One-Dimensional Arrays and Strings

Random access lists of elements

CS10003 PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR

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Array
Many applications require multiple data items that have common characteristics
• In mathematics, we often express such groups of data items in indexed form:
• x1, x2, x3, …, xn
Array is a data structure which can represent a collection of data items having the same data type (float/int/char/…)
Why do we need arrays?
Printing 4 numbers in reverse
• Suppose we have 10 numbers to handle
Printing 3 numbers in reverse int a, b, c, d;
• or 20
int a, b, c; scanf(“%d”, &a);
• or 100
scanf(“%d”, &a); scanf(“%d”, &b);
• Where do we store the numbers ? Use
scanf(“%d”, &b); scanf(“%d”, &c); 100 variables ?
scanf(“%d”, &c); scanf(“%d”, &d);
Solution:
printf(“%d ”, c); printf(“%d ”, d);
printf(“%d ”, c); • Use arrays
printf(“%d ”, b);
printf(“%d \n”, a); printf(“%d ”, b);
2 printf(“%d \n”, a);
 Using Arrays
All the data items constituting the group share the same name
int x[10];
Individual elements are accessed by specifying the index

x[0] x[1] x[2] x[9]

X is a 10-element one dimensional array

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 Declaring Arrays

Like variables, the arrays used in a program must be declared before they are used
General syntax:
type array-name [size];
• type specifies the type of element that will be contained in the array (int, float, char, etc.)
• size is an integer constant which indicates the maximum number of elements that can be stored inside
the array

• marks is an array that can store a maximum of 5 integers

int marks[5];

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How is an array stored in memory?

Starting from a given memory location, the successive array elements are allocated space in consecutive
memory locations

Array A

• x: starting address of the array in memory

• k: number of bytes allocated per array element

• A[ i ] is allocated memory location at address x + ( i * k )

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 A First Example

int main() Array size should

{ data refers to a block of 10 integer variables, namely:
be a constant
int i; data[0], data[1], …, data[9]
int data[10];
for (i=0; i<10; i++) data[i]= i;
i=0;
while (i<10) Output:
{ Data[0] = 0
printf("Data[%d] = %d\n", i, data[i]); Data[1] = 1
Data[2] = 2
i++; Data[3] = 3
} Data[4] = 4
return 0; Data[5] = 5
Data[6] = 6
}
Data[7] = 7
Data[8] = 8
Data[9] = 9
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Printing in Reverse Using Arrays

int main()
{
int n, A[100], i;
printf(“How many numbers to read? “);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
scanf(“%d”, &A[i]);
for (i = n – 1; i >= 0; --i)
printf(“%d ”, A[i]);
printf(“\n”);
return 0;
}
Array Declarations

Examples:
int x[10];
char line[80];
float points[150];
char name[35];

• If we are not sure of the exact size of the array, we can define an array of a large enough size, say
int marks[50];
– though in a particular execution we may only be using, say, 10 elements

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 Accessing Array Elements

A particular element of the array can be accessed by specifying two things:

• Name of the array
• Index (relative position) of the element in the array

Important to remember: In C, the index of an array starts from 0, not 1

Example:
• An array is defined as int x[10];
• The first element of the array x can be accessed as x[0], fourth element as x[3], tenth element as x[9], etc.

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Handling Arrays

• The array index can be any expression that evaluates to an integer between 0 and n – 1 where n is the
maximum number of elements possible in the array
a[ x + 2 ] = 25;
b[ 3*x – y ] = a[ 10 – x ] + 5;

• Remember that each array element is a variable in itself, and can be used wherever a variable can be used (in
expressions, assignments, conditions,…)

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 A Special Operator: AddressOf (&)

• Remember that each variable is stored at a memory location with an unique address
• Putting & before a variable name gives the starting address of the variable (where it is stored, not the value)

• Can be put before any variable (with no blank in between)

int a =10;
printf(“Value of a is %d, and address of a is %d\n”, a, &a);

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Example
int main( ) OUTPUT:
{ &Data[0] = 3221224480
int i;
&Data[1] = 3221224484
int data[10];
&Data[2] = 3221224488
for(i=0; i<10; i++) &Data[3] = 3221224492
printf("&Data[%d] = %u\n", i, &data[i]);
&Data[4] = 3221224496
return 0;
} &Data[5] = 3221224500
&Data[6] = 3221224504
&Data[7] = 3221224508
&Data[8] = 3221224512
&Data[9] = 3221224516

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 Initialization of Arrays

General form:
type array_name[size] = { list of values };

Examples:
int marks[5] = { 72, 83, 65, 80, 76 };
char name[4] = { ‘A’, ‘m’, ‘i’, ‘t’ };

• The size may be omitted. In such cases the compiler automatically allocates enough space for all initialized
elements
int flag[ ] = { 1, 1, 1, 0 };
char name[ ] = { ‘A’, ‘m’, ‘i’, ‘t’ };

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How to read the elements of an array?

By reading them one element at a time

for ( j = 0; j < 25; j++ ) scanf ( “%f”, &a[j] );
• The ampersand (&) is necessary
• The elements can be entered all in one line or in different lines

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A Warning

In C, while accessing array elements, array bounds are not checked

Example:
int marks[5];
:
:
marks[8] = 75;

• The above assignment would not necessarily cause an error during compilation
• Rather, it may result in unpredictable program results, which are very hard to debug

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 Reading into an array
int main( ) {
const int MAX_SIZE = 100;
int i, size; INPUT / OUPUT:
float marks[MAX_SIZE]; 4
float total;
2.5
scanf("%d",&size); 3.5
for (i=0, total=0; i<size; i++) 4.5
{
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scanf("%f",&marks[i]);
total = total + marks[i]; Total = 15.500000
} Avg = 3.875000
printf("Total = %f \n Avg = %f\n", total, total/size);
return 0;
}
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How to print the elements of an array?

By printing them one element at a time

for ( j = 0; j < 25; j++ ) printf( “\n %f”, a[ j ] );

• Here the elements are printed one per line

printf (“\n”);
for ( j = 0; j < 25; j++ ) printf ( “ %f”, a[ j ] );
• Here the elements are printed all in one line (starting with a new line)

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How to copy the elements of one array to another?

By copying individual elements

for ( j = 0; j < 25; j++ ) a[ j ] = b[ j ];

• The element assignments will follow the rules of assignment expressions

• Destination array must have sufficient size

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Example: Find the minimum of a set of 10 numbers
int main( ) Instead of dealing with the constant 10 at
{ multiple places, we can define it as a constant
int a[10], i, min; const int size = 10;
int main( )
for (i=0; i<10; i++) scanf (“%d”, &a[i]); {
int a[size], i, min;
min = a[0];
for (i=1; i<10; i++) for (i=0; i<10; i++) scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
{
if (a[i] < min) min = a[i]; min = a[0];
} for (i=1; i < size; i++)
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min); {
return 0; if (a[i] < min) min = a[i];
} We could also use }
#define size 10 printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min);
instead of return 0;
const int size = 10; }
Are they the same?
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#define macro

#define X Y
Preprocessor directive
• The #include you have been using is also a preprocessor directive

Compiler will first replace all occurrences of string X with string Y in the program, then compile the program

Similar effect as read-only variables (const), but no storage allocated

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Alternate Version 3

int main()
{
int a[100], i, min, n;

scanf (“%d”, &n); /* Number of elements */

Define an array of
for (i=0; i<n; i++) scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
large size and use
only the required
min = a[0];
number of elements
for (i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min) min = a[i];
}
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min);
return 0;
}

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Example:
const int nsub = 6;
Computing Grade
Point Average int main( )
{
int grade_pt[nsub], cred[nsub], i, gp_sum=0, cred_sum=0;
double gpa;

for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)

scanf (“%d %d”, &grade_pt[i], &cred[i]);
Handling two arrays
at the same time for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)
{
gp_sum += grade_pt[i] * cred[i];
cred_sum += cred[i];
}
gpa = ((float) gp_sum) / cred_sum;
printf (“\n Grade point average: is %.2lf”, gpa);
return 0;
}
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Things you cannot do

You cannot

• use = to assign one array variable to another

a = b; /* a and b are arrays */

• use == to directly compare array variables

if (a = = b) ………..

• directly scanf or printf arrays

printf (“……”, a);

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 Character Arrays and Strings

char C[8] = { 'a', 'b', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'i', 't', '\0' };

• C[0] gets the value 'a', C[1] the value 'b', and so on.
• The last (7th) location receives the null character ‘\0’

• Null-terminated character arrays (last character is ‘\0’) are also called null-terminated strings or just strings.
• Strings can be initialized in an alternative way. The last declaration is equivalent to:
char C[8] = "abhijit";
• The trailing null character is missing here. C automatically puts it at the end if you define it like this
• Note also that for individual characters, C uses single quotes, whereas for strings, it uses double quotes

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Reading strings: %s format

int main() Note that there is no & here !! Why?

{
char name[25];
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Name = %s \n", name); • %s reads a string into a character array given the array name or start
return 0; address
} • It ends the string with the special “null” character ‘\0’.

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 Example: Finding length of a string

#define SIZE 25
int main()
{
int i, length=0;
char name[SIZE];
Note that character strings read
scanf("%s", name); in %s format end with ‘\0’
printf("Name = %s \n", name);
INPUT / OUPUT:
for (i=0; name[i] != '\0'; i++) length++;
Satyanarayana
printf(“Length = %d\n", length);
return 0; Name = Satyanarayana
} Length = 13

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 Example: Counting the number of a’s

#define SIZE 25
int main()
{
int i, count=0;
char name[SIZE]; INPUT / OUPUT:
Satyanarayana
scanf("%s", name);
Name = Satyanarayana
printf("Name = %s \n", name);
Count = 6
for (i=0; name[i] != '\0'; i++)
if (name[i] == ‘a’) count++;
printf(“Count = %d\n", count);
return 0;
}

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Example: Palindrome Checking
int main( )
{
int i, flag, count=0;
char name[25];
scanf("%s", name); /* Read Name */

for (i=0; name[i]!='\0'; i++); /* Find Length of String */

count=i; flag = 0;

/* Loop below checks for palindrome by comparison*/

for(i=0; i<count; i++)
if ( name[ i ] != name[count – i – 1] ) flag = 1;

if (flag ==0) printf ("%s is a Palindrome\n", name); Is there scope for making
else printf("%s is NOT a Palindrome\n", name); it more efficient?
return 0;
}28
 Examples for Discussion in Class

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Reversing an Array: Find the mistake, reason for it and correct it

#include<stdio.h> Correctly Reversing A = { 1, 2, 0, 5, 3 }

main() results is A = { 3, 5, 0, 2, 1 }
{ This program is wrong. Why?
int A[20], n,k,temp;
scanf("%d", &n); printf("n= %d \n", n);

for (k=0; k<n; k++) scanf("%d", &A[k]);

printf("numbers read are: ");
for (k=0; k<n; k++) printf("%d ", A[k]); printf("\n");

for(k=0; k<n; k++){

temp = A[k];
A[k]=A[n-k-1];
A[n-k-1] = temp;
}

for (k=0; k<n; k++) printf("%d ", A[k]); printf("\n");

}

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Sorting Elements 5
n=5
#include<stdio.h>
59172
main( ) Input: 5 9 1 7 2
{ A at i = 0: 5 1 7 2 9
int A[20], n, i,j,k, temp; A at i = 1: 1 5 2 7 9
scanf("%d", &n); printf("n = %d\n", n); A at i = 2: 1 2 5 7 9
for (k=0; k<n;k++) scanf("%d", &A[k]); A at i = 3: 1 2 5 7 9
printf("Input: "); for (k=0;k<n;k++) printf("%d ", A[k]); printf("\n"); Sorted Output: 1 2 5 7 9

for(i=0; i < n – 1; i++){

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for (j=0; j < n – i – 1; j++) {
n=4
if(A[j] > A[j+1]) { temp = A[j]; A[j] = A[j+1]; A[j+1] = temp; } 9642
}
Input: 9 6 4 2
printf("A at i = %d: ", i); for (k=0;k<n;k++) printf("%d ", A[k]); A at i = 0: 6 4 2 9
printf("\n"); A at i = 1: 4 2 6 9
} A at i = 2: 2 4 6 9
printf("Sorted Output: "); for (k=0;k<n;k++) printf("%d ", A[k]); printf("\n"); Sorted Output: 2 4 6 9
}

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Finding the largest 6 of n numbers using an array of fixed size
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
int A[7], n, k, i, j, temp;
scanf("%d", &n); printf("n= %d \n", n);
scanf("%d", &A[0]); printf("0-th Number read = %d\n", A[0]);
k=1; 9
for(i=1;i<n;i++){ n= 9
scanf("%d", &A[k]); 731573296
0-th Number read = 7
printf("%d-th Number read = %d, k = %d\n", i, A[k], k);
1-th Number read = 3, k = 1
for (j=k; j>0; j--){
2-th Number read = 1, k = 2
if (A[j] > A[j-1]) { temp = A[j]; A[j] = A[j-1]; A[j-1] = temp; }
3-th Number read = 5, k = 3
} 4-th Number read = 7, k = 4
if (i > 5) k = 6; else k++; 5-th Number read = 3, k = 5
} 6-th Number read = 2, k = 6
printf("Final Top %d are:", k); 7-th Number read = 9, k = 6
for (j=0; j<k; j++) printf("%d ", A[j]); printf("\n"); return 0; 8-th Number read = 6, k = 6
} Final Top 6 are:9 7 7 6 5 3

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Finding the largest contiguous sequence of equal numbers
#include<stdio.h>
main( ) {
int i, n, A[20], k = 0, maxbegin = 0, maxcount = 1, ssbegin, count;
scanf("%d\n", &n); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf("%d", &A[i]);
printf("A = "); for(i=0; i<n; i++) printf("%d, ", A[i]); printf("\n");

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while(k < n) {
1222322227
ssbegin = k; count = 1; A = 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7,
while(A[k] == A[k+1]) { Sequence starting from A[5] = of Length = 4, Value = 2
k++; count++;
if (k == n – 1) break;
}
if (count > maxcount) { maxbegin = ssbegin; maxcount = count; }
k++;
}
printf("Sequence starting from A[%d] = of Length = %d, Value = %d \n", maxbegin, maxcount, A[maxbegin]);
}

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Extraction of Vowels from a String
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
char A[40], B[5] ={'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u’}; thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog
int i, j, len, C[5]= {0,0,0,0,0}; A = thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog
scanf("%s", A); printf("A = %s \n", A); Length = 35
Number of a = 1
for (i=0; A[i]!='\0'; i++); Number of e = 3
len = i; Number of i = 1
printf("Length = %d\n", len); Number of o = 4
for(i=0; i<len; i++){ Number of u = 2
for(j=0; j<5;j++)
if(A[i]== B[j]) C[j]++;
}
for (j=0;j<5;j++) printf("Number of %c = %d \n", B[j], C[j]);
}

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Handling Strings with Blanks
Enter the First String:IIT Kharagpur
main()
First String is IIT
{ Length is 3
char A[20], B[20], c; Enter the Second String:IIT Kharagpur
int len1, len2; Second String is IIT Kharagpur
printf("Enter the First String:"); Length is 13
scanf("%s", A); printf("First String is %s\n", A);
for(len1=0;A[len1]!='\0';len1++); Enter the First String:IIT Kharagpur India
First String is IIT
printf("Length is %d\n", len1);
Length is 3
Enter the Second String:IIT Kharagpur India
printf("Enter the Second String:"); Second String is IIT Kharagpur India
len2=0; Length is 19
fflush(stdin);
B[len2] = getchar(); Can also be read using:
while(B[len2]!='\n') {len2++; B[len2] = getchar();} scanf(“%[^\n]”,B); /* read until newline char */
B[len2] = '\0';
printf("Second String is %s\n", B); We may also use the library function:
char *gets(char *str) /* to be explained later */
printf("Length is %d\n", len2);

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}
Pattern Matching
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
char S[20], P[20];
int i,j, k, flag; Enter String and Pattern:
printf("Enter String and Pattern:\n"); abababababab
aba
scanf("%s%s", S, P);
S = abababababab,P = aba
printf("S = %s,P = %s \n", S, P); Number of Matches = 5

k =0;
for (i=0; S[i] != '\0'; i++){ Enter String and Pattern:
flag = 1; abababababab
for(j=0;P[j]!='\0'; j++) ababab
S = abababababab,P = ababab
if (S[i+j]!= P[j]) {flag = 0; break;}
Number of Matches = 4
if (flag == 1) k++;
}
printf("Number of Matches = %d \n", k);
}

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Practice Problems
1. Read in an integer n (n < 25). Read n integers in an array A. Then do the following (write separate
programs for each, only the reading part is common).
a)Find the sum of the absolute values of the integers.
b)Copy the positive and negative integers in the array into two additional arrays B and C respectively.
Print A, B, and C.
c) Exchange the values of every pair of values from the start (so exchange A[0] and A[1], A[2] and A[3]
and so on). If the number of elements is odd, the last value should stay the same.
2. Read in two integers n and m (n, m < 50). Read n integers in an array A. Read m integers in an array B.
Then do the following (write separate programs for each, only the reading part is common).
a) Find if there are any two elements x, y in A and an element z in B, such that x + y = z
b) Copy in another array C all elements that are in both A and B (intersection)
c) Copy in another array C all elements that are in either A and B (union)
d) Copy in another array C all elements that are in A but not in B (difference)
3. Read in two null-terminated strings A and B (using %s. Assume max characters < 25 in each). Create
another string C that is the concatenation of A and B (A followed by B). Print A, B, C using %s
4. Read in two null-terminated strings A and B. Check if A is lexicographically smaller, larger, or equal to B
and print appropriate messages in each case.

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