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2
3
Fundamentals of
Abnormal Psychology
4
Fundamentals of
Abnormal Psychology
EIGHTH EDITION
Ronald J. Comer
Princeton University
worth publishers
Macmillan Learning
New York
5
Publisher: Rachel Losh
Executive Acquisitions Editor: Daniel McDonough
Editorial Assistant: Kimberly Morgan
Senior Marketing Manager: Lindsay Johnson
Marketing Assistant: Allison Greco
Executive Media Editor: Rachel Comerford
Associate Media Editor: Jessica Lauffer
Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn
Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne
Senior Project Editor: Jane O’Neill
Media Producer: Eve Conte
Photo Editor: Jennifer Atkins
Permissions Editors: Felicia Ruocco, Melissa Pellerano
Permissions Associate: Chelsea Roden
Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume
Cover and Interior Designer: Babs Reingold
Layout Designer: Paul Lacy
Infographics Artist: Charles Yuen
Senior Production Supervisor: Sarah Segal
Composition: codeMantra
Cover Image: Ed Fairburn
Credits to use previously published material can be found in the Credits section, starting on page C-1.
Worth Publishers
One New York Plaza
Suite 4500
New York, NY 10004-1562
http://www.macmillanhighered.com
6
To Delia and Emmett Comer,
The World Awaits
7
About the Author
8
Contents in Brief
Abnormal Psychology in Science and Clinical Practice
2 Models of Abnormality
7 Suicide
9 Eating Disorders
Problems of Psychosis
12 Schizophrenia
Life-Span Problems
13 Personality Disorders
Conclusion
9
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER: 1
Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present
What Is Psychological Abnormality?
Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
What Is Treatment?
Current Trends
Multicultural Psychology
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
10
PsychWatch Verbal Debuts
PsychWatch Marching to a Different Drummer: Eccentrics
InfoCentral Happiness
MindTech Mental Health Apps Explode in the Marketplace
MindTech A Researcher’s Paradise?
MediaSpeak Flawed Study, Gigantic Impact
CHAPTER: 2
Models of Abnormality
The Biological Model
Biological Treatments
Psychodynamic Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Family-Social Treatments
Multicultural Treatments
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
11
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 3
Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Clinical Assessment: How and Why Does the Client Behave Abnormally?
Clinical Interviews
Clinical Tests
Clinical Observations
Classification Systems
DSM-5
Treatment Decisions
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 4
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Phobias
12
Specific Phobias
Agoraphobia
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 5
Disorders of Trauma and Stress
Stress and Arousal: The Fight-or-Flight Response
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder
13
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 6
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Unipolar Depression: The Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
InfoCentral Sadness
PsychWatch Sadness at the Happiest of Times
MediaSpeak Immigration and Depression in the 21st Century
MindTech Texting: A Relationship Buster?
PsychWatch Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Déjà Vu All Over Again
PsychWatch Abnormality and Creativity: A Delicate Balance
CHAPTER: 7
Suicide
What Is Suicide?
14
How Is Suicide Studied?
Mental Disorders
Children
Adolescents
The Elderly
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 8
Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms
Factitious Disorder
Conversion Disorder
15
Psychological Treatments for Physical Disorders
Relaxation Training
Biofeedback
Meditation
Hypnosis
Cognitive Interventions
Combination Approaches
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 9
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Medical Problems
Bulimia Nervosa
Binges
Compensatory Behaviors
Binge-Eating Disorder
Cognitive Factors
Depression
Biological Factors
Societal Pressures
Family Environment
16
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A STANDARD FOR INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 10
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Depressants
Alcohol
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Opioids
Stimulants
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Combinations of Substances
Sociocultural Views
Psychodynamic Views
Cognitive-Behavioral Views
Biological Views
Psychodynamic Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Biological Treatments
Sociocultural Therapies
Gambling Disorder
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
17
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 11
Disorders of Sex and Gender
Sexual Dysfunctions
Disorders of Desire
Disorders of Excitement
Disorders of Orgasm
Paraphilic Disorders
Fetishistic Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Voyeuristic Disorder
Frotteuristic Disorder
Pedophilic Disorder
Gender Dysphoria
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
18
CHAPTER: 12
Schizophrenia
The Clinical Picture of Schizophrenia
Biological Views
Psychological Views
Sociocultural Views
Antipsychotic Drugs
Psychotherapy
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
InfoCentral Hallucinations
PsychWatch Postpartum Psychosis: The Case of Andrea Yates
MindTech Can Computers Develop Schizophrenia?
PsychWatch Lobotomy: How Could It Happen?
MindTech Putting a Face on Auditory Hallucinations
MediaSpeak “Alternative” Mental Health Care
CHAPTER: 13
Personality Disorders
“Odd” Personality Disorders
19
Avoidant Personality Disorder
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 14
Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents
Childhood and Adolescence
Elimination Disorders
Enuresis
Encopresis
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Intellectual Disability
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
20
InfoCentral Child and Adolescent Bullying
MindTech Parent Worries on the Rise
PsychWatch Child Abuse
PsychWatch A Special Kind of Talent
PsychWatch Reading and ‘Riting and ‘Rithmetic
CHAPTER: 15
Disorders of Aging and Cognition
Old Age and Stress
Disorders of Cognition
Delirium
CLINICAL CHOICES
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
CHAPTER: 16
Law, Society, and the Mental Health Profession
Law and Mental Health
How Do the Legislative and Judicial Systems Influence Mental Health Care?
21
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: OPERATING WITHIN A LARGER SYSTEM
KEY TERMS
QUICK QUIZ
LAUNCHPAD
22
Preface
t was the spring of 1981. Over the previous eight months, the Philadelphia Phillies had won the World
I Series, and the Eagles, Sixers, and Flyers had made it to the Super Bowl, NBA Finals, and Stanley Cup
Finals, respectively. I had two adorable children ages 5 and 3. I had been granted tenure at Princeton. My
life was full—or so I thought.
Then, Linda Chaput, at that time an editor at W. H. Freeman and Company and Worth Publishers,
walked into my office. During a lively discussion, she and I discovered that we had similar ideas about how
abnormal psychology should be presented in a textbook. By the time Linda departed two hours later, we had
outlined the principles that should underlie the “ideal” abnormal psychology textbook. We had, in effect, a
deal. All that was left was for me to write the book. A decade later, the first edition of Abnormal Psychology
(“the BOOK,” as my family and I had come to call it) was published, followed a few years later by the first
edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology.
As I look back to that fateful day in 1981, I cannot help but note that several things have changed. With a
few exceptions, my Philadelphia sports teams have returned to form and have struggled year in, year out. My
sons have become accomplished middle-aged men, and their previous “adorable” tag is now worn by my 2-
year-old and 4-year-old grandchildren, Emmett and Delia. I am older, humbler, and a bit more fatigued than
the person who met with Linda Chaput 35 years ago.
At the same time, several wonderful things remain the same. I am still at Princeton University. I am still
married to the same near-perfect person—Marlene Comer. And I still have the privilege of writing abnormal
psychology textbooks—Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology and Abnormal Psychology. The current version,
Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition, represents my eighteenth edition of one or the other of
the textbooks.
My textbook journey has been a labor of love, but I also must admit that each edition requires enormous
effort, ridiculous pressure, and too many sleepless nights to count. I mention these labors not only because I
am a world-class whiner but also to emphasize that I approach each edition as a totally new undertaking
rather than as a cut-and-paste update of past editions. I work feverishly to make each edition fresh and to
include innovative and enlightening pedagogical techniques.
With this in mind, I have added an enormous amount of new material and many exciting new features for
this edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology—while at the same time retaining the successful themes,
material, and techniques that have been embraced enthusiastically by past readers. The result is, I believe, a
book that will excite readers and speak to them and their times. I have again tried to convey my passion for
the field of abnormal psychology, and I have built on the generous feedback of my colleagues in this
undertaking—the students and professors who have used this textbook over the years.
23
24
New and expanded Features
In line with the many changes that have occurred over the past several years in the fields of abnormal
psychology, education, and publishing, and in the world, I have brought the following new features and
changes to the current edition.
•New• DSM-5
With the publication of DSM-5, abnormal psychology is clearly a field in transition. To help students
appreciate the field’s current status and new directions, I present, integrate, and analyze DSM-5 material
throughout the textbook. Controversy aside, this is now the field’s classification and diagnostic system, and it
is important that readers understand and master its categories and criteria, appreciate its strengths and
weaknesses, and recognize its assumptions and implications, just as past readers learned about previous DSM
editions.
DSM-5, as well as discussions of its implications and controversial nature, is presented in various ways
throughout my textbook. First, its new categories, criteria, and information are woven smoothly into the
narrative of each and every chapter. Second, reader-friendly pedagogical tools throughout the textbook,
including a two-page infographic on the inside front cover and regular short features called Dx Checklist and
DSM-5 Controversy, help students fully grasp the DSM-5 material. Third, special topic boxes highlight
DSM-5 issues and controversies, such as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Déjá Vu All Over Again (page 209)
and Mass Murders: Where Does Such Violence Come From? (page 434).
25
Virtual Reality Therapy: Better Than the Real Thing? (page 163)
Texting: A Relationship Buster? (page 207)
Crisis Texting (page 243)
Can Social Media Spread “Mass Hysteria”? (page 255)
Dark Sites of the Internet (page 294)
Neknomination Goes Viral (page 315)
“Sexting”: Healthy or Pathological? (page 368)
Can Computers Develop Schizophrenia? (page 396)
Putting a Face on Auditory Hallucinations (page 410)
Selfies: Narcissistic or Not? (page 446)
Children Online: Parent Worries on the Rise (page 470)
Remember to Tweet: Tweet to Remember (page 510)
New Ethics for a Digital Age (page 549)
•New• “Infocentrals”
It is impossible to surf the Internet, watch TV, or flip through a magazine without coming across infographics,
those graphic representations that present complex data in quick, stimulating, and visually appealing ways.
Infographics present information in a way that allows us to easily recognize trends and patterns and make
connections between related concepts. With the development of new digital tools over the past decade, the
popularity of infographics has exploded. Readers and viewers like them and learn from them.
Thus Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition, introduces a new feature called InfoCentral—
numerous, lively infographics on important topics in the field. The infographics provide visual representations
of data related to key topics and concepts in each chapter, repeatedly offering fascinating snippets of
information to spur readers’ interest. I am certain that readers will greatly enjoy these special offerings, while
also learning from them.
Every chapter features a full-page InfoCentral, including the following ones:
Happiness (page 19)
Dietary Supplements: An Alternative Treatment (page 43)
Common Factors in Therapy (page 101)
Mindfulness (page 115)
Sexual Assault (page 156)
Sadness (page 185)
The Right to Commit Suicide (page 240)
Sleep and Sleep Disorders (page 264)
Body Dissatisfaction (page 287)
Smoking and Tobacco Use (page 320)
Sex Throughout the Life Cycle (page 350)
Hallucinations (page 390)
Lying (page 457)
Bullying (page 466)
The Aging Population (page 506)
26
Personal and Professional Issues (page 551)
27
syndrome by proxy (page 252); Meri, major depressive disorder (page 183); Eduardo, paranoid personality
disorder (page 425); Luisa, dissociative personality disorder (page 170); Kay, bipolar disorder (page 216);
Shani, anorexia nervosa (page 279); Ricky, ADHD (page 463); Lucinda, histrionic personality disorder (pages
441–442); Jonah, separation anxiety disorder (pages 467–468); and many others.
28
• Expanded Coverage• Neuroscience
The clinical field continues to witness the growth and impact of remarkable brain-imaging techniques, genetic
mapping strategies, and other neuroscience approaches, all of which are expanding our understanding of the
brain. Correspondingly, the new edition of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology has further expanded its
coverage of how biochemical factors, brain structure, brain function, and genetic factors contribute to
abnormal behavior (for example, pages 39, 116, 118, 393).
29
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pelos suburbios
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Language: Portuguese
PELOS SUBURBIOS
E
VISINHANÇAS DE LISBOA
LISBOA
LIVRARIA CLASSICA EDITORA
DE A. M. TEIXEIRA & C.ᵗᵃ
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S. Domingos de Bemfica
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Na falda norte da serra de Monsanto está o logar de S. Domingos
de Bemfica; um antigo mosteiro em parte abandonado, rodeado de
quintas fidalgas com seus palacios, jardins, cascatas e alamedas de
secular arvoredo; e uma pinha de pequeninos predios antigos a
entestar com o maninho da serra.
O nome de Monsanto feriu-me a attenção e procurei se por
aquelles sitios haveria vestigios de templo ou edificio de remota
antiguidade, tão raros no aro da capital. No meu segundo passeio
deparei um grande marmore lavrado, provavelmente parte superior
de uma ara romana, encostado á parede da quinta do sr. marquez
de Fronteira.
Ha duvidas todavia sobre a proveniencia da pedra; julga-se não
ter sido encontrada alli, sim na Ribeira velha, no antigo palacio
Fronteira, por occasião de certas obras; e removida para Bemfica ha
uns 40 annos.
O achado incitou-me a continuar na indagação, e num pittoresco
retiro agora mal tratado da cerca monastica fui encontrar uma
estatua que parece de arte romana; é na fonte do satyro, que fr. Luis
de Sousa descreve na chronica do seu convento.
O celebre dominicano já conheceu a estatua e a fonte na
disposição actual; lá estão ainda as cinco ardosias, duas quadradas
e tres ellipticas, com o lettreiro latino, que elle tambem menciona.
Póde affirmar-se que o logar está qual estava então, apenas
descurado. Ora os estragos que a estatua apresenta não teem
explicação facil na posição actual. O satyro nada tem da rudeza
gothica, nem das imitações classicas da renascença. O rosto apesar
de muito gasto ainda tem singular expressão de alegria; segurava
nas mãos uma taça ou urna que depois mutilaram para collocar uma
torneira. Na cabeça e nas coxas grandes madeixas ondeadas; os
musculos bem estudados nos hombros e braços. Parece uma
estatua romana.
Junto da fonte estão avulsas algumas pedras lavradas, dois
fechos de abobada com a esphera de D. Manuel e a cruz de
Christo, parte de um friso e dois pelouros medianos.
É um encanto aquelle sitio de S. Domingos; o terreiro com seu
antigo arvoredo dispõe bem o visitante da egreja, uma pobre egreja
que é um ninho de recordações portuguezas.
Entrando, á esquerda, o sarcophago de «Vasco Martins da
Albergaria, cavalleiro fidalgo da casa do sr. infante D. Henrique e
seu camareiro mór, filho de Affonso Lopes da Albergaria, o qual
passou da vida deste mundo das feridas que houve na tomada e no
descerco de Ceuta aos... dias do mez de dezembro da era de Jesus
Christo, de 1436 annos».
É um pequeno sarcophago de tampa alta; o letreiro na facha
anterior da tampa e da arca. No meio o brazão com a cruz de Aviz
sanguinha, aberta e floreteada, com oito escudetes azues das
quinas reaes. Aos lados do escudo uma fita em relevo onde se lê a
divisa porêm vede bem.
Á direita o tumulo de João das Regras, encimado pela estatua
onde evidentemente o esculptor quiz reproduzir o aspecto do
famoso jurisconsulto. Tem barrete e habito de lettrado; a gola larga
segura por tres botões. Na mão direita sobre o peito segura um livro.
Os cabellos um tanto ondeados cahindo sobre a fronte. Á esquerda
da figura a espada com o cinturão enrolado. A espada está tratada
com minucia, o punho lavrado em linhas, o extremo com sua flor; é
uma espada direita, larga, curta. O cinto é lavrado tambem de flores,
tendo bem definidas a fivella e a ponteira.
Aquella estatua é um documento precioso de indumentaria.
O tumulo tem inscripção, escudos; assenta sobre quatro leões de
marmore. Não é este o unico varão illustre cujo nome se encontra
no mosteiro; fr. Vicente (1401), outro amigo do mestre de Aviz, e
Diogo Gonçalves Belliago (1410) teem alli as suas inscripções
sepulcraes, assim como fr. Arnáo (1502).
Na capella de S. Gonçalo de Amarante ha algumas estatuas em
marmore de Carrara, de valor artistico.
O sacrario é de madeira entalhada, de grande elegancia,
principalmente no corpo superior.
Bons azulejos vestem as paredes, assignados por Antonio de
Oliveira Bernardes.
No cruzeiro jazem muitas pessoas distinctas, principalmente da
casa Fronteira e Alorna; o ultimo que alli foi repousar o célebre D.
Carlos de Mascarenhas, fallecido em maio de 1861.
Na escura passagem do cruzeiro para a sacristia uma campa
singelissima com um nome que illumina os espiritos, fr. Luis de
Sousa.
E no claustro proximo, muito tranquillo e fresco, convidando a
serena meditação, a capella e o jazigo de D. João de Castro.
É um grupo incomparavel de recordações portuguezas.
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