SQL FUNCTIONS

• Definition of Function
• Types of SQL Function
• Numeric Function
• String Function
• Conversion Function
• Date Function
SQL Function
 Sub program of SQL Lang.

 Used to do Operation on the SQL Expression.

 SQL Functions works on Columns of Table.

 Returns a Value as a Result of the Operation.

 After the Execution of the Function One or

More Values can be returned by the Function.
Types of SQL Function
 According to the Processing on the Value of
Column Sql Function can be Classified.
 Two Types of SQL Function
 Group Functions
 “Functions act on Set of Values are known as Group
Function”
 SUM,AVG, MIN, MAX (Aggregate Function)
 Scalar Functions
 “Functions act on only one value at a time known as
Scalar Fn”
 Length, ASCII
Types of SQL Functions
 According to the SQL Data Type
 Numeric Functions:
 To processing Number Data type

 String Functions:
 To Processing on String Data type

 Conversion Functions:
 To Convert Data type from one data type to another

 Date Functions:
 To processing on Date Data Type
AVG Function
 Returns Average of all Row Values for particular
Column.
 Null Values are ignored in Calculation.

 Syntax:
 AVG ([DISTINCT | ALL ] column_name) ;
 Example:
 SELECT AVG(BALANCE) “AVERAGE _BALANCE”
FROM ACCOUNT_MASTER;
MIN Function

 Return a minimum Value of Expression

 Syntax:
 MIN ([DISTINCT | ALL] column_name) ;

 Example:
 SELECT MIN(BALANCE) “Minimum_Balance”
FROM ACCOUNT;
MAX Function
 Returns Maximum value present in particular
column of Data table.

 Syntax:
 MAX ([ DISTINCT | ALL ] column_name);

 Example:
 SELECT MAX(BALANCE) “maximum balance”
FROM ACCOUNT_MASTER ;
COUNT Function
 Returns Number of Rows Present in Particular
Column
 Count(*) returns the number of rows in the table
including duplicates and those with nulls.

 Syntax:
 COUNT ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] column_name) ;

 Example:
 SELECT COUNT(ACCOUNT_NO) “no. of records”
FROM ACCOUNT_MASTER;
SUM Function

 Returns Sum of Values present in particular Column

 Syntax:
 SUM( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] column_name) ;

 Example:
 SELECT SUM(BALANCE) “TOTAL_BALANCE”
FROM ACCOUNT_MASTER;
 Dual Table In SQL
 Table DUAL is very simple. It has only one column and contains
only one row with value 'X'.
 SQL> desc dual;
 Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DUMMY VARCHAR2(1)

 SQL> select * from dual;

D
---
X
 Dual Table In SQL(Cont).
 Table DUAL - is part of system dictionary and you never ever
should make any changes to it in real database with working users.
 DUAL is a part data dictionary and owned by SYS.You should not
make modifications to this table.
 Used to refer an object which does not have any physical reference
in database table.
 For example we need a calculation 2*2
 Then we always used select 2*2 from ? ( which table name with
from)
 So at that time we used dummy table as dual.
Numeric Functions
ABS Function POWER Function

ROUND Function SQRT Function

EXP Function MOD Function

GREATEST Function FLOOR Function

TRUNC Function
ABS Function

 Absolute Value Expression returned by this function

 Syntax:
 ABS(n);

 Example :
 Select ABS(-10) From dual;
 Output:
 10 Display on Oracle O/P Screen
POWER Function

 Returns Power of the Expression.

 Syntax:
 POWER(m,n);

 Example:
 Select Power(6,2) “Power” From dual;
 Output:
 36 Displayed on The Oracle Screen  62
ROUND Function

 Used to Get Rounded Value of Expression

 Syntax:
 ROUND (n,m);
 n = Numeric Value with Decimal Point
 m = Rounded Position
 Example:
 Select Round(10.29,1) “Rounded_Value” From dual;
 Output:
 10.3
SQRT Function
 Used to Find out the Square Root of Expression.

 Syntax:
 SQRT (n);
 Returns Square root of n
 n must be Positive if n < 0 then Null will be returned

 Example:
 Select Sqrt(25) “Square_Value” From dual;
 Output:
 5
Exponent Function

 Returns e raised to nth Power.

 Syntax:
 EXP (n);
 en
 Example:
 Select exp(5) “Exponent” From dual;
 Output:
 148.413159 ( e = 2.71828183 )
GREATEST Function

 Used to Find out the Greatest Valued from the

Expression.

 Syntax:
 GREATEST (exp1,exp2,…,expn);
 Example:
 Select Greatest(21,10,30) “Great_Value” From dual;
 Output:
 30
LEAST Function

 Used to Find out Lowest Value from the Expression

 Syntax:
 LEAST (exp1,exp2,…,expn);

 Example:
 Select Least(35,75,25) “Least_Value” From dual;
 Output:
 25
MOD Function

 Used to Find out the Reminder of Division Function

 Syntax:
 MOD (m,n);
 m/n  Reminder is a result

 Example:
 Select Mod(18,7) “Reminder” From dual;
Truncation Function

 Returns Truncated Values after the decimal position

 Syntax:
 TRUNC (number, decimal_Places);

 Example:
 Select Trunc(17.235,1) “Truncated_Value” From dual;
 Output:
 17.2
Floor Function

 Returns Largest Integer Value of Expression.

 Syntax:
 FLOOR (n)

 Example:
 Select Floor(24.18) “Large_Int” From dual;
 Output:
 24
CEIL Function

 Returns Smallest Integer value which is Greater or

Equal to the number.

 Syntax:
 CEIL (n);
 Example:
 Select ceil(24.83) “Value” From dual;
 Output:
 25
String Function
LOWER Function UPPER Function

INITCAP Function SUBSTR Function

ASCII Function COMPOSE Function

DECOMPOSE Function INSTR Function

TRANSLATE Function LENGTH Function

LTRIM Function RTRIM Function

TRIM Function LPAD Function
RPAD Function VSIZE Function
LOWER Function

 Return all character with lowercase letters.

 SYNTAX:
 LOWER(Char);
 EXAMPLE:
 Select Lower(‘XYZ’) “Lower” FROM dual;
 OUTPUT:
Lower

xyz
UPPER Function
 Return character with Uppercase Letter.
 Syntax:
 UPPER (Char);
 Example:
 Select Upper(‘xyz’) “Upper_Case” From dual;

 Output:
Upper_Case

XYZ
INITCAP Function
 Return First Character of String with Upper Case
Letter.
 Syntax:
 INITCAP (Char) ;
 Example:
 Select Initcap(‘abc’) “First_Case” From dual;
 Output:
First_Case

Abc
SUBSTR Function
 Returns Substring of Main String according to the
Specified position of Characters upto specified
length of Characters.
 Syntax:
 SUBSTR (string, start_position, length) ;
 Example:
 Select Substr(‘SECURE’, 3,4) “Sub_Str” From dual;
 Output:

Sub_Str
CURE
ASCII Function
 Returns Ascii value of Specified Character.
 Syntax:
 ASCII (Char) ;
 Example:
 Select ASCII(‘a’) “Ascii_Value” From dual;
 Output:

Ascii_Value

97
INSTR Function
 Return location of substring in the main string.
 Syntax:
 INSTR (string1, string2, start_position, nth_appearance)
 String1- Main String
 String2 – sub string which is find out from main string
 Start_postion – position in string1 where the search will start
 Nth appearance – is the nth appearance of string

 Example:
 Select Instr(‘SCT on the net’,’t’) “Instr”from dual;
 Output:
Instr
8
LENGTH Function
 Returns the length of words in the string
 Syntax:
 LENGTH (word) ;
 Example:
 Select Length(‘xyz’) “Length” From dual;
 Output:

Length
3
LTRIM Function
 Remove Character from left of String.
 Syntax:
 LTRIM (char, set);
 Example:
 Select Ltrim(‘xyz’,’x’) “Ltrim” From dual;
 Output:

Ltrim
yz
RTRIM Function
 Remove character from Right of String.
 Syntax:
 RTRIM (char, set);
 Example:
 Select Rtrim(‘xyz’,’z’) “Rtrim” From dual;
 Output:

Rtrim
xy
LPAD Function
 Return String of with specified Character at left
side of string.
 Syntax:
 LPAD (char1, n,[char2]);
 Example:
 Select Lpad(‘xyz’ , 5 , ‘*’) “Lpad” From dual;
 Output:

Lpad
**xyz
RPAD Function
 Add specified character to the right side of main
string
 Syntax:
 RPAD (char1, n, [char2]);
 Example:
 Select Rpad(‘xyz’,6, ‘p’) “Rpad” From dual;
 Output:

Rpad
xyzppp
VSIZE Function
 Return the number of bytes occupied by the
expression
 Syntax:
 VSIZE ( expression );
 Example:
 Select Vsize(‘abc XYZ’) “Byte” From dual;
 Output:

Byte
7
Conversion Function

 Conversion functions are used to convert the data

type of table field

 TO_Number

 TO_CHAR
TO_NUMBER Function
 Convert a char data type of table field to Number data
type

 Syntax:
 TO_NUMBER( char);

 Example:
 select to_number( '15‘) from dual;

TO_NUMBER('15')
---------------
15
TO_CHAR Function

 Convert the value of Number/Date data type to the

Character Data type.
 Syntax:
Example
Date Function

 ADD_MONTHS()
 LAST_DAY()
 MONTHS_BETWEEN()
 NEXT_DAY()
 TO_DATE()
ADD_MONTHS
 Return date after adding the number of the months
specified in the function.
 Syntax:
 ADD_MONTHS (d,n);
 Example:
 Select Add_Months(Sysdate,4)”Add_Month” from
dual;
 Output:
Add_Month
27-JAN-09
LAST_DAY
 Return last date of month which is specified in the
Function.
 Syntax:
 LAST_DAY (d) ;
 Example:
 Select SYSDATE, LAST_DAY(Sysdate)”Last_Date” from
dual;
 Output:
Sysdate Last_Date
29-sep-08 30-sep-08
MONTHS_BETWEEN
 Returns number of months between two date
which is specified in the function
 Syntax:
 MONTHS_BETWEEN( d1 , d2 )
 Example:
 Select Months_Between(‘02-feb-08,’02-jan-08’)
“Months” from dual;
 Output:
Months
1
NEXT_DAY
 Returns the date of the first weekday named by char that is
after the date named by date.
 Syntax:
 NEXT_DAY ( date, char)
 Example:
 Select NEXT_DAY (‘06-JULY-02’,’Saturday’) “Next_Day” from
dual;
 Output:
Next_Day
13-july-02
 TO_DATE()
 TO_DATE convert a char value in to date value.

TO_DATE(<char value>[<fmt>])

select TO_DATE(‘09/06/83’,’DD/MM/YY) from dual;

o/p: 09-june-83