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3
Fundamentals of
Abnormal Psychology

4
Fundamentals of
Abnormal Psychology
EIGHTH EDITION

Ronald J. Comer
Princeton University

worth publishers
Macmillan Learning
New York

5
Publisher: Rachel Losh
Executive Acquisitions Editor: Daniel McDonough
Editorial Assistant: Kimberly Morgan
Senior Marketing Manager: Lindsay Johnson
Marketing Assistant: Allison Greco
Executive Media Editor: Rachel Comerford
Associate Media Editor: Jessica Lauffer
Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn
Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne
Senior Project Editor: Jane O’Neill
Media Producer: Eve Conte
Photo Editor: Jennifer Atkins
Permissions Editors: Felicia Ruocco, Melissa Pellerano
Permissions Associate: Chelsea Roden
Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume
Cover and Interior Designer: Babs Reingold
Layout Designer: Paul Lacy
Infographics Artist: Charles Yuen
Senior Production Supervisor: Sarah Segal
Composition: codeMantra
Cover Image: Ed Fairburn

Credits to use previously published material can be found in the Credits section, starting on page C-1.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015957306

ISBN-13: 978-1-3191-1738-2 (epub)

© 2016, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Worth Publishers

All rights reserved

Worth Publishers
One New York Plaza
Suite 4500
New York, NY 10004-1562

http://www.macmillanhighered.com

6
To Delia and Emmett Comer,
The World Awaits

7
About the Author

RON COMER has taught in Princeton University’s


Department of Psychology for the past 41 years,
serving also as Director of Clinical Psychology
Studies and as chair of the university’s Institutional
Review Board. His courses—Abnormal Psychology,
Theories of Psychotherapy, Childhood
Psychopathology, Experimental Psychopathology,
and Controversies in Clinical Psychology—have
been among the university’s most popular offerings.
Professor Comer has received the President’s
Award for Distinguished Teaching at the university.
He is also a practicing clinical psychologist and a
consultant to Eden Autism Services and to hospitals
and family practice residency programs throughout
New Jersey.
Paul L. Bree
In addition to writing Fundamentals of Abnormal
Psychology, Eighth Edition, Professor Comer is the author of the textbook Abnormal Psychology, now in its
ninth edition; coauthor of the introductory psychology textbook Psychology Around Us, Second Edition; and
coauthor of Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition. He is the producer of numerous videos for
courses in psychology and other fields of education, including The Higher Education Video Library Series,
Video Anthology for Abnormal Psychology, Video Segments in Neuroscience, Introduction to Psychology
Video Clipboard, and Developmental Psychology Video Clipboard. He also has published journal articles in
clinical psychology, social psychology, and family medicine.
Professor Comer completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania and his graduate
work at Clark University. He lives in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, with his wife, Marlene. From there he can
keep a close eye on the Philadelphia sports teams with which he grew up.

8
Contents in Brief
Abnormal Psychology in Science and Clinical Practice

1 Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present

2 Models of Abnormality

3 Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Problems of Anxiety and Mood

4 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

5 Disorders of Trauma and Stress

6 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

7 Suicide

Problems of the Mind and Body

8 Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms

9 Eating Disorders

10 Substance Use and Addictive Disorders

11 Disorders of Sex and Gender

Problems of Psychosis

12 Schizophrenia

Life-Span Problems

13 Personality Disorders

14 Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents

15 Disorders of Aging and Cognition

Conclusion

16 Law, Society, and the Mental Health Profession

9
Contents
Preface

CHAPTER: 1
Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present
What Is Psychological Abnormality?

Deviance

Distress

Dysfunction

Danger

The Elusive Nature of Abnormality

What Is Treatment?

How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past?

Ancient Views and Treatments

Greek and Roman Views and Treatments

Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns

The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums

The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment

The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives

Current Trends

How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared for?

How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated?

A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health

Multicultural Psychology

The Increasing Influence of Insurance Coverage

What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions?

Technology and Mental Health

What Do Clinical Researchers Do?

The Case Study

The Correlational Method

The Experimental Method

What Are the Limits of Clinical Investigation?

Protecting Human Participants

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A WORK IN PROGRESS

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

10
PsychWatch Verbal Debuts
PsychWatch Marching to a Different Drummer: Eccentrics
InfoCentral Happiness
MindTech Mental Health Apps Explode in the Marketplace
MindTech A Researcher’s Paradise?
MediaSpeak Flawed Study, Gigantic Impact

CHAPTER: 2
Models of Abnormality
The Biological Model

How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?

Biological Treatments

Assessing the Biological Model

The Psychodynamic Model

How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning?

How Do Other Psychodynamic Explanations Differ from Freud’s?

Psychodynamic Therapies

Assessing the Psychodynamic Model

The Behavioral Model

How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?

Behavioral Therapies

Assessing the Behavioral Model

The Cognitive Model

How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?

Cognitive Therapies

Assessing the Cognitive Model

The Humanistic-Existential Model

Rogers’ Humanistic Theory and Therapy

Gestalt Theory and Therapy

Spiritual Views and Interventions

Existential Theories and Therapy

Assessing the Humanistic-Existential Model

The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives

How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?

Family-Social Treatments

How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?

Multicultural Treatments

Assessing the Sociocultural Model

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: INTEGRATION OF THE MODELS

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

11
LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Dietary Supplements: An Alternative Treatment


PsychWatch Cybertherapy: Surfing for Help
MediaSpeak Saving Minds Along with Souls
MindTech Have Your Avatar Call My Avatar

CHAPTER: 3
Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Clinical Assessment: How and Why Does the Client Behave Abnormally?

Characteristics of Assessment Tools

Clinical Interviews

Clinical Tests

Clinical Observations

Diagnosis: Does the Client’s Syndrome Match a Known Disorder?

Classification Systems

DSM-5

Is DSM-5 an Effective Classification System?

Call for Change

Can Diagnosis and Labeling Cause Harm?

Treatment: How Might the Client Be Helped?

Treatment Decisions

The Effectiveness of Treatment

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS AT A CROSSROADS

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

MindTech Psychology’s Wiki Leaks?


PsychWatch The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth
MediaSpeak Intelligence Tests Too? eBay and the Public Good
InfoCentral Common Factors in Therapy

CHAPTER: 4
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors

The Psychodynamic Perspective

The Humanistic Perspective

The Cognitive Perspective

The Biological Perspective

Phobias

12
Specific Phobias

Agoraphobia

What Causes Phobias?

How Are Phobias Treated?

Social Anxiety Disorder

What Causes Social Anxiety Disorder?

Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

The Biological Perspective

The Cognitive Perspective

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What Are the Features of Obsessions and Compulsions?

The Psychodynamic Perspective

The Behavioral Perspective

The Cognitive Perspective

The Biological Perspective

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: DIATHESIS-STRESS IN ACTION

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch Fears, Shmears: The Odds Are Usually on Our Side


InfoCentral Mindfulness
MediaSpeak The Fear Business
MindTech Social Media Jitters

CHAPTER: 5
Disorders of Trauma and Stress
Stress and Arousal: The Fight-or-Flight Response

Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

What Triggers Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders?

Why Do People Develop Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders?

How Do Clinicians Treat Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders?

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Identity Disorder

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder?

How Are Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder Treated?

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: GETTING A HANDLE ON TRAUMA AND STRESS

13
CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Sexual Assault


PsychWatch Adjustment Disorders: A Category of Compromise?
MindTech Virtual Reality Therapy: Better Than the Real Thing?
PsychWatch Repressed Childhood Memories or False Memory Syndrome?
PsychWatch Peculiarities of Memory

CHAPTER: 6
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Unipolar Depression: The Depressive Disorders

How Common Is Unipolar Depression?

What Are the Symptoms of Depression?

Diagnosing Unipolar Depression

Stress and Unipolar Depression

The Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression

The Sociocultural Model of Unipolar Depression

Bipolar Disorders

What Are the Symptoms of Mania?

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders

What Causes Bipolar Disorders?

What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders?

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: MAKING SENSE OF ALL THAT IS KNOWN

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Sadness
PsychWatch Sadness at the Happiest of Times
MediaSpeak Immigration and Depression in the 21st Century
MindTech Texting: A Relationship Buster?
PsychWatch Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Déjà Vu All Over Again
PsychWatch Abnormality and Creativity: A Delicate Balance

CHAPTER: 7
Suicide
What Is Suicide?

14
How Is Suicide Studied?

Patterns and Statistics

What Triggers a Suicide?

Stressful Events and Situations

Mood and Thought Changes

Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Mental Disorders

Modeling: The Contagion of Suicide

What Are the Underlying Causes of Suicide?

The Psychodynamic View

Durkheim’s Sociocultural View

The Biological View

Is Suicide Linked to Age?

Children

Adolescents

The Elderly

Treatment and Suicide

What Treatments Are Used After Suicide Attempts?

What Is Suicide Prevention?

Do Suicide Prevention Programs Work?

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS LAG BEHIND

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

MediaSpeak Videos of Self-Injury Find an Audience


PsychWatch The Black Box Controversy: Do Antidepressants Cause Suicide?
InfoCentral The Right to Commit Suicide
MindTech Crisis Texting

CHAPTER: 8
Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms
Factitious Disorder

Conversion Disorder and Somatic Symptom Disorder

Conversion Disorder

Somatic Symptom Disorder

What Causes Conversion and Somatic Symptom Disorders?

How Are Conversion and Somatic Symptom Disorders Treated?

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Psychophysiological Disorders: Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions

Traditional Psychophysiological Disorders

New Psychophysiological Disorders

15
Psychological Treatments for Physical Disorders

Relaxation Training

Biofeedback

Meditation

Hypnosis

Cognitive Interventions

Support Groups and Emotion Expression

Combination Approaches

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy


MindTech Can Social Media Spread “Mass Hysteria”?
InfoCentral Sleep and Sleep Disorders
MediaSpeak When Doctors Discriminate

CHAPTER: 9
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa

The Clinical Picture

Medical Problems

Bulimia Nervosa

Binges

Compensatory Behaviors

Bulimia Nervosa Versus Anorexia Nervosa

Binge-Eating Disorder

What Causes Eating Disorders?

Psychodynamic Factors: Ego Deficiencies

Cognitive Factors

Depression

Biological Factors

Societal Pressures

Family Environment

Multicultural Factors: Racial and Ethnic Differences

Multicultural Factors: Gender Differences

How Are Eating Disorders Treated?

Treatments for Anorexia Nervosa

Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa

Treatments for Binge-Eating Disorder

16
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A STANDARD FOR INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Body Dissatisfaction


MindTech Dark Sites of the Internet
PsychWatch The Sugar Plum Fairy

CHAPTER: 10
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Depressants

Alcohol

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Opioids

Stimulants

Cocaine

Amphetamines

Stimulant Use Disorder

Hallucinogens, Cannabis, and Combinations of Substances

Hallucinogens

Cannabis

Combinations of Substances

What Causes Substance Use Disorders?

Sociocultural Views

Psychodynamic Views

Cognitive-Behavioral Views

Biological Views

How Are Substance Use Disorders Treated?

Psychodynamic Therapies

Behavioral Therapies

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

Biological Treatments

Sociocultural Therapies

Other Addictive Disorders

Gambling Disorder

Internet Gaming Disorder: Awaiting Official Status

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: NEW WRINKLES TO A FAMILIAR STORY

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

17
LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch College Binge Drinking: An Extracurricular Crisis


MindTech Neknomination Goes Viral
InfoCentral Smoking, Tobacco, and Nicotine
PsychWatch Club Drugs: X Marks the (Wrong) Spot
MediaSpeak Enrolling at Sober High

CHAPTER: 11
Disorders of Sex and Gender
Sexual Dysfunctions

Disorders of Desire

Disorders of Excitement

Disorders of Orgasm

Disorders of Sexual Pain

Treatments for Sexual Dysfunctions

What Are the General Features of Sex Therapy?

What Techniques Are Used to Treat Particular Dysfunctions?

What Are the Current Trends in Sex Therapy?

Paraphilic Disorders

Fetishistic Disorder

Transvestic Disorder

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Voyeuristic Disorder

Frotteuristic Disorder

Pedophilic Disorder

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Gender Dysphoria

Explanations of Gender Dysphoria

Treatments for Gender Dysphoria

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A PRIVATE TOPIC DRAWS PUBLIC ATTENTION

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Sex Throughout the Life Cycle


PsychWatch Sexism, Viagra, and the Pill
MindTech “Sexting”: Healthy or Pathological?
MediaSpeak A Different Kind of Judgment

18
CHAPTER: 12
Schizophrenia
The Clinical Picture of Schizophrenia

What Are the Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

What Is the Course of Schizophrenia?

How Do Theorists Explain Schizophrenia?

Biological Views

Psychological Views

Sociocultural Views

How Are Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Disorders Treated?

Institutional Care in the Past

Institutional Care Takes a Turn for the Better

Antipsychotic Drugs

Psychotherapy

The Community Approach

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: AN IMPORTANT LESSON

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

InfoCentral Hallucinations
PsychWatch Postpartum Psychosis: The Case of Andrea Yates
MindTech Can Computers Develop Schizophrenia?
PsychWatch Lobotomy: How Could It Happen?
MindTech Putting a Face on Auditory Hallucinations
MediaSpeak “Alternative” Mental Health Care

CHAPTER: 13
Personality Disorders
“Odd” Personality Disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

“Dramatic” Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

“Anxious” Personality Disorders

19
Avoidant Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Multicultural Factors: Research Neglect

Are There Better Ways to Classify Personality Disorders?

The “Big Five” Theory of Personality and Personality Disorders

“Personality Disorder—Trait Specified”: Another Dimensional Approach

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: DISORDERS OF PERSONALITY–REDISCOVERED AND RECONSIDERED

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch Mass Murders: Where Does Such Violence Come From?


MediaSpeak The Patient as Therapist
MindTech Selfies: Narcissistic or Not?
InfoCentral Lying

CHAPTER: 14
Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents
Childhood and Adolescence

Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Treatments for Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Childhood Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Bipolar Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder

What Are the Causes of Conduct Disorder?

How Do Clinicians Treat Conduct Disorder?

Elimination Disorders

Enuresis

Encopresis

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Intellectual Disability

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CLINICIANS DISCOVER CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

20
InfoCentral Child and Adolescent Bullying
MindTech Parent Worries on the Rise
PsychWatch Child Abuse
PsychWatch A Special Kind of Talent
PsychWatch Reading and ‘Riting and ‘Rithmetic

CHAPTER: 15
Disorders of Aging and Cognition
Old Age and Stress

Depression in Later Life

Anxiety Disorders in Later Life

Substance Misuse in Later Life

Psychotic Disorders in Later Life

Disorders of Cognition

Delirium

Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurocognitive Disorders

Issues Affecting the Mental Health of the Elderly

PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CLINICIANS DISCOVER THE ELDERLY

CLINICAL CHOICES

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch The Oldest Old


InfoCentral The Aging Population
MindTech Remember to Tweet; Tweet to Remember
MediaSpeak Focusing on Emotions

CHAPTER: 16
Law, Society, and the Mental Health Profession
Law and Mental Health

How Do Clinicians Influence the Criminal Justice System?

How Do the Legislative and Judicial Systems Influence Mental Health Care?

In What Other Ways Do the Clinical and Legal Fields Interact?

What Ethical Principles Guide Mental Health Professionals?

Mental Health, Business, and Economics

Bringing Mental Health Services to the Workplace

The Economics of Mental Health

Technology and Mental Health

The Person Within the Profession

21
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: OPERATING WITHIN A LARGER SYSTEM

KEY TERMS

QUICK QUIZ

LAUNCHPAD

PsychWatch Famous Insanity Defense Cases


PsychWatch Serial Murderers: Madness or Badness?
MindTech New Ethics for a Digital Age
InfoCentral Personal and Professional Issues
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index

22
Preface

t was the spring of 1981. Over the previous eight months, the Philadelphia Phillies had won the World

I Series, and the Eagles, Sixers, and Flyers had made it to the Super Bowl, NBA Finals, and Stanley Cup
Finals, respectively. I had two adorable children ages 5 and 3. I had been granted tenure at Princeton. My
life was full—or so I thought.
Then, Linda Chaput, at that time an editor at W. H. Freeman and Company and Worth Publishers,
walked into my office. During a lively discussion, she and I discovered that we had similar ideas about how
abnormal psychology should be presented in a textbook. By the time Linda departed two hours later, we had
outlined the principles that should underlie the “ideal” abnormal psychology textbook. We had, in effect, a
deal. All that was left was for me to write the book. A decade later, the first edition of Abnormal Psychology
(“the BOOK,” as my family and I had come to call it) was published, followed a few years later by the first
edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology.
As I look back to that fateful day in 1981, I cannot help but note that several things have changed. With a
few exceptions, my Philadelphia sports teams have returned to form and have struggled year in, year out. My
sons have become accomplished middle-aged men, and their previous “adorable” tag is now worn by my 2-
year-old and 4-year-old grandchildren, Emmett and Delia. I am older, humbler, and a bit more fatigued than
the person who met with Linda Chaput 35 years ago.
At the same time, several wonderful things remain the same. I am still at Princeton University. I am still
married to the same near-perfect person—Marlene Comer. And I still have the privilege of writing abnormal
psychology textbooks—Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology and Abnormal Psychology. The current version,
Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition, represents my eighteenth edition of one or the other of
the textbooks.
My textbook journey has been a labor of love, but I also must admit that each edition requires enormous
effort, ridiculous pressure, and too many sleepless nights to count. I mention these labors not only because I
am a world-class whiner but also to emphasize that I approach each edition as a totally new undertaking
rather than as a cut-and-paste update of past editions. I work feverishly to make each edition fresh and to
include innovative and enlightening pedagogical techniques.
With this in mind, I have added an enormous amount of new material and many exciting new features for
this edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology—while at the same time retaining the successful themes,
material, and techniques that have been embraced enthusiastically by past readers. The result is, I believe, a
book that will excite readers and speak to them and their times. I have again tried to convey my passion for
the field of abnormal psychology, and I have built on the generous feedback of my colleagues in this
undertaking—the students and professors who have used this textbook over the years.

23
24
New and expanded Features
In line with the many changes that have occurred over the past several years in the fields of abnormal
psychology, education, and publishing, and in the world, I have brought the following new features and
changes to the current edition.

•New• DSM-5
With the publication of DSM-5, abnormal psychology is clearly a field in transition. To help students
appreciate the field’s current status and new directions, I present, integrate, and analyze DSM-5 material
throughout the textbook. Controversy aside, this is now the field’s classification and diagnostic system, and it
is important that readers understand and master its categories and criteria, appreciate its strengths and
weaknesses, and recognize its assumptions and implications, just as past readers learned about previous DSM
editions.
DSM-5, as well as discussions of its implications and controversial nature, is presented in various ways
throughout my textbook. First, its new categories, criteria, and information are woven smoothly into the
narrative of each and every chapter. Second, reader-friendly pedagogical tools throughout the textbook,
including a two-page infographic on the inside front cover and regular short features called Dx Checklist and
DSM-5 Controversy, help students fully grasp the DSM-5 material. Third, special topic boxes highlight
DSM-5 issues and controversies, such as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Déjá Vu All Over Again (page 209)
and Mass Murders: Where Does Such Violence Come From? (page 434).

•New• Technology and The “Mindtech” Feature


The breathtaking rate of technological change that characterizes today’s world has had significant effects on
the mental health field. In this edition I cover this impact extensively, including many discussions in the
book’s narrative, boxes, photographs, and figures. The book examines, for example, how the Internet, texting,
and social networks have become convenient tools for those who wish to bully others or pursue pedophilic
desires (pages 373, 465, 466); how social networking may provide a new source for social anxiety (page 129);
and how today’s technology has helped create new psychological disorders such as Internet addiction (page
343). It also looks at dangerous new trends such as the posting of self-cutting videos on the Internet (page
225), and it informs the reader about cybertherapy in its ever-expanding forms—from Skype therapy and avatar
therapy to virtual reality treatments (pages 57, 67, 163, 410).
In addition, I have added a new feature throughout the book called MindTech—sections in each chapter
that give special attention to particularly provocative technological trends in engaging and enlightening ways.
The MindTech features examine the following cutting-edge topics:
Mental Health Apps Explode in the Marketplace (page 21)
Social Networking Sites: A Researcher’s Paradise? (page 24)
Have Your Avatar Call My Avatar (page 67)
Rorschach on Wikipedia: Psychology’s Wiki Leaks? (page 83)
Social Media Jitters (page 129)

25
Virtual Reality Therapy: Better Than the Real Thing? (page 163)
Texting: A Relationship Buster? (page 207)
Crisis Texting (page 243)
Can Social Media Spread “Mass Hysteria”? (page 255)
Dark Sites of the Internet (page 294)
Neknomination Goes Viral (page 315)
“Sexting”: Healthy or Pathological? (page 368)
Can Computers Develop Schizophrenia? (page 396)
Putting a Face on Auditory Hallucinations (page 410)
Selfies: Narcissistic or Not? (page 446)
Children Online: Parent Worries on the Rise (page 470)
Remember to Tweet: Tweet to Remember (page 510)
New Ethics for a Digital Age (page 549)

•New• “Infocentrals”
It is impossible to surf the Internet, watch TV, or flip through a magazine without coming across infographics,
those graphic representations that present complex data in quick, stimulating, and visually appealing ways.
Infographics present information in a way that allows us to easily recognize trends and patterns and make
connections between related concepts. With the development of new digital tools over the past decade, the
popularity of infographics has exploded. Readers and viewers like them and learn from them.
Thus Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition, introduces a new feature called InfoCentral—
numerous, lively infographics on important topics in the field. The infographics provide visual representations
of data related to key topics and concepts in each chapter, repeatedly offering fascinating snippets of
information to spur readers’ interest. I am certain that readers will greatly enjoy these special offerings, while
also learning from them.
Every chapter features a full-page InfoCentral, including the following ones:
Happiness (page 19)
Dietary Supplements: An Alternative Treatment (page 43)
Common Factors in Therapy (page 101)
Mindfulness (page 115)
Sexual Assault (page 156)
Sadness (page 185)
The Right to Commit Suicide (page 240)
Sleep and Sleep Disorders (page 264)
Body Dissatisfaction (page 287)
Smoking and Tobacco Use (page 320)
Sex Throughout the Life Cycle (page 350)
Hallucinations (page 390)
Lying (page 457)
Bullying (page 466)
The Aging Population (page 506)

26
Personal and Professional Issues (page 551)

•New• Additional Cutting-Edge Boxes


I have grouped the book’s other boxes into two categories: PsychWatch boxes examine text topics in more
depth, emphasize the effect of culture on mental disorders and treatment, and explore examples of abnormal
psychology in movies, the news, and the real world. MediaSpeak boxes offer provocative pieces by news,
magazine, and Web writers and bloggers on current issues in abnormal psychology. In addition to updating
the PsychWatch and MediaSpeak boxes that have been retained from the previous edition, I have added many
new ones. For example, new MediaSpeak boxes include the following:
Flawed Study, Gigantic Impact (Chapter 1)
Saving Minds Along with Souls (Chapter 2)
The Fear Business (Chapter 4)

Immigration and Depression in the 21st Century (Chapter 6)


When Doctors Discriminate (Chapter 8)

•New• “Clinical Choices” Interactive Case Studies


This eighth edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology includes 11 new interactive case studies (one for
each of the disorders chapters), available online through LaunchPad, our online course management system.
Through an immersive mix of video, audio, and assessment, each interactive case allows the student to
simulate the thought process of a clinician by identifying and evaluating a virtual “client’s” symptoms,
gathering information about the client’s life situation and family history, determining a diagnosis, and
formulating a treatment plan. The student will also answer various questions about each case to help reinforce
the chapter material. Each answer will trigger feedback, guidance, and critical thinking in an active learning
environment.

•New• Additional and Expanded Text Sections


Over the past few years, a number of topics in abnormal psychology have received special attention. In this
edition, I have provided new sections on such topics, including the psychology of mass killings (pages 434), the
impact of the Affordable Care Act (pages 17, 547), the growing role of IRBs (pages 32–33), dimensional diagnoses
(pages 94, 456–459), new treatments in the field (pages 30, 57, 410), spirituality and mental health (pages 61,
62), overuse of certain diagnoses (pages 471, 492), the psychological price of celebrity (pages 200, 231), transgender
issues (pages 376, 381), alternative views of personality disorders (pages 455–459), self-injury (pages 224, 437),
the pro-Ana movement (page 294), poor medical treatment for people with psychological disorders (page 270), ethics
and psychology (pages 544–546), culture and abnormality (pages 71, 454), race and the clinical field (pages
107–108), and sexism in the clinical field (pages 209, 365).

•New• Additional Case Material


One of the hallmarks of my textbooks is the inclusion of numerous and culturally diverse clinical examples
that bring theoretical and clinical issues to life. In my continuing quest for relevance to the reader and to
today’s world, I have replaced or revised more than one-third of the clinical material in this edition. The new
clinical material includes the cases of Franco, major depressive disorder (pages 77, 79); Tonya, Munchausen

27
syndrome by proxy (page 252); Meri, major depressive disorder (page 183); Eduardo, paranoid personality
disorder (page 425); Luisa, dissociative personality disorder (page 170); Kay, bipolar disorder (page 216);
Shani, anorexia nervosa (page 279); Ricky, ADHD (page 463); Lucinda, histrionic personality disorder (pages
441–442); Jonah, separation anxiety disorder (pages 467–468); and many others.

•New• Critical Thought Questions


A very stimulating and popular feature of my previous edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology was the
“critical thought questions”—questions that pop up within the text narrative, asking students to pause at
precisely the right moment and think critically about the material they have just read. Given the enthusiastic
response to this feature by professors and readers alike, I have added many new critical thought questions
throughout the textbook, including ones in the MindTech and MediaSpeak features.

•New• “Between the Lines”


The textbook not only retains but also expands a fun and thought-provoking feature from past editions that
has been very popular among students and professors—reader-friendly elements called “Between the Lines,”
consisting of text-relevant tidbits, surprising facts, current events, historical notes, interesting trends, enjoyable
lists, and stimulating quotes.

•New• Thorough Update


In this edition I present the most current theories, research, and events, including more than 2,000 new
references from the years 2013–2015, as well as hundreds of new photos, tables, and figures.

• Expanded Coverage• Prevention and Mental Health Promotion


In accord with the clinical field’s growing emphasis on prevention, positive psychology, and psychological
wellness, I have increased the textbook’s attention to these important approaches (for example, pages 16–17,
19, 524).

• Expanded Coverage• Multicultural Issues


Over the past 30 years, clinical theorists and researchers increasingly have become interested in ethnic, racial,
gender, and other cultural factors, and my previous editions of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology certainly
have included these important factors. The study of such factors has, appropriately, been elevated to a broad
perspective in recent years—the multicultural perspective. Consistent with this clinical movement, the current
edition includes yet additional multicultural material and research throughout the text. Even a quick look
through the pages of this textbook will reveal that it truly reflects the diversity of our society and of the field of
abnormal psychology.

•Expanded Coverage• “New-Wave” Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Treatments


The current edition of Abnormal Psychology has expanded its coverage of the “new-wave” cognitive and
cognitive-behavioral theories and therapies, including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy (ACT), presenting their propositions, techniques, and research in chapters throughout
the text (for example, pages 56, 114, 115, 410).

28
• Expanded Coverage• Neuroscience
The clinical field continues to witness the growth and impact of remarkable brain-imaging techniques, genetic
mapping strategies, and other neuroscience approaches, all of which are expanding our understanding of the
brain. Correspondingly, the new edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology has further expanded its
coverage of how biochemical factors, brain structure, brain function, and genetic factors contribute to
abnormal behavior (for example, pages 39, 116, 118, 393).

29
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pelos suburbios
e visinhanças de Lisboa
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Pelos suburbios e visinhanças de Lisboa

Author: Gabriel Pereira

Release date: May 19, 2022 [eBook #68121]

Language: Portuguese

Original publication: Portugal: A. M. Teixeira & Ca, 1910

Credits: Rita Farinha, Alberto Manuel Brandão Simões and the


Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PELOS


SUBURBIOS E VISINHANÇAS DE LISBOA ***
GABRIEL PEREIRA

PELOS SUBURBIOS
E
VISINHANÇAS DE LISBOA

LISBOA
LIVRARIA CLASSICA EDITORA
DE A. M. TEIXEIRA & C.ᵗᵃ
20, PRAÇA DOS RESTAURADORES, 20

1910

Porto—Imp. Portugueza—Rua
Formosa, 112
S. Domingos de Bemfica

(1905)
Na falda norte da serra de Monsanto está o logar de S. Domingos
de Bemfica; um antigo mosteiro em parte abandonado, rodeado de
quintas fidalgas com seus palacios, jardins, cascatas e alamedas de
secular arvoredo; e uma pinha de pequeninos predios antigos a
entestar com o maninho da serra.
O nome de Monsanto feriu-me a attenção e procurei se por
aquelles sitios haveria vestigios de templo ou edificio de remota
antiguidade, tão raros no aro da capital. No meu segundo passeio
deparei um grande marmore lavrado, provavelmente parte superior
de uma ara romana, encostado á parede da quinta do sr. marquez
de Fronteira.
Ha duvidas todavia sobre a proveniencia da pedra; julga-se não
ter sido encontrada alli, sim na Ribeira velha, no antigo palacio
Fronteira, por occasião de certas obras; e removida para Bemfica ha
uns 40 annos.
O achado incitou-me a continuar na indagação, e num pittoresco
retiro agora mal tratado da cerca monastica fui encontrar uma
estatua que parece de arte romana; é na fonte do satyro, que fr. Luis
de Sousa descreve na chronica do seu convento.
O celebre dominicano já conheceu a estatua e a fonte na
disposição actual; lá estão ainda as cinco ardosias, duas quadradas
e tres ellipticas, com o lettreiro latino, que elle tambem menciona.
Póde affirmar-se que o logar está qual estava então, apenas
descurado. Ora os estragos que a estatua apresenta não teem
explicação facil na posição actual. O satyro nada tem da rudeza
gothica, nem das imitações classicas da renascença. O rosto apesar
de muito gasto ainda tem singular expressão de alegria; segurava
nas mãos uma taça ou urna que depois mutilaram para collocar uma
torneira. Na cabeça e nas coxas grandes madeixas ondeadas; os
musculos bem estudados nos hombros e braços. Parece uma
estatua romana.
Junto da fonte estão avulsas algumas pedras lavradas, dois
fechos de abobada com a esphera de D. Manuel e a cruz de
Christo, parte de um friso e dois pelouros medianos.
É um encanto aquelle sitio de S. Domingos; o terreiro com seu
antigo arvoredo dispõe bem o visitante da egreja, uma pobre egreja
que é um ninho de recordações portuguezas.
Entrando, á esquerda, o sarcophago de «Vasco Martins da
Albergaria, cavalleiro fidalgo da casa do sr. infante D. Henrique e
seu camareiro mór, filho de Affonso Lopes da Albergaria, o qual
passou da vida deste mundo das feridas que houve na tomada e no
descerco de Ceuta aos... dias do mez de dezembro da era de Jesus
Christo, de 1436 annos».
É um pequeno sarcophago de tampa alta; o letreiro na facha
anterior da tampa e da arca. No meio o brazão com a cruz de Aviz
sanguinha, aberta e floreteada, com oito escudetes azues das
quinas reaes. Aos lados do escudo uma fita em relevo onde se lê a
divisa porêm vede bem.
Á direita o tumulo de João das Regras, encimado pela estatua
onde evidentemente o esculptor quiz reproduzir o aspecto do
famoso jurisconsulto. Tem barrete e habito de lettrado; a gola larga
segura por tres botões. Na mão direita sobre o peito segura um livro.
Os cabellos um tanto ondeados cahindo sobre a fronte. Á esquerda
da figura a espada com o cinturão enrolado. A espada está tratada
com minucia, o punho lavrado em linhas, o extremo com sua flor; é
uma espada direita, larga, curta. O cinto é lavrado tambem de flores,
tendo bem definidas a fivella e a ponteira.
Aquella estatua é um documento precioso de indumentaria.
O tumulo tem inscripção, escudos; assenta sobre quatro leões de
marmore. Não é este o unico varão illustre cujo nome se encontra
no mosteiro; fr. Vicente (1401), outro amigo do mestre de Aviz, e
Diogo Gonçalves Belliago (1410) teem alli as suas inscripções
sepulcraes, assim como fr. Arnáo (1502).
Na capella de S. Gonçalo de Amarante ha algumas estatuas em
marmore de Carrara, de valor artistico.
O sacrario é de madeira entalhada, de grande elegancia,
principalmente no corpo superior.
Bons azulejos vestem as paredes, assignados por Antonio de
Oliveira Bernardes.
No cruzeiro jazem muitas pessoas distinctas, principalmente da
casa Fronteira e Alorna; o ultimo que alli foi repousar o célebre D.
Carlos de Mascarenhas, fallecido em maio de 1861.
Na escura passagem do cruzeiro para a sacristia uma campa
singelissima com um nome que illumina os espiritos, fr. Luis de
Sousa.
E no claustro proximo, muito tranquillo e fresco, convidando a
serena meditação, a capella e o jazigo de D. João de Castro.
É um grupo incomparavel de recordações portuguezas.

Isto escrevi eu na Revista Archeologica de Borges de Figueiredo


(vol. 3.ᵒ, de 1889, pag. 99). Querido amigo! Infeliz espirito, tão
maltratado na lucta da vida!
Era archeologo, latinista e epigraphista de alto merecimento.
Corpo enfermiço, franzino, tez pallida, mortiço o olhar, fraca a vista;
bella intelligencia cultivada, com solida erudição e fina critica. Os
seus ultimos tempos foram de doença e desgosto. Por tres vezes,
se bem me recordo, visitámos juntos o sitio de S. Domingos de
Bemfica; elle levava sempre a filha, nos seus passeios; uma menina
delicada, debil no aspecto, cheia de meiguice. Eram inseparaveis,
ella queria estar sempre junto, bem junto do pae. O meu pobre
amigo falleceu na manhan de 15 d’outubro de 1890; tinha feito na
vespera 37 annos. Foi professor na Escola Rodrigues Sampaio, por
algum tempo ensinou num collegio particular; durante annos foi
laborioso bibliothecario da Sociedade de Geographia. Escreveu
livros muito apreciaveis; Coimbra antiga e moderna, O Mosteiro de
Odivellas, a Geographia dos Lusiadas; em todos os seus trabalhos
se revéla bem o espirito de investigação, e a sã critica historica.
Parecia impossivel aquella actividade em tão fraco organismo. Na
Revista Archeologica deixou entre varios trabalhos bons, um de alta
importancia sobre as inscripções em verso leonino em Portugal. A
filha morreu um mez depois do pae; não soffreu aquella ausencia,
finou-se a pobre creança debil, asphyxiada de morte pela saudade
amarga.

Quantas mudanças na egreja de S. Domingos de Bemfica fez


depois o bem intencionado architecto Nepomuceno! A urna do
Albergaria foi para o ante-côro sombrio, para cima de duas misulas
ou cachorros, á maneira de deposito de agua para não visto lavabo.
O tumulo de João das Regras foi para o meio do côro, onde está
bem para ser visto. A estatua jacente do insigne doutor soffreu
concerto, a mão direita aperta um livro sobre o peito; a esquerda
tinha desapparecido. Segundo a chronica cahia sobre o coração,
como se elle estivesse orando. Nepomuceno mandou fazer a mão
que faltava, erguida, segurando um papel enrolado. E parece agora
que o inclito doutor está indeciso entre o livro e o rolo de papel.

Ha pouco tempo, já depois da obra a que se procedeu, visitei a


egreja tomando notas mais minuciosas.

No cruzeiro da egreja ha inscripções sepulcraes de interesse


historico. Na parede entre o arco da capella mór e a porta da
sacristia estão dois letreiros; o superior menciona Fr. Vicente, da
ordem dos prégadores, fundador, fallecido em 1401; foi prégador de
D. João 1.ᵒ e autor de muitos livros.
Sob este está==Fr. Diogo Gonçalves Belliagua, frade da mesma
ordem, primeiro povoador do mosteiro, isto é, o primeiro que residiu
aqui, fallecido em 31 de agosto de 1410.
Estes letreiros são relativamente modernos; na Chronica se
podem ver as inscripções primitivas.
Á direita da capella mór, na parede, está a==Sepultura de fr.
Arnáo, da mesma ordem, fallecido em 2 de maio de 1502.
Proxima a lapide de==D. Carlos de Mascarenhas, segundo filho
dos 6.ᵒˢ marquezes de Fronteira. N. em 1 d’abril de 1803. F. em 3 de
maio de 1861.
A seguir==D. Maria Constança da Camara, marqueza de
Fronteira e de Alorna. N. em 14 de julho de 1801. F. em 11 de
setembro de 1860.
No chão está a campa da==Marqueza de Fronteira D. Helena
Josefa de Lencastre. F. em 14 de março de 1763.
Perto==O sargento maior Manuel Carrião de Castanheda,
cavalleiro da ordem de Christo, f. em 22 de dezembro de 1676, e
sua mulher D. Sebastiana Dias Fialha.
==S. de Diogo Antunes. 1662.
==S. de Maria Coelha.
==D. G.ᵒ Velozo d’Araujo, cavalleiro fidalgo da Casa delrei N. S. e
de sua molher Joanna de Bulhão, f. a 3 de março de 1603.
==S.ᵃ de João Velho Lobo... Travassos... Algumas destas campas
estão incompletas, ou gastas.
Na capella do Senhor Jesus, esquerda do cruzeiro, está uma
pedra com brazão; diz-nos que o instituidor foi Antonio de Freitas da
Silva, fidalgo, etc., com sua mulher D. Jeronima Paes d’Azevedo,
em 1677.
No corpo da egreja, segunda capella á esquerda==Capella de
Enrique Mendes de la Penha, fidalgo de solar conhecido, e a
comprou sua filha D. Lionor Enriques, viuva de Luis Pereira de
Carvalho, em 1663.==Tem brazão.
Olhando para a capella mór, a porta á nossa esquerda abre para
uma passagem que serve o côro e a sacristia, o ante-côro. Ahi, no
chão, proximo dos degraos que levam ao côro, está uma campa
singela.
Aqui jaz
frei Luiz de Souza.
nasceu em 1553
morreu em 1632
a seguir, na mesma campa:
Mandou collocar
esta lapida
o padre Joaquim
Pinto de
Campos
natural de
Pernambuco
(Brazil)
aos 4 de junho de
1878.
Na mesma sombria casa de passagem, ou ante-côro, na parede,
sobre duas misulas, vê-se uma urna brazonada. Estava antes da
ultima obra, á esquerda da porta d’entrada; agora alta como está, e
na casa quasi sem luz, é difficil lêr o letreiro.
Desdobrando as abreviaturas, diz: Aqui jaz Vasco Martins da
Albregaria cavalleiro fidalgo da casa do sr. infante dom Anrique e
seu camareiro moor filho de A.ᵒ Lopes da Albregaria o qual passou
da vida deste mundo das feridas que houve na tomada e no
descerco de Cepta aos... dias do mez de dezembro da era de J. C.
de 1436 annos.
Além do escudo dos Albergarias, conforme o que vem no
Thesouro da Nobreza, tem escudos com sua divisa que me parece
ler Porém vêde bem.
A meio do côro está o tumulo de João das Regras; o letreiro
occupa o friso da caixa.
==Aqi: jaz: joan: daregas: cavaleiro: doutor: em: leis: privado:
delrei: dom: joan: fundador: deste: moesteiro: finou: III: dias: de:
maio: era: M: IIIIᶜ: XL: II: ans:==É um lettreiro, em gothico, bem
lavrado; as palavras todas divididas por dois pontos.

Na parede exterior da casa que ora serve á irmandade da S.ᵃ do


Rosario está cravada uma pedra com a inscripção:
Esta sanchristia man
darão fazer os irmãos
de Nossa Sra do Rozario
a sua custa p.ᵃ a fabrica
da sua irm.ᵈᵉ em maio de 1680.
Na sacristia uma grande campa sem lettras, com o brazão da
casa de Bellas, isto é, quatro flores de liz nos angulos de uma cruz.
O Thesouro da Nobreza descreve assim o brazão dos Correias de
Bellas==em campo vermelho uma cruz de oiro firmada no escudo
entre quatro flores de liz do mesmo metal.
No côro ha duas grandes campas sem brazões nem letreiros; diz
a Chronica que está alli o carneiro ou deposito funéreo dos
Botelhos.
No cruzeiro, á direita, ao canto, ha uma porta encimada por um
brazão; abre para a capellinha onde está a imagem do Senhor
Jesus dos Passos. Mas o pequeno e rico edificio é dedicado a S.
Gonçalo de Amarante. Uma inscripção latina declara que em 1685 o
bispo fr. Manuel Pereira mandou fazer a capella. É de muito e
apurado trabalho, em lindos marmores. Estatuetas de finissimo
Carrara povoam os nichos. Preside S. Gonçalo de Amarante tendo
aos lados a S.ᵃ do Rosario, S. José, S.ᵃ Appollonia, S. Thereza, S.
João de Deus, S. Felippe, S. Domingos e S. Thomaz d’Aquino.
As columnas salomonicas aos lados de S. Gonçalo são de pedra
fina da Arrabida de um trabalho apuradissimo.
Parecem-me de origem italiana estas lindas estatuetas em
marmore de Carrara, delicadamente esculpidas, com a maneira
usada na época.

O satyro da fonte de S. Domingos de Bemfica


A estatua do satyro conserva-se na situação em que fr. Luis de
Sousa a conheceu.
Entrando no claustro d’aquelle extraordinario convento de S.
Domingos de Bemfica, toma-se a porta, ao canto, que diz para a
fonte e horta. Desce-se uma breve escada, entra-se n’um pequeno
recinto, com assentos de pedra; ao fundo a fonte rasteira; lá está o
satyro e uns pedaços de marmore com um verso latino. O muro que
separa a horta do recinto da fonte é mais recente.
Felizmente eu tirei o desenho do satyro ha tempos;
modernamente houve obras no edificio, e um alvanéo mais gracioso
divertiu-se a lançar cal sobre a pobre estatua.
Eu estou convencido que este satyro é romano. Fr. Luis de Sousa
já o conheceu assim, n’aquella posição; ora em tal posição a estatua
não podia estragar-se da maneira que se vê; a superficie está
desigual; ha pontos em que se conserva o primitivo estado, na parte
superior do peito, nas madeixas das coxas; em outros sitios a
superficie está gasta, frusta, ou por longo attrito ou por inhumação
prolongada. As mãos foram arruinadas por causa da adaptação de
torneiras, obra provavel dos frades; porque primitivamente a agua
não sahia de taça ou urna que o satyro tivesse nas mãos; sahia do
outro sitio; a estatua é pagan e bem pagan.
Apesar de frusta ainda a physionomia é notavel, e é bem propria a
phrase de fr. Luis de Sousa, simplicidade montanheza; ha estatuas
de Pan com aquella attitude e expressão.
Trabalho da renascença não me parece, nem estaria assim
estragado em tempo do celebre chronista; gothico, romanico,
impossivel; nunca trabalharam assim em taes tempos. Porque a
estatua tem expressão, ha observação anatomica nos musculos,
nos hombros, as claviculas bem marcadas, as madeixas elegantes.
É por isso que me convenço que a estatua é romana.
Ha mais antiguidades romanas alli pelos sitios, e o nome
Monsanto chama logo a attenção.
Naturalmente os dominicanos encontraram, por acaso, a estatua
e aproveitaram-n’a para a sua fonte; e assim a salvaram.
Que interessante e mimosa a descripção que fr. Luis de Sousa
escreveu da fonte do satyro! Vem na Historia de S. Domingos (2.ᵃ
parte, livro 2.ᵒ, cap. 1.ᵒ—Do principio e fundação do real convento
de Bemfica). Diz assim:

==Passado o claustro, quem busca a horta do convento, dá


poucos passos em uma praça empedrada, que ficando na parte
mais alta, e como a meia ladeira da cerca, descobre grande parte do
vale.
Aqui sahem os religiosos a gosar o fresco da tarde em o verão, e
o soalheiro de inverno, depois que deixam o refeitorio. Porque além
da vista desabafada, e larga para fóra, tem na mesma praça de uma
parte uma graciosa fonte, e da outra um espaçoso tanque, que cada
cousa per si alegra e deleita os olhos.
A fonte se faz em um arco, que formado de brutescos varios e
vistosos, arremeda uma gruta natural. Dentro parece assentado um
grande e bem proporcionado satyro, imitando com propriedade os
que finge a poesia. Em toda sua figura mostra em rosto risonho e
alegre uma simplicidade montanheza, com que está convidando a
beber de uma concha natural, que tem apertada com o braço e mão
esquerda, da qual sae um formoso torno de agua: e juntamente com
a direita acode como arrependido a cobril-a; e faz geito de a querer
retirar, dando com uma e negando com outra.
A agua é quanto póde ser excellente, e de uma qualidade propria
das que nascem nas serras, fria e desnevada na maior força do sol
do estio; temperada no inverno, como um banho.
Acompanham a gruta de um e outro lado em igual distancia dois
grossos e altos pilastrões, que sendo feitos de boa cantaria para
estribo de uma abobada a que se arrimam, foi a natureza cobril-os
de uma hera muito espessa e viçosa, que subindo por elles até a
mór altura, assim esconde e senhoreia a pedraria, que faz parecer
foram fundados, mais para honra da fonte, que segurança do
edificio: assim ajuda a natureza a arte, e o accidental ao bem
cuidado.
E porque entre gente que professa letras é bem que nem nos
satyros se ache rudeza, faz lembrança este nosso a quem folga de
o ver, com um verso latino entalhado em pedaços de marmore
negro, que correm a vida e os annos sem parar, nem tornar atraz,
ao modo d’aquelle licor, que lhe sae das mãos. Advertencia de sabio
não de rustico: que agoas e annos se se não aproveitam com bons
empregos, perdidos são, e pouco de estimar. Cae a agoa, por não
pejar a praça, em um pequeno tanque, deixando-o cheio some-se
n’elle, e vae por baixo da terra, fazer outra fonte na boca de um
leão.
É de ver aquelle rosto fero coberto de guedelhas crespas, e
medonhas, que ameaçam sangue e morte, feito ministro de mansas
agoas. Verdadeiro poder e symbolo da religião que amansa leões e
faz Satyros doutos==.
Publiquei este artigo no Boletim da Real Associação dos
Architectos Civis e Archeologos Portuguezes (T. vii. 1894. pag. 7),
acompanhado de gravura. Então era facil visitar a fonte do satyro:
agora está vedada ao publico, não sei porquê. Naquella parte do
edificio installou-se uma succursal do collegio de Campolide, com
aulas de theologia, ao que ouvi dizer. Não deixavam entrar no
claustro. Ha tempos saíram dalli os padres; mas o edificio continúa
fechado; não se sabe onde pára a chave. Não se póde visitar a
fonte tão finamente descripta por fr. Luis de Sousa, nem a capella
dos Castros, cuja entrada é tambem pelo claustro.
É de fr. Luis de Sousa a descripção da

Capella dos Castros


==He a obra da Capella dorica, a proporção dupla, com quarenta
palmos de largo, mais de setenta de comprimento. He de huma só
nave de pedraria brunida, o lageamento de pedras de cores,
tambem brunidas: funda-se a mais architetura della em hum
proporcionado pedestal, que em torno a circunda interiormente. Tem
seis arcos com pilares interpostos sobre bases: capiteis, e simalhas
tambem em torno, com seis luzes obradas com respeito á
architectura. A porta principal tem no claustro do Convento, e sobre
ella pende hum escudo relevado das armas do Fundador. O tecto,
despois de coroado com a simalha, he tambem de pedraria,
apainelada com artezães, e molduras: os dous primeiros arcos de
seis, que a compoem, ficam nos Presbiterios; no da parte do
Evangelho está huma porta, que dá serventia pera a Tribuna, e
aposentos do Fundador: no outro da parte da Epistola, outra pera o
serviço da Sachristia, os outros quatro occupão quatro sumptuosas
sepulturas, de pedras de cores lustradas, que sobre as costas
sustentão elefantes de pedras negras.
No primeiro arco, que fica junto ao do Presbiterio da parte do
Evangelho, está a sepultura de Dom João de Castro, com o
seguinte Epitaphio.

D. Ioannes de Castro XX. Pro Religione in vtraque Mauritania


stipendijs factis, nauata strenue opera Thunetano bello fœlicibus
armis penetrato; debellatis inter Euphratem, et Indum nationibus:
Gendrosico Reye, Persis, Turcis vno prœlio fusis; seruato Dio, imo
Reipublicæ reddito, dormit in magnum diem, non sibi, sed Deo
triumphator: publicis lachrimis compositus, publico sumptu prœ
paupertate funeratus: obijt Octauo Id. Iunij. Anno 1548. Aetatis 48.

Estão em o seguinte arco, junto a este os ossos de D. Leonor


Coutinho, sua mulher.
Da parte da Epistola, em o arco que responde ao da sepultura de
Dom João de Castro, está a de Dom Alvaro seu filho, com o
Epitaphio seguinte.

D. Aluarus de Castro. Magni Ioannis primogenitus, cui pené ab


infantia discriminum factus pugnaram prœcursor, triumphorum
Consors, œmulus fortitudinis, hœres virtutum, non opum: Regum
prostrator, et restitutor in Sinai veatice eques fœliciter inauguratus: a
Rege Sebastiano Summis Regni auctus honoribus; bis Romæ,
semel Castellæ, Galliæ, Sabaudiæ, legatione perfunctus, obijt 4.
Kalend. Septemb. Anno. 1575. Aetatis suæ 50.

Logo no outro arco junto a este está Dona Anna de Atayde,


mulher do mesmo D. Alvaro.
No vão desta Capella se fez um Carneiro com seis arcos de
pedraria, em hum dos quais ha Altar pera se dizer Missa, e os mais
tem repartimentos pera os ossos, e corpos dos defunctos.
Sóbe-se do pavimento d’esta Capella por seis degráos entre dous
presbiterios, nos quais estão as sepulturas do Fundador, e sua
Irmam: a primeira da parte do Evangelho com o Epitaphio que se
segue.
D. Franciscus á Castro, Episcopus olim Aegitanensis, hujusce
Sanctuarij, ac interioris Cœnobij fundator, hunc sibi, dum viueret,
tumulum posuit, in quo et requiescet post mortem.

A segunda, com este, da parte da Epistola.

D. Violante de Castro Cometissa relicta vidua Domini Alfonsi de


Noronha, Comitis Odomirensis hic quiescit, obijt XIV, Kalendis Iulij,
anno Domini DC. XXXXVI. Sorori optimæ, seu verius matri, Frater
amantissimus dedit, posuit.

Sobre estes degráos está o Altar de jaspes brunidos, apartado do


retabolo, em forma que fica emparando a entrada do Choro, que
detraz do mesmo Altar tem os Irmãos da casa de Noviços; e a que
se entra por entre dous pedestaes de jaspes brunidos de treze
palmos de alto, nove de largura, onze de grossura. No fronstispicio
delles se veem duas tarjas embutidas de jaspes brancos, cercadas
de suas faxas de outros pretos, na que fica da parte do Evangelho
está escripta a instituição da Capella na forma seguinte.

Ad maiorem ineffabilis Eucharistiæ venerationem, peculiarem


Deiparæ Virginis de Rosario honorem; indiuiduam Patriarchæ
Dominici, Martyrum Nazarij, Celsi, Victoris, ac Innocentij confessoris
memoriam, ædem hanc in penetralibus Sacratiorem Erexit, Condidit,
Dicauit D. Franciscus á Castro Episcopus olim Aegitanensis, Regis,
ad status consilia adsidens, rerum fidei moderator supremus. Anno
Domini M.DC.XLVIII.

Na outra tarja, que fica da parte da Epistola, se contém as


obrigações dos suffragios, que por si deixou o Fundador, diz assim:

Instituit ad altare triplex iuge sacrificium annuas pro defunctis


vigilias, iuniorum cœnobitarum adsciuit excubias, habitacula
coœdificauit: sibi religiose ante Dominum sepultura prouisa;
maioribus suis posuit monumenta, magis pie, quam magnifice,
quorum posteris subtus aram Condictorium fecit, legauit in hæc
opera pietatis sexcentos annuos aureos.

Sobre estes pedestais se levantão de cada parte tres columnas


de folhagem até o meio, que proseguem em estriado, as dos cantos
mais recolhidas, as outras duas mais sahidas pera fóra, e
corpulentas, entre ellas se abrem nichos de alto abaixo, que
recolhem varias reliquias de Sanctos engastadas em custodias de
preço. Estas seis colunas, que todas são de lavores, vão receber a
simalha do Altar, sobre a qual se presenta á vista um quadro da Cea
do Senhor, de singular pintura acompanhado de duas colunas de
macenaria galantemente lavradas, que vão receber hum remate do
mesmo quadro, unido já com a abobada da Capella. Aos lados
destas colunas ficão dous quartões ornados com duas pyramides
exteriores.
Por entre as tres colunas de huma, e outra parte, que estão sobre
os pedestais, se fecha hum arco quasi da mesma altura das
colunas, que fica fazendo lugar ao Sacrario (em que sempre está o
Sanctissimo Sacramento alumiado com duas alampadas de prata).
Do pavimento que fica debaixo deste arco se levantão oito colunas
em estylo oitavado, que recebem huma charola alterosa com seu
zimborio, que se remata com hum Pelicano polla banda de fóra.
Debaixo desta charola se levanta hum throno em forma quadrada
com quatro colunas pequenas, que fazem os cantos, com que se
forma a primeira peça, na qual se abrem dous nichos, hum pera a
parte do Choro, outro pera a Capella; o do Choro tem uma Imagem
de nosso Padre S. Domingos, o que fica pera a Capella occupa
outra de nossa Senhora de singular estimação por antiguidade, e
feitio; he um meio corpo de alabastro, com o braço esquerdo abraça
o minino que se sustenta em pé sobre uma almofada, e na mão
direita tem hum livro, tudo da mesma pedra. Dá a estas imagens
inestimavel valor a antiguidade, que em outras nações, com mais
primor, e felicidade, que na nossa, avalia semelhantes obras; porque
segundo a certeza que disto ha, e o Bispo tinha, estiverão estas
imagens occultas, e sepultadas no muro da Cidade de Tunes, desde
o tempo, que os mouros a tomarão aos Christãos, até que o
Emperador Carlos Quinto lha ganhou, que então se descobriram,
não sem mysteriosa circumstancia, porque batendo a artilharia o
muro, e arruinando parte d’elle, cahiram as imagens sem padecer
lesão alguma. O Infante Dom Luiz, que n’esta empresa se achou
com o soccorro de Portugal, grandiosamente abreviado naquelle
celebre galeão de 366 peças, e ajudou a ganhar a victoria, por
despojo d’ella escolheo só estas imagens, que despois deu a Dom
João de Castro, Avô do Bispo fundador.==
(Historia de S. Domingos particular do reino e conquistas
de Portugal, por fr. Luis de Cacegas, reformada por fr. Luis de
Sousa, filho do convento de Bemfica. Ampliada por fr. Antonio
da Encarnação. Lisboa, 1866; 2.ᵃ parte do 3.ᵒ vol., pag. 198).
Quantas recordações nobilissimas nesta capella! Agora a
elegante construcção está ameaçando ruina. Parece-me todavia
facil acudir-lhe. A frontaria desligou-se um pouco do corpo do
edificio, entra agua de chuva pela fenda produzida pelo desvio.
Alguns annos de desleixo e a ruina será enorme, o concerto
dispendioso. Dizem-me que esta capella está na posse de um
particular, ha tempos ausente de Portugal. E não sei se ainda ha
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