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1. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the ribs?


A) The first 7 are referred to as vertebrosternal ribs.
B) Ribs 11 and 12 are typically “floating” (vertebral, free) ribs.
C) The tubercle of a typical rib attaches to the inferior articular facet of the
corresponding vertebrae.
D) The head of a typical rib articulates with the bodies of two vertebrae.
E) The costal groove is associated with the intercostal vessels and nerve.
Ans: C

2. Rib fractures:
A) are more likely to occur in children than adults.
B) are most likely to occur at the junction of the rib and its corresponding vertebrae.
C) most often occur in the 1st rib.
D) in the lower ribs may be associated with tearing of the diaphragm.
E) are not typically painful.
Ans: D

3. The sternal angle:


A) indicates the location of the joint between the costal cartilage of the 2nd rib and
the sternum.
B) occurs where the 1st rib attaches to the sternum.
C) is the least likely part of the sternum to fracture in the elderly.
D) occurs at the sternoclavicular joint.
E) is a depression in the body of the sternum.
Ans: A

Page 1
4. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the sternum?
A) It may be surgically split in the median plane to gain access to the thoracic cavity.
B) It may be used for a bone marrow biopsy.
C) It may have a perforation (sternal foramen) that is sometimes the site of a pleural
herniation, which is a life-threatening situation.
D) In violent thoracic trauma (e.g., automobile accident), comminuted fractures are
not uncommon.
E) Its xiphoid process may partially ossify, producing a pronounced lump.
Ans: C

5. The superior thoracic aperture:


A) is bounded posteriorly by the axis.
B) is bounded anterolaterally by the clavicle.
C) is bounded anteriorly by the trachea.
D) is a larger opening than the inferior thoracic aperture.
E) is, anatomically, the thoracic inlet.
Ans: E

6. Which of the following associations is incorrect?


A) rib separation—separation of a rib and its costal cartilage
B) rib dislocation (slipping rib syndrome)—separation of a costal cartilage from the
sternum
C) joints between costal cartilage of ribs 2–7 and sternum—symphyses
D) rib movements—mostly around a transverse axis passing through the head, neck,
and tubercle
E) rib movements—increase A-P diameter of the thorax during respiration
Ans: C

7. Which of the following associations is incorrect?


A) serratus posterior superior—potentially can elevate superior ribs
B) scalenus anterior—stabilizes 1st rib enabling more effective rib elevation during
forced inspiration
C) external intercostal muscles—attach to the sternum
D) intercostal vessels and nerve—travel between internal and innermost intercostals
muscles
E) diaphragm—primary muscle of respiration
Ans: C

Page 2
8. The endothoracic fascia:
A) is continuous with the clavipectoral fascia.
B) provides a surgical cleavage plane between the thoracic wall and the costal
parietal pleura.
C) attaches to the suspensory ligaments of the breast.
D) contains the intercostal muscles.
E) may become fibrous and thus interfere with normal respiratory movements.
Ans: B

9. A patient complains to you of pain in a limited strip on one side of his chest and back.
Upon examination you notice that the skin associated with the T3 dermatome of that
side is red with vesicular eruptions. Which of the following is your most reasonable
conclusion about your patient's illness?
A) He has syphilis.
B) He has shingles (herpes zoster).
C) He has localized dermatitis.
D) An underlying thoracic disease has spread through the thoracic wall to the skin.
E) It is likely that the condition will spread to surrounding dermatomes before it
improves.
Ans: B

10. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the internal thoracic (mammary)
artery?
A) It helps supply the breast via its anterior intercostal branches.
B) It passes anterior to the clavicle.
C) It lies superficial to the slips of the transverse thoracic muscle.
D) It is in contact with the parietal pleura.
E) It terminates in the 6th intercostal space by becoming the superior epigastric and
musculophrenic arteries.
Ans: B

11. A women patient complains to you that her breasts have a strange appearance. Upon
examination you notice dimples in the skin of her breast. You know that the most likely
explanation for these dimples (peau d' orange sign) is:
A) interference with lymph drainage.
B) pregnancy.
C) overproduction of milk.
D) menopause.
E) bacterial infection of the lactiferous ducts (ductus lactiferi).
Ans: A

Page 3
12. Lymphatic drainage of the breast:
A) is principally to the ipsilateral parasternal lymph nodes.
B) and ultimately from both breasts enters the thoracic duct.
C) is principally to the ipsilateral internal thoracic vein.
D) is principally to the ipsilateral axillary nodes.
E) is principally to the ipsilateral lymph vessels running deep to the pectoralis major.
Ans: D

13. Simple mastectomy for breast cancer involves removal of:


A) all breast tissue and the underlying muscles.
B) the nipple and areola.
C) only one breast quadrant.
D) all breast tissue superficial to the retromammary space.
E) all of the lymph nodes that drain the breast.
Ans: D

14. Your examination of a male patient reveals a tender subareolar mass in his breast.
Which of the following conditions is most likely based on this finding?
A) gynecomastia
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) cancer
D) shingles
E) fibrous atrophy of his pectoralis major
Ans: C

15. It is common to explain the relationships between the lung and surrounding structures
by using the analogy of a fist inserted into a balloon. Accordingly, which of the
following group of associations would be accurate?
A) fist—pleural cavity; space between inner and outer balloon layers—mediastinum;
outer layer of balloon—endothoracic fascia
B) fist—lung; space between inner and outer balloon layers—pleural cavity; outer
layer of balloon—endothoracic fascia
C) fist—lung; space between inner and outer balloon layers—pleural cavity; outer
layer of balloon—parietal pleura
D) fist—lung; space between inner and outer balloon layers—pleural cavity; outer
layer of balloon—visceral pleura
E) fist—pleural cavity; inner layer of balloon—visceral pleural; space between inner
and outer balloon layers—endothoracic surgical plane
Ans: C

Page 4
16. Pertaining to the pleura, the:
A) diaphragmatic pleura is part of the visceral pleura.
B) suprapleural membrane is part of the parietal pleura.
C) costodiaphragmatic recess is larger during inspiration than during expiration.
D) costal pleural reflection passes obliquely across the 6th rib in the midclavicular
line, the 8th rib in the midaxillary line, and the 10th rib at its neck.
E) parietal and visceral layers of pleura are continuous at the pulmonary ligament.
Ans: E

17. A plain radiograph of a patient following a knife wound to the left side of his neck
showed elevation of the left hemidiaphragm, narrowing of the left intercostals spaces,
and displacement of the trachea to the left. You suspect:
A) hemothorax due to blood from the wound.
B) pneumothorax due to knife penetration of the cervical pleura.
C) transection of the phrenic nerve.
D) transection of the sympathetic trunk.
E) pleurisy.
Ans: B

18. Which of the following would be the safest locations to insert a needle for
thoracocentesis of the pleural cavity during expiration?
A) immediately superior to the 10th rib at the midaxillary line
B) immediately inferior to the 9th rib at the midaxillary line
C) immediately superior to the 5th rib at the midclavicular line
D) between the costal cartilages of the left 4th and 5th ribs
E) between the costal cartilages of the right 4th and 5th ribs
Ans: A

19. During auscultation of the lungs:


A) it is normal to hear the sliding of the parietal and visceral layers of pleura.
B) it is normal to hear the movement of the pleural fluid.
C) pleural rub sounds indicate pleuritis or pleurisy.
D) pleural rub sounds indicate a loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity.
E) pleural rub sounds indicate pneumonia.
Ans: C

Page 5
20. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the surface anatomy of the lungs?
A) Typically, the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two.
B) The lingula extends into and out of the costodiaphragmatic recess during
respiration.
C) Vascular and nervous structures enter each lung at its hilum.
D) The apex of each lung is in contact with the diaphragm.
E) The mediastinal surface of each lung is related to the heart and pericardium.
Ans: D

21. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to bronchopulmonary segments?


A) Each is separated from adjacent segments by visceral pleura.
B) Each is supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus and tertiary branch of the
pulmonary artery.
C) Each is surgically resectable.
D) Each is drained by intersegmental parts of the pulmonary veins that lie in the
tissue between segments.
E) There are approximately eight to ten in each lung.
Ans: A

22. Spread of bronchiogenic carcinoma to the bronchiomediastinal lymph nodes might be


indicated by:
A) loss of cough reflex.
B) pleurisy.
C) distorted and displaced carina.
D) fluid sounds upon lung percussion.
E) segmental atelectasis.
Ans: C

23. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to any bronchial artery or vein?
A) drains to the azygos vein
B) supplies lung tissue
C) arises from the pulmonary trunk
D) supplies the esophagus
E) supplies visceral pleura
Ans: C

Page 6
24. Almost immediately following a compound fracture of the femur in an automobile
accident, an otherwise healthy patient suffered severe respiratory distress and died.
The most likely cause of death was:
A) loss of blood.
B) infection.
C) pulmonary fat embolism.
D) sympathetic overactivity.
E) myocardial infarction.
Ans: C

25. Which of the following pertaining to lung (bronchiogenic) carcinoma is least likely?
A) a persistent cough
B) spitting of blood (hemoptysis)
C) metastasis to bronchopulmonary nodes
D) enlarged supraclavicular nodes
E) enlarged axillary nodes
Ans: E

26. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the innervation of the lung or any part
of the pleura?
A) It receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
B) Cough reflex fibers (visceral afferents) accompany the vagus nerve.
C) Pain fibers supplied by intercostal nerves.
D) Pain can be referred to the shoulder.
E) Intrinsic smooth muscle is supplied by phrenic nerve.
Ans: E

27. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the anatomy of the lung and/or
pleura?
A) The parietal pleural generally extends three ribs inferior to the lung.
B) The bifurcation of the trachea occurs approximately at the level of the sternal
angle.
C) The right main bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left.
D) Each main bronchus supplies a lung.
E) The right lung has a horizontal fissure.
Ans: A

Page 7
28. In the following PA radiograph of the thorax, the arrow points to:

A) the stomach.
B) the dome of the right hemidiaphragm.
C) the 12th rib.
D) the lower margin of the left lung.
E) the lower margin of the right lung.
Ans: B

29. In the following illustration, the arrows points to a line that represents the:

A) separation between the superior thoracic aperture and the mediastinum.


B) separation between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.
C) separation between the superior and inferior thoracic lymph drainage areas.
D) separation between the axillary and abdominal lymph drainage of the breast.
E) level of the jugular notch.
Ans: B

Page 8
30. All of the following are true of the mediastinum except:
A) it consists primarily of hollow (air or liquid filled) visceral structures.
B) it contains the lungs.
C) it has relationships that change depending on whether the patient is in the upright
or supine position.
D) when widened inferiorly, it may indicate heart failure.
E) it contains lymph nodes.
Ans: B

31. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the pericardium?


A) It consists of visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium, and the fibrous
pericardium.
B) The visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium are continuous around
the aorta and pulmonary trunk where they exit the heart.
C) It is mainly supplied with blood from the pericardiophrenic artery.
D) It has pain fibers that are conveyed by the intercostal nerves.
E) It encloses the terminal part of the inferior vena cava.
Ans: D

32. Cardiac tamponade refers to:


A) the effect of a pneumothorax on the heart.
B) the buildup of fluid in the pericardial cavity that impedes the pumping of the
heart.
C) the rustle-of-silk sound heard in a stethoscope when there is pericarditis.
D) pericardial calcification.
E) pain from a heart attack.
Ans: B

33. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the apex of the heart?
A) It is formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.
B) Typically it lies posterior to the left 5th intercostal space in adults.
C) It underlies the site where the “heartbeat” may be auscultated on the thoracic wall.
D) It is where the sounds of the mitral valve closure are maximal (apex beat).
E) It is bisected by the coronary groove.
Ans: E

Page 9
34. In the following illustration, the arrow traverses the:

A) transverse pericardial sinus.


B) oblique pericardial sinus.
C) costopericardial recess.
D) pericardial venous sinus.
E) sinus venosus.
Ans: A

35. Which of the following associations is incorrect?


A) right border of the heart—right atrium
B) diaphragmatic surface of the heart—mainly left ventricle
C) left border of the heart—mainly left atrium
D) anterior surface of the heart—mainly right ventricle
E) superior border—right and left atria and auricles
Ans: C

36. Which of the following structures is not associated with the right atrium?
A) crista terminalis
B) pectinate muscles
C) oval fossa (fossa ovalis)
D) opening of coronary sinus
E) tendinous chords (chordae tendinea)
Ans: E

Page 10
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37. The septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band) is important because it:
A) conducts subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers) from the AV node to the
anterior papillary muscle.
B) funnels the blood of the right ventricle into the infundibulum.
C) is the thickest part of the myocardium of the left ventricle.
D) prevents blood during systole from reentering the left atrium.
E) provides the fibrous skeleton to which the heart valves are attached.
Ans: A

38. The mitral valve:


A) is located between the right atrium and ventricle.
B) has cusps attached to pectinate muscles.
C) has three cusps.
D) is associated with a condition (mitral valve prolapse) in which blood regurgitates
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.
E) is located posterior to the sternum at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage.
Ans: D

39. Stenosis of the aortic valve is associated with all of the following except:
A) turbulence as the blood exits the heart.
B) murmurs heard with a stethoscope.
C) thrills felt on the surface of the chest.
D) acute occurrence.
E) left ventricular hypertrophy.
Ans: D

40. “Dominance” of the coronary arterial system is determined by the coronary artery that:
A) is larger.
B) supplies the AV node.
C) supplies the SA node.
D) supplies the posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery).
E) branches first from the aorta.
Ans: D

Page 11
41. The right coronary artery typically:
A) supplies both the AV and SA nodes.
B) supplies most of the interventricular septum.
C) has a circumflex branch.
D) passes to the left side of the pulmonary trunk after arising from the right aortic
sinus.
E) supplies the fibrous pericardium.
Ans: A

42. Following a heart attack you tell a patient that he now has a myocardial infarction. You
explain this as:
A) a blockage of his smallest cardiac veins (venae cordae minimae).
B) an area of his myocardium that is necrotic.
C) an area of his myocardium that is fibrillating.
D) an area of his myocardium that is paradoxically contracting.
E) an area of his myocardium that is edematous.
Ans: B

43. In the emergency room you examine a patient experiencing angina pectoris. Which of
the following is least likely to be associated with your patient?
A) severe, crushing pain deep to the sternum
B) ischemia to a part of his myocardium
C) a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery
D) decreased oxygen exchange in the lungs
E) pain relief with rest
Ans: D

Page 12
44. In the following illustration, the arrow points to the:

A) left vagus nerve.


B) left sympathetic trunk.
C) left phrenic nerve.
D) left internal thoracic artery.
E) hemiazygos vein.
Ans: A

45. In the following CT of the chest, the arrow points to the:

A) arch of the azygos vein.


B) arch of the aorta.
C) left atrium.
D) left ventricle.
E) pulmonary trunk.
Ans: B

Page 13
46. In the following left lateral view of an aortic angiogram, the arrow points to the:

A) right coronary artery.


B) circumflex artery.
C) posterior interventricular artery.
D) artery to the SA node.
E) coronary sinus.
Ans: B

47. All of the following are true pertaining to coronary bypass surgery except:
A) it can only be done after a coronary angioplasty procedure.
B) a segment of the saphenous vein is often used to bypass the obstructed segment of
the affected coronary artery.
C) the internal thoracic artery may be used to directly supply the distal segment of a
coronary artery.
D) it is done in cases of coronary artery stenosis.
E) when a vein is used to shunt the blood around the obstructed segment, it has to be
reversed so that the valves do not impede the flow of blood.
Ans: A

48. Which of the following associations is incorrect?


A) great cardiac vein—ascends parallel to the anterior interventricular artery
B) middle cardiac vein—ascends parallel to the posterior interventricular artery
C) anterior cardiac veins—terminate in the coronary sinus
D) oblique vein of left atrium—terminates by forming coronary sinus with great
cardiac vein
E) coronary sinus—traverses the posterior aspect of the coronary groove
Ans: C

Page 14
49. Which of the following is not true of the SA node?
A) It is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium near the
superior end of the sulcus terminalis.
B) It is the pacemaker of the heart.
C) It sends impulses directly to the interventricular bundle of subendocardial
branches (fibers).
D) It receives sympathetic impulses from the first five to six thoracic segments that
accelerate its basal rate.
E) It receives parasympathetic impulses from the vagus nerve that decrease its basal
rate.
Ans: C

50. A moderately obese 55-year-old woman wishes to start an exercise program. She seeks
your advice prior to beginning this program, and you recommend that she have a
treadmill stress test. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to this test?
A) The impulses generated by her SA node will be monitored.
B) Blood pressure will be monitored.
C) Pulse rate will be monitored.
D) Treadmill speed will be increased during the progression of the test.
E) The results of the test show the minimal heart rate the patient should strive for
while exercising.
Ans: E

51. All of the following may be associated with a “heart block” except:
A) section of the superior part of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
B) coronary artery disease.
C) loss of synchrony between atrial and ventricular contractions.
D) use of an artificial pacemaker.
E) ventricular fibrillation.
Ans: A

52. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the pattern of referred pain typically
associated with angina pectoris?
A) may be felt in left shoulder
B) may be felt in area of left upper limb supplied by medial brachial cutaneous nerve
C) may be felt in the right shoulder
D) may be felt in left fingers
E) may be felt in back
Ans: D

Page 15
53. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the arch of the aorta?
A) It begins and ends at the same transverse level.
B) It passes over the root of the left lung.
C) The ligamentum arteriosum connects to the superior aspect of the arch at its most
superior point.
D) It gives rise to the left common carotid artery posterior to the manubrium.
E) It may give rise to an artery that directly supplies the thyroid gland.
Ans: C

54. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to coarctation of the aorta?


A) It is typically associated with reduced blood flow to the brain.
B) It refers to a narrowing of the aorta.
C) It typically occurs near the site of the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum.
D) It may be associated with enlarged internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.
E) It may be associated with osteological changes in the ribs that are visible
radiologically.
Ans: A

55. Which of the following is not true of the right vagus nerve?
A) It passes anterior to the right subclavian artery.
B) It gives rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.
C) It passes posterior to the root of the right lung.
D) It gives a branch to the right pulmonary plexus.
E) It gives rise to a branch that supplies sensory innervation to the diaphragm.
Ans: E

56. Which of the following is not true of the left phrenic nerve?
A) It traverses the superior mediastinum between left subclavian and common carotid
arteries.
B) It crosses anterior to the arch of the aorta.
C) It passes posterior to the root of the left lung.
D) It supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm.
E) It pierces the diaphragm.
Ans: C

Page 16
57. The esophagus:
A) contains cartilaginous rings.
B) enters the superior mediastinum anterior to the trachea.
C) in the superior mediastinum is in contact with the thoracic duct on its left.
D) inclines to the right as it nears the diaphragm.
E) traverses the diaphragm at the T8 level.
Ans: C

58. Which of the following group of three structures may cause apparent “constrictions” of
the esophagus on an oblique chest radiograph after the patient has swallowed barium?
A) arch of the aorta, left main bronchus, diaphragm
B) arch of the azygos vein, left main bronchus, diaphragm
C) left brachiocephalic vein, arch of the azygos vein, diaphragm
D) arch of the aorta, left main bronchus, left main pulmonary vein
E) left brachiocephalic vein, arch of the aorta, left main pulmonary vein
Ans: A

59. During surgery to remove a metastasis from the posterior aspect of the left lung, the
surgical field began to fill with a clear to milky fluid. Which of the following had most
likely occurred?
A) The surgeon had penetrated the pleural cavity allowing its fluid to flow into the
surgical field.
B) The surgeon had penetrated the pericardial cavity allowing its fluid to flow into
the surgical field.
C) The surgeon had lacerated the thoracic duct.
D) The surgeon had lacerated the right auricle of the heart.
E) The surgeon had lacerated the left main bronchus.
Ans: C

60. Which of the following is not correct pertaining to the azygos venous system?
A) It drains blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen.
B) The azygos vein arches superior to the root of the right lung.
C) The hemiazygos vein receives tributaries from the left posterior intercostal veins.
D) It forms an alternate route for venous blood to return to the heart when the inferior
vena cava is blocked.
E) The hemiazygos vein arches superior to the root of the left lung.
Ans: E

Page 17
61. Which of the following is not typically visible in a PA chest radiograph?
A) the interventricular septum
B) the right border of the heart
C) the left border of the heart
D) the terminal part of the arch of the aorta (aortic knob)
E) both clavicles
Ans: A

62. Which of the following associations is incorrect?


A) coronary angiography—shows stenosis in coronary arteries
B) echocardiogram—shows valvular stenosis and regurgitation
C) iodine contrast enhanced CT—shows breast cancer
D) Doppler echocardiogram—shows efficiency of oxygen exchange
E) fluoroscopy—shows paradoxical movements of diaphragm
Ans: D

63. The “bare area” within the thorax refers to:


A) a deviation in the left sternal reflection of the pleural that facilitates needle
puncture of the pericardial cavity without penetration of the left lung or pleural
cavity.
B) a deviation in the right sternal reflection of the pleural that facilitates needle
puncture of the pericardial cavity without penetration of the right lung or pleural
cavity.
C) a deviation in the right costal reflection of the pleural that facilitates needle
puncture of the liver without penetration of the right lung or pleural cavity.
D) the area of the heart that is in direct contact with the sternum.
E) an area of continuity between both pleural cavities and the heart.
Ans: A

64. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the thoracic sympathetic trunk?
A) It is in continuity with the cervical and lumbar sympathetic trunks.
B) It lies against the heads of the ribs in the superior part of the thorax.
C) It only supplies postganglionic sympathetic fibers to thoracic viscera.
D) It gives rise to the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves.
E) It has white and gray rami at each level.
Ans: C

Page 18
65. A former construction worker who remodeled old buildings that contained asbestos
insulation is found to have a malignancy growing from the visceral pleura of the lingula.
In which of the following lung lobes is the tumor located?
A) right middle
B) left upper
C) right lower
D) right upper
E) left lower
Ans: B

Page 19
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him. At first they thought they would; then the poet said, 'No; I
know him better than that: he must not be awakened.' 'That is all
very well,' said the priest, 'but the child must be baptised at once.
What shall we call him?' 'Oh,' said the scald, 'I know that the King
said that the child should be named after the greatest monarch that
ever lived, and his name was Magnus,' for he only remembered one
part of the name. So they called him Magnus.
When the King woke up he was furious. 'Who can have dared to
do this thing—to christen the child without consulting me, and to
give him this outlandish name, which is no name at all—who can
have dared to do it?'
Then the mass priest was terrified and shrank into his shoes, but
the scald answered boldly, 'I did it, and I did it because it was better
to send two souls to God than one soul to the devil; for if the child
had died unbaptised it would have been lost, but if you kill Siegfried
and me we shall go straight to heaven.'
And then King Olaf thought he would say no more about it.
However terrible the cruelties of Olaf Haraldsen were in his
lifetime, they were soon dazzled out of sight amid the halo of
miracles with which his memory was encircled by the Roman
Catholic Church. It was only recollected that when, according to the
legend, he raced for the kingdom with his half-brother Harald, in his
good ship the Ox,

Saint Olaf, who on God relied,


Three days the first his house descried;

after which

Harald so fierce with anger burned


He to a lothely dragon turned;

but because
A pious zeal Saint Olaf bore,
He long the crown of Norway wore.

His admirers narrated that when he was absently cutting chips


from a stick with his knife on a Sunday, a servant passed him with
the reproof, 'Sir, it is Monday to-morrow,' when he placed the sinful
chips in his hand, and, setting them on fire, bore the pain till they
were all consumed. It was remembered that as he walked to the
church which Olaf Trygveson had founded at Nidaros, he 'wore a
glory in his yellow hair.' And gradually he became the most popular
saint of Scandinavia. His shirt was an object of pilgrimage in the
Church of S. Victor at Paris, and many churches were dedicated to
him in England, and especially in London, where Tooley Street still
records his familiar appellation of S. Tooley.
It was when the devotion to S. Olaf was just beginning that Earl
Godwin and his sons were banished from England for a time. Two of
these, Harold and Tosti, became vikings, and, in a great battle, they
vowed that, if they were victorious, they would give half the spoil to
the shrine of S. Olaf; and a huge silver statue, which they actually
gave, existed at Throndtjem till 1500, and if it existed still would be
one of the most important relics in archæology. The old Kings of
Norway used to dig up the saint from time to time and cut his nails.
When Harold Hardrada was going to England, he declared that he
must see S. Olaf once again. 'I must see my brother once more,' he
said, and he also cut the saint's nails. But he also thought that from
that time it would be better that no one should see his brother any
more—it would not be for the good of the Church—so he took the
keys of the shrine and threw them into the fyord; at the same time
however, he said it would be good for men in after-ages to know
what a great king was like, so he caused S. Olaf's measure to be
engraved upon the wall in the church at Throndtjem—his measure of
seven feet—and there it is still.
S. OLAF'S WELL.

Around the shrine of Olaf in Throndtjem, in which, in spite of


Harold Hardrada, his 'incorrupt body' was seen more than five
hundred years after his death, has arisen the most beautiful of
northern cathedrals, originating in a small chapel built over his grave
within ten years after his death. The exquisite colour of its green-
grey stone adds greatly to the general effect of the interior, and to
the delicate sculpture of its interlacing arches. From the ambulatory
behind the choir opens a tiny chamber containing the Well of S. Olaf,
of rugged yellow stone, with the holes remaining in the pavement
through which the dripping water ran away when the buckets were
set down. Amongst the many famous Bishops of Throndtjem,
perhaps the most celebrated has been Anders Arrebo, 'the father of
Danish poetry' (1587-1637), who wrote the 'Hexameron,' an
extraordinarily long poem on the Creation, which nobody reads now.
The cathedral is given up to Lutheran worship, but its ancient relics
are kindly tended and cared for, and the building is being beautifully
restored. Its beautiful Chapter House is lent for English service on
Sundays.
In the wide street which leads from the sea to the cathedral is the
'Coronation House,' the wooden palace in which the Kings and
Queens of Sweden and Norway stay when they come hither to be
crowned. Hither the present beloved Queen, Sophie of Nassau, came
in 1873, driving herself in her own carriole from the Romsdal, in
graceful compliance with the popular mode of Norwegian travel. It is
because even the finest buildings in Norway are generally built of
wood that there are so few of any real antiquity. Near the shore of
the fyord, the custom-house occupies the site of the Orething, where
the elections of twenty kings have taken place. It is sacred ground to
a King of Norway, who passes it bareheaded. The familiar affection
with which the Norwegians regard their sovereigns can scarcely be
comprehended in any other country. To their people they are 'the
father and mother of the land.' The broken Norse is remembered at
Throndtjem in which King Carl Johann begged people 'to make room
for their old father' when they pressed too closely upon him. When
the present so beloved Queen drove herself to her coronation, the
people met her with flowers at all the 'stations' where the horses
were changed. 'Are you the mother of the land?' they said. 'You look
nice, but you must do more than look nice; that is not the essential.'
One old woman begged the lady in waiting to beg her majesty to get
upon the roof of the house. 'Then we should all see her.' At
Throndtjem the peasants touchingly and affectionately always
addressed her as 'Du.'
In returning from Throndtjem we left the railway at Stören, where
we engaged a double carriole, and a carriage for four with a
pleasant boy called Johann as its driver, for the return journey. It
was difficult to obtain definite information about anything, English
books being almost useless from their incorrectness, and we set off
with a sort of sense of exploring an unknown country. At every
'station' we changed horses, which were sent back by the boy, who
perched upon the luggage behind, and we marked our distances by
calling our horses after the Kings of England. Thus, setting off from
Stören with William the Conqueror, we drove into the Romsdal with
Edward VI. After a drive with Lady Jane Grey, we set off again with
Mary. But the Kings of England failed us long before our driving days
were over, and we used up all the Kings of Rome also. As we were
coming down a steep hill into Lillehammer with Tarquinius Superbus,
something gave way and he quietly walked out of the harness,
leaving us to run briskly down-hill and subside into the hedge. We
captured Tarquinius, but how to put him in again was a mystery, as
we had never harnessed a horse before. However, by trying every
strap in turn we got him in somehow, and escaped the fate of Red
Riding Hood amid the lonely hills.
For a great distance after leaving Stören there is little especially
striking in the scenery, except one gorge of old weird pine-trees in a
rift of purple mountains. After you emerge upon the high Dovre-
Fyeld, the huge ranges of Sneehatten rise snowy, gleaming, and
glorious, above the wide yellow-grey expanse, hoary with reindeer
moss, though, as the Dovre-Fyeld is itself three thousand feet high,
and Sneehatten only seven thousand three hundred, it does not look
so high as it really is. Next to Throndtjem itself, the old ballads and
songs of Norway gather most thickly around the Dovre-Fyeld. It is
here that the witches are supposed to hold their secret meetings at
their Blokulla, or black hill. Across these yellow hills of the Jerkin-
Fyeld the prose Edda describes Thor striding to his conflict with the
dragon Jormangandur 'by Sneehatten's peak of snow,' where 'the
tall pines cracked like a field of stubble under his feet;' and here,
according to the ancient fragment called the ballad of 'The Twelve
Wizards,' as given in Prior's 'Ancient Danish Ballads'—
At Dovrefeld, over on Norway's reef,
Were heroes who never knew pain or grief.

There dwelt there many a warrior keen,


The twelve bold brothers of Ingeborg queen.

The first with his hand the storm could hush


The second could stop the torrent's rush.

The third could dive in the sea as a fish;


The fourth never wanted meat on dish.

The fifth he would strike the golden lyre,


And young and old to the dancing fire.

The sixth on the horn would blow a blast,


Who heard it would shudder and stand aghast.

The seventh go under the earth could he;


The eighth he could dance on the rolling sea.

The ninth tamed all that in greenwood crept;


The tenth not a nap had ever slept.

The eleventh the grisly lindworm bound,


And will what he would, the means he found.

The twelfth he could all things understand,


Though done in a nook of the farthest land.

Their equals were never seen there in the North,


Nor anywhere else on the face of the earth.

In spite of great fatigue from the distances to be accomplished,


each day's journey in carriage or carriole has its peculiar charms, the
going on and on into an unknown land, meeting no one, sleeping in
odd, primitive, but always clean rooms, setting off again at half-past
five or six, and halting at comfortable stations, with their ever-
moderate prices and their cheery farm-servants, who kissed our
hands all round on receiving the very smallest gratuity—a coin
meaning twopence-halfpenny being a source of ecstatic bliss.
The 'bonders,' who keep the stations, generally themselves
represent the gentry of the country, the real gentry filling the
position of the English aristocracy. The bonders are generally very
well off, having small tithes, good houses, boundless fuel, a great
variety of food, and continual change of labour on their own small
properties. Their wives, who never walk, have a sledge for winter,
and a carriole and horse to take them to church in summer. In the
many months of snow, when the cows and horses are all stabled in
the 'laave,' and when out-of-door occupations fail, they occupy the
time with household pursuits—carpentering, tailoring, or brewing.
When a bonder dies, his wife succeeds to his property until her
second marriage; then it is divided amongst his children.
The 'stations' or farmhouses are almost entirely built of wood, but
those of a superior class have a single room of stone, used only in
bridals or births, a custom handed down from old times when a
place of special safety was required at those seasons.
Nine-tenths of the country are covered with pine-forests, but the
trees are always cut down before they grow old. We did not see a
single old tree in Norway. The pines are of two kinds only—the Furu,
our pine, Pinus silvestris; and the Gran, our fir, Pinus abies.
Wolves seldom appear except in winter, when those who travel in
sledges are often pursued by them. Then hunger makes them so
bold that they will often snatch a dog from between the knees of a
driver.
From the station of Dombaas (where there is a telegraph station
and a shop of old silver) we turned aside down the Romsdal, which
soon became beautiful, as the road wound above the Chrysoprase
river Rauma, broken by many rocky islets and swirling into many
waterfalls, but always equally radiant, equally transparent, till its
colour is washed out by the melting snow in a ghastly narrow valley,
which we called the Valley of Death.
The little inn at Aak, in Romsdal, with a large garden stretching
along the hillside, disappointed us at first, as the clouds hid the
mountain-tops, but morning revealed how glorious they are—purple
pinnacles of rock or pathless fields of snow embossed upon a sky
which is delicately blue above but melts into the clearest opal.
Grander, we thought, than any single peak in Switzerland is the
tremendous peak of the Romsdalhorn, and the walks in all directions
are most exquisite—into deep glades filled with columbines and the
giant larkspurs, which are such a feature of Norway: into
tremendous mountain gorges: or to Waeblungsnaes, along the
banks of the lovely fyord, with its marvellously quaint forms of
mountain distance. Aak is a place where a month may be spent most
delightfully, as well as most comfortably and economically.

IN THE ROMSDAL, NORWAY.


We had heard a great deal before we went to Norway about the
difficulty of getting proper food, but our own experience is that we
were never fed more luxuriously. Perhaps very late in the season the
provisions at the country 'stations' may be somewhat used up, but
when we were there in July only those who could not live without a
great deal of meat could have any cause for complaint, and once a
week we generally had reindeer for a treat. When we arrived in the
evenings, we always found an excellent meal prepared—the most
delicious coffee, tea, and cream; baskets of bread, rusks, cakes and
biscuits of various descriptions; fresh salmon and trout; cloudberries,
bilberries, raspberries, mountain strawberries and cream; and for all
this about a franc and a half is the payment required.
My companions lingered at Kristiania whilst I paid a visit, which is
one of the most delightful recollections of my tour, to a native family
near Moss, at the mouth of the fyord; then we came back to
Denmark, travelling in the same train with the beloved Prince
Imperial, who was then in the height of health and happiness, and
received at every station with the enthusiastic 'Hochs!' which in
Scandinavia supply the place of the English hurrah.

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life told with remarkable fulness."—The Guardian.
"A book which will greatly amuse the reader."—The Spectator.
"Much of what the author has to tell is worthy the telling, and is
told with considerable ease and grace, and with a power to interest
out of the common. He introduces us to the best of good company,
and tells many excellently witty stories.... Whenever he is describing
foreign life he is at his best; and nothing can exceed the beautiful
pathos of the episodes in which his mother appears. Indeed, he has
the gift of tenderness for all good women and brave men."—Daily
Telegraph.
"This autobiography could not fail to be exceptionally interesting.
There may be readers who will protest that the more minute details
of daily life might have been abridged with advantage, but the aim
of the book makes this elaborate treatment of the subject
indispensable. The conscientious record of a mental development
amid curious surroundings, would make these volumes valuable if
not a single name of note were mentioned.... Even more interesting
than the stories of people and things that are still remembered are
the glimpses of a past which is quickly fading out of recollection."—
The Standard.
"The book is unexceptionable on the score of taste.... It is an
agreeable miscellany into which one may dip at random with the
certainty of landing something entertaining, rather than an
autobiography of the ordinary kind. The concluding chapter is full of
a deep and tender pathos."—The Manchester Guardian.
"Mr. Hare's style is graceful and felicitous, and his life-history was
well worth writing. The volumes simply teem with good things, and
in a single article we can but skim the surface of the riches they
contain. A word must also be said of the beauty and delicacy of the
illustrations. Few living men dare brave criticism by giving us the
story of their lives and promising more. But Mr. Hare is quite
justified. He has produced a fascinating work, in some parts strange
as any romance, and his reminiscences of great men are agreeable
and interesting."—Birmingham Gazette.
"An inexhaustible storehouse of anecdote."—South-Western News.
"These volumes possess an almost unique interest because of the
striking series of portraits we get in them, not so much of celebrities,
of whom we often hear enough, but of 'originals' in private life....
They give us a truly remarkable picture of certain sections of
European society, and, above all, introduce us to some singularly
quaint types of human character."—Glasgow Herald.
"Brimful of anecdotes, this autobiography will yield plenty of
entertainment. We should like to quote many a characteristic little
tale, but must content ourselves by heartily recommending all who
care for the pleasantest of pleasant gossip concerning famous
people and places to procure these three volumes."—Publisher's
Circular.
"Mr. Hare has an easy, agreeable style, and tells a story with
humour and skill."—The Saturday Review.
"It would be well for all who think the children of to-day are over-
pampered and too much considered, to read Mr. Hare's life."—Lady's
Pictorial.
"Very delicate, idyllic, and fascinating are the pictures the author
has drawn of daily life in old rectories and country houses."—The
World.
"Mr. Hare has the gift, the rare gift, of writing about himself
truthfully. Nor can a quick eye for shades of character be denied to
Mr. Hare, who does not seem ready to take people at their own
estimate or even at what may be called their market price. But we
do not detect a touch of malice, but only that knack of telling the
truth which is so hateful to the ordinary biographer, and so
distasteful to that sentimental public which is never so happy as
when devouring sugared falsehoods."—The Speaker.
"The book has throughout a strong human interest. It contains a
great many anecdotes, and in our opinion, at all events, deserves to
take rank among notable biographical works."—Westminster
Gazette.
"A deeply interesting book. It is the story of a man who has seen
much and suffered much, and who out of the fulness of his
experience can bring forth much to interest and entertain.... The
book has a wealth of apt quotations and graceful reference, and
though written in a scholarly and cultured way, it is always simple
and interesting.... Nothing in the work has been set down in malice;
there are excuses for everybody.... Of course it is hardly necessary
to say that the book teems with entertainment from beginning to
end."—St. James's Budget.
"There is much besides human character and incident in these
well-packed and well-illustrated volumes.... No one will close the
work without a feeling not only of gratitude for a long gallery of
interesting and brilliantly-speaking portraits, but of sympathy with
the biographer."—The Athenæum.
"It is doubtful whether any Englishman living has had a wider
acquaintance among people worth knowing in England and on the
Continent, than the author of these memoirs. It is also doubtful
whether any man, with equal opportunities, could have turned them
to so good an account.... We have here an incomparable storehouse
of anecdotes concerning conspicuous persons of the first half of this
Victorian age."—New York Sun.
"This is assuredly a book to read."—Freeman.
"Singularly interesting is this autobiography.... Altogether it is a
notable book, and may well be recommended to those who are
interested in the intellectual life of our time."—New York Herald.
"Mr. Hare's excellence, apart from felicity of style and directness of
method, has ever been conspicuous by the excellence that comes of
wide knowledge of his subject, and a keenly sympathetic nature.
Alive as he has ever been to responsive emotion, he possesses also
a bright humour that seizes upon the discrepancies, the nuances and
quaintnesses of whatever comes within the range of his eye and
pen. These qualities have made for Mr. Hare a circle of admirers
who, while they have sought in his pages no very thrilling passages,
have felt steadily the growth of a liking given to an old friend who is
always kindly and oftentimes amusing.... Mr. Hare dwells with a rare
and touching love upon his mother, and these passages are amongst
the most appealing in the book."—Philadelphia Courier.
"Mr. Hare has given us a picture of English social life that for
vividness, picturesqueness, and completeness, is not excelled in
literature. There is a charming lack of attempt to be literary in the
telling of the story—a refreshing frankness and quaintness of
expression. He takes his readers with him so that they may breathe
the same social atmosphere in which he has spent his life. With their
own eyes they see the things he saw, and best of all they have
freedom to judge them, for Mr. Hare does not force himself or his
opinions upon them."—New York Press.
"Mr. Hare's memoirs are their own excuse for being, and are a
distinct addition to the wide and delightful realm of biographical
literature."—Chicago Journal.
"It is rarely that an autobiography is planned on so ample a scale,
and yet, to tell the truth, there are singularly few of these pages
which one really cares to skip."—Good Words.
"A sad history of Mr. Hare's childhood and boyhood this is for the
most part, but there were bursts of sunshine in Augustus Hare's life
—sunshine shed around him by the kindly, noble-minded lady who is
called mother all through these volumes, and for whom his
reverence and gratitude deepened with years."—Clifton Society.
"The 'Story of My Life' is no commonplace autobiography, and
plunge in where you may, there is something to interest and
attract."—The Sketch.
"No one can read these very fascinating pages without feeling that
what their author has written is absolutely that which no other
would have ventured to say of him, and what not one in a million
would have told concerning himself. There is a wonderful charm of
sincerity in what he discloses as to his own feelings, his likes and
dislikes, his actions and trials. He lays open, with photographic
fidelity, the story of his life."—New York Churchman.
"These fair volumes might be labelled the Literature of Peace.
They offer an outlook on life observant, and yet detached, from the
turmoil of disillusion."—New York Times.
"Mr. Hare has written an autobiography that will not soon be
forgotten."—Chicago Tribune.
"The story of Mr. Hare's literary life is most entertaining, and the
charm of the work lies pre-eminently in the pictures of the many
interesting and often famous men and women whom he has
known."—Boston Congregationalist.
"Mr. Hare's story is an intensely interesting one, and his style,
which at first appears to be diffuse, is soon seen to be perfectly well
adapted to the writer's purpose.... These volumes are full of the
most valuable and attractive material for the student of human
nature."—The Book Buyer.
"Mr. Hare's story contains no touches of egotism, but is always
plain, honest, and straightforward. It is distinctly worth reading."—
London Literary World.

GEORGE ALLEN, 156, CHARING CROSS ROAD, LONDON


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