.86
Ans. (c) : Given data,
MHT CET-02.05.2019, SHIFT-III
Weight of Urea = 0.60 g
Weight of Water = 360 g Ans. (b) : Given that,
Molar mass of urea = 60 g/mole Molality = 0.2m
o Kf = 1.86 K Kg mol–1
Vapour pressure of pure water (P ) = 35mm Hg
∆Tf = 0.680oC
°
P − Ps n We know that,
=
P° n+N ∆Tf = i × Kf × m

0.680 = i × 1.86 × 0.2 491. If x1 and x2 represent the mole fraction of a
0.680 component A in the vapour phase and liquid
i= mixture respectively and pAo and poB represent
1.86 × 0.2
i = 1.83 Vapour pressure of pure A and B, then total of
487. A solution of two liquids boils at a temperature vapour pressure of liquid mixture is
more than the boiling point of either of them. Po x Po x
Hence, the binary solution shows (a) A 1 (b) A 2
x2 x1
(a) negative deviation from Raoult’s law
(b) positive deviation from Raoult’s law PBo x1 PBo x 2
(c) no deviation from Raoult’s law (c) (d)
x2 x1
(d) positive or negative deviation from Raoult’s
law depending upon the composition. AMU-2018
COMEDK-2019, KCET-2011 Ans. (b) : According to Dalton’s law of partial
Ans. (a) : A solution of two liquid boils at a high pressures of gasses-
temperature that means vapour pressure of solution is PA
= x1
less then its shows negative deviation from Raoult's Ptotal
law.
PA = x1 × Ptotal .......(i)
488. The latest heat of vaporization of a liquid at
227oC and 1 atm pressure is 12 kcal mol–1. The According to Raoult’s law
change in internal energy, if 3 moles of the PA = PA° x 2 .......(ii)
liquid changes to vapour at same conditions is From equation (i) and equation (ii) we get:–
(a) 33 kcal (b) 39 kcal
(c) 4 kcal (d) 15 kcal Ptotal x1 = PA° x 2
BCECE-2018 PA° x 2
Ans. (a) : Given, ∆ng = 3 – 0 = 3 moles Ptotal =
x1
T = 227 + 273 = 500K
Form formula, 492. A 0.0020 m aqueous solution of an ionic
∆E = ∆H –∆ngRT compound freezes at -0.00732ºC. Number of
= 3×12–3×500×0.002 moles of in which one mole of the ionic
= 36 – 3 = 33 kcal compound produces on being dissolved in
water will be (Kf = 1.88K kgm-1)
489. Molal depression constant =
(a) 3 (b) 4
R × M1 × Tb2 R × M2 × Tf2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) (b)
1000 × ∆vap H 1000 × ∆f H Assam CEE-2018
AIPMT-2009
R × M2 × Tb2 R × M1 × Tf2
(c) (d) Ans. (d) : Given, K f = 1.88K kg m −1
1000 × ∆vap H 1000 × ∆f H
Molalty of solution = 0.0020 m
JCECE - 2018
∆Tf = T –Ts
Ans. (d) : The correct formula for molal depression
= 0 – (–0.00732)
R × M1 × Tf2
= 0.00732oC
constant (Kf) =
1000 × ∆f H From formula–
It is defined as the depression in freezing point for 1 ∆Tf
molal solution, i.e. a solution containing 1 g mole of i=
Kf × m
solute dissolved in 1000 g of solvent.
490. What happens on increasing pressure at 0.00732
=
constant temperature? 1.88 × 0.002
(a) Rate of Haber process decreases. = 1.946 ≃ 2
(b) Solubility of gas increases in liquid. 493. 58.5 g of NaCl and 180 g of glucose were
(c) Solubility of solid increases in liquid. separately dissolved in 1000 mL of water.
(d) 2C(s) + CO 2 (g) → 2CO(g) reaction moves Identify the correct statement regarding the
forward. elevation of boiling point (b.p) of the resulting
[AIIMS-26 May, 2018 (M)] solutions.
Ans. (b): According to Henry’s law, “the partial (a) NaCl solution will show higher elevation of
pressure applied by any gas on a liquid surface is boiling point
directly proportional to its mole fraction present in a (b) Glucose solution will show higher elevation
liquid solvent.” of boiling point
So, on increasing pressure at constant temperature, (c) Both the solutions will show equal elevation
solubility of gas will increase in liquid. of boiling point
(d) The boiling point elevation will be shown by ∆T = T – T o
b b b
neither of the solutions
0.324 = Tb –80.1oC
JCECE - 2017, WBJEE-2012
Tb = 80.42oC
Ans. (a): Elevation in boiling point,
496. If Po and P are the vapour pressure of the pure
∆Tb = i × K b × m solvent and solution and n1 and n2 are the moles
n of solute and solvent respectively in the solution
Molality of NaCl solution = ×1000 then the correct relation between P and Po is
W
58.5 / 58.5 1000  n1   n2 
= ×1000 = (a) P o = P   (b) P o = P  
WH 2O WH2O  n1 + n 2   n1 + n 2 
180  n2   n1 
100 ×1000 = 1000 (c) P = P o  (d) P = P o  
Molality of C6H12O6 solution =
WH2O WH2O  n1 + n 2   n1 + n 2 
WB-JEE-2016
Both the solutions have same molality but the values of
(i) for NaCl and glucose are 2 and 1 respectively. Ans. (c) : According to the Raoult’s law –
∆TNaCl = 2×∆TC6H12O6 Po − P n1
=
Hence, NaCl will show higher elevation of boiling. P o
n1 + n 2
494. Which of the following aqueous solution has P n1
highest freezing point? Or 1− o =
P n1 + n 2
(a) 0.1 molal Al2(SO4)3 (b) 0.1 molal BaCl2
P n1
(c) 0.1 molal AlCl3 (d) 0.1 molal NH4Cl Or = 1−
Karnataka-CET-2017 Po n1 + n 2
Ans. (d) : Depression in freezing point. P n2
Or =
∆Tf = i × K f × m P o n1 + n 2
observed value  n2 
Where, i = P= P o 
theoretical value 
 n1 + n 2 
3+ 2−
For Al 2 (SO 4 )3 = 2Al + 3SO 4 (i = 5) 497. 31 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with
+2
BaCl 2 = Ba + 2Cl −
(i = 3) 500 g of solvent (Kf of the solvent is 2 K kg mol-
1
). What is the freezing point of the solution (in
AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3Cl− (i = 4) K)? (Freezing point of solvent =273 K)
(a) 272 (b) 271
NH 4Cl = NH +4 + Cl− (i = 2) (c) 270 (d) 274
Hence, NH4Cl, has i = 2 which show highest freezing (d) 275
point. Kerala-CEE-2016
495. What will be the boiling point of 30 g benzene Ans. (b) : From formula,
containing 0.75 g of benzoic acid which  W = mass of solute = 31g 
undergoes 75% dimerization? Boiling point of ∆Tf= K WB ×1000  WB = mass of solvent = 500g 
M B × WA  M = Ethylene glycol ( C H O ) 
o -1 f A
pure benzene = 80.1 C and Kb= 2.53 K mol kg
(a) 90.52o C (b) 104.35o C  B 2 6 2 
o
(c) 76.12 C (d) 80.42 C o 2 × 31 × 1000
∆Tf = = 2K
J & K CET-(2017) 62 × 500
Ans. (d) : Given data, Now, ∆Tf = Tfo − Tf
Weigth of benzene = 30 g ∴Tf = 273 – 2
Weight of benzoic acid = 0.75 g Tf = 271K
From formula 498. At 100°C the vapour pressure of a solution of
∆Tb = iKb m …..(i) 6.5 g of a solute in 100 g water is 732 mm. if Kb
α = 0.52, the boiling point of this solution will be
i = 1– α+ (a) 102°C (b) 103°C
n (c) 101°C (d) 100°C
i = 1 − 0.75 +
2 (
0.75 ∴α = 0.75
n=2 ) Ans. (c) :
(NEET-I-2016)
i = 0.625 Po − P n
Now putting the values in equation. (i) ∵ A o S = B ( nA > nB )
0.75 /122 PA nA
∆Tb = 0.625×2.53× × 1000 760 − 732 WB × M A
30 ⇒ =
∆Tb = 0.324 760 M B × WA

∴M B = 31.75 10
We know that, Now, Molality = 32 ×1000
∆Tb =Kb×m 90
6.5 × 1000 = 3.47m
∆Tb = 0.52 × = 1.06
19.2 × 100 ∆Tf = K f .m
∴ Boiling point = 100+1.06 =101.06oC ≈ 101o C = 1.86o × 3.47
499. Which of the following statements about the = 6.45o C
composition of the vapour over an ideal 1:1 Then freezing point of the solution = 0oC –6.45oC
molar mixture of benzene and toluene is = – 6.45oC
correct? 502. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and
Assume that the temperature is constant at toluene are 160 and 60 mm Hg respectively.
25°C.(Given, vapour pressure data at 25°C, The mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
benzene = 12.8kPa, toluene = 3.85kPa) in contact with equimolar solution of benzene
(a) The vapour will contain amounts of benzene and toluene is
and toluene. (a) 0.073 (b) 0.027
(b) Not enough information is given to make a (c) 0.27 (d) 0.73
prediction. AP-EAMCET – 2016
(c) The vapour will contain a higher percentage
of benzene. Ans. (d) : Vapour pressure of pure benzene = 160 of Hg
(d) The vapour will contain a higher percentage Vapour pressure of pure toluene = 60 mm Hg
of toluene. For equimolar solution,
(NEET-I-2016) XB = XT = 0.5
° PB = XB×PB0 = 0.5 ×160 = 80 mm
Ans. (c) : PBenzene = X Benzene P Benzene
PT = XT × PT0 = 0.5 × 60 = 30 mm
°
PToluene = X Toluene PToluene Ptotal = 80 + 30 = 110 mm
For an ideal 1:1 molar mixture of benzene and toluene, ∴ Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
1 1 P 80
X Benzene = and X Toluene = = B = = 0.73
2 2 Ptotal 110
1 ° 1 Mole fraction of toluene in vapour phase
PBenzene = PBenzene = ×12.8kPa = 6.4kPa
2 2 P 30
1 ° 1 = T = = 0.27
PToluene = PToluene = ×3.85kPa = 1.925kPa PTotal 110
2 2 503. Partial vapour pressure of a solution
Thus, the vapour will contain a high percentage of component is directly proportional to its mole
benezene as the partial pressure of benzene is higher as fraction. This statement is known as
compared to that of toluene.
(a) Raoult’s law
500. For a non–volatile solute, (b) distribution law
(a) Vapour pressure of solution is more than (c) Henry’s law
vapour pressure of solvent
(d) Ostwald’s dilution law
(b) Vapour pressure of solvent is zero
COMEDK-2016
(c) Vapour pressure of solute is zero
(d) All of the above Ans. (a) :Partial vapour pressure of a solution
component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
UPTU/UPSEE-2016
This statement is know as Raoult's law.
Ans. (c): Non-Volatile solute always has zero vapour
pressure till no vapour is form from solute. i.e. PA = PAo X A
501. What is the freezing point of a 10% (by Where, PAo = Partial pressure of pure component.
weight) solution of CH3OH in water? [ Kf of 504. Assertion : If a liquid solute more volatile than
CH3OH = 1.86oC/m] the solvent is added to the solvent, the vapour
(a) 90oC (b) 10oC pressure of the solution may increase i.e., ps>p°.
o
(c) 6.45 C (d) – 6.45oC Reason : In the presence of a more volatile
[BITSAT – 2016], Panjab PMET-2011 liquid solute, only the solute will form the
10 vapours and solvent will not.
Ans. (d) : 10% Weight CH3OH = l0g = mol (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
32
So, Water will be present = 100 – 10 the Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
= 90g
moles of solute Reason is not the correct explanation of
Molality =
mass of solvent Assertion.

(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (a) 32 (b) 16
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (c) 64 (d) 48
AIIMS-2016 J & K CET-(2015)
Ans. (c): In the presence of volatile solute, solvent will Ans. (b) : Given,
also form vapours. So, assertion is correct but its reason
incorrect. Vapour pressure of pure benzene(P o ) = 1bar
505. Lowering of vapour pressure is highest for Vapour pressure of solution (Ps ) = 0.8bar
(a) 0.1 M BaCl2 (b) 0.1 M glucose Molar mass of benzene = 78 g mole –1
(c) 0.1 M MgSO4 (d) 0.1 M Urea Weight of non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid = 2 g
UPTU/UPSEE-2015 From formula,
Ans. (a) : Lowering of vapour pressure ∝ Vant Hoff P o − Ps n 2
factor, =
For BaCl2, i = 3(maximum) Ps n1
So, BaCl2 has highest value for relative lowering of 1 − 0.8 W2 M1
vapour pressure. =
0.8 M 2 W1
506. 12 g of a non-volatile solute dissolved in 108 g
0.8 × 2 × 78
of water produces the relative lowering of M2 =
vapour pressure of 0.1. The molecular mass of 0.2 × 39
the solute is M 2 = 16g mol−1
(a) 80 (b) 60
(c) 20 (d) 40 509. 0.5 molal solution of a solute in benzene shows
a depression in freezing point equal to 2K.
JCECE - 2015
Molal depression constant for benzene is 5 K
Ans. (c) : Given, w = 12 g; W = 108 g, m = ? kg mol–1. If the solute forms dimer in benzene,
∆P what is the % association?
M = 18 g, o = 0.1
P (a) 40 (b) 50
From Raoult's law, relative lowering in vapour pressure (c) 60 (d) 80
∆P Pº −P n w M J & K CET-(2015)
= = = × Ans. (a) : Given,
Pº Pº N m W
12 18 Molality =0.5m,
0.1 = × Molal depression constant of benzene (Kf) = 5K kg
m 108 mol–1,
12 × 18
m= = 20
10.8 Depression in freezing point (∆Tf ) = 2K and α = ?
507. 18 g of glucose is dissolved in 178.2 g of water.
The vapour pressure of the solution at 100o C is By Vant Hoff factor, ∆Tf = K f × m
(vapour pressure of pure water at 100o C is 760 ∆Tf 2
mm Hg.) i= =
K f × m 5 × 0.5
(a) 767.6 mm Hg (b) 760 mm Hg
(c) 752.4 mm Hg (d) 725.4 mm Hg 2
i= = 0.8
(e) 745.2 mm Hg 2.5
Kerala-CEE-2015 % Association of acid (α ) , while solute from dimer in
Ans. (c) : Total number of moles benzene, i.e, 2AA 2
= x glucose + xwater
∴ value of n = 2
 18 178.2 
=  +  i − 1 0.8 − 1
 180 18  α association = =
1 1
= 10 moles −1 −1
Now, n 2
% of α association = 0.4 × 100 = 40%
∆P 0.1
= 510. Molar enthalpy change for melting of ice is 6
∆Pº 10
∆ P = 0.01 Pº = 0.01 × 760 kJ/mol. Then the internal energy change (in
kJ/mol) when 1 mole of water is converted into
= 7.6 mm Hg
ice at 1 atm at 0°C is
Vapour pressure of solution = (760 – 7.6) mm Hg
(a) RT/1000 (b) 6
= 752.4 mm Hg
(c) 6 – (RT/1000) (d) 6 + (RT / 1000)
508. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at certain J & K CET-(2015)
temperature is a 1 bar. A non-volatile, non
electrolyte solid weighing 2 g when added to 39 Ans. (b) : Given,
g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol–1) yields Molar enthalpy change (∆H) = 6kJ / mol
solution of vapour pressure of 0.8 bar, The
molar mass of solid substance is In this dissociation H2O(l) ↽ ⇀ H2O(s)

From formula, 513. The vapour pressure of pure liquid solvent A is
∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT 0.80 bar. When a non-volatile substance B is
added to the solvent, its vapor pressure drops
∆ng = 0 to 0.60 bar. What is the mole fraction of
So, component B in the solution?
∆H = ∆U = 6 kJ/mol (a) 0.75 (b) 0.50
511. 18 g of glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water. The (c) 1.5 (d) 0.25
relative lowering of vapour pressure of the SCRA-2015, J & K CET-2010
solution is equal to : Ans. (d): Given that,
(a) 6 (b) 0.2 Partial pressure of pure liquid A (P) = 0.60 bar
(c) 5.1 (d) 0.02 Vapor pressure of component (Po) = 0.80 bar
According to Raoult's law
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 2015 P = Po × X
Ans. (d) : Given that, Putting these value we get,
Weight of glucose (w1) = 18 gm 0.60 = 0.80 × X
Weight of water = w2 = 90 gm or X = 0.75
Molar mass of glucose (M2) = 180 ∴ The mole fraction of component (B) = 1 – 0.75
Molar mass of water (M1) = 18 = 0.25
From Raoult's law for non volatile solute– 514. To observe an elevation of boiling point of
Pº –Ps n2 0.05oC, the amount of a solute (mol. wt = 100)
= to be added to 100 g of water (Kb = 0.5) is
Pº n1 + n 2 (a) 2 g (b) 0.5 g
For dilute solution– (c) 1 g (d) 0.75 g
Pº –Ps n 2 w 2 × M1 WB-JEE-2014
= =
Ps n1 m 2 × W1 Ans. (c) : We know that,
W × K f × 1000
Putting these value, we get– ∆Tb =
Pº –Ps 18 × 18 M×W
= = 0.02 W × 0.5 × 1000
Ps 180 × 90 ∆Tb =
100 × 100
512. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20°C is 185 Putting the value:–
torr. When 1.2g of a non-volatile substance was W × 0.5 × 1000
dissolved in 100 g of acetone at 20°C, its vapour 0.05 =
100 × 100
pressure was 183 torr. The molar mass (g mol–
1 So, W=1g
) of the substance is
(a) 32 (b) 64 515. A solution of 1.25 of 'P' in 50g of water lowers
(c) 128 (d) 488 freezing point by 0.3oC. Molar mass of 'P' is 94.
Kf (water) = 1.86 K kg mol–1. The degree of
[JEE Main 2015] association of 'P' in water is
Ans. (b) : Given, (a) 80% (b) 60%
Vapour pressure of acetone = 185 torr (c) 65% (d) 75%
Weight of non-volatile substance = 1.2 g Karnataka-CET-2014
Weight of acetone = 100 g Ans. (a) : From formula
Vapour pressure of non-volatile substance = 183 torr ∆T f = i × Kf × m
From formula, w ×1000
= i × Kf × 1
Psolvent − Psolute n  Where, n = moles of solute  W1 × M1
=  
Psolute 
N  N = moles of solvent  1.25 ×1000
0.3 = i × 1.86 ×
1.2 50 × 94
185 − 183 M i = 0.6064
= i −1
183 100 now, degree of association of 'P' in water α =
1
58 −1
185 −183 1.2 58 n
= × 0.6064 − 1
183 M 100 =
1
183 ×1.2 × 58 −1
M= 2
2 × 100 = 0.7872
M = 63.684 = 78.72%
≃ 64g / mol. ≃ 80%
516. An aqueous solution containing 3 g of a solute ∆Tf = 1.80, m=0.001
of molar mass 111.6 g mol-1 in a certain mass of 0.0054
water freezes at -0.125 oC. The mass of water in i= =3
grams present in the solution is (Kf = 1.86 K kg 0.001× 1.80
[Pt(HN 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]Cl2 ↽ ⇀[Pt(NH 3 ) 4 Cl2 ]2+ + 2Cl−
water
mol-1)
(a) 300 (b) 600 519. A pressure cooker reduces cooking time for
(c) 500 (d) 400 food because
(e) 250 (a) heat is more evenly distributed in the cooking
Kerala-CEE-2014 space
Ans. (d) : From formula– (b) boiling point of water involved in cooking is
increased
K f × w × 1000  w and M = weight and molar  (c) the higher pressure inside the cooker crushes
∆T f =  mass of solute 
M×W  W = weight of solvent or water 
the food material
(d) cooking involves chemical changes helped by
Putting the value, a rise in temperature.
∆Tf = 0 − (−0.125) SRMJEEE-2014, AIEEE-2003
= 0.125 Ans. (b) : A pressure cooker reduces cooking time for
1.86 × 3 × 1000 food because at altitudes by raising the pressure and
0.125 = boiling point the pressure cooker cooks the food at a
111.6 × W faster rate.
1.86 × 3 × 1000
W= 520. Vapour pressure in mm Hg of 0.1 mole of urea
0.125 ×111.6 in 180 g of water at 25° C is (The vapour
= 400 g pressure of water at 25°C is 24 mm Hg)
517. If M is molecular weight of solvent, kb is molal (a) 2.376 (b) 20.76
elevation constant, Tb is its boiling point, po is (c) 23.76 (d) 24.76
its vapour pressure at temperature T and Ps is AP-EAMCET (Engg.)-2014
vapour pressure of its solution having a non– Ans. (c) : Given that, P° = 24, M = 18, W = 180
volatile solute at T K, then
w
P o − Ps ∆Tb Number of moles urea = = 0.1
(a) = ×M m
Po Kb According to the Raoult's law of dilute solution –
P o − Ps K b P° − Ps w M
(b) = ×M = .
Po ∆Tb P° m W
P o − Ps K b M 24 − PS 18
(c) = × So, = 0.1×
Po ∆Tb 1000 24 180
24 – Ps = 0.01×24
P o − Ps ∆Tb M Ps = 24 – 0.24 = 23.76 mm Hg
(d) = ×
Po K b 1000 521. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535
UPTU/UPSEE-2014 mm Hg. The vapour pressure of water at 293 K
Ans. (d) : containing 25 g of glucose dissolved in 450 g of
water is
P o − Ps n Molality × M (a) 17.439 mm Hg (b) 17.535 mm Hg
= =
Po N 1000 (c) 0.097 mm Hg (d) 34.973 mm Hg
∆Tb COMEDK-2014
Molality = (∵∆Tb = K b × m ) Ans. (a) :
Kb
So, W1
P o − Ps ∆Tb M P° – Ps M1  W1 → solute 
= × =  W → solvent 
P o
K b 1000 P° W 1
+ 2  2
W 
518. A 0.001 molal solution of [Pt(NH3)4 Cl4] in M1 M 2
water had a freezing point depression of 25
0.00540C. If Kf for water is 1.80 the correct 17.535 – Ps
= 180
formulation of the above molecule is
17.535 25 450
(a) [Pt(NH3)4Cl3]Cl (b) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 +
(c) [Pt(NH3)4Cl]Cl2 (d) [Pt(NH3)4Cl4] 180 18
UPTU/UPSEE-2014 25
Ans. (b) : According to the depression in freezing point 17.535 – Ps 180
=
∆ T f= i × K f × m 17.535 25 + 4500
Given that, 180
17.535 – Ps 25 (a) 50 (b) 25
= (c) 37.5 (d) 53.5
17.535 4525
17.535–Ps = 0.00 552 × 17.535 SRMJEEE-2014
– Ps = 0.0968 – 17.353 Ans. (a) : Given that,
Ps = 17.4381 P° = 75 torr (for benzene)
522. Which one of the following is the ratio of the P° = 22 torr (for toluene)
lowering of vapour pressure of 0.1M aqueous Pbenzene = ?
solutions of BaCl2, NaCl and Al2(SO4)3 Amount of benzene = 78 g
respectively? 78
(a) 3 : 2 : 5 (b) 5 : 2 : 3 ∴ Moles of benzene = = 1mole
78
(c) 5 : 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3 : 5 Amount of toluene = 46 g
BCECE-2014 46 1
AP EAMCET (Engg.)-2011 ∴ Moles of toluene = = mole
92 2
Ans. (a) : Lowering of vapour pressure depends on the
According to the Raoult’s law –
number of particles of the solute (i).
P = P° X
∆P
= i Kf m Where, P = Partial vapour pressure
P° P° = Vapour pressure.
∆P X = Mole fraction
⇒ ∝i
P° 1
BaCl2 → Ba2+ + 2Cl– ∴ P = 75 ×
1
3 moles of ions 1+
NaCl → Na+ + Cl– 2
2 moles of ions 2
or P = 75 ×
Al2 (SO4)3 →2Al3+ + 3SO 24− 3
or P = 50 torr
5 moles of ions
So, the ratio will be 526. The measured freezing point depression for a
3: 2: 5 0.1 m aqueous CH3COOH solution is 0.19oC.
The acid dissociation constant Ka at this
523. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with concentration will be (Given, Kf the molal
600 g of water, what is the depression of cryoscopic constant = 1.89 K kg mol-1)
freezing point?
(a) 4.76 × 10-5 (b) 4 × 10-5
(a) 7.9 K (b) 2.5 K -5
(c) 8 × 10 (d) 2 × 10-5
(c) 6.6 K (d) 2.2 K
WB-JEE-2013
J & K CET-(2014)
Ans. (b) : According to the depression in freezing point
Ans. (d) : Given,
∆Tf= i×Kf×m
K f = 1.86 g mol −1 , Weight of ethylene glycol(w) = 45g
∆Tf
Weight of water (W) = 600g , So , i=
Kf × m
Molecular mass of C6 H 6 O 2 ( m ) = 62 0.19
From formula– =
1.86 × 0.1
K × w × 1000 = 1.02
∆Tf = f
m×W i − a 1.02 − 1
1.86 × 45 × 1000 Since, α = = = 0.02 = 2× 10-2
∆Tf = n −1 2 −1
62 × 600 Now, CH3COOH ↽ ⇀ CH3COO– + H+
∆Tf = 2.25k.
Ka = Cα2
524. Henry’s law constant value for O2 in water is = 0.1 ×(2×10–2)2
(a) 46.82 (b) 43.86 = 4×10–5
(c) 88.84 (d) 76.48 527. The vapour pressure in mm of Hg, of an
J & K CET-(2014) aqueous solution obtained by adding 18g of
Ans. (a) : Henry’s law constant value for O2 in water is glucose (C6H12O6) to 180 g of water at 1000C is
46.82K bar at 303K and 34.86K bar at 293K. (a) 7.60 (b) 76.0
525. Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solution. (c) 759 (d) 752.4
At 20°C, the vapour pressure of benzene is 75 AP-EAMCET (Engg.)-2013
torr and that of toluene is 22 torr. The partial Ans. (d) :
vapour pressure of benzene at 20°C for a W 180
solution containing 78 g of benzene and 46 g of Moles of solvent ( n1 ) = 1 = = 10 mol
toluene (in torr) is M 1 18

W2 18 100
Moles of solute ( n 2 ) = = = 0.1 mol Moles of solvent (n1) = mole
M 2 180 18
According to Raoult's law. Now, From Rault's law-
w2
P 0 − PS n2
= 1.8 60
P 0
n1 + n 2 =
100 w 2 100
+
P 0 − Ps 0.1 60 18
=
P 0
10 + 0.1 1.8 w2
or =
( )
10.1 P 0 − Ps = 0.1 P 0 100 
60 
3w 2 + 1000 

10P = 10.1 Ps
0  180 
10 × 760 1.8 w 2 180
or Ps = = 752.4 mm Hg. or = ×
10.1 100 60 ( 3w 2 + 1000 )
528. The boiling point of a solution containing 68.4 g 1.8 3w 2
of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol–1) in 100 g or =
100 3w 2 + 1000
of water is
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1) 100 1000
or = 1+
(a) 98.98°C (b) 101.02°C 1.8 3w 2
(c) 100.512°C (d) 100.02°C or w 2 = 6.10
AP-EAMCET (Medical)-2013
Ans. (b) : Given that, or w 2 ≈ 6g
Amount of solvent (w1) = 100 g 530. At a particular temperature, the vapour
Amount of solute (w2) = 68.4 g pressures of two liquids A and B are
Molar mass of solute (M2) = 342 g mol–1 respectively 120 and 180 mm of mercury. If 2
Kb = 0.512 K kg mol–1 moles of A and 3 moles of B are mixed to form
an ideal solution, the vapour pressure of the
Tb° = 100°C
solution at the same temperature will be (in
1000 × K b × w 2 mm of mercury)
Now, ∆Tb =
w1 × M 2 (a) 156 (b) 145
(c) 150 (d) 108
1000 × 0.512 × 68.4
or ∆Tb = AIIMS-2013
100 × 342
Ans. (a): Given data,
or ∆Tb = 1.024°C
Vapour pressure of liquid A = 120 mm Hg
Thus, boiling point of solution-
Vapour pressure of liquid B = 180 mm Hg
Tb = Tb° + ∆Tb Number of moles of liquid A = 2
Tb = 100 + 1.024 = 101.024°C Number of moles of liquid B = 3
529. The weight in gram, of the non-volatile solute Vapour pressure of solution
urea (NH2CONH2) to be dissolved in 100 g of PA + PB = X A PAo + X B PBo
water in order to decrease its vapour pressure
by 1.8% is 2 3
= ×120 + × 180
(a) 6.0 (b) 0.3 5 5
(c) 3.0 (d) 0.6 = 48 + 108 = 156 mm Hg
AP-EAMCET (Medical)-2013 531. What will be the freezing point of a 1%
Ans. (a) : According to the Roult's law- solution of glucose in water, given that molal
P o − Ps n2 depression constant for water is 1.84 K kg
= mol–1?
Po n1 + n 2
(a) 272.898 K (b) 0.102oC
Where, Po = Vapour pressure of pure water (c) 273 K (d) 0.108oC
n2 = Moles of solute J & K CET-(2013)
n1 = Moles of solvent
Ans. (a) : Mass of glucose = 1 g
Let vapour pressure of pure water = 100 mm
Mass of solvent = 100 –1 = 99 g
lowering in vapour pressure = 1.8 mm (Given)
Mass of solution = 100 g
w
Moles of solute (n2) = 2 mole So,
60

1 1  w 1  Ans. (d) : On mixing acetone and chloroform shows
= 1.84× × ∵ ∆Tf × ×  negative deviation from Raoult's law due to the
180 99 /100  m W /1000  formation of hydrogen bond with acetone molecule by
= 0.103 chloroform molecule.
Now, 535. 58.4 g of NaCl and 180 g of glucose were
Freezing point of solution = 273–0.103 separately dissolved in 1000ml of water.
= 272.897 K Identify the correct statement regarding the
532. The aqueous solution that has the lowest elevation of boiling point (b.p) of the resulting
vapour pressure at a given temperature is solutions.
(a) 0.1 molal sodium phosphate (a) NaCl solution will show higher elevation of
(b) 0.1 molal barium chloride boiling point
(c) 0.1 molal sodium chloride (b) Glucose solution will show higher elevation
(d) 0.1 molal glucose of boiling point
UP CPMT-2013 (c) Both the solutions will show equal elevation
Ans. (a) : The same concentrations of relative lowering of boiling point
of vapour pressure depends upon the number of ions or (d) The boiling point elevation will be shown by
particles present in different solutions. neither of the solutions
WB-JEE-2012
Na 3PO 4 → 3Na + + PO34− = 4 ions
Ans. (a) :
BaCl2 → Ba 2 + + 2Cl− = 3 ions 58.4g
Molality of NaCl = × 1000g / kg
NaCl → Na + + Cl− = 2 ions 58.4g ×1000 × 1
Glucose → no dissociation = 1 ions =1m
As Na3PO4 gives maximum ions (4) on dissociation, For NaCl Solution, using the formula
hence relative lowering of vapour pressure is maximum ∆Tb ∝ i×m
for sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and it has lowest = i×m
vapour pressure. = 2×1 = 2
533. 0.4 g of H2, 22 g of CO2 and 6.4 g of SO2 are Now, Molality of glucose
taken in a container. Total pressure is found to 180g
be 1.6 atm. What is the partial pressure of CO2 = ×1000
gas in the mixture? 180g / mol ×1000 ml × 1g / ml
(a) 1.0 atm (b) 0.8 atm =1m
(c) 0.6 atm (d) 1.6 atm For glucose ∆T∝ i×m
SRMJEEE-2013 = 1×1= 1
Ans. (a) : Given that, PTotal = 1.6 atm Now, we can say that NaCl solution will show higher
0.4 elevation of boiling point.
Amount of H2 = 0.4 g, moles of H2 = = 0.2 mole 536. PA and PB are the vapour pressures of pure
2
liquid components, A and B, respectively of an
22 ideal binary solution. If xA represents the mole
Amount of CO2 = 0.22 g, moles of CO2= = 0.5mole
44 fraction of component A, the total pressure of
6.4 the solution will be
Amount of SO2 = 6.4g, moles of SO2 = = 0.1mole (a) PA +xA(PB–PA) (b) PA +xA(PA–PB)
64 (c) PB +xA(PB–PA) (d) PB +xA(PA–PB)
Now, P = Ptotal × X CO2 (AIPMT -2012)
Where, P = Partial pressure Ans. (d) : According to Roult's law, if volatile liquid
PTotal = Total pressure added in pure solvent, then total pressure equal to sum
X CO2 = Moles fraction of CO2 of the partial pressure of volatile liquid and solvent.
Total Pressure–
0.5 P T = XA P A + XB P B
PCO2 = 1.6 ×
0.5 + 0.2 + 0.1 For fraction (XA + XB) = 1(binary Solution)
0.5 So XB = 1–XA
PCO2 = 1.6 × Now putting the value.
0.8
PCO2 = 1atm PT = XA PA + (1–XA)PB
=XA PA+ PB–XA PB
534. Which of following will show a negative
deviation from Raoult’s law? PT = PB +X A (PA -PB )
(a) Acetone-benzene 537. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and
(b) Acetone -ethanol dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 25°C are 200 mm
(c) Benzene-methanol Hg and 41.5 mm Hg respectively. Vapour
(d) Acetone -chloroform pressure of the solution obtained by mixing
WB-JEE-2012 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at the same
temperature will be (Molecular mass of
CHCl3 = 119.5 u and molecular mass of CH2Cl2 (a) 11.4 g (b) 9.8 g
= 85 u) (c) 12.8 g (d) 10 g
(a) 173.9 mm Hg (b) 615.0 mm Hg Karnataka-CET-2012
(c) 347.9 mm Hg (d) 285.5 mm Hg Ans. (d) : From Raoult’s law-
(AIPMT -Mains-2012) Pº −P w M
= ×
40 P m W
Ans. (c) : Mole fraction of CH2Cl2 = 85 Now, putting the value
40 25.5
+ 100 − 80 w 114
= ×
85 119.5 80 40 114
0.47 20 × 40
= w=
0.47 + 0.213 80
=0.688 w = 10g
Now, mole fraction of CHCl3=1 – 0.688 541. Freezing point of an aqueous solution is
= 0.312 –0.186oC. If the values of Kb and Kf of water
From formula, are respectively 0.52K kg mol–1 and 1.86 K kg
PT = P1o + (P2o − P1o )X 2 mol–1 then the elevation of boiling point of the
= 200+ (415-200)×0.688 solution in K is
= 200+147.9 (a) 0.52 (b) 1.04
=347.9mm Hg (c) 1.34 (d) 0.134
538. Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol . If your –1 (e) 0.052
automobile radiator holds 1.0 kg of water, then Kerala-CEE-2012
how many grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) Ans. (e) : Elevation of boiling point = Kbm
must you add to get the freezing point of the T 2 – T 1 = K bm
solution lowered to –2.8°C? Depression in freezing point = Kfm = T3 – T4
(a) 72 g (b) 93 g Depression in freezing point = 0.186ºC
(c) 39 g (d) 27 g So,
[AIEEE-2012] 0.186 = 1.86 × m
Ans. (b) Glycol is a non-electrolyte and it is coolant m = 0.1
∆Tf = 0 − (−2.8°C) Now,
T 2 – T 1 = K bm
∆Tf = 2.8°C, K f = 1.86
= 0.52 × 0.1
1000K f W1 = 0.052
∆Tf =
M1W2 542. Assertion: Lowering of vapour pressure is
 W1 = Weight of ethyleneglycol  directly proportional to osmotic pressure of the
  solution
 W = Weight of water  Reason: Osmotic pressure is a colligative
 2 

M1 = Molecular weight of ethylene glycol property.
1000 × 1.86 × W1
2.8 = the Reason is the correct explanation of
62 × 1000 Assertion.
2.8 × 62 (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
W1 = Reason is not the correct explanation of
1.86
W1 = 93.33g ≈ 93g Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
539. The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is governed (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are
by incorrect.
(a) Raoult's law AIIMS-2012
(b) Henry's law
Ans. (b): According to Van't Hoff equation for dilute
(c) Dalton's law of partial pressure solutions is-
(d) Van't Hoff factor.
J & K CET-(2012) Π = n RT
Ans. (b) : The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is V
governed by Henry’s law. Henry’s law states that the  N → number of moles of solvent 
weight of the gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to V =
NM  M → molecular weight 
ρ  ρ → density 
the pressure of the gas upon the liquid.  V → volume 
 
540. The mass of a non-volatile solute of molar mass
40g mol–1 that should be dissolved in 114g of n = ΠM
octane to lower its vapour pressure by 20% is N ρRT

From Raoult 's law WA
Po − P n
= XA =
nA
=
MA
Po N n A + n B WA + WB
Po − P ΠM MA MB
=
Po ρRT WA
Π M 60
Po − P = × Po 0.02=
ρRT WA 90
+
MP o 60 18
factor is constant at constant temperature WA WA
ρRT +5 =
60 0.02 × 60
(Po–P) ∝ Π
WA WA
lowering of vapour pressure ∝ osmotic pressure. +5=
The reason osmotic pressure is a colligative property is 60 1.2
also true but not the correct explanation of the assertion. WA WA
5= −
543. 12 g of urea is dissolved in 1 litre of water and 1.2 60
68.4 g of sucrose is dissolved in 1 litre of water. WA = 6.122
The lowering of vapour pressure of first case is WA ≈ 6
(a) equal to second 545. The mass of a non-volatile solute of molar mass
(b) greater than second 60 g mol–1 that should be dissolved in 126 g of
(c) less than second water to reduce its vapour pressure to 99% will
(d) double of that of second be
AIIMS-2012 (a) 4 g (b) 8 g
Wt.of substance (c) 5.6 g (d) 3 g
Ans. (a): Number of moles = COMEDK-2012
Molecular mass
Ans. (a) : Mole fraction of the non-volatile solute
Molecular mass of urea ( NH 2 CONH 2 ) = lowering in vapour pressure.
= 14 + 2 + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2 P° – Ps W2 / M 2
= 16 + 12 + 16 + 16 X2 = =
P° W1 / M1 + W2 / M 2
= 60
100 – 99 W2 / 60
Number of moles of urea in 1 liter of water =
12 1 100 126 /18 + W2 / 60
= = = 0.2 W2 = 4.2gm ≈ 4gm
60 5
Molecular mass of sucrose [C12 H 22 O11 ] 546. When 1.20 g of sulphur is melted with 15.00 g
of naphthalene, the solution freezes at 77.2oC.
= 12×12 + 1× 22 + 16×11 What is the molar mass of this form of
= 342 sulphur?
Number of moles of sucrose in 1 liter of water [Data for Naphthalene:
68.4 1 Melting point = 80°C
= = = 0.2 Freezing point depression constant,
342 5
Urea and sucrose are non-electrolytic solutes and have Kf = 6.80oC m-1]
same concentration. (a) 160 g mol–1 (b) 190 g mol–1
–1
So, both witll have equal lowering of vapour pressure. (c) 260 g mol (d) 450 g mol–1
544. The weight in grams of a non-volatile solute SCRA-2012
–1
(mol. wt. 60) to be dissolved in 90g of water to Ans. (b) : Given that, Kf = 6.80°Cm , W2 = 1.2 gm
produce a relative lowering of vapour pressure W1 = 15 gm, ∆Tf = Tf° − Tf = 80 − 77.2 = 2.8o C
of 0.02 is
(a) 4 (b) 8 M=?
(c) 6 (d) 10 We know that,
AP-EAMCET (Engg.)-2012 K × W2 × 1000
Ans. (c) : Given that, ∆Tf = f
M × W1
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Where ∆Tf = depression in freezing point
Po − P
= 0.02 K f = Molaldepression constant.
Po
Molecular weight (MA) = 60 W2 = Weight of solute.
Weight of water (WA) = 90 gram
Wl = Weight of solvent
Po − P
= X A M = Molar mass
Po
Tf × W2 × 1000 Ans. (d) : From formula,
∴ M= ∆Tf = iKfm
∆Tf × W1
6.80 × 1.2 × 1000 = 1.3 × 1.86 × 0.1 (∴ i = 1 − α + nα )
M= i = 1.3
2.8 × 15
∆Tf = +0.24ºC
M =194.28g mol−1 Tf = 0 – 0.24°C = – 0.24°C
or M ≈ 190 g mol–1 550. 200mL of an aqueous solution of a protein
547. The vapour pressure lowering caused by the contains its 1.26 g. The osmotic pressure of this
addition of 100g of sucrose (molecular mass = solution at 300K is found to be 2.57×10–3bar .
342) to 1000 g of water the vapour pressure of The molar mass of protein will be (R = 0.083 L
pure water at 25oC 23.8 mm Hg is bar mol–1K–1)
(a) 0.12 mm Hg (b) 0.125 mm Hg (a) 5122 g mol–1 (b) 122044 g mol–1
(c) 1.15 mm Hg (d) 1.25 mm Hg (c) 31011 g mol–1 (d) 61038 g mol–1
UP CPMT-2011 (AIPMT -Mains-2011)
100 Ans. (d) : Given that,
Ans. (b) : Moles of sucrose, (n) = = 0.292 mol R=0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1 , W = 1.26g
342 V = 200 mL, T = 300K
1000 We know that,
Moles of water, (N) = = 55.5 mol
18 Π = CRT
Vapour pressure of pure water, (Po) = 23.8 mmHg w
According to Raoult’s law, Π V = RT
M
∆P n 200 1.26
= 2.57 × 10−3 × = × 0.083 × 300
P o
n+N 1000 M
∆P 0.292 M = 61038 g mol –1
=
23.8 0.292 + 55.5 551. A solution containing 1.8 g of a compound
23.8 × 0.292 (empirical formula CH2O) in 40 g of water is
∆P = = 0.125mm Hg
55.792 observed to freeze at – 0.465oC. The molecular
formula of the compound is (Kf of water = 1.86
548. The freezing point depression constant for
kg K mol-1)
water is –1.86 °C m–1 . If 5.00 g Na2SO4 is
(a) C2H4O2 (b) C3H6O3
dissolved in 45.0 g H2O, the freezing point is
changed by –3.82 °C. Calculate the Van't Hoff (c) C4H8O4 (d) C5H10O5
factor for Na2SO4. (e) C6H12O6
(a) 2.05 (b) 2.63 Kerala-CEE-2011
(c) 3.11 (d) 0.381 Ans. (e) : From formula:
(AIPMT -2011) ∆T f = Kf × M
Ans. (b) : Given that, ∆Tf = −3.82°C 1.8 1000
0.465 = 1.86 × ×
M 40
K f = −1.86°C m−1 M = 180
Weight of solvent (H 2 O) WA = 45g Now,
From formula, molar mass 180
n= = =6
∆Tf × WA empiricalformula weight 30
i=
K f × n B ×1000 So, molecular formula of compound will be C6H12O6
(nB = no. of moles of solute (Na2SO4)) 552. 34.2 g of cane sugar is dissolved in 180 g of
−3.82 × 45 water. The relative lowering of vapour
= pressure will be
 5 
−1.86 ×   × 1000 (a) 0.0099 (b) 1.1597
 142  (c) 0.840 (d) 0.9901
= 2.63 MHT CET-2011
549. A 0.1 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid is Ans. (a) : From formula,
30% ionized. If Kf for water is 1.86°C/m, the
w2
freezing point of the solution will be
Pº −Ps m2
(a) –0.18 °C (b) –0.54°C =
(c) –0.36°C (d) –0.24°C Pº w1 w 2
+
(AIPMT-2011) m1 m 2

34.2 556. A solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol–
1
) has been prepared by dissolving 68.5 g of
= 342 sucrose in 1000 g of water. The freezing point
34.2 180 of the solution obtained will be (Kf for water =
+
342 18 1.86K kg mol–1)
0.1 (a) –0.372°C (b) –0.520°C
= (c) +0.372°C (d) –0.570°C
0.1 + 10
0.1 (AIPMT -2010)
= = 0.0099 Ans. (a) : Given that, Kf= 1.86 K kg mol–1
10.1
553. The freezing point of a solution composed of Molar mass of sucrose (M1) = 342 g mol–1
10.0g of KCl in 100 g of water is 4.5°C. Weight of solute (W1) = 68.5g
Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor, i for this Weight of solvent (W2) = 1000g
solution. We know that,
(a) 2.50 (b) 1.8 ∆Tf = Kf × molality
(c) 1.2 (d) 1.3 W × K f ×1000
VITEEE- 2011 ∆Tf = 1
M1 × W2
Ans. (b) : Given that, W1 = 10 gm of KCl, ∆ Tf =
4.5°C  68.5 × 1000 
∆Tf = 1.86 ×  
W2 = 100 gm of water , i=?  342 ×1000 
W × 1000 = 0.372 Co
∴ molality = 1
M × W2 Tf= TFo − ∆TF
10 × 1000 = 0–0.372oC
molality = = 1.34 m = –0.372oC
74.55 ×100
Now, we use the following equation – 557. The amount of solute (molar mass 60 g mol-1)
∆Tf = i. Kf.m that must be added to 180 g of water so that the
Where , ∆Tf = depression in freezing point vapour pressure of water is lowered by 10% is
Kf = Cryoscopy constant (a) 30 g (b) 60 g
(c) 120 g (d) 12 g
∆Tf
or i= (e) 24 g
K f .m Kerala-CEE-2010
4.5°C Ans. (b) : From Raoult’s law-
i=
(1.86°C / m)(1.34m) P ° − PS w A M B
i = 1.80 = ×
P° MA w B
554. When a solution containing non-volatile solute
is diluted with water 10 w A 18
So, = ×
(a) its osmotic pressure increases 100 60 180
(b) its boiling point increases wA = 60g
(c) its freezing point decreases 558. Dissolution of 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute
(d) its vapour pressure increases (molecular weight = 60) in 250 g of a solvent
J & K CET-(2011) reduces its freezing point by 0.01°C. Find the
Ans. (d) : When a non-volatile solute is added to water, molal depression constant of the solvent.
the vapour pressure of the solution decreases. As the (a) 0.01 (b) 0.001
solution is diluted, the vapour pressure of the solution (c) 0.0001 (d) 0.1
increases since more number of molecules of solution MHT CET-2010
can be vaporized. Ans. (d) : From formula ∆Tf=Kf×m,
555. Which one of the following liquid pairs will
exhibit a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?  
(a) n-hexane and n-heptane  Weight of solute × 1000 
 Molality(m) = 
(b) Ethanol and chloroform  Molecular weight of solute × 
(c) Phenol and aniline  Weight of solvent 
(d) chloroform and acetone Now,
J & K CET-(2011) 1.5 × 1000
Ans. (b) : From Raoult’s law, in case of positive m= = 0.1
60 × 250
deviation the intramolecular force A–B are weaker than ∆T f = Kf × m
those between A–A or B–B.
0.01 = Kf × 0.1
Example:– Acetone and ethanol, water and ethanol,
ethanol and chloroform etc. 0.01
Kf =
Hence, ethanol and chloroform liquid pairs shows 0.1
positive deviation from Raoult’s law. = 0.1ºC molal –1

559. Ratio of loss in solvent to gain in CaCl2 tube is Ans. (d) : When a non-volatile solute is added to a
p° p volatile solvent, the solute cover up some of the surface
(a) (b) of solvent.
p p°
Thus, the less surface area is available for vapourisation
p° − p p − p° of solvent and hence vapour pressure decreases. As the
(c) (d)
p° p amount of non-volatile solute increases, vapour pressure
MHT CET-2010 decreases.
p° − p ∴ The order of vapour pressure is P3 > P1 > P2
Ans. (c) :
p° 564. What is the freezing point of a solution
∵ Loss in the weight of solvent = p°– p containing 8.1 g HBr in 100 g water assuming
Gain in the weight of CaCl2 tube = p° the acid to be 90% ionised? (Kf for water = 1.86
Loss in the weight of solvent p° – p K mol–1)
Required ratio = = (a) 0.85ºC (b) –3.53ºC
Gain in the weight of CaCl2 tube p°
(c) 0ºC (d) –0.35ºC
560. What is the activity in microcurie? JCECE - 2010
(a) 1.6 × 104 (b) 1.6 × 107
Ans. (b) : Given, Kf = 1.86 K mol–1
(c) 3.2 × 10 4
(d) 3.2 × 10 7
mass of HBr = 8.1 g
SCRA-2010 mass of H2O = 100 g
Ans. (c) : 1µCi = 3.2 × 104 disintegration per second. degree of ionization (α) = 90% m (molality)
561. In winter season specially in cold countries, mass of solute/ mol. wt. of solute
ethylene glycol is added to water in the m=
radiators of car. It results in mass of solvent in kg
(a) reducing the viscosity of water 8.1/ 81
(b) lowering the freezing point of water =
100 /1000
(c) lowering the boiling point of water
(d) reducing the specific heat of water HBr  → H+ + Br−
Ions at equilibrium 1− α α α
SCRA-2010 ∴ Total ions = 1 – α + α + α

Ans. (b) : Ethylene glycol is added to water in the =1+α
radiator of cars during winter because it has much lower ∴ i = 1 + α = 1 + 0.9 = 1.9
freezing point than water. It’s role in an automobile is to
absorb heat from the engine ethylene glycol as an ∆Tf = i × Kf × m
antifreeze. 8.1/ 81
i = 1.9 × 1.86 ×
562. An ideal solution is formed when its 100 /1000
components i = 3.534º C
(1) can be converted into gases Depression in freezing point
(2) obey Raoult’s law (∆Tf) = Freezing point of water – Freezing point of
(3) have no change of volume
solution
(4) have zero heat of mixing
3.534 = 0 – freezing point of solution
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 ∴ Freezing point of solution = –3.534ºC
(c) 2 only (d) 3 and 4 only 565. Which of the following will increase with the
SCRA-2010 increase in temperature?
Ans. (b) : Conditions for formation of an ideal solution- (a) Surface tension (b) Viscosity
(i) An ideal solution is a homogeneous mixture (c) Molality (d) Vapour pressure
(ii) The formation of ideal solution must have no UPTU/UPSEE-2009
volumetric or thermal effects. i.e, ∆Hmix=0 and ∆Vmix=0 Ans. (d) : Vapour pressure increases with increases in
(iii) This should obey Raoult’s law. temperature.
563. X is a non-volatile solute and Y is a volatile 566. The difference between the boiling point and
solvent. The following vapour pressures are freezing point of an aqueous solution
observed by dissolving X in Y. containing sucrose (molecular weight = 342 g
X/mol L-1 Y/mm of Hg mol-1) in 100 g of water is 105.0oC. If Kf and Kb
0.10 p1 of water are 1.86 and 0.51 K kg mol-1
0.25 p2 respectively, the weight of sucrose in the
0.01 p3 solution is about
(a) 34.2 g (b) 342 g
The correct order of vapour pressures is
(a) p1 < p2 < p3 (b) p3 < p2 < p1 (c) 7.2 g (d) 72 g
(c) p3 < p1 < p2 (d) p2 < p1 < p3 (e) 68.4 g
AP-EAMCET- (Engg.) - 2010 Kerala-CEE-2009
Ans. (d) : It is clear that BaCl2 ↽ ⇀ Ba2++2Cl–
∆Tb = ∆Tf 3 ions
or
Kb × m = Kf × m AlCl3 ↽ ⇀ Al3++3Cl–
Then, 4 ions
∆Tb = ∆Tf = (Kb + Kf)m Hence, the correct order of freezing point is –
Now, Sucrose > KCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3
o o
Tb – Tf = (Tb + ∆Tb ) + (Tf − ∆Tf ) 569. At 300K, the vapour pressure of an ideal
So, solution containing 3 mole of A and 2 mole of B
105 = (∆Tb + ∆Tf) + 100 is 600 torr. At the same temperature, if 1.5
mole of A and 0.5 mole of C (non-volatile) are
∴ ∆Tb + ∆Tf = 5 added to this solution the vapour pressure of
now, solution increases by 30 torr. What is value of
∆T + ∆Tf PBo ?
m= b
kb + kf (a) 940 (b) 405
5 (c) 90 (d) None of these
=
1.86 + 0.51 AIIMS-2009
= 2.11 Ans. (c): From Raoult’s law
Now, moles of solute = 2.11 × 0.1 P = PAº X A + PBº X B
= 0.211
∴ Mass of solute = 0.211 × 342  3  º  2 
600=PAº   + PB  
= 72.16g  3+ 2   2+3
567. A 0.0020 m aqueous solution of an ionic 1
compound [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl freezes at – 600 = 3PA° + 2PB° 
5
0.00732 °C. Number of moles of ions which 1
mol of ionic compound produces on being 3PA + 2PBº = 3000...........(1)
º
dissolved in water will be (Kf = –1.86 °C/m) Now, after addition of 1.5 mole of A and 0.5 mole of C
(a) 3 (b) 4 in the given solution
(c) 1 (d) 2  
4.5 º  2 
(AIPMT -2009) 630 = PAº   + PB  
 4.5 + 2 + 0.5   4.5 + 2 + 0.5 
Ans. (d) : Given that,
Molality of solution (m) = 0.0020 m 4.5PAº + 2PBº = 4410 ..........(2)
Freezing of solution = 0.0073°C Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get,
From formula, 1.5 PA° =1410
∆T f = i × Kf × m
or, PA° =940 torr
∆Tf Putting the value of PA° in equation (1) then we get,
i=
Kf × m 3 × 940 + 2 PB° =3000
0.00732 PB° = 90 torr
i=
1.86 × 0.0020
570. A solution with negative deviation among the
i =1.967 ≈ 2 following is
568. Correct order of freezing point of 1 M solution (a) Ethanol-Acetone
of sucrose, KCl, BaCl2 and AlCl3 is (b) Chlorobenzene-Bromobenzene
(a) Sucrose > KCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3 (c) Chloroform-Acetone
(b) AlCl3 > BaCl2 > KCl > Sucrose
(d) Benzene-Toluene
(c) BaCl2 > KCl > AlCl3 > Sucrose
J & K CET-(2009)
(d) KCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3 > Sucrose
UP CPMT-2009 Ans. (c) : In case of negative deviation from Raoult’s
law, the attraction forces between the two components
Ans. (a): Depression in freezing point is a colligative
property, it means that as the number of particles (ions) of a solution are greater than that between the
of solute increases, freezing point of the solution components themselves, the obtained solution exhibit
decreases. negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
So, solution of chloroform and acetone is greater than
Sucrose  → not ionised
the exists between the molecules of chloroform or
KCl ↽ ⇀ K+ + Cl– between the molecules of acetone, hence solution shows
2 ions negative deviation.

571. At 300K, two pure liquids A and B have vapour Ans. (b) : We know that, ∆Tf = m × K f
pressures 150 mm Hg and 100 mm Hg Where, m = morality
respectively. In an equimolar liquid mixture of W × K f ×1000
A and B, the mole fraction of B in the vapour ∆Tf = B
M B × WA (kg.)
mixture at this temperature is
0.6 × 1000 ×1.86
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.5 273 − 272.187 =
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.4 M B × 21.7
J & K CET-(2009) 0.6 × 1000 × 1.86
MB =
Ans. (d) : 21.7 × 0.813
WB = mass of solutein gram
Consider, moles of A = x
(∵ equimolar mixture) M B = molar mass of solute
moles of B = x
1,116
Mole fraction of A and B- MB =
17.6421
x
xA = = +0.5 MB = 63.25 gram
x+x 574. Consider the following statements in respect of
xA = xB
an ideal solution :
From formula– (1) Raoult's law valid for an ideal solution over
PT = PAo x A + PBo x B the whole concentration range.
(2) Enthalpy of mixing is zero i.e. ∆Hmix= 0.
PT = 150 × 0.5 + 100 × 0.5 = 125 (3) Volume of mixing is zero i.e. ∆Vmix ≠ 0.
PBo x B 100 × 0.5 (4) The components of ideal solution cannot be
Mole fraction of B = = = 0.4 separated by fractional distillation.
PT 125
Which of the statements given above is/are
572. Consider lowering of vapour pressurs (∆p), correct ?
elevation in boiling point (∆Tb) and depression (a) 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 4
in freezing point (∆Tf) of a solvent for the same (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 3
molar concentration of each of the following SCRA-2009
three solutes : Ans. (c) : 1. Raoult's law is valid for an ideal solution
1. BaCl2 over the whole concentration range and pressure range.
2. For an ideal solution, ∆H and ∆V for mixing should
2. NaCl
be zero i.e, ∆H mix = 0
3. MgCl2
Which of the following is/are the correct ∆Vmix = 0
sequence(s) ? Here, ∆S = +ve and ∆G ≠ 0
(a) ∆p : 3 < 2 < 1 (b) ∆Tb : 1 < 2 < 3 3. Component of non-ideal binary solution can’t be
completely separated by fractional distillation.
(c) ∆Tb : 3 < 2 < 1 (d) None of these
575. The freezing point of water is depressed by
SCRA-2009 0.37oC in a 0.01 molal NaCI soln. The freezing
2+ –
Ans. (d) : BaCl2 = Ba + 2Cl , i = 3 point of 0.02 molal soln. of urea is depressed by
NaCl = Na +Cl+ –
, i=2 (a) 0.37oC (b) 0.74oC
o
MgCl2 = Mg2+ + 2Cl– , i = 3 (c) 0.185 C (d) 0oC
WB-JEE-2008
Since, ∆Tb ∝ i × C
Ans. (a) : According to the depression in freezing point
1 ∆Tf ∝ m and ∆Tf = Kf m×i
∆Tf ∝
i×C ∆Tf
So, K f =
Molar concentrations are same. So, ∆Tf and ∆Tb depend i×m
upon Van’t Hoff factor. ∆Tf NaCl ∆Tf urea
So, none of these given sequence are correct. Now, =
I NaCl X M m urea X urea
573. An organic compound of 0.6 g when it dissolves
0.37 ∆Tf urea
in water of 21.7g freezes at 272.187 K. The =
molar mass of the organic compound is close to 2 × 0.01 0.02 × 1
: (Kf of water is 1.86 deg/molality; freezing ∆ Tf urea = 0.37oC
point is 273 K) 576. Which of the following can be measured by the
(a) 61 g mol–1 (b) 63 g mol–1 Ostwald-Walker dynamic method?
–1 –1
(c) 65 g mol (d) 67 g mol (a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
SCRA-2009 (b) Lowering of vapour pressure
(c) Vapour pressure of the solvent 579. Maximum lowering in vapour pressure is
(d) All of the above observed in the case of
Karnataka-CET, 2008 (a) 0.1 M Glucose (b) 0.1 M BaCl2
Ans. (a) : Ostwald- walkar dynamic method is used for (c) 0.1 M MgSO4 (d) 0.1 M NaCl
measurement of relative lowering of vapour pressure. J & K CET-(2008)
577. The chemical decomposition of XY2 occurs as Ans. (b) : For maximum, lowering vapour pressure
XY2 ( g ) ↽ ⇀ XY ( g ) + Y ( g ) (P° − P) is directly proportional to the Van’t Hoff’s
The initial vapour pressure of XY2 is 600 mm factor i . So for BaCl2 ,i = 3 maximum.
of mercury and at equilibrium it is 800 mm of Thus, BaCl2 has highest value relative lowering of
mercury. Find out the value of K for this vapour pressure .
reaction when the volume of the system 0.1M BaCl2 → Ba 2+ + 2Cl− ⇒ 3ions
remains constant.
(a) 50 (b) 100 0.1M MgSO 4 → Mg 2+ + SO 24− ⇒ 2ions
(c) 166.6 (d) 150 0.1M Glucose →1ions
CG PET -2008 ( P − P = lowering in vapour pressure ).
°
Ans. (b) : From mechanism, 580. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is
equal to
XY2 ↽ ⇀ XY +Y (a) Ratio of the number of solute molecules to
Initial 600 0 0 the total number of molecules in solution
Final 600-P P P (b) Ratio of the number of solvent molecules to
Now, the number of solute molecules
PT = 600–P+P+P. (c) Ratio of the number of solute molecules to
the number of solvent molecules
800 = 600– P+P+P
P = 200 mm (d) Ratio of the number of molecules in solution
AP EAMCET-2008
∴ value of KP when the volume of system remain
constant Ans. (a) : According to Raoult's law the relative
lowering of vapour pressure is equal to ratio of the
P×P
KP = number of solute molecules to the total number of
600 − P molecules in solution.
200 × 200 581. A solution that obeys Raoult's law is called.
=
400 (a) Normal solution (b) Molar solution
K P = 100 (c) Ideal solution (d) Saturated solution
578. The vapour pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 AP EAMCET-2008
mmHg. If 18 g of glucose (C6H12O6) is added to Ans. (c) : Raoult's law states that the partial vapour
178.2 g of water at 20°C, the vapour pressure pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal to the vapour
of the resulting solution will be pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole
(a) 17.675 mmHg (b) 15.750 mmHg fraction in the solution.
(c) 16.500 mmHg (d) 17.325 mmHg P1 = X P1o
[AIEEE 2008] Where, P1 = Vapour pressure of solute
Ans. (d) : Given, X = Mole fraction of solute
Vapour pressure of water = 17.5 mm Hg
Weight of glucose (solute) = 18 g P1o = Vapour pressure of pure solvent
Weight of water (solvent) = 178.2 g 582. When 25 g of a non- volatile solute is dissolved
18 in 100 g of water, the vapour pressure is
lowered by 2.25 ×10-1 mm. If the vapour
Mole fraction of glucose = 180 pressure of water at 200C is 17.5 mm, what is
178.2 18
+ the molecular weight of the solute?
18 180 (a) 206 (b) 302
Mole fraction of glucose = 0.01 (c) 350 (d) 276
According to Raoult's law AP EAMCET-2008
P o − PS Ans. (c) : Given that,
Xsolute =
Po Non volatile solute (w) = 25 gm.
17.5 − PS Weight of solvent (W) = 100 gm.
0.01 = Lowering vapour pressure (P°–Ps) = 0.225 mm
17.5 Vapour pressure of pure solvent (Po) = 17.5 mm
PS = 17.5 − 0.175 Molecular weight of H2O (M) = 18 gm
= 17.325mmHg Molecular weight of solute (m) = ?

According to Raoult's law – (a) 1.0 K kg mole–1 (b) 10 K kg mol
P o − Ps w M (c) 10 K gram mol–1 (d) 10 K kg mole –1
= × GUJCET-2008
Po m W
Ans. (d) : Given data: w = 0.6g
0.225 25 × 18 Molar mass of Urea (M) = 60
=
17.5 m ×100 W = 200g
25 × 18 ×17.5 ∆TB = 0.50º C
m=
0.225 × 100 Molal elevation constant (Kb) = ?
m = 350 gm Now, from the given equation–
583. The vapour pressure of water at 230°C is ∆Tb = K b × m
19.8mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved in
∆Tb
178.2g of water. What is the vapour pressure or Kb =
(in mm) of the resultant solution. m
(a) 19.0 (b) 19.602  given mass 1000 
(c) 19.402 (d) 19.202  Molality(m)= × 
AP-EAMCET-2008  molar mass weight of solvent(gm) 
Ans. (b) : Given that, 0.50
or Kb =
Vapour pressure of H2O (Po) =19.8 mm 0.6 ×1000
nA = 0.1 moles 60 × 200
178.2 gm or K b = 10K kg mol –1
nB = = 9.9
18 586. 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX)
According to Raoult's law– is 20% ionised. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg
P o − Ps nA mol–1, The Lowering in freezing point of the
= solution is
Po nA + nB (a) 0.56 K (b) 1.12 K
19.8 − Ps 0.1 (c) –0.56 K (d) –1.12 K
=
19.8 0.1 + 9.9 (AIPMT -2007)
198–10Ps = 0.1×19.8 Ans. (b) : From reaction,
10Ps = 198 – 1.98 HX ↽ ⇀ H + +X−
196.02 initial 1 0 0
Ps = = 19.602
10
584. A non-volatile solute (A) is dissolved in a final 1 − α α α
volatile solvent (B). The vapour pressure of the So,
resultant solution is Ps. The vapour pressure of 1+ α
pure solvent is PBo , If XB is the mole fraction of i= = 1 + 0.2
1
the solvent, which of the following is correct? Now,
(a) Ps = XA⋅ PBo (b) PBo = Ps⋅XA ∆Tf = i × Kfm
(c) Ps = XB ⋅ PB o
(d) PB = Ps⋅XB
o = 1.2 × (1.86) × (0.5)
= 1.12K
AP-EAMCET-2008
587. Fractional distillation is a process by which the
Ans. (c) : Given, non-volatile solute = A separation of different fractions from mixture
Volatile solvent = B of solution is carried by making us of the
Vapour pressure of resultant solution = Ps following property of the fractions
Vapour pressure of pure solvent = PBo (a) freezing point (b) boiling point
Mole fraction of the solvent = XB (c) melting point (d) solubility
Now, according to Raoult's law– J & K CET-(2007)
° °
PS = PA X A + PB X B Ans. (b) : Fractional distillation is a process by boiling
point of the separation of different temperature
For non-volatile solution vapourise from a liquid mixture at least 30°C difference
PA° = 0 in boiling point.
P s ∝ XB 588. Freezing point of urea solution is –0.6º C. How
or Ps = XB PBo much urea ( M.W. = 60 gm/mole ) required to
The proportionality constant is equal to the vapor dissolved in 300gm water ?
pressure of pure solvent, PB .o
( K f = 1.5 C kg mol )
0 –1
585. The increase in boiling point of a solution (a) 3.6 gm (b) 2.4 gm
containing 0.6 gram Urea in 200 gram water is (c) 7.2 gm (d) 6.0 gm
0.50ºC. Find the molal elevation constant. GUJCET-2007
Ans. (c) : Given that, ∆H = 6kJ mol–1 = 6 × 103 J mol–1
∆Tf = −0.6º C Ans. (d) :
∆H(Changein enthalpy)
WA = ? (Change in entropy) ∆S =
T
WB = 3kg, K f = 1.5º C
6 ×103
Molecular Weight (M) = 60 gm/mole = = 0.0219 ×103 JK −1 mol−1
Now, ∆Tf = K f × m 273
= 21.98JK–1mole–1
WA
∆Tf = K f × 591. The molar heat capacity (C) of water at
M × WB constant pressure, is 75 JK−1 mol−1. When 1.0
Where, WA = Weight of solute kJ of heat is supplied to 100 g of water which is
WB = Weight of solvent free to expand, the increase in temperature of
M = Molecular weight of solute water is
∆T × M × WB (a) 1.2 K (b) 2.4 K
or WA = f (c) 4.8 K (d) 6.6 K
Kf
CG PET -2007
0.6 × 60 × 3
WA = Ans. (b) : Given,
1.5
WA = 72gm Q = 1kJ = 1000J
If we consider the mass of water given to 300 gm– Molar heat capacity = 75 JK–1 mol–1
Weight of water = 100 g.
1000gkg −1 ×1.5°C kgmol−1 × Weight of urea Molar mass of H2O = 18g
So, 0.6°C =
60gmol−1 × 300g So,
or Weight of Urea = 7.2 g 100
589. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a Number of moles of water =
18
certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-
volatile, non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5g is = 5.5
added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 Heat, Q = nC∆T
g/mol). The vapour pressure of the solution
then is 0.845 bar. What is the molecular mass 1000 = 5.5 × 75 × ∆T
of the solid substance? 1000
(a) 58 (b) 180 ∆T =
(c) 170 (d) 145 5.5 × 75
AIIMS-2007 ∆T = 2.42K ≈ 2.4K
Ans. (c): Given, 592. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass
Vapour pressureof pure benzene(P° ) = 0.850 bar , 250g mol–1) was dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene.
If the freezing point depression constant, Kf of
Vapour pressure of solution (P) = 0.845bar ,
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1 , the freezing point
Weight of benzene (W1 ) = 39g , of benzene will be lowered by
Weight of solid substance(W2 ) = 0.5g , (a) 0.2 K (b) 0.4 K
Molar mass of benzene (M l ) = 78g / mol (c) 0.3 K (d) 0.5 K
From formula – (AIPMT -2006)
Ans. (b) : Given,
P o − P W2 M1
= Weight of the solute (W1) = 1 g
Po W1M 2 Weight of solvent (W2) = 51.2 g
0.850 − 0.845 0.5g × 78g / mol Molar mass of solute (M1) = 250 g mol–1
= Freezing point depression constant (Kf) = 5.12 K kg
0.850 39g × M 2
mol–1
0.005 0.5g × 78g / mol
= From the formula,
0.850 39g × M 2 W ×1000
0.5g × 78g / mol × 0.850 ∆Tf = K f × 1
M2 = W2 × M1
39g × 0.005 Then,
M2= 170g/mol 1× 1000
590. What is the entropy change (in JK−1 mol−1) ∆Tf = 5.12 ×
51.2 × 250
when one mole of ice is converted into water at
0ºC? (The enthalpy change for the conversion ∆Tf = 0.4K
of ice to liquid water is 6.0 kJ mol−1 at 0ºC). 593. The volume strength of 1.5N H2O2 solution is:
(a) 20.13 (b) 2.013 (a) 4.8 (b) 8.4
(c) 2.198 (d) 21.98 (c) 3.0 (d) 8.0
CG PET -2007 AP-EAMCET (Medical), 2006
Ans. (b) : The volume strength of 1.5N H2O2 Solution Ans. (d) : By Raoult’s law the relative lowering in
will be vapour presuure of a dilute solution is equal to mole
Volume strength = 5.6 × normality fraction of the solute present in the solution.
= 1.5×5.6 = 8.4 L Solution.
o P° − P
594. At 25 C, the total pressure of an ideal solution = XB
obtained by mixing 3 moles of A and 2 moles of P°
B, is 184 torr. What is the vapour pressure (in 598. A solution of urea (mol. mass 56g mol–1) boils
torr) of pure B at the same temperature? at 100.18°C at the atmospheric pressure. If Kf
(vapour pressure of pure A, at 250C, is 200 torr). and Kb for water are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol–1
(a) 180 (b) 160 respectively the above solution will freeze at
(c) 16 (d) 100 (a) 0.654°C (b) –0.654°C
J & K CET-(2006)
(c) 6.54°C (d) –6.54°C
Ans. (b) : Given data,
(AIPMT -2005)
XA = 3 and XB = 2, P = 184 Torr
Ans. (b) : Given,
PAo = 200Torr and PBo = ?
∆Tb = T2 − T1 = 100.18 −100 = 0.18°C
P = X A PA° + X B PB°
Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1
 3   2  o  nA  K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1
So, 184 =   × 200 +   × PB ∵ X A = 
 3+ 2  3+ 2   nA + nB  From formula
2 ∆Tb K b m K b
184 = 120 + PB° = =
5 ∆Tf K f m K f
PB° = 160 Torr 0.18 0.512
=
595. Relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute ∆Tf 1.86
solution is 0.2. What is the mole fraction of non
volatile solute? ∆Tf = 0.654
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.5 Tf = ( 0 − 0.654 ) °C
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.2
J & K CET-(2006) = −0.654°C
Ans. (d) : According to Raoult’s law, the relative 599. If a solution containing 0.072g atom of sulpur
lowering in vapour pressure of an ideal solution in 100 g of a solvent (Kf=7.0) gave a freezing
containing the non-volatile solute is equal to the mole point depression of 0.84°C, the molecular
fraction of the solute. formula of sulphur in the solutions is:
Given– (a) S6 (b) S7
Relative lowering of vapour pressure = 0.2 (c) S8 (d) S9
So, Mole fraction will be also 0.2 UPTU/UPSEE-2005
596. Which of the following does not show negative Ans. (a) : Given that,
deviation from Raoult's law?
Mass of solvent (w) = 100g
(a) Acetone—Chloroform
(b) Acetone—Benzene Depression in freezing point (∆Tf) = 0.84oC, Kf = 7.0
(c) Chloroform—Ether 1000 × K f  w 
So, ∆Tf =  
(d) Chloroform—Benzene n×w  M 
CG PET-2005 1000 × 7.0 × 0.072
Ans. (b) : Negative deviation from the law of Raoult's 0.84 =
n × 100
means that as opposed to the total vapour pressure of
the solution, the total vapour pressure of the orginal n =6
liquid would be greater when both the liquid are mixed. ∴ Sn isinS6 formin solution.
Acetone-Benzene does not show negative deviation
from Raoult’s law. 600. Which has the minimum freezing point?
597. Which of the following is incorrect? (a) One molal NaCl aq. solution
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is (b) One molal CaCl2aq. solution
independent of the nature of the solute and (c) One molal KCl aq. solution
the solvent. (d) One molal urea aq. solution
(b) Vapour pressure is a colligative property. UPTU/UPSEE-2005
(c) Vapour pressure of a solution is lower than Ans. (b) : It is clear that, having the more ions, will be
the vapour pressure of the solvent. responsible for ∆Tf maximum and minimum freezing
(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is point.
directly proportional to the original pressure.
J & K CET-(2005) 1 mole CaCl2 solution has the minimum freezing point .

(c) From solution having higher concentration
4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure only
of the Solution (d) None of the above
CG PET -2007, (AIPMT -2006)
601. Which one is not correct mathematical Ans. (b) : Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a
equation for Dalton’s law of partial pressure? solvent tend to pass through a semi-permeable
Here p=total pressure of gaseous mixture. membrane from a less concentrated solution into more
(a) p i = x i p io , where xi = mole fraction of ith gas concentrated one.
605. The osmotic pressure of a 5% (wt./vol) solution
in gaseous mixture p io = pressure of ith gas in
of cane sugar at 150º C is
pure state (a) 3.078 atm (b) 4.078 atm
(b) p = p1 + p2 + p3 (c) 5.078 atm (d) 2.45 atm
RT RT RT JCECE - 2015, UP CPMT-2002
(c) p = n1 + n2 + n3
V V V Ans. (c) : Given,
(d) pi = xip, where pi = partial pressure of ith gas Weight of solution = 5% of sugarcane
xi = mole fraction of ith gas in gaseous Molecular weight of sugar cane = 342
mixture
NEET-17.06.2022 5
Weight of solution w = = 0.0146g
Ans. (a) : Dalton’s law of partial pressures according to 342
this law, the total pressure by a mixture of gases is equal Temperature, T = 150ºC = 150 + 273
to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the = 423K
constituent gases. R = 0.0821 L bar mol–1 K–1
i.e. partial pressure of gas = mole fraction of gas in We know that,
gaseous mixture × Total pressure of gaseous mixture. w
P 1 = X1 P Π = ×R×T
P 2 = X2 P W
P 3 = X3 P 0.0146 × 0.082 × 423
Π=
∴ Total pressure P = P1 + P2 + P3 0.1
602. What is the effect of external pressure on the Π = 5.064 atm
osmotic pressure (OP) of a solution? 606. A 3 mL of solution was made by dissolving 20
(a) OP decreases with increases of pressure mg of protein at 00C. The osmotic pressure of
(b) OP decreases initially, then increases the resulting solution is 3.8 torr. The molecular
(c) OP remained nearly same with increase/ weight of the protein is approximately (in
decrease of external pressure g/mol)
(d) OP increases with increase of pressure (a) 300 (b) 3 × 105
4
TS-EAMCET-19.07.2022, Shift-I (c) 3 × 10 (d) 3 × 103
Ans. (c) : The effect of external pressure on the osmotic TS-EAMCET (Engg.), 05.08.2021 Shift-II
pressure (OP) of a solution then OP remained nearly Ans. (c) : Mass of protein = m
same with increase/decrease of external pressure 20 mg 0.02
because osmotic pressure is directly related to the 3mL → ⇒ mol
m m
concentration of the solutes. If increase solute
0.02 1000 6.6
concentration, then osmotic pressure osmotic pressure 1000 ml → × ⇒ mol
decrease. m 3 m
603. Which of the following condition is correct for 3.8 torr = 3.8 × 0.00132 atm
reverse osmosis? = 5.0 × 10–3 atm
[C = Concentration of solution in mol L-1; T = ∏ = CRT
Temperature in Kelvin scale ; n = no of moles
of solute] (Where, Π = Osmotic pressure, C = Concentration, R =
Gas constant, T = Temperature)
(a) Pext = CRT (b) Pext > CRT
6.6
(c) Pext < CRT (d) Pext > nRT 5.0 × 10−3 = × 0.0821× 273
AP-EAMCET-05.07.2022, Shift-II m
Ans. (b) : Reverse osmosis occurs a pressure higher 6.6 × 0.0821× 273
m= ⇒ 29.8 × 103 ≈ 3 × 104
than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution. 5.0 × 10−3
Pexternal > CRT m = 3 × 104 g/mol
604. During osmosis, flow of water through a 607. pH of a 0.1M monobasic acid is 2. Its osmotic
semipermeable membrane is pressure at a given temperature T(K) is (Given
(a) From both sides of semipermeable membrane that the effective concentration for osmotic
(b) From solution having lower concentration pressure is (1+α).x concentration of acid: α is
only the dissociation factor)
(a) RT (b) 0.11 RT Ans. (b) : Given that- Π = 7.65
(c) 0.01 RT (d) 0.001RT R = 0.08206
TS-EAMCET (Engg.), 07.08.2021 Shift-II T = 273 +37 = 300K
Ans. (b) : Given, pH = 2 We know that-
pH = –log [H+] Π = CRT
+
or [H ] = 0.01 7.65 = C × 0.08206 × (273 + 37)
For monobasic acid C = 0.3M
Here, 1L of solution will contain 0.3 moles of glucose
= 0.3 × 180 = 54g
610. The osmotic pressure of a solution of NaCl is
0.10 atm and that of a glucose solution is 0.20
atm. The osmotic pressure of a solution formed
by mixing 1L of the sodium chloride solution
with 2L of the glucose solution is X × 10–3 atm.
x is .......(nearest integer).
[JEE Main 2020, 4 Sep Shift-II]
By Vant Hoff’s principle– Ans. (167) : From formula
i=1+α Π = iCRT
i = 1 + 0.1 = i[n/V]RT
Π final = ( Π 1 V1) + ( Π 2 V2)/ (V1 + V2)
i = 1.1 Π final = (0.1 × 1) + (0.2 × 2)/ 3
Osmotic pressure– = (0.1 + 0.4)/ 3
Π = iCRT = 0.5/3
Π = 1.1× 0.1× RT = 500/3 × 10–3 atm
Π = 0.11RT x = 167 × 10–3 atm
So, x = 167
608. 1.46 g of a biopolymer dissolved in a 100 mL
611. The size of a raw mango shrinks to a much
water at 300 K exerted an osmotic pressure of
smaller size when kept in a concentrated salt
2.42×10–3 bar. The molar mass of the solution. Which one of the following processes
4 –1
biopolymer is.........×10 g mol . (Round off to can explain this?
the nearest integer) (a) Osmosis (b) Dialysis
[Use : R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1] (c) Diffusion (d) Reverse osmosis
[JEE Main 2021, 27 July Shift-I] [JEE Main 2020, 2 Sep Shift-II]
Ans. (15) : Given, Ans. (a) : Under the osmosis rule, Raw mango shrink in
m = 1.46g salt solution due to net transfer of water molecules from
V = 100 ml water = 0.1L water mango to salt solution.
T = 300K 612. The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution of an
R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1 ionic compound XY in water is four times that
Π = 2.42 ×10–3 bar of a solution of 0.01 M BaCl2 in water.
Π = iCRT Assuming complete dissociation of the given
Where, Π = osmotic pressure ionic compounds in water, the concentration of
i = Van't Hoff index XY (in mol L–1) in solution is
C = molar concentration of solute/ molarity (a) 4×10–2 (b) 16×10–4
–4
R = Ideal gas constant (c) 4×10 (d) 6×10–2
T = Temperature in Kelvin [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-I]
1 × 1.46 × 1000 × 0.083 × 300 Ans. (d) : For xy
2.42 ×10−3 = i = 2 as complete dissociation takes place.
M × 100
4
M = 15.02 ×10 g/mol ∏ xy = 2 × CRT
So, For BaCl2
x = 15 i = 3, ∏ BaCl2 = 3 × 0.01 × RT = 0.03RT
609. At 37 °C osmotic pressure of human blood is As ∏ xy = 4 × ∏ BaCl2
7.65 atm. Tell how much glucose can be used in ∏ xy 2 × CRT
1 lit of water for intravenous injection so that =
∏ BaCl2 0.03RT
osmotic pressure of this glucose solution
becomes equal to osmotic pressure of human 4 ∏ BaCl 2 2 × C
=
blood. ∏ BaCl2 0.03
(a) 22.2 gm (b) 54.2 gm
4 × 0.03
(c) 15 gm (d) 59.8 gm C= = 6 × 10−2 mol L−1
Tripura JEE-2021 2

613. Molal depression constant for a solvent is 4.0 K (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
kg mol–1. The depression in the freezing point Reason is the correct explanation of
of the solvent for 0.03 mol kg–1 solution of Assertion.
K2SO4 is (Assume complete dissociation of the (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
electrolyte) Reason is not the correct explanation of
(a) 0.18 K (b) 0.36 K Assertion.
(c) 0.12 K (d) 0.24 K (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
[JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II] (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Ans. (b) : Ionic Solution– AIIMS 25 May 2019 (Evening)
K2SO4 →2K+ + SO42– Ans. (a) : The salt solution is subjected to pressure and
Here i = 3, m = 0.03 mol kg–1 pressure against the semi-permeable membrane.
∆ Tf = i × kf × m The applied pressure is greater than the osmotic
= 3 × 4 × 0.03 pressure.
= 0.36K When exerted pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
H2O molecules go from lower concentration of H2O to
614. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.6 g of higher concentration of water through semi-permeable
urea (molar mass = 60 g mol–1) and 1.8 g of membrane and this process is known as reverse
glucose (molar mass = 180g mol–1) in 100 mL of osmosis.
water at 27°C. The osmotic pressure of the Hence, question is correct reason is correct explanation
solution is (R = 0.08206L atm K–1 mol–1) of assertion.
(a) 8.2 atm (b) 2.46 atm
617. pH of a 0.1 M monobasic acid is found to be 2.
(c) 4.92 atm (d) 1.64 atm Hence, its osmotic pressure at a given
[JEE Main 2019, 12 April Shift-II] temperature T is
Ans. (c) : From formula, (a) 0.1RT (b) 0.11RT
Π 1 = C1RT (c) 1.1RT (d) 0.01RT
Π 2 = C2RT [BITSAT – 2018]
Hence, Ans. (b) : Given–
Π = Π1+ Π2 HA ↽ ⇀ H + + A −
0.6 / 60 1.8 /180
= RT + RT pH=2
0.1 0.1 ∴ [H+] = 10–2
Π = 2 (0.1) RT cα = 10–2
= 0.2 × 24.6
= 4.92 atm. 10−2
α = −1 = 0.1
615. 18 gram glucose (Molar mass = 180) is 10
dissolved in 100 mL of water at 300 K. If R = i = 1+ α
0.0821 L-atm mol-1K–1 what is the osmotic i = 1+ 0.1
pressure of solution? i = 1.1
(a) 2.463 atm (b) 24.63 atm Π v = inRT
(c) 8.21 atm (d) 0.821 atm n
MHT CET-03.05.2019, SHIFT-I Π = i 
v
Ans. (b) : Given,
Π = 1.1 × 0.1 × RT
m = 18g
Π = 0.11RT
V = 100 ml water = 0.1L water
T = 300K 618. If osmotic pressure of 4% (w/v) solution of
sucrose is same as 2% (w/v) solution of 'X',
R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1 then the molecular mass of X (g/mol) is
Π =? (a) 171 (b) 205.2
Where Π = osmotic pressure (c) 570 (d) None of these
We know that, JIPMER-2018
w RT Ans. (a) : We know that,
Π =
MV i1 C1 = i2 C2
18 × 0.0821× 300 4 ×1000 2 1000
= = ×
180 × 0.1 342 ×100 M 100
= 24.63 atm M = 171
616. Assertion: Reverse osmosis is used for 619. Sea water is converted into fresh water based
desalination of sea water. on the phenomenon of
Reason: Reverse osmosis occurs when a pressure (a) diffusion (b) osmosis
larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the (c) plasmolysis (d) reverse osmosis
solution. COMEDK 2018
Ans. (d) : If external pressure of light on solution is Ans. (a) : On increase temperature, the osmotic
more than osmotic pressure then solvent molecules pressure is also increase.
move from solution to solvent and this phenomenon is Π = kCT where,
known as reverse osmosis. Π = osmotic pressure
Sea water is converted into fresh water based on the k = constant
phenomenon of reverse osmosis. C = Molar concentration
620. 1 g of polymer having molar mass 1,60,000 g T = Temperature
dissolves in 800 mL water, So calculate osmotic 624. The osmotic pressure of equimolar solutions of
pressure in Pascal at 27ºC? Urea, BaCl2 and AlCl3 will be in order of –
(a) 0.78 (b) 0.90 (a) AlCl3 > Urea > BaCl2
(c) 0.50 (d) 19.4 (b) Urea > BaCl2 > AlCl3
[AIIMS-26 May, 2018 (E)] (c) AlCl3 > BaCl2 > Urea
Ans. (d): From formula; (d) BaCl2 >AlCl3 > Urea
Π =CRT BCECE-2016
1× 1000
Π= × 0.082 × 300 Ans. (c) : Osmotic pressure ∝ No. of solute particles in
160000 × 800 the solution.
Π = 1.92 × 10 −4 atm ∴ Dissociation of AlCl3 is maximum i.e. (4)
= 1.92×10–4×101325 Pascal & that of urea is minimum i.e. (1)
= 19.47 Pascal ∴ AlCl3 > BaCl2 > Urea
621. The osmotic pressure of 0.2 molar solution of 625. 1% (w/v) solutions of KCl is dissociated to the
urea at 300 K is : extent of 82%. The osmotic pressure at 300K
(R = 0.082 L atm mol–1K–1) will be
(a) 4.92 atm (b) 1 atm (a) 3.2 atm (b) 5.824 atm
(c) 0.25 atm (d) 27 atm (c) 4.0 atm (d) 6.0 atm
Manipal-2017 CG PET- 2016
Ans. (a) : Given, 1× 1000
Temperature, T = 300K Ans. (d) : Molarity=
74.5 ×100
C = molar concentration of solute = 0.2 = 0.134 M
R = ideal gas constant = 0.082 From formula,
From formula, Π = CRT
Π = CRT = 0.134×0.0821×300
= 0.2 × 0.082 × 300 = 3.30 atm
= 4.92 atm Now
622. The osmotic pressure of solution containing observed 1 + 0.8 observe
34.2 g of cane sugar (molar mass = 342 g mol–1) i= ⇒ =
in 1L of solution at 20°C is (Given R = 0.082 L calculated 1 3.30
atm K–1 mol–1) = 1.8×3.30
(a) 2.40 atm (b) 3.6 atm = 5.94 atm
(c) 24 atm (d) 0.0024 atm ≈ 6.00 atm
MHT CET-2017 626. At a certain temperature, the value of the slope
Ans. (a) : From formula, of the plot of osmotic pressure ( Π ) against
concentration (C in mol L-1) of a certain
W polymer solution is 291R. The temperature at
Π = CRT = RT
M×V which osmotic pressure is measured, is (R is
Given that- gas constant)
W = 34.2g (a) 271oC (b) 18oC
M = 342g/mol (c) 564 K (d) 18 K
V = 1L WB-JEE-2015
34.2g Ans. (b) :
So, Π = ×0.0821×293K
342g / mol
Π = 2.40 atm
623. Osmotic pressure of the solution can be
increased by
(a) increasing the temperature of the solution
(b) decreasing the temperature of the solution
(c) increasing the volume of the vessel
(d) diluting the solution
Karnataka-CET-2016
A plot of osmotic pressure vs concentration will be Now, Π = C. RT
linear with slope = RT Where, Π = Osmotic pressure
As Π = CRT C = Concentration
So, R = Gas constant
RT = 291R T = Absolute temperature
T = 291 K W × 1000 RT
= (291 – 273)ºC ∴ Π=
M× V
= 18ºC
W × R × T ×1000
627. If M, W and V represent molar mass of solute, or M=
then mass of solute and volume of solution in Π×V
litres respectively, which among following
equations is true? 7.68 × 0.083 × 298 ×1000 × 10-3
M=
MWR TMR 3.54 × 10−2 × 10
(a) Π = (b) Π = M = 536.6 g/mol
TV WV
TWR TRV or M ≈ 537 g/mol
(c) Π = (d) Π = 630. The osmotic pressure of blood is 8.21 atm at
VM WM
MHT CET-2015 37oC. How much glucose would be used for an
injection that is at the same osmotic pressure as
Ans. (c) : Let C = concentration
blood?
Now, Π = osmotic pressure
(a) 22.17 gL-1 (b) 58.14 gL-1
Relation between osmotic pressure and molecular mass -1
(c) 61.26 gL (d) 75.43 gL-1
Π = CRT
JIPMER-2013
M
Π= × RT Ans. (b) : Given,
V The osmotic pressure ( Π ) = 8.21 atm
TWR Temperature, (T) = 37ºC
=
MV = 37 + 273
628. Calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.01 M = 310 K
solution of cane sugar at 300 K Molecular weight of glucose (M) = 180gm
(R = 0.08212 atm degree–1 mol–1) We know that,
(a) 0.3568 atm (b) 0.2463 atm Π = CRT
(c) 0.1562 atm (d) 0.5623 atm Π
UPTU/UPSEE-2015 and C =
RT
Ans. (b) : Given,
m
solution weight (w) = 0.01 M 8.21 = × 0.082×310
Temperature = 300K M
ideal gas constant R = 0.08212 m
We know that, 8.21 = × 0.082×310
180
Π = CRT
= 0.01 × 0.0821 × 300 8.21×180
m=
= 0.2463 atm 0.082×310
629. Beta-carotene is the most important of the A m = 58.13gm
vitamins. Its molar mass can be determined by 631. Arrange the following solutions in the
measuring the osmotic pressure generated by a increasing order of their osmotic pressures.
given mass of beta-carotene. If 10 mL of a i. 34.2 g/L sucrose (M = 342)
solution containing 7.68 mg of beta-carotene, ii. 60 g/L urea (M = 60)
has an osmotic pressure of 3.54 x 10-2 bar at iii. 90 g/L glucose (M = 180)
250C (R = 0.083 dm3 bar mol-1k-1), the molar
mass of beta-carotene is iv. 58.5 g/L NaCl (M = 58.5)
(a) 109 g/mol (b) 54 g/mol (a) Sucrose < Urea < Glucose < NaCl
(c) 537 g/mol (d) 768 g/mol (b) Sucrose < Glucose < NaCl < Urea
S. C. R. A - 2014 (c) Sucrose < Glucose < Urea < NaCl
Ans. (c) : Given that, (d) NaCl < Urea < Glucose < Sucorse
V=10ml AMU-2013
W = 7.68mg = 7.68 × 10–3g Ans. (c) : Osmotic pressure property of the solution
Π =3.54 × 10-2 bar which depends only on the number of solute particles.
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K So,
R = 0.083 dm3 bar mol–1 K–1 Sucrose (0.1 mole) <Glucose (0.5 mole)<
M=? Urea (1.0 mole) < NaCl (1 mol)
632. Osmotic pressure of insulin solution at 298K is 637. The order of osmotic pressure of three
found to be 0.0072 atm. Hence, height of water equimolar aqueous solutions of CaCl2, NaCl
column due to this pressure is (given d (Hg) = and C6H12O6 (glucose) is
13.6 g/mL) (a) CaCl2 > NaCl > C6H12O6
(a) 0.76 cm (b) 0.70 cm (b) NaCl > CaCl2 > C6H12O6
(c) 7.4 cm (d) 76 cm (c) C6H12O6 > CaCl2 > NaCl
BCECE-2013 (d) C6H12O6 > NaCl > CaCl2
Ans. (c) : From formula, UP CPMT-2012
P = 0.0072 atm
Ans. (a) : Colligative properties depend only on the
P = 0.0072 × 76cm hdg number of solute particles in the solution. For different
P = 0.0072×76 × 13.6 cm solutes of same molar concentration, the colligative
Also, P = h × 1cm of water column properties (osmotic pressure) have greater value for the
∴ h × 1 = 0.0072 × 76 × 13.6cm solution which gives more number of particles on
h = 7.4 cm ionisation.
633. The most suitable property for molecular
weight determination of polymers is? CaCl 2 (aq) ↽ ⇀ Ca 2 + (aq) + 2Cl− (aq) = 3ions
(a) Osmotic pressure NaCl(aq) ↽ ⇀ Na + + Cl − = 2ions
(b) Lowering of vapour pressure
(c) Elevation in boiling point C6 H12 O6 (aq) → No ions
(d) Depression in freezing point Hence, the order of osmotic pressure of equimolar
MPPET - 2012 solutions of CaCl2, NaCl and glucose will be
Ans. (a) : Most suitable property for molecular weight CaCl2 > NaCl > glucose (C6H12O6)
determination of polymer is Osmotic pressure. 638. If 20 g of a solute was dissolve in 500 mL of
Osmotic pressure is the colligative property is used to water and osmotic pressure of the solution was
determined the molecular mass of polymer.
found to be 600 mm of Hg at 15o C , then
634. The highest osmotic pressure corresponds to molecular weight of the solute is
the following solution
(a) 1000 (b) 1200
(a) M/10 urea (b) M/10 glucose
(c) 1400 (d) 1800
(c) M/10 HCl (d) M/10 BaCl2
AMU-2012 UPTU/UPSEE-2012
Ans. (d) : Osmotic pressure, Π = iCRT Ans. (b) : Mass of solution (m) = 20g
i for Urea & glucose is 1 where as isonisation BaCl2 is a Volume of the solution (V) = 500 mL = 0.5L
higher than HCl Osmotic pressure of solute (P) = 600mm of Hg
i BaCl2 > iHCl 600
P= = 0.7895atm
∴ Osmotic pressure is in following order 760
BaCl > HCl > Urea = glucose From formula,
635. Desalination of sea water can be done by Π V = nRT
(a) osmosis (b) reverse osmosis n mRT
Π = RT =
(c) filtration (d) diffusion V MV
J & K CET-(2012) Putting the value
Ans. (b) : In reverse osmosis desalination, water is 600 20 × 0.0821× (273 + 15)
taken from the sea and receives a first treatment to atm =
eliminate impurities, oil, seaweed, rubbish and so on. 760 M × 0.5L
The reverse osmosis process can be used for So,
desalination of sea water for getting drinking water. M = 1200
636. Which of the following would exert maximum 639. 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M CH3COOH are kept in
osmotic pressure? separate containers. If their osmotic pressures
(a) Decinormal aluminium sulphate are p1 and p2 respectively then what is the
(b) Decinormal barium chloride correct statement?
(c) Decinormal sodium chloride (a) p1 > p2 (b) p1 = p2
(d) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes (c) p1 < p2 (d) p1 = p2 = 0 atm
of (b) and (c) and filtering JCECE - 2011
JIPMER-2012 Ans. (a) : Π = iCRT
Ans. (a) : Osmotic pressure depends upon the number Π NaCl = 2 × 0.1 × RT = p1
of particles of solute. (i = 2 for NaCl)
in solution, which solute have maximum number of ions
exerts maximum osmotic pressure. ΠCH3COOH = 1.3 × 0.1× RT = p2
Decinormal aluminium sulphate exerts maximum (i < 2 for CH3COOH as it is a weak acid.)
osmotic pressure. ⇒ p1 > p2
640. Assuming the salts to unionised solution which 644. An 1% solution of KCl (I), NaCl (II), BaCl2
of the following has highest osmotic pressure? (III) and urea (IV) have their osmotic pressure
(a) 1% CsCl (b) 1% RbCl at the same temperature in the ascending order
(c) 1% KCl (d) 1% NaCl (molar masses of NaCl, KCl BaCl2 and urea
AMU-2011 are respectively 58.5, 74.5, 208.4 and 60 g. mol-
1
Ans. (d) : ∵ Salts are unionised ) Assume 100% ionization of the electrolytes at
this temperature
∴ i is same for all
(a) I < III < II < IV (b) III < I < II < IV
Now, Π = CRT
(c) I < II < III < IV (d) I < III < IV< II
w (e) III < IV < I <II
Π = RT
m×v Kerala-CEE-2009
1 Ans. (e) : 1% solution means 1g solute is present in 100
Π ∝
m mL of water.
1% of salt means 1gram solute dissolved in 100 gram of iw × RT
solvent. Osmotic pressure ( Π ) =
M×V
∵ NaCl have lowest molecules mass.
Hence, has highest osmotic pressure. 2 × 1× 1000 × RT
(I) Π KCl =
641. The relationship between the values of osmotic 74.5 × 100
pressure of 0.1M solutions of KNO3(p1) and Π KCl = 2 × 0.134RT
CH3COOH(p2) is
p1 p2 2 × 1× 1000 × RT
(a) = (b) p1 > p 2 (II) Π NaCl =
p1 + p 2 p1 + p 2 58.5 ×100
(c) p 2 > p1 (d) p1 = p 2 Π NaCl = 2 × 0.171RT
BCECE-2010
Ans. (b) : KNO3 is a strong electrolyte but CH3 COOH 3 × 1× 1000 × RT
(III) Π BaCl 2 =
is weak electrolyte and it cannot be totally ionised. 208.5 ×100
So, option (b) p1 > p2 is correct answer. = 3 × 0.048RT
642. For getting accurate value of molar mass of a
solute by osmotic pressure measurement 1 ×1 ×1000 × RT
(a) the solute must be volatile (IV) Π urea =
(b) the solution concentration must be high 60 × 100
= 1 × 0.167RT
(c) the solute should undergo dissociation
(d) the solute must be non-volatile.
Since, temperature is same in all cases, then the
J & K CET-(2010) ascending order of osmotic pressure is III < IV < I <II.
Ans. (d) : For getting accurate value of molar mass of a
solute by osmotic pressure measurement, the solute 645. After removing the hard shell of an egg by
should be non-volatile. dissolving in dil. HCl, a semipermeable
membrane is visible. If such an egg is kept in a
643. Vapour pressure of pure ‘A’ is 70 mm of Hg saturated solution of common salt, the size of
at 20oC. It forms an ideal solution with ‘B’ the egg will
in which mole fraction of A is 0.8. If the vapour (a) shrink
pressure of the solution is 84 mm of Hg at 25oC, (b) grow
the vapour pressure of pure ‘B’ at 25oC is (c) remain the same
(a) 28 mm (b) 56 mm (d) first shrink and then grow larger
(c) 70 mm (d) 140 mm
KARNATAKA-CET, 2009 AP - EAMCET(MEDICAL) - 2009
Ans. (d) : Ans. (a) : During the process of osmosis, solvent flows
from the solution of lower concentration to of higher
Vapour pressure of pure 'A', PAº = 70mm of Hg concentration of solution. Since, saturated solution of
Mole fraction of A = 0.8 common salt has higher concentration than solution of
Mole fraction of B = 0.2 NaCl. Solvent flows outside from the egg and the size
Then, of the egg will shrink.
Vapour pressure of solution, (P) = 84mm 646. What is the osmotic pressure of the solution
p = p oA x A + p ob x B obtained by mixing 300 cm3 of 2% (mass-
volume) solution of urea with 300 cm3 of 3.42%
⇒ 84 = 70 × 0.8 + p oB × 0.2 solution of sucrose at 20C°? (R = 0.082 L atm
84 = 56 + p oB × 0.2 K–1 mol–1)
(a) 5.0 atm (b) 5.2 atm
28
p oB = = 140mm (c) 2.6 atm (d) 4.5 atm
0.2 SCRA - 2009
Ans. (b) : We know that, Π = iCRT Ans. (b): An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid
According to question, Osmotic Pressure ( Π ) = I (C1 + shows negative deviation from Raoult's law.
C2) RT ….(i) Raoult's Law state that the vapour pressure of a solvent
n above a solution is equal to the vapour pressure of the
C1 i.e. concentration of urea = pure solvent at the same temperature scaled by the mole
V ( in lit )
fraction of the solvent present.
2 649. The molar mass of the solute sodium hydroxide
× 300
= 100 obtained from the measurement of the osmotic
60 × 600 × 10−3 pressure of its aqueous solution at 270C is 25 g
1 mol–1. Therefore, its ionization percentage in
= this solution is
6
(a) 75 (b) 60
3.42
× 300 (c) 80 (d) 70
C2 i.e. concentration of sucrose = 100 J & K CET-(2009)
342 × 600 ×10−3 Ans. (b) : Given,
1
= NaOH → Na+ + OH −
20 Normal molecular mass of NaOH = 40
Put, value of C1 and C2 in equation (i), We get-
Observation molecular mass = 25
1 1  Temperature = 27ºC
Π =  +  × 293 × 0.082
 6 20  According to,
Π = 5.2 atm Van't Hoff factor
647. A solution containing 10 g of urea (M = 60) per observed
i=
litre is isotonic with a solution containing 5% of calculated
solute X. What is the molar of the solute X ?
40
(a) 60 (b) 100 = = 1.6
(c) 300 (d) 600 25
SCRA - 2009 ∴ i=1+α
Ans. (c) : We know that, Osmotic Pressure π = iCRT Now,
i×n×R ×T i = [1 + (2 – 1) α], where α-degree of ionisation
Π= 1.6 = (1 + α) α
V ( inL )
= 1.6 – 1
i × WB × R × T × 1000 = 0.6
Π=
M B × V ( in ml ) 0.6
The % ionisation of NaOH = × 100 = 60%
According to question, Π 1(urea) = Π 2 (unknown 1
solute) 650. The osmotic pressure (At 270C) of an aqueous
∵Π ∝ C solution (200 ML) containing 6 g of a protein is
So, C1 (urea) = C2 (unknown solute) 2×10-3 atm. If R=0.080 L atm mol-1K-1 the
molecular weight of protein is
 WB × 1000   WB × 1000 
Now,   =  (a) 7.2×105 (b) 3.6×105
 M B × V  urea  M B × V  unknown solute (c) 1.8×10 5
(d) 1.0×105
 5 × 1000  UPTU/UPSEE-2008
10 × 1000 
⇒  60 × V  = 100 × M × V  Ans. (b) : From formula,
  urea  B  unknown solute Π = iCRT
5 × 60 6 × 1000
⇒ MB = 2 × 10–3 = × 0.08 × 300
10 × 100 M × 200
300
⇒ MB = 30 × 0.08 × 300
1000 M=
2 × 10−3
⇒ M B = 0.3
M = 360 × 103
M B = 300 gram M = 3.6 × 105
So, option (c) is correct. 651. Osmotic pressure of a solution at a given
648. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid temperature
(a) obeys Raoult’s law (a) increases with concentration
(b) shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law (b) decreases with concentration
(c) show positive deviation from Raoult’s law (c) remains same
(d) obey Henry’s law at all compositions (d) initially increases and then decreases
[AIIMS-2009] UPTU/UPSEE-2008
Ans. (a) : Boyle-Van't Hoff law, at constant We know that,
temperature the osmotic pressure of a solution is Π = CRT
directly proportional to its concentration and inversely n
proportional to its dilution. Π = RT
Thus, v
Π = nRT
Π ∝ C, where C = concentration
(here V1 = V2)
652. A solution containing 4 g of polyvinyl chloride VT = V1 + V2
polymer in one litre of dioxane was found to VF = 2V
have an osmotic pressure of 4.1×10–4 atm. at
Now,
270C. The approximate molecular weight of the
polymer is Π F VF = Π 1 V1 + Π 2 V2
(a) 1500 (b) 10,000 2 Π F V = 1.64V + 2.46V
(c) 2.4× 105 (d) 2 × 1012 2 Π F V = 4.10V
J & K CET-(2008) 4.10
ΠF= = 2.05 atm
Ans. (c) : Given, 2
Weight of polyvinyl chloride polymer, w = 4g 656. Two solutions with equal osmotic pressure are
Volume of solution, (v) = 1L (a) normal solutions (b) isotonic solutions
Osmotic pressure, Π = 4.1 × 10–4 (c) hypotonic solutions (d) hypertonic solutions
Temperature, T = 27ºC = 27 + 273 = 300K AMU–2006
R = 0.0821 L bar mol –1 K–1 Ans. (b) : Solutions having equal molar concentration
w and hence equal osmotic pressure are called isotonic or
We know that, Π V = nRT = RT iso-osmotic solutions.
M
657. Four solution A, B, C, D has glucose 0.5 M,
wRT 4 × 0.0821× 300 NaCl 0.1M,BaCl2 0.5M and MgCl2 0.1M, then
M= =
ΠV 4 ×10−4 ×1 which of the following will have highest osmotic
5
M = 2.4 × 10 pressure?
653. Two solutions of KNO3 and CH3COOH are (a) Glucose (b) BaCl2
prepared separately. Molarity of both is 0.1 M (c) MgCl2 (d) NaCl
and osmotic pressures are P1 and P2 CG PET -2006
respectively. The correct relationship between Ans. (b) : ∵ NaCl, BaCl2 & MgCl2 is an electrolyte
the osmotic pressures is
∴ 1 mole of NaCl 2 Mole ions
(a) P2 > P1 (b) P1 = P2
molar concentration of particle in solution = 0.2M
P1 P2 1 mole of BaCl2 give 3 mole ions
(c) P1 > P2 (d) =
P1 + P2 P1 + P2 molar concentration of particle in solution = 1.5M
SRMJEEE – 2007 1 mole of MgCl2 give 3 mole ions
Ans. (c) : KNO3 is a strong electrolyte and gets 100% molar concentration of particle in solution = 0.3M
ionized while CH3COOH is weak electrolyte and does ∵ Osmotic α number of particle in solution
not get's completely ionized due to which KNO3 have So, increasing order of osmotic pressure is
the more osmotic pressure than the CH3COOH i.e. P1 > Glucose < NaCl < MgCl2 < BaCl2
P 2.
654. The osmotic pressure is expressed in units of 5. Solubility
(a) MeV (b) calories
(c) cm/sec (d) atmosphere 658. CH4(g) respectively are 40.39,1.67, 1.83 × 10–5
J & K CET-(2007) and 0.413. then identify the correct increasing
Ans. (d) : Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure order of their solubility’s.
which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the (a) HCHO < CH4 CO2 < Ar
inward flow of water across a semi permeable (b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
membrane. It is denoted by ' Π ' and the unit of osmotic (c) Ar < CO2 < HCHO < CH4
pressure is atmosphere. (d) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
Π = CRT
AP EAPCET 20.08.2021 Shift-I
655. Osmotic pressure of 0.4% urea solution is 1.64
atm, and that of 3.42% cane sugar is 2.46 atm. Kerala-CEE-29.08.2021
When the above two solutions are mixed, the Ans. (d) : Given that KH value for this compound.
osmotic pressure of the resulting solution is: Ar(g) = 40.39
(a) 0.82 atm (b) 2.46 atm CO2(g) = 1.67
(c) 1.64 atm (d) 4.10 atm HCHO(g) = 1.83 × 10–5
UPTU/UPSEE-2006 CH4(g) = 0.413
Ans. (b) : Given, Decrease the value of KH then increasing order of their
Π 1 = 1.64 atm, Π 2 = 2.46atm solubilites.
659. The pair of components which cannot exist 663. Henry's constant (in kbar) for four gases α, β, γ
together in solution is and δ in water at 298 K is given below :
(a) NaHCO3 and NaOH α β γ δ
(b) NaHCO3 and H2O –5
KH 50 2 2×10 0.5
(c) NaHCO3 and Na2CO3
(d) Na2CO3 and NaOH (density of water = 103 kg m–3 at 298 K). This
Assam CEE-2014 table implies that
UPTU/UPSEE-2013 (a) α has the highest solubility in water at a given
pressure
Ans. (a) : From the given options, NaHCO3 and NaOH
is the only pair cannot exist together in the solution. (b) Solubility of γ at 308 K is lower than at 298 K
NaHCO3 is acidic and is decomposed by NaOH forming (c) The pressure of a 55.5 molal solution of γ is 1
Na2CO3. The reaction is a follows: bar
NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O (d) The pressure of a 55.5 molal solution of δ is
250 bar
660. Identify the correct order of solubility of Na2S.
CuS and ZnS in aqueous medium [JEE Main 2020, 3 Sep Shift-I]
(a) CuS > ZnS > Na2S (b) ZnS > Na2S > CuS Ans. (d) : Pγ = KH Xγ
(c) Na2S > CuS > ZnS (d) Na2S > ZnS > CuS 55.5
[BITSAT – 2014] Pγ = 2×10–15×
1000
NEET-2013 55.5 +
18
Ans. (d) : The more the ionic soluble in water than = 2×10–2 bar
covalent compounds. Increasing covalent character Now for,
leads to less solubility. Ionic character is directly
P δ = KH Xδ
proportional to size of the cation.
The order of size of cation Na+ > Zn+2 > Cu+2 55.5
Pδ= 0.5×
Therefore the correct order of solubility is 1000
55.5 +
Na2S > ZnS > CuS 18
Note- Sodium salts are highly soluble in water thus of = 0.249 K bar
Na2S shows highest solubility. = 249 bar
661. In which solution/solvent the solubility of AgCl So, it is clear that P = KH
is minimum? Where X = mole fraction of gas in liquid.
(a) 0.01 M NaCl (b) 0.01 M CaCl2 On increasing temperature solubility of gases decreases.
(c) Pure water (d) 0.01 M AgNO3 664. At 35°C, the vapour pressure of CS2 is 512 mm
CG PET -2007 Hg and that of acetone is 344 mm Hg. A
AIPMT -1995 solution of CS2 in acetone has a total vapour
pressure of 600 mm Hg. The false statement
Ans. (b) : amongst the following is
(a) 0.01 M NaCl solution- (a) Raoult's law is not obeyed by this system
NaCl ↽ ⇀ Na + + Cl − (b) CS2 and acetone are less attracted to each
(b) 0.01 M CaCl2 solution- other than to themselves
CaCl 2 ↽ ⇀ Ca 2+ + 2Cl − (c) A mixture of 100 mL CS2 and 100 mL
acetone has a volume < 200 mL
(c) Pure water- (d) Heat must be absorbed in order to produce the
H 2 O ↽ ⇀ H + + OH − solution at 35°C
(d) 0.01 M AgNO3 solution- [JEE Main-07.01.2020, Shift-I]
AgNO3 ↽ ⇀ Ag + + NO3− Ans. (c) : We know that,
∵ CaCl2 in solution is dissociated into three ions PT = PA0 X A + PB0 X B
(Maximum). Now,
∴ Due to common ion effect solubility of AgCl will be XA = 1
minimum in 0.01 M CaCl2 solution. PT = 512 mHg < PT
662. The water having more dissolved O2 is It show's positive deviation from Raoult's law is
(a) Boiling water (b) Water at 80°C observed. So, it will be non ideal solution.
(c) Polluted water (d) Water at 4°C 665. Which one of the following statements
[JEE Main 2021, 22 July Shift-II] regarding Henry's law is not correct?
Ans. (d) : Dissolved oxygen means amount of Oxygen (a) Different gases have different KH (Henry's
that is present in water. Cold water has the possibility to law constant) values at the same temperature
hold more dissolved oxygen in comparison of warm (b) Higher the value of KH at a given pressure,
water. So, the water having more dissolved O2 is water higher is the solubility of the gas in the
at 4oC. liquids
(c) The value of KH increases with increase of 667. AgCl is soluble in NH4OH. The solubility is due
temperature and KH is function of the nature to the formation of
of the gas (a) AgOH (b) Ag2O
(d) The partial pressure of the gas in vapour (c) [Ag(NH3)2]+ (d) NH4Cl
phase is proportional to the mole fraction of
JCECE - 2019
the gas in the solution
[JEE Main-09.01.2019, Shift-I] Ans. (c) : AgCl is soluble in NH4OH. The solubility is
due to formation of [Ag(NH3)2]+. Silver chloride (AgCl)
Ans. (b) : For liquid solution, is a white crystalline solid. AgCl reacts with ammonium
PGas = KH × XGas hydroxide and yields diamine.
So, higher the value of KH at 0 given pressure, higher is AgCl(s) + 2NH 4 OH(aq) → [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl
the solubility of the gas in the liquids. White ppt Solublecomplete
666. For the solution of the gases w, x, y and z in 668. Out of BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2 which has
water at 298 K, the Henry's law constants (KH) maximum solubility:
are 0.5, 2.35 and 40 K bar, respectively. The (a) BeF2 (b) MgF2
correct plot for the given data is (c) CaF2 (d) SrF2
AIIMS 25 May 2019 (Evening)
Ans. (a): Among the all options BeF2 → Be2+ have high
hydration energy so BeF2 has maximum solubility.
(a) 669. Which of the following compound is least
soluble?
(a) Na2S (b) MgS
(c) MgCl2 (d) NaCl
AIIMS 26 May 2019 (Morning)
Ans. (b): It is clear that higher the lattice energy lower
the solubility.
MgS is a bi-valent ionic solid and It has higher lattice
energy.
(b) 670. Which of the following is most soluble in
water?
(a) CsClO4 (b) NaClO4
(c) KClO4 (d) LiClO4
AMU-2018
Ans. (d) : The high solubility of LiClO4 is mainly due
to high heat of hydration of Li+ ion.
671. Which of the following conditions are correct
for real solutions showing negative deviation
from Raoult's law?
(c) (a) ∆H Mix < 0; ∆VMix > 0
(b) ∆H Mix > 0; ∆VMix > 0
(c) ∆H Mix > 0; ∆VMix < 0
(d) ∆H Mix < 0; ∆VMix < 0
TS EAMCET-2017
Ans. (d) : Conditions that are real solution showing
negative deviation from Raoult's law are –
(d)
PA < PA° X A
PB < PB° X B
So, ∆ Mix H = − ve
and dissolution is exothermic heating decreases
[JEE Main 2019, 8 April Shift-II] solubility ∆
Mixing V = − ve .
Ans. (a) : From fig.(a)
Pgas = KH.Xgas 672. You are supplied with 500 mL each of 2N HCl
and 5 N HCl. What is the maximum volume of
Pgas = K H .(1 − X H2O ) (∵ Xgas+ X H2O = 1 )
3M HCl that you can prepare using only these
Pgas = KH–KH. X H2O two solutions?
(a) 250 mL (b) 500 mL
Pgas = – KH. X H2O + KH (This is type of y = mx + c) (c) 750 mL (d) 1000 mL
where slope is –KH and intercept is KH. WB-JEE-2017
Ans. (c) : From Normality equation 676. At 800C, the vapour pressure of pure liquid A
N1V1 + N2V2 = N (V1+V2) is 520mm Hg and that of pure liquid B is
1000mm Hg. If a mixture solution of A and B
2×500 + 5x = 3(500 + x)
boils at 800C and 1 atm pressure. The amount
1000 + 5x = 1500 + 3x of A in the mixture is–
x = 250 mL (a) 50 mol percent (b) 54 mol percent
∵ maximum volume = 500 + x = 500 + 250 = 750 mL (c) 32 mol percent (d) 44 mol percent
673. When BaCI2 is added to an aqueous salt BCECE-2015
solution, a white precipitate is obtained. The Ans. (a) : Given:
anion among CO 23− ,SO 23− and SO42− that was PAo = 520 mmHg, PBo = 1000 mmHg
present in the solution can be Let mole fractions of A = xA
(a) CO32− but not any of the other two Let mole fractions of B = xB
From formula,
(b) SO32− but not any of other two
PAo XA + PBo XB = 760 mmHg
(c) SO 24− but not any of other two
PAo XA + PBo (1– XA) = 760
(d) Any of them
= 520XA + 1000 – 1000 XA
WB-JEE-2017
= 760 mm
Ans. (d) : Reaction, So,
BaCl2 + Na2SO3 →BaSO3 + 2NaCl
1
(White PPt) XA = or 50 mol%
2
From above reaction, use can say if CO32− , SO32− and 677. Which of the following alcohol has highest
SO 24− are present along with BaCl2, then they will show solubility in water?
white precipitate and any of them will be present in (a) Secondary butyl alcohol
reaction. (b) Tertiary butyl alcohol
(c) Ethelene glycol
674. PbCI2 is insoluble in cold water. Addition of (d) Glycerol
HCI increases its solubility due to
GUJCET-2014
(a) formation of soluble complex anions like
Ans. (d) : Among the all options only glycerol has more
[PbCI3]–
number of hydroxyl groups so, glycerol has tendency to
(b) oxidation of Pb (II) to PB (IV) form hydrogen bond with water. So we can say glycerol
(c) formation of [Pb(H2O)6]2+ has highest solubility in water.
(d) formation of polymeric lead complex 678. 50 g of saturated aqueous solution of potassium
WB-JEE-2017 chloride at 30oC is evaporated to dryness, when
Ans. (a) : Required Chemical Reaction, 13.2 g of dry KCl was obtained. The solubility
of KCl in water at 30oC is
PbCl2+Cl– 
Cold
→ [PbCl3]– (a) 35.87 g (b) 25.62 g
PbCl2+2Cl– → increase
[PbCl4]2– (c) 28.97 g (d) 27.81 g
From above reaction it is clear that addition of HCl UPTU/UPSEE-2013
increases it's solubility due to form of soluble complex Ans. (a) : The Solubility of KCl in water at 30oC
anion like [PbCl3]–. Mass of KCl
675. At 20oC the solubility of N2 gas in water is = × 100
Mass of water
0.015 g/L when the partial pressure of N2 is 580
torr. What is the solubility of N2 in H2O at 20oC 13.2
= ×100
when its partial pressure is 800 torr? ( 50 − 13.2 )
(a) 0.207 g/L (b) 0.0207 g/L = 35.87g
(c) 0.414 g/L (d) 0.0414 g/L 679. 100 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid is completely
AMU-2016 neutralized using a standard solution of NaOH.
Ans. (b) : Applying Henry's law The volume of ethane obtained at STP after the
m∝P complete electrolysis of the resulting solution is
m = K HP (a) 56 mL (b) 224 mL
(c) 560 mL (d) 112 mL
0.015 = KH × 580
Karnataka-CET-2012
At solubility of N2 (20ºC)
Ans. (d) : CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
800 800
= = × 0.015 No. of moles of 1 sodium acetate CH3COONa =
K H 580 0.1×100
= 0.01mol
= 0.0207g/L 1000
2CH 3COONa 
hydrolysis
electrolysis
→ CH 3 − CH 3 + 2CO 2 + 2NaOH + H 2 ↑ Ans. (c) : Normal solution has one gram equivalent of
ethane
solute dissolved in 1L of solution.
1
No. of moles of ethane = no. of moles of CH3COONa
2 6. Isotonic Solution
1
= × 0.001 = 0.005 moles
2 684. A solution containing 6.0 g of urea is isotonic
∵ At STP, 1 mole of ethane → 22400 mL volume with a solution containing 10g of a non-
∴ 0.005 mole of ethane → 0.005 × 22400 electrolytic solute X. The molar mass of X (in g
= 112 mL mol-1) is
680. Assuming fully decomposed, the volume of CO2 (a) 50.0 (b) 100
released at STP on heating 9.85 g of BaCO3
(atomic mass, Ba = 137) will be– (c) 75.0 (d) 68.0
(a) 1.12 L (b) 0.84 L AP-EAMCET-04.07.2022, Shift-II
(c) 2.24 L (d) 4.06 L Ans. (b) : Weight of area = 6.0 gm
BCECE-2012 Molecular weight of area = 60 g mol–1
Ans. (a) : Reaction Weight of solute × = 10 g
BaCO3 → BaO + CO2↑ For, isotonic solution λ1 = λ2
∵ It is clear that 197g produces 22.4L at S.T.P Or C1 = C2 (conc. In mol/lit )
Then, weight
22.4 Where, C =
9.85 will produce = ×9.85 molecular weight
197
= 1.12L at STP 6.0 10
So, =
681. On dissolving a non- volatile solute in a solvent, 60 m w
the vapor pressure of the solvent is decreased by 60×10
10 mm of mercury. The mole fraction of the mw =
solute in this solution is 0.2. If the vapour 6.0
pressure of the solvent is decreased by 20 mm of m w = 100g mol−1
mercury by dissolving more solute, what is the
mole fraction of solvent in this solution now? 685. x% (w/v) solution of urea is isotonic with 4%
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 (w/v) solution of a non-volatile solute of molar
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.8 mass 120 g mol-1. The value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 4
CG PET -2008
(c) 3 (d) 5
Ans. (c) : We know that,
P o – Ps = P o × mole fraction of solute
10 = P o × 0.2 ………. (1) Ans. (a) : For isotonic solution λ1 = λ2
20 = P o × X2 ………. (2) C1 = C2 (∵ λ = CRT)
From (1) and (2) x ×1000 2×1000
X2 = 0.4 =
60×100 120×100
So, x 2
X1 = 1 – X2 =
= 1 – 0.4 6 6
= 0.6 x=2
682. Which one of the following salts give an acidic 686. Which of the following pair of solutions is
solution in water? isotonic?
(a) CH3COONa (b) NH4Cl (a) 18g/L of glucose of solution and 6g/L of Urea
(c) NaCl (d) CH3COONH4 solution
CG PET -2007 (b) 10g/L of glucose of solution and 10g/L of
− Urea solution
Ans. (b) : NH 4 Cl ↽ NH 4 + Cl
⇀
(c) 0.01 M NaOH solution and 0.02 M glucose
NH 4 Cl + H 2 O ↽ ⇀ NH 4 OH + H + Cl− solution
So, NH4Cl salt gives an acidic solution in water. (d) 0.01 M NaCl solution and 0.01 M glucose
solution
683. Normal solution is
(a) inert solution (Assume that NaCl undergoes complete
(b) acidic solution dissociation)
(c) one litre containing one equivalent (a) A and B (b) A and C
(d) basic solution (c) B and D (d) B and C
UP CPMT-2005 AP-EAMCET-05.07.2022, Shift-II

Ans. (b) : Isotonic solution are those which have the 690. Red blood cells are placed in a solution and
same osmotic pressure (π = iCRT). But were we have neither haemolysis nor crenation occurs.
different concentration of the solution and also they Therefore, the solution is
have different vant's huff factors (i). (a) hypertonic (b) hypotonic
So 10g/L liter of glucose of solution and 10g/L of urea (c) isotonic (d) isotopic
solution is Isotonic solution.
JIPMER-2018
687. Solutions A, B, C and D are 0.1 M glucose, 0.05
M NaCl, 0.05 M BaCl2 and 0.1 M AlCl3 J & K CET-(2000)
respectively. Which one of the following pairs is Ans. (c) : When red blood cells are placed in a solution
isotonic? and neither haemolysis nor erenation occurs. This
(a) B and C (b) A and B means that solution is isotonic in nature, since in
(c) A and D (d) A and C isotonic solution, there is no process of osmosis takes
JIPMER-2017 place.
SRMJEEE – 2016 691. Blood cells will remain as such in
CG PET- 2011 (a) hypertonic solution (b) hypotonic solution
MHT CET–2008
(c) isotonic solution (d) None of the above
Ans. (b) : The solutions which have same osmotic
pressure is known as isotonic solution. UP CPMT-2004
∏ = i C.R.T (AIPMT -1991)
Where - ∏ = Osmotic pressure Ans. (c) : (i) In hypertonic solution, blood cells (living
C = Concentration of solution cells) shrink due to plasmolysis (because water comes
R = Gas constant out of them).
T = Temperature (ii) In hypotonic solution, blood cells burst due to
i = Van’t Hoff factor. endosmosis.
For solution A – (iii) In isotonic solution, blood cells remain as it is
∏A = 1 × 0.1 RT = 0.1RT because water neither enters in them nor comes out.
For solution B – 692. A 25% solution of cane-sugar (mol mass = 342
∏B = 2 × 0.05 RT = 0.1RT g mol–1) is isotonic with 5% solution of a
For solution C – substance A. Then find the molecular weight of
∏C = 3 × 0.05 RT = 0.15RT A?
For solution D – (a) 6.84 g mol–1 (b) 68.4 g mol–1
∏D = 4 × 0.1 RT = 0.4RT (c) 25 g mol –1
(d) 684 g mol–1
Thus, solution A and B have the same osmotic pressure
therefore isotonic solution. AP-EAMCET 25-08-2021 Shift - I
688. Isotonic solutions have same Ans. (b) : Given,
(a) temperature (b) vapour pressure 25% solution of cane sugar means 25g of solute present
(c) freezing point (d) osmotic pressure in 100mL of solution.
COMEDK 2017 ∴ For isotonic solutions,
JCECE - 2007 ∏1 = ∏2
Ans. (d) : When two solutions have same osmotic or C1 = C2
pressure and salt concentration are said to be isotonic
25 5
solution. Iso (same) and tonic (concentration) . =
689. A 0.5 g/L solution of glucose is found to be 342 × 0.1 M 2 × 0.1
isotonic with a 2.5 g/L solution of an organic 342
compound. What will be that molecular weight or M2 = = 68.4g / mol
of the organic compound? 5
(a) 300 (b) 600 693. Acetaldehyde upon treated with dil. NaOH
(c) 900 (d) 1200 forms.
JCECE - 2004 (a) CH3 CH2 OH
UPCPMT–2008
0.5g OH
Ans. (c) : Molarity of glucose solution =
180 × 1L
= 0.00277 M (b) CH3 CH CH2 CHO
Isotonic solution have equal molar concentrations,
hence, molarity of organic compound solution =
0.00277 M (c) CH3COOH
2.5 (d) CH3–CH3
∴ Molacular weight of compound = = 900
0.00277 ×1 Assam CEE-2021
Ans. (b) Ans. (d) : Here–
CH3 ∏ urea = ∏ sucrose
C H + CH3 C H
C1 = C2
O O So,
dil. NaOH 3 ( M 2 ) w.t  m1 m 2 
- + = ∴ = 
CH2 C H + CH3 C H 60 342  M1 M1 
M2 = 17.1gL–1
O O- 697. Which solution is isotonic with 6% w/v aqueous
solution of urea? [Mole mass of Urea = 60 gm.
↓ mol-1]
(a) 0.25 M NaCl (b) 0.5 M NaCl
H (c) 0.1 M NaCl (d) 1 M NaCl
GUJCET-2018
CH3 C CH2 C H Ans. (b) : From formula of osmotic pressure–
OH O ∏ = iCRT
Where i = 2(NaCl) and
694. Which of the following pairs of solutions is 1 for urea
expected to be isotonic at same temperature? Given, 60g urea in 100 mL solution.
(a) 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M NaCl Now,
(b) 0.1 M glucose and 0.2 M NaCl 60
(c) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M CH3COOH C= = 1M
60 × 1L
(d) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M KNO3 then
AP EAMCET (Engg.) 17.09.2020, Shift-II (i×C)urea = (i×C)NaCl
Ans. (d) : Two solutions of same osmotic pressure (∏) 1×1M = (2×C)NaCl
are isotonic solutions. (C)NaCl = 0.5 M.
∏1 (0.1 M NaCl) = 0.1 × RT × 2 698. Isotonic solutions are solutions having the same
∏2 (0.1 M KNO3) = 0.1 × RT × 2 (a) surface tension (b) vapour pressure
So, ∏1 (0.1 M NaCl) = ∏2 (0.1 M KNO3) at same (c) osmotic pressure (d) viscosity
temperature. Karnataka-CET-2018
695. Which of the following pair of solutions is Ans. (c) : Isotonic solution having the same osmotic
isotonic? pressure (∏ = iCRT) at the same temperature.
(a) 0.01 M BaCl2 and 0.015 M NaCl 699. At certain temperature 1.6% solution of an
(b) 0.001 M Al2(SO4)3 and 0.001 M BaCl2 unknown substance is isotonic with 2.4%
(c) 0.001 M CaCl2 and 0.001 M Al2 (SO4)3 solution of Urea. If both the solutions have the
(d) 0.01 M BaCl2 and 0.001 M CaCl2 same solvent and both the solutions have same
Karnataka-CET-2020 density 1 gm/cm3, what will be the molecular
Ans. (a) : Isotonic solution are those which have same mass of unknown substance in gm./mol.
osmotic pressure at the given temperature [Molecular mass of urea = 60 gm/mol]
For 0.01 M BaCl2, i=3 (a) 30 (b) 40
∏= iCRT (c) 80 (d) 90
= 3×0.01RT GUJCET-2017
= 0 .03RT Ans. (b) From formula,
For 0.015 M NaCl, i=2 ∏ = iCRT
∴ ∏ = 2×0.015RT ∏1 = ∏2 , C1= C2 (isotonic Solution have same
= 0.03RT osmotic pressure and concentration)
Therefore, 0.01 M BaCl2 and 0.015 M NaCl are Now,
isotonic. For same volume,
696. Which of the following sets of solutions of urea n1 = n2
(mol. mass 60 g mol–1) and sucrose (mol. mass 1.6 2.4
=
342 g mol–1) is isotonic? M 60
(a) 9.1 gL–1 urea and 6.0 gL–1 sucrose M = 40 g/mol.
(b) 3.0 gL–1 urea and 3.0 gL–1 sucrose 700. Assuming the compounds to be completely
(c) 6.0 gL–1 urea and 9.0 gL–1 sucrose dissociated in aqueous solution, identify the
(d) 3.0 gL–1 urea and 17.1 gL–1 sucrose pair of the solution that can be expected to be
MHT CET-02.05.2019, SHIFT-II isotonic at the same temperature.
(a) 0.01M urea and 0.01 M NaCl W1 W2
(b) 0.02 M NaCl and 0.01 M Na2SO4 Ans. (a) : Given = 1, =5
V1 V2
(c) 0.03 M NaCl and 0.02 M MgCl2
(d) 0.01 M sucrose and 0.02 M glucose M2 = 342g/mol, M1 = ?
For isotonic solution–
WB-JEE-2017
W1 W2
Ans. (c) : In the isotonic solution at same temperature- =
∏1 = ∏ 2 V1M1 V2 M 2
i1C1RT = i2C2RT 1 5
=
i1C1 = i2C2 M1 342
For 0.03 M NaCl i1 = 2 342
i1C1 = 2 × 0.03 M1 =
5
= 0.06
M1 = 68.4g mol–1
For 0.02 M MgCl2 i2 = 3
Hence, the molar mass of solute x = 68.4 g mol–1
i2C2 = 3 × 0.02
704. 0.6% solution of urea will be isotonic with
= 0.06
(a) 0.1 M glucose
Therefore, 0.03M NaCl and 0.02M MgCl2 are isotonic.
(b) 0.1 M KCl
701. 5% solution of cane sugar is isotonic with (c) 0.6% glucose solution
0.877% of X. (d) 0.6% KCl solution
The molecular weight of substance X is Assam CEE-2014
(a) 126.98 (b) 119.96
0.6 1000
(c) 95.5 (d) 59.98 Ans. (a) : 0.6 urea has molarity = ×
JCECE - 2016 60 100
= 0.1M glucose
Ans. (d) : ∵ Both solutions are isotonic.
705.
∴ ncane sugar = n(x)
 
W W
or,   = 
 M cane sugar( = w1 )  M X( = w2 )
W1 W2
Given, =
M1 M2
5 0.877
= Compartments A and B have the following
342 X combinations solution
(Mcane sugar = 342, X = ?)
List-I List-II
0.877 × 342 A 0.1 M KCl 0.2 M KCl
∴ X= = 59.98 g/mol
5 B 0.1% (m/V) NaCl 10% (m/V) NaCl
702. 0.06% (w/v) aqueous solution of urea is isotonic C 18 gL–1 glucose 34.2 gL–1 sucrose
with D 20% (m/V) 10% (m/V)
(a) 0.06% glucose solution glucose glucose
(b) 0.6% glucose solution Indicate the number of solutions which is/are
(c) 0.01 M glucose solution isotonic
(d) 0.1 M glucose solution (a) I only (b) III only
Karnataka-CET-2015 (c) IV only (d) II only
BCECE-2014
Ans. (c) : 0.06 % w/v solution means 100 ml 06
solution contains 0.06 gm of urea– Ans. (b) : In the isotonic solution having the same
molarity.
0.06
Moles of urea = = 0.001mol 18
60 Molarity of 18 g glucose =
180 × 1
0.001
Molarity of urea solution = × 1000 =
18
= 0.1 g/L
100
180
= 0.01 M
34.2
703. The molar mass of a solute X in g mol–1, if its Molarity of 34.2 g sucrose=
1% solution is isotonic with a 5% solution of 342 × 1
cane sugar (molar mass = 342 g mol–1), is 34.2
= = 0.1 g/L
(a) 68.4 (b) 34.2 342
(c) 136.2 (d) 171.2 The concentration of 18 g L–1 glucose is same to 34.2 g
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) - 2014 L–1 sucrose.
706. Concentrated hydrochloric acid when kept in (c) 100 mL of 0.2M AgNO3 + 100 mL of 0.1M
open air sometime produces a cloud of white KI
fumes. The explanation for it is that (d) 100 mL of 0.15M AgNO3 + 100 mL of 0.15M
(a) concentrated hydrochloric acid emits atrongly KI
smelling HCl gas all the time BCECE-2013
(b) oxygen in air reacts with the emitted HCl gas Ans. (b) : Negatively charged colloidal solution is
to form a cloud of chlorine gas formed when AgNO3 is completely precipitated as AgI
(c) strong affinity of HCl gas for moisture in air and extra KI is absorbed on AgI.
results in forming of droplets of liquid Ag+ + I– → AgI
solution which appears like a cloudy smoke Thus, [Ag+] < [I–]
(d) due to strong affinity for water, concentrated 710. At 25oC, at 5% aqueous solution of glucose
hydrochloric acid pulls moisture of air (molecular weight = 180 g mol-1) is isotonic with
towards itself. This moisture forms droplets a 2% aqueous solution containing and
of water and hence, the cloud. unknown solute, What is the molecular weight
BCECE-2014 of the unknown solute?
Ans. (b) : Oxygen in air reacts with the emitted HCl gas (a) 60 (b) 80
to form a cloud of chlorine gas. (c) 72 (d) 63
1 (e) 98
2HCl + O 2  → H 2 O + Cl 2 Kerala-CEE-2011
2
Ans. (c) : Here osmotic pressure is equal
707. Sodium hydride when dissolved in water
produces : So, ∏1 = ∏ 2
(a) Acidic solution (b) Basic solution C1 = C2
(c) Neutral solution (d) Cannot say Then molecular weight of unknown
MPPET-2013 Solute, m1 = m 2
Ans. (b) : The hydrolysis of sodium hydride occurs in M1 M 2
the reaction where it gets broken into to Na+ cation and 5 2
H– anion. The Na+ forms sodium hydroxide and H– = ⇒ M 2 = 72
180 M 2
forms hydrogen gas. The formation of sodium
hydroxide reduces the risk of fires. Sodium Hydroxide 711. Pure water can be obtained from sea water by
is corrosive in nature. The reaction takes place as (a) centrifugation (b) plasmolysis
follows: (c) reverse osmosis (d) sedimentation
NaH(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH + H2(g) (AIPMT -2011)
The hydrolysis of NaH is violent. The reaction is an Ans. (c) : Pure water can be obtained from the sea water
exothermic reaction in which the energy is released. by the process of reverse osmosis. In this method,
708. Which one of the following is an isotonic pair of pressure is applied and the solute is retained at the
solution? pressurised side by allowing the solvent to pass through
the membrane.
(a) 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4
(b) 0.2 M Urea and 0.1 M Sugar 712. A 6% solution of urea is isotonic with
(a) 1 M solution of glucose
(c) 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.2 M Urea
(b) 0.05 M solution of glucose
(d) 0.4 M MgSO4 and 0.1 M NH4Cl
(c) 6% solution of glucose
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 2013
(d) 25% solution of glucose
Ans. (a) : Two solution having the same osmotic Karnataka-CET, 2009
pressure across a semi permeable membrane is referred
to as isotonic solution. 6
For 0.15M NaCl and 0.1M Na2SO4, NaCl is an Ans. (a) : Molarity of urea = 60 = 1M
electrolyte which dissociates to give 2 ions, thus 100
concentration of ions in the solution 0.30 M. Similarly 1000
Na2SO4 (3 ions) the concentration of ions in the solution Hence, 1 M solution of glucose is isotonic with 6% urea
= 0.30 M solution.
Hence, both are isotonic. 713. A 5.25% solution of a substance is isotonic with
709. On adding AgNO3 solution into KI solution, a a 1.5% solution of urea (molar mass=60 g mol–
1
negatively charged colloidal sol is obtained ) in the same solvent. If the densities of both
when they are in– the solutions are assumed to be equal to 1.0 g
(a) 100 mL of 0.1M AgNO3 + 100 mL of 0.1M cm–3, molar mass of the substance will be
KI (a) 90.0 g mol–1 (b) 115.0 g mol–1
–1
(b) 100 mL of 0.1M AgNO3 + 100 mL of 0.2M (c) 105.0 g mol (d) 210.0 g mol–1
KI [AIEEE 2007]
Ans. (d) : For same osmotic pressure W1 10
∴ =
∏1 = ∏2 60 × 1 342 × 0.1
So, or W1 = 17.54 g/L
C1RT = C2RT 717. At certain temperature a 5.12% solution of
5.25 1000 1.5 × 1000 cane sugar is isotonic with a 0.9% solution of
⇒ × = an unknown solute. The molar mass of solute
molar mass 100 60 × 100 is;
5.25 × 60 (a) 60 (b) 46.17
Molar mass =
1.5 (c) 120 (d) 90
(e) 92.34
= 210g / mol Kerala-CEE-2006
714. Which of the following make up an isotonic 342 X
triad? Ans. (a) : Molar mass of solute = = ⇒ 60.117
78 77 74 40 40 40 5.12 0.9
(a) 32 Ge, 33 As, 31 Ga (b) 18 Ar, 19 K, 20 Ca
718. A solution containing 10 g per dm3 of urea
233 232 239
(c) 92 U, 90 Th, 94 Pu 13 12 14
(d) 6 C, 7 C, 7 N (molecular mass = 60 g mol–1) is isotonic with a
5% solution of a non-volatile solute. The
(e) 14 16 15
6 C, 8 O, 7 N molecular mass of this non-volatile solute is
Kerala-CEE-2007 (a) 200 g mol–1 (b) 250 g mol–1
–1
Ans. (e) : Isotonic triad indicates the number of (c) 300 g mol (d) 350 g mol–1
neutrons same for the three species. (AIPMT -2006)
As we know, Ans. (c) : For Isotonic solution at same temperature so
14
C6 ⇒ As e– = p = 6 concentration are equal.
n = 14 – 6 Concentration of urea = Concentration of non volatile
=8 solute
16
O8 ⇒ e– = p = 8 10
=
5 1000
×
n = 16 – 8 60 100 M
=8 1 50
=
15
N7 ⇒ e– = p = 7 6 M
n = 15 – 7 M = 300g / mol
=8
Hence, option (a) is correct.
715. Blood cells do not shrink in blood because
7. Coagulation
blood is
(a) hypotonic (b) isotonic 719. Given below are two statements:
(c) equimolar (d) hypertonic Statement I:
In the coagulation of a negative sol, the
UP CPMT-2007 flocculating power of the three given ions is in
Ans. (b) : Two solutions of different substances having the order-
same osmotic pressure at same temperature are known Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+
as isotonic solutions. Statement II:
Blood cells do not shrink in blood because blood is In the coagulation of a positive sol, the
isotonic. When a cell is placed in a solution having an flocculating power of the three given salts is in
isotonic pressure equal to its own, the cell maintains its the order-
normal volume. As isotonic solution has the same NaCl > Na2SO4 > Na3PO4
osmotic pressure as the cells contained in it, there is no In the light of the above statements, choose the
concentration gradient. most appropriate answer from the options
716. What is the amount of urea dissolved per litre given below:
if aqueous solution is isotonic with 10% cane (a) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is
sugar solution? (mol. wt. of urea = 60) correct.
(a) 200 g/L (b) 19.2 g/L (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(c) 17.54 g/L (d) 16.7 g/L (c) Both Statement I and Statement II are
incorrect
AP-EAMCET (Medical), 2006 (d) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
Ans. (c) : Given- W2= 10g, W1 = ? incorrect.
V2 = 100mL = 0.1L, V1 = 1L NEET-17.06.2022
Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure. Ans. (d) : The order of coagulating power of PO34− ,
W1
=
W2 SO 24− and Cl− in the coagulation of a positive solution is
( Molecular weight )urea × V1 ( Molecular weight )canesugar × V2 – coagulation

↓ Ans. (c) : AS 2 S3 is negative sol. It is obvious that
Negatively, charged ions captions are effective in coagulating negative sols.
PO34− , SO 24− , Cl − According to hardy Schulze rule
So coagulating power α magnitude of charge. greater the valency of the coagulating ion greater is its
Hardy schulze Rule opposite charged ions coagulate
solution particles and greater the magnitude of charge
(
coagulating power the given FeCl3 Fe3+ is most )
higher is the coagulating power. So, correct order is effective for causing coagulation of As 2S3 sol.
PO34− , SO 24− , Cl − 724. The coagulating power of an electrolyte for
i.e. Na3PO4 > Na2SO4 > NaCl arsenious sulphide solution decreases in the
order,
720. The correct order of coagulating power of the
following ions to coagulate the positive sol is (a) Al3+ > Ba 2+ > Na + (b) Cl − > SO 24− > PO34−
[Fe (CN)3]4-, Cl(-), SO 2-4
(c) PO34− > Cl − > SO 24− (d) Na + > Al3+ > Ba 2+
I II III JEE Main -2013
(a) I > II > III (b) III > II > I GUJCET-2007
(c) I > II > III (d) I > III > II AMU-2017
AP-EAMCET-05.07.2022, Shift-I CG PET-2010
Ans. (d) : JCECE - 2005
(I) [Fe(CN)3]4–– Coagulation power is 4 Ans. (a) : It has been observed that, generally, the
(II) Cl–1 – Coagulation power is –1 greater the valence of the flocculating ion added, the
greater is its power to cause precipitation. This is known
(III) SO−4 2 – coagulating power is 2 as Hardy-Schulze rule. In the coagulation of a negative
Charge solution, the flocculating power is in the order.
Coagulating power ∝ polarizing power ∝
Size Al3+ > Ba 2+ > Na + .
Hence, the correct order of coagulating power – 725. Which of the following ions will have maximum
I > III > II . flocculating power for coagulation of As2S3
721. The coagulation of 200 ml of a positive colloid solution?
took place when 0.73 g of HCl was added to it (a) Na+ (b) Al3+
2+
without changing the volume much. The (c) Mg (d) Ba2+
flocculation value of HCl for the colloid is GUJCET-2021
(a) 1000 (b) 0.365 JEE Main 2019, 9 Jan Shift-II
(c) 200 (d) 100 Kerala-CEE-2009
TS-EAMCET-19.07.2022, Shift-II Ans. (b) : According to Hardy Schulze rule, greater
Ans. (d) : Given that – the valency of the coagulating ion, greater is its
Mass of HCl = 0.73 g coagulating power. Al3+ has maximum flocculating
0.73 power for coagulation of As2S3 solution.
Number of moles in 0.73 g = • The flocculation power in the coagulation of negative
36.5
= 20 m mol solution decreases in the order Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+.
200 mL of solution required = 20 m mol 726. Match the entries in column-I with the terms
used to show the effect of process in Column-
20
1 L solution required = ×1000 II?
200 Column-I Column-II
= 100 m mol.
(i) Ferric hydroxide is (a) Double
Flocculation value of HCl = 100
mixed with arsenic decomposition
722. Which of the following substances show the sulphide solution
highest colligative properties?
(ii) FeCl3 is mixed with (b) Coagulation
(a) 0.1 M BaCl2 (b) 0.1 M AgNO3 freshly prepared ppt
(c) 0.1 M urea (d) 0.1 M (NH4)3 PO4 of Fe (OH)3
(iii) H2S gas is passed (c) Tyndall effect
Ans. (d) : Colligative properties depend upon number through arsenic oxide
of solute particles. Here 0.1M (NH4)3 PO4 contains the solution
maximum particles. So, it has the highest colligative
properties. (iv) A beam of light is (d) Peptization
passed through milk
So, option (d) is correct.
(a) (i→ d), (ii → a), (iii → b), (iv → c)
723. For As2S3 sol, the most effective coagulating
agent is (b) (i→ b), (ii → d), (iii → a), (iv → c)
(a) CaCO3 (b) NaCl (c) (i→ d), (ii → b), (iii→ a), (iv → c)
(c) FeCl3 (d) Clay (d) (i →b), (ii → a), (iii → d), (iv → c)
TS-EAMCET-18.07.2022, Shift-I AP- EAPCET- 07-09-2021, Shift-I
Ans. (b) : (i) Ferric hydroxide is mixed with arsenic 0.0507
sulphide solution is coagulation Now, the coagulation value of Cl– =
1
(ii) FeCl3 is mixed with freshly prepared ppt of = 0.507
Fe(OH)3 is peptization. So, Nearest integer will be 1.
(iii) H2S gas is passed through arsenic oxide solution is 731. Zeta potential is
double decomposition. (a) Potential required to bring about coagulation
(iv) A beam of light is passed through milk is Tyndall of a colloidal solution.
effect. (b) Potential required to give the particle a speed
727. Which of the following solution has the lowest of 1 cm s–1
osmotic pressure? (c) Potential difference between fixed charged
(a) 200 ml of 2 M NaCl solution layer and the diffused layer having opposite
(b) 200 ml of 1 M glucose solution charges
(d) Potential energy of the colloidal particles.
(c) 200 ml of 2 M urea solution
Kerala-CEE-29.08.2021
(d) 200 ml of 1 M KCl solution
Ans. (c) : The charges of opposite signs on the fixed
TS EAMCET 10.08.2021, Shift-II
and diffused part of the double layer results in a
Ans. (b) : Osmotic pressure is a colligative property it difference in potential between these layers in the same
depends upon the number of constituents of solution. manner as potential difference is developed in a
And temperature capacitor. This potential difference between the fixed
∏ = C R T or layer and the diffused layer of opposite charges is called
the zeta potential.
n 732. A colloidal solution is subjected to an electric
∏ = RT field than colloidal particles more towards
v anode. The amount of electrolytes of BaCl2,
200 ml of l M glucose solution have lower molar and NaCl required to coagulate the given
concentration and unionised. colloid is in the order
728. The most effective coagulating agent among the (a) NaCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3
options for Sb2S3 solution is (b) BaCl2 > AlCl3 > NaCl
(a) Na2SO4 (b) Al2(SO4)3 (c) AlCl3 = NaCl = BaCl2
(c) CaCl4 (d) NH4Cl (d) AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl
TS EAMCET 05.08.2021, Shift-I Kerala-CEE-29.08.2021
Ans. (d) : According to the Hardy Schulze rule, the
Ans. (b) : The most effective coagulating agent among effective ions of the electrolytes in bringing about
the options for Sb2S3 solution is Al2(SO4)3 because coagulation are those which carry a charge opposite to
Sb2S3 is a negative solution. Al2(SO4)3 will be the most that of colloidal particles. Greater the valency of
effective coagulant due to higher charge density on Al3+ coagulation, greater is its power to bring about
by the Hardy-Schulze rule. coagulation.
729. For the coagulation of a negative solution, the Hence, the electric field subjected to the coagulation
species below, that has the highest flocculation power should be in the order of AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl
power is: 733. If 0.2 moles of sulphuric acid is poured in to
(a) Ba 2 + (b) Na + 250 ml of water. Calculate the concentration of
3– the solution?
(c) PO 4 (d) SO 2–
4 (a) 0.8 N (b) 0.8 M
JEE Main 17.03.2021, Shift-II (c) 8 M (d) 0.2 N
Ans. (a) : The coagulation of negative solution, the AP EAPCET 19-08-2021, Shift-II
higher charge containing ions have the highest Ans. (b) : Given, n = 0.2 mol
flocculating power. So, Ba2+ has highest flocculating V = 250 ml
power. M=?
730. 100 mL of 0.0018% (w/v) solution of Cl– ion n × 1000
was the minimum concentration of Cl– Concentration of the solution =
V ( in liter )
required to precipitate a negative sol in one h.
The coagulating value of Cl– ion is ........ 0.2 × 1000
=
(Nearest integer) 250
[JEE Main 2021, 20 July Shift-II] = 0.8 M
Ans. (1) : Given:- 734. The flocculation value of HCl for arsenic
weight of Cl– ion = 0.0018 g sulphide solution is 30 m mol L–1. If H2SO4 is
So, used for the flocculation of arsenic sulphide,
the amount in grams of H2SO4 is 250 mL
0.0018
Millimoles of Cl– ion e = × 1000 required for the above purpose is
35.5 .......(molecular mass of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol)
= 0.0507 [JEE Main 2020, 7 Jan Shift-II]

Ans. (0.37) : (a) coagulation of negatively charged blood
Given:- particles by Fe3+ ions.
(b) coagulation of positively charged blood
1L solution →30 m.mol HCl
particles by Cl − ions.
30
1mL solution → m.mol HCl (c) reaction taking place between ferric ions and
1000 the hemoglobin forming a complex.
Now, for 250 ml solution- (d) common element, iron, in both FeCl3 and
15 hemoglobin.
= × 98 × 10−3
4 JIPMER-2018
= 0.3675g Ans. (a) : Bleeding to cut can be stopped by applying
ferric chloride solution. This is due to coagulation of
735. In the coagulation of a positive sol, the negatively charged colloidal blood particles by
flocculating power of the ions PO43–, SO42– and positively charged Fe3+ ions.
Cl– decreases in the order
739. Which of the following electrolytes will have
(a) PO43– > Cl– > SO42– (b) PO43–> SO42– > Cl– maximum coagulating value for AgI/Ag+ sol?
(c) Cl–>SO42–> PO43– (d) Cl–> PO43– > SO42– (a) Na2S (b) Na3PO4
2– 3– –
(e) SO4 > PO4 > Cl (c) Na2SO4 (d) NaCl
Kerala-CEE-2020 Karnataka-CET-2018
Ans. (b) : The minimum amount of an electrolyte Ans. (b) : Na3PO4 is the electrolytes that has maximum
required to cause precipitation of one litre of a colloidal coagulating value of AgI/Ag+ solution.
solution is called coagulation value of flocculation
740. On which of the following properties does the
value of the electrolite for the solution. The reciprocal coagulating power of an ion depend?
of coagulation value is regarded as the coagulating
(a) The magnitude of the charge on the ion alone
power.
(b) Size of the ion alone
For coagulation of positive sol, the flocculating power
(c) Both magnitude and sign of the charge on the
depends on two factors:– ion
(1) Large size of anion (d) The sign of charge on the ion alone
(2) High (–ve) charge (NEET 2018)
So, PO43–> SO42– > Cl–
Ans. (c) : The coagulating power of an electrolyte
736. Among the following the ion which will be depends on the magnitude and sign of the charge
more effective for flocculation of Fe(OH)3 present on the ion.
solution is 741. Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding in cuts
(a) PO34− (b) SO 24 − because
(c) SO32 − (d) NO3− (a) Fe3+ coagulated blood which is positively
charged solution
WB-JEE-2020 (b) Fe3+ coagulated blood which is negatively
Ans. (a) : Fe(OH)3 solution is positively charged charged solution
solution. It will be coagulated or flocculation by (c) Cl– coagulated blood which is positively
negatively charged ions. charged solution
PO34− have maximum negative charge among the given (d) Cl– coagulated blood which is negatively
electrolytes. charged solution
UPTU/UPSEE-2018
Hence, PO34− is most effective for coagulation of
Ans. (b) : Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding in
Fe(OH)3 cuts because Fe3+ coagulated blood which is negatively
737. The formation of association of colloidal charged sol.
particles by addition of electrolyte to form as 742. The process which is responsible for the
insoluble precipitate is called______. formation of delta at a place where rivers meets
(a) Flocculation (b) Emulsification the sea is
(c) Coagulation (d) Micelle (a) coagulation (b) colloid formation
GUJCET-2019 (c) peptisation (d) emulsification
Ans. (c) : The formation of association of colloidal Karnataka-CET-2017
particles by addition of electrolyte to form as insoluble Ans. (a) : The coagulation is responsible for the
precipitate is called coagulation. formation of delta at a place where rivers meets the sea.
Coagulation involves coming together of colloidal Sea water contains electrolytes which have properly to
particle. coagulate the colloidal particles.
738. Bleeding due to a cut can be stopped by 743. The coagulation values in millimoles per litre of
applying ferric chloride solution in the the electrolyes used for the coagulation of As2S3
laboratory. This is due to are given below:
I. ( NaCl ) = 52, II. ( BaCl 2 ) = 0.69, Ans. (e) : Gold solution can be prepared by reduction
of gold (III) chloride with formalin solution,
III. ( MgSO 4 ) = 0.22 So, Reaction will be:
The correct order of their coagulating power is 2AuCl + 3HCHO + 3H O  Reduction
→ 2Au + 3HCOOH + 6HCl
(a) I > II > III (b) II > I > III
3 2
(c) III > II > I (d) III > I > II 748. Which ion has least flocculation value for a
positive sol?
(NEET-II 2016)
(a) [Fe(CN)6]4– (b) Cl–
1 (c) SO 24− (d) PO 24−
Ans. (c) : Coagulation power ∝
Coagulation values
UP CPMT-2013
Higher the coagulation power, lower is the coagulation Ans. (a) : Greater the valency of the coagulating or the
values in millimoles per liter.
flocculating ion, greater is its power to bring about
MgSO4 > BaCl2 > NaCl coagulation and smaller is its coagulation or
744. Which of the following is the most effective in flocculation value. Thus for coagulation of positively
causing coagulation of ferric hydroxide charged sol, tetravalent [Fe(CN)6]4– anions are more
effective than trivalent anions ( PO34− ) which are more
solution?
(a) KCl (b) KNO3
(c) K2SO4 (d) K3[Fe(CN)6] effective than divalent ( SO 24 − ) anions which in turn are
AP-EAMCET (Engg.) 2015 more effective than monovalent (Cl–) anions.
Ans. (d) : More the number of ions of a compound after 749. The gold numbers of A, B, C and D are 0.04,
dissociation causing most effective coagulation of ferric 0.0002, 10 and 25 respectively. The protective
hydroxide solution. powers of A, B, C, and D are in the order
(i) KCl ↽ ⇀ K + + Cℓ – (a) A > B > C > D (b) B > A > C > D
(ii) KNO3 ↽ K + NO3
⇀ + – (c) D > C > B > A (d) C>A>B>D
AMU-2011
(iii) K 2SO 4 ↽ ⇀ 2K + + SO 4 2 – Ans. (b) : The gold number is inversely proportional to
(iv) K 3 [Fe(CN)6 ] ↽ ⇀ 3K + + [Fe(CN)6 ]3– the protective power of the colloid. According to the
given data in question we can say that option (b) are
Thus, K3[Fe(CN)6] has more coagulation of ferric
correct then B > A > C > D.
hydroxide solution.
745. The pair of compound which cannot exist 750. Which one of the following does not involve
together solution is coagulation?
(a) NaHCO3 and NaOH (a) Formation of delta regions
(b) NaHCO3 and H2O (b) Peptization
(c) NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 (c) Treatment of drinking water by potash alum
(d) Na2CO3 and NaOH (d) Clotting of bloos by the use of ferric chloride
Karnataka-CET-2015 KARNATAKA-CET, 2010
Ans. (a) : NaHCO3 and NaOH compound cannot exist Ans. (b) : Coagulation is the phenomenon of
together in solution as- conversion of colloidal solution into precipitate while in
NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O peptization, a fresh precipitate is converted into solution
Neutral salt by adding electrolyte. Hence, it is clear that peptization
does not involve coagulation.
746. Which of the following colloids cannot be easily
coagulated? 751. Coagulation is not done by
(a) Lyophobic colloids (a) persistant dialysis (b) boiling
(b) Multimolecular colloids (c) electrophoresis (d) peptisation
(c) Macromolecular colloids UPTU/UPSEE-2010
(d) Irreversible colloids Ans. (d) : Coagulation is the settling of colloidal
Karnataka-CET-2015 particles or precipitation of the solution.
Ans. (c) : In macromolecular colloids dispersed phase Thus, boiling, persistant dialysis and electrophoresis all
have size in the colloidal range that is why, they can not result in coagulation.
be coagulated easily. Hence, option (d) is not done by coagulation.
747. Gold sol can be prepared by 752. Select wrong statement.
(a) hydrolysis of gold (III) chloride (a) If a very small amount of AlCl3 is added to
(b) oxidation of gold by aqua-regia gold solution, coagulation occurs, but if a
(c) peptization large quantity of AlCl3 is added, there is no
(d) treating gold (III) chloride with metallic zinc coagulation
(e) reduction of gold (III) chloride with formalin (b) Organic ions are more strongly absorbed on
solution charged surface in comparison to inorganic
Kerala-CEE-2014 ions
(c) Both emulsifier and peptising agents stabilize TiO 2 , blood, CdS, Cu, Ag, Clay, SiO 2 , Fe 2O 3 .
colloidal but their actions are different (a) 5, 3 (b) 3, 5
(d) Colloidal solution are thermodynamically (c) 6, 2 (d) 4, 4
stable.
AMU – 2009
Ans. (d) : Colloidal particles always carry an electric
Ans. (a) : When an excess of an electrolyte is added, charge, it may be either positive or negative e.g.
the colloidal particles are precipitated. This is because
Positively Charge Negatively Charge
colloidal particles take ions carrying charge opposite to
that present on themselves. This causes neutralization • Blood, Cu, Ag, Clay • TiO2, Cds, SiO2, Fe2O3
leading to their coagulation. 757. Which of the following form an ideal solution?
753. Which is more powerful to coagulate the (I) Chloroethane and bromoethane
negative colloid? (II) Benzene and toluene
(a) ZnSO4 (b) Na3PO4 (III) n - Hexane and n – heptanes
(c) AlCl3 (d) K4[Fe(CN)6] (IV) Phenol and aniline
UPTU/UPSEE-2009 (a) I & II only (b) I, II & III only
(c) II III & IV only (d) I & IV only
Ans. (c) :
AP-EAMCET-05.07.2022, Shift-I
• Negative colloid is coagulation by positive ion or
vice-versa. Ans. (b) :
• Greater the valency of coagulating ion, greater will be (I) Chloroethane and bromoethane – It is an ideal
the coagulating power. solution
(II) Benzene and Toluene – these are non-polar,
(i) ZnSO4 → Zn2+ + SO 24− operating intermolecular forces are almost
(ii) Na3PO4 → 3Na+ + PO34− similar hence, they form an ideal solution.
(iii) AlCl3 → Al3+ + 3Cl– (III) n- Hexane and n-Heptanes – ideal solution.
(IV) Phenol and Aniline – A liquid mixture of
(iv) K4[Fe(CN)6] → 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4– aniline and phenol exhibit negative deviation
Hence, In AlCl3, the valency of positive ion from ideal behavior. Hence, these are not ideal
(coagulating ion) is highest, it is the most powerful solution.
coagulating agent among the given to coagulate the The correct option is (b) I,II and III only.
negative colloid.
758. Which of the following statement is not correct
754. Which of the following will be most effective in for azeotropes?
the coagulation of Fe(OH)3 Sol?
(a) At the point, the composition of a binary
(a) KCN (b) BaCl2 mixture is same as the composition in vapour
(c) NaCl (d) Mg3(PO4)2 phase.
UPTU/UPSEE-2005 (b) Minimum boiling azeotrope shows positive
Ans. (d) : Mg3(PO4)2 will be the most effective in the deviation from Raoult's Law.
coagulation of Fe(OH)3m solution. (c) Maximum boiling azeotrope shows positive
deviation from Raoult's Law.
8. Types of Solution (d) Nitric acid and H2O can form maximum
boiling azeotrope
AP-EAPCET-12.07.2022, Shift-I
755. 20 mL of 0.02 M hypo solution is used for the
titration of 10 mL of copper sulphate solution, Ans. (c) : Here, statement is not correct about
in the presence of excess of KI using starch as azeotropes. The correct statement is –
an indicator. The molarity of Cu2+ is found to Minimum boiling azetrope show positive durations
be ____ × 10−2 M [nearest integer] from Raoult's law.
Given : 2Cu2+ + 4I− → Cu2I2 + I2 and other statements are correct about azeotropes.
I2 + 2S2 O 2- − 2- 759. Which of the following mixtures show negative
3 → 2I + S4 O 6
deviation from Raoult's law?
JEE Main-26.07.2022, Shift-II (I) CHCL3+ (CH3)2CO
Ans. (4) : (II) C6H5OH+C6H5NH2
n
eq of I 2 = n eq of Na 2S2O3 = 20 × 0.002 ×1 (III) C2H5OH+(CH3)2CO
(IV) C6H6+C6H5CH3
2 × n mol of I 2 = 0.4
(a) II& III only (b) III & IV only
n mol of I 2 = 0.2m mol (c) I & II only (d) I & III only
n mol of Cu +2 = 0.2 × 2 × 10 −3 AP-EAPCET-11.07.2022, Shift-I
Ans. (c) : Negative deviation from Raoult's law is
0.4 × 10−3
Cu +2  = = 0.04 = 4 × 10−2 M. exhibited by a mixture of chloroform (CHCl3) and
10 × 10−3 acetone (CH3)2(O) and phenol (C6H5OH) and aniline
756. The no. of positively and negatively charged (C6H5NH2) because of the formation of hydrogen
sols respectively in the following are bonding between the two molecular species.

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ACTIVE SITE

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for dilute solution: volume solution = volume solvent.

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Example 2. 10% (w/v) urea solution. = 10 g of urea is present in 100 mL of solution.

3. Parts per million (ppm):

weight of solute 1000

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wt.of solute 1000

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wt. of solute 1000

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(ii) If NbVb > NaVa  basic (pH > 7)

(iii) If NaVa = NbVb  neutral

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Calculation of equivalent weights:

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Name Units Advantage Disadvantages

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Solubility of gases in Liquids (Solutions of gases in liquids):

(i) Nature of the gas and nature of the solvent:

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(i) The pressure is not too high

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Curves depicting the solubilities of different solids

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Factors on which vapour pressure of a liquid depends:

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(or) PA = PA0 xA and PB = PB0 xB

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Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law:

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Examples of ideal solutions:

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Types of non-ideal solutions:

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Mathematically, PA > PA0 xA and PB > PB0 xB

Explanation for positive deviation:

(ii) Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviations from Raoult’s law:

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Explanation for negative deviation:

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Measurements of relative lowering of vapour pressure (Ostwald – Walker dynamic method):